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system, and eventually collective national identities are formed. On the other hand, transnational citizens live within the context of two or more societies that differ in size, scope, populations, laws, morals, and cultural codes. While transnational citizens interact with those already present in each respective community, they are functioning within divergent spaces. They base their interactions more on the need to reconcile two completely diverse localities into a greater context that traverses international borders, politics, and ways of life.
630:, it is composed of cross-national and multi-layered memberships to certain societies. Transnational citizenship is based on the idea that a new global framework consistent of subgroups of national identities will eventually replace membership to one sole nation-state. In a hyper-realized version of transnational citizenship, "states become intermediaries between the local and the global." Institutionalizing transnational citizenship would loosen ties between territories and citizenship and would ultimately result in a reconstruction of
763:" in order to control migratory practices. Virginie Guiraudon generates the theory of "venue-shopping" in order to describe how cross-national policies prevailed. Venue-shopping is the process by which political members seek out specific governmental settings in order to establish their ideal policy outcomes. Political actors circumvented national levels of control in order to establish a "transnational cooperation" among nation-states. Starting in 1981, citizens with
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622:, all three categories serve to contribute to the meaning of transnational citizenship. State citizenship can be defined as an individual establishing their sense of belonging by espousing to the liberal-democratic values of the state in the public sphere. When applied to transnational citizenship, an individual would have the opportunity to be civically engaged in multiple societies.
793:. The treaty thus instituted "European citizenship over and above national citizenship". This ultimately facilitates a new form of "European identity" that allows for members of the European Union to function as transnational actors beyond their countries' borders, establishing the entire continent as one cohesive entity.
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on a micro scale of a particular local environment. These interactions are described as "crosscutting and always mutually situational identifications." Therefore, ethnic minorities and majorities alike intermingle in a mutually shared space. All different types of individuals function within the same
691:
Beyond resulting in substantial political and economical shifts, globalization has also affected social and cultural practices between people. According to citizenship scholars like Andrew
Vandenberg, such acts of globalization eventually "ended the constraints of space and time that conditioned all
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between countries could be considered a cause for debate. Regardless, the euro allows for transnational citizens of the
European Union to not only move freely across borders, but also to experience easier monetary exchanges through the ability to use a currency that is present in both the citizens'
618:, transnational citizenship transcends pre-established territorial boundaries in order to create a modern meaning of "belonging" in an increasingly globalized society. Additionally, while preconceived notions of citizenship are often divided between national, social and individual forms of
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In terms of the categories of social and individual forms of belonging, transnational citizens are marked by multiple identities and allegiances, and often travel between two or more countries, all in which they have created sizeable networks of differing functions. Similar to
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as the pilot case for testing Teune's question about whether or not transnational citizenship can surpass national citizenship. Starting in the early 1980s, European national migration control officials met and established a consensus over the relationship between migration,
867:, p. 700: "The article argues for a wider conception of political transnationalism from a political theory perspective. It proposes a terminological distinction between international, multinational, supranational and transnational relations and phenomena."
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While some relate transnational citizenship to any historic shift or fusion of identities within nation-states, modern conceptions of the term have only surfaced in the past twenty years. Many attribute the evolution of the term to the rising situation of
704:. In recent years, in conjunction with globalization, increased instances of uncontrolled and predominantly illegal international migrations contribute to opportunities for escalating transnational identities. Because obvious ties surface between
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home and host countries. The political, economic, and social ramifications that result from the invention of the
European Union help contribute to the construction of European citizens as the international model for transnational citizenship.
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in the state in which the citizen resides, the right to access any member country's diplomatic or consular services in a third-party country in which the citizen's birth nation is not represented, and the citizen's right to petition to the
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society chronicled by excessive imports and exports contribute to a need to interconnect societies from all corners of the globe. The wealth that private institutions experienced from globalization resulted in "further extensions of
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working together to establish monetary policy across participating countries. Some scholars consider the act of unifying the currency as "culminating the progress toward economic and monetary union in Europe". While the aspect of
784:. The benefits of European citizenship include the ability for citizens to freely cross borders into and subsequently reside in other European countries, the right to vote in elections and run for office in both municipal and
696:, more people all over the world have come to establish personal relationships with one another. Former state-regulated formal encounters are now replaced by modern informal and all the more frequent interactions. Rapid world
708:, their home countries, and the receiving countries, the civic ramifications are widespread. Thus international immigration contributes to loosening individual state ties. Once in their host countries, immigrants form
743:"The question for the future of citizenship is whether a 'global' citizenship can transcend citizenships defined by 'local' stages on the basis of blood and birth through an act of the state itself." — Henry Teune
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among national citizens. While transnational citizens bring cultural and societal elements of their home countries to their host countries and vice versa, multiculturalism results from the fusion of differing
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while maintaining ties to their homeland. Some organizations function in both countries, which serves to further enhance the notion that international migrants act as transnational citizens in multiple lands.
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The creation of the
European Union only accelerated growing notions of transnational citizenship across the continent. The European Union came into being on November 1, 1993, when European nations signed the
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into law. The treaty established "community policy" in six new areas, one of which is termed "trans-European networks." The treaty also discusses the specific effects of the merger on a new formation of
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Guiraudon, Virginie. "European
Integration and Migration Policy: Vertical Policy-making as Venue Shopping." Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 38, No. 2., Blackwell Publishers, Lille, France: 2000.
659:. Due to the convenience and ease of modern international exchanges, globalization has become the process by which international economies as well as individuals interact with one another. Since post-
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serves as the pinnacle of Europe's newfound economic unification. On
January 1, 1999, the euro replaced the pre-existing currency in 11 European countries. The Treaty of Maastricht also created the
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614:, as made visible in the political, cultural, social and economic realms. Unlike national citizenship, where individuals interact in such capacities with one
939:
Pollard, Patrick. "The
Creation of the Euro and the Role of the Dollar in International Markets." The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2001. 6 May 2010
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Soysal, Yasemin
Nuhoglu. "Changing Citizenship in Europe: Remarks on postnational membership and the national state." University of Chicago Press: 1994.
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from
European countries were able to move freely across borders into other European countries. Due to the increased ease of traversing borders, the "
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Waldinger, Roger. "Between Here and There: How
Attached Are Latino Immigrants to Their Native Country?" Pew National Hispanic Center, 25 Oct. 2007.
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1989, the evolved "global political economy" has resulted in massive "reconfigurations of the world's arenas". Globalization transformed a confined
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Jackson, Robert. International Perspectives on Citizenship, Education, and Religious Diversity. Routeledge, London: 2003.
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Chavez, Leo R. The Latino Threat: Constructing Immigrants, Citizens, and the Nation. Stanford University Press: 2008.
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system into one that relies heavily on multiple levels of local, national and global interactions. For example,
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948:"Treaty of Maastricht on European Union." Activities of the European Union. Europa web portal. 6 May 2010.
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earlier human transactions, practices, and therefore identities. With the growth and distribution of
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Vandenberg, Andrew, ed. Citizenship and Democracy in a Global Era. MacMillan Press, New York: 2000.
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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and replaces an individual's singular national loyalties with the ability to belong to multiple
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Jacobson, David. Rights Across Borders. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore: 1996.
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It is important to draw a distinction between transnational citizenship and
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Ciprut, Jose V., ed. The Future of Citizenship. MIT Press, Cambridge: 2008.
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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system and increased abilities to more rapid forms of
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688:in search of faraway resources and markets".
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896:(3). New York: 700–723.
881:Bauböck, Rainer (2003).
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642:History and causes
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954:4 May 2010.
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371:Birthplace
362:Birthright
172:newspapers
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39:improve it
765:passports
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308:and help
202:July 2012
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