195:, a young warrior beginning to be noticed by the whites, was particularly upset by the ban, feeling that it equated Seminoles with slaves and said, "The white man shall not make me black. I will make the white man red with blood; and then blacken him in the sun and rain ... and the buzzard live upon his flesh." In spite of this, Thompson considered Osceola to be a friend, and gave him a rifle. Later, though, when Osceola was causing trouble, Thompson had him locked up at Fort King for a night. The next day, in order to secure his release, Osceola agreed to abide by the Treaty of Payne's Landing and to bring his followers in.
174:, was appointed in 1834, and the task of persuading the Seminoles to move fell to him. He called the chiefs together at Fort King in October 1834 to talk to them about the removal to the west. The Seminoles informed Thompson that they had no intention of moving, and that they did not feel bound by the Treaty of Payne's Landing. Thompson then requested reinforcements for Fort King and Fort Brooke, reporting that, "the Indians after they had received the Annuity, purchased an unusually large quantity of Powder & Lead." Brigadier General
139:, Arkansas Territory a statement that the new land was acceptable. Upon their return to Florida, however, most of the chiefs renounced the statement, claiming that they had not signed it, or that they had been forced to sign it, and in any case, that they did not have the power to decide for all the tribes and bands that resided on the reservation. Even some U.S. Army officers observed that the chiefs "had been wheedled and bullied into signing." Furthermore, "there is evidence of trickery by the whites in the way the treaty is phrased."
183:
move, I have then directed the
Commanding officer to remove you by force." The chiefs asked for thirty days to respond. A month later the Seminole chiefs told Thompson that they would not move west. Thompson and the chiefs began arguing, and General Clinch had to intervene to prevent bloodshed. Eventually, eight of the chiefs agreed to move west, but asked to delay the move until the end of the year, and Thompson and Clinch agreed.
113:, and to return all runaway slaves to their lawful owners. None of these demands were agreeable to the Seminoles. They had heard that the climate at the Creek Reservation was harsher than in Florida. The Seminoles of Florida did not consider themselves part of the Creeks. Although many of the groups in Florida had come from what whites called Creek tribes, they did not feel any connection. Some of the groups in Florida, such as the
182:
commander for
Florida, also warned Washington that the Seminoles did not intend to move, and that more troops would be needed to force them to move. In March 1835 Thompson called the chiefs together to read a letter from Andrew Jackson to them. In his letter, Jackson said, "Should you ... refuse to
134:
The treaty negotiated at Payne's
Landing called for the Seminoles to move west if the land were found to be suitable. The delegation of seven chiefs who were to inspect the new reservation did not leave Florida until October 1832. After touring the area for several months and conferring with the
202:
is named) was killed by
Seminoles as he was carrying the mail from Fort Brooke to Fort King. In November Chief Charley Emathla, wanting no part of a war, led his people towards Fort Brooke where they were to board ships to go west. This was considered a betrayal by other Seminoles. Osceola met
44:
125:
had never been grouped with the Creeks. Finally, runaway slaves, while often held as slaves by the
Seminoles (under much milder conditions than with whites), were fairly well integrated into the bands, often inter-marrying, and rising to positions of influence and leadership.
190:
of the
Alachua Seminoles, had not agreed to the move. In retaliation, Thompson declared that those chiefs were removed from their positions. As relations with the Seminoles deteriorated, Thompson forbid the sale of guns and ammunition to the Seminoles.
430:
Treaty With The
Seminole, May 9, 1832. | 7 Stat., 368. | Proclamation, April 12, 1834.Indian Affairs: Laws And Treaties Vol. II, Treaties, compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Washington : Government Printing Office,
59:
in return for a reservation in the center of the
Florida peninsula and certain payments, supplies and services to be provided by the U.S. government, guaranteed for twenty years. After the election of
146:
after 1823 when the rest of the
Seminoles had been forced into the new reservation. Gadsden was able to persuade the chiefs of these villages to move, however, and they went west in 1834. The
98:. The negotiations were conducted in obscurity, if not secrecy. No minutes were taken, nor were any detailed accounts of the negotiations ever published. This was to lead to trouble later.
526:
94:
to negotiate a new treaty with them. In the spring of 1832 the
Seminoles on the reservation were called to a meeting at Payne's Landing on the
68:
541:
361:
488:
474:
453:
87:
64:
162:. The government interpreted the three years as starting in 1832, and expected the Seminoles to move in 1835.
506:
101:
The U.S. government wanted the Seminoles to move to the Creek Reservation in what was then part of the
47:
A contemporary map of the reservation assigned to the Seminole Indians in the Treaty of Moultrie Creek
510:
23:(Treaty with the Seminole, 1832) was an agreement signed on 9 May 1832 between the government of the
546:
52:
241:
536:
531:
76:
136:
147:
32:
8:
204:
135:
Creeks who had already been settled there, the seven chiefs signed on March 28, 1833 at
179:
143:
102:
80:
484:
470:
449:
357:
159:
72:
56:
175:
106:
199:
500:
171:
167:
95:
60:
394:
520:
263:
221:
91:
24:
110:
198:
The situation grew worse. In August 1835 Private Kinsley Dalton (for whom
247:
163:
187:
158:
The treaty had given the Seminoles three years to move west of the
28:
55:
in 1823, the Seminoles had relinquished all claims to land in the
192:
118:
114:
43:
150:
finally ratified the Treaty of Payne's Landing in April 1834.
399:
397:
186:
Five of the most important of the Seminole chiefs, including
142:
Several villages had been allowed to stay in the area of the
122:
483:. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press.
448:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.
356:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.
469:. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing.
16:1832 treaty between the United States and Seminole
479:Mahon, John K. 1992 (Second paperback edition) .
518:
446:Seminole Wars: America's Longest Indian Conflict
339:
337:
334:
481:History of the Second Seminole War 1835–1842
382:Milton Meltzer. "Hunted Like A Wolf". p. 76.
170:was reopened in 1834. A new Seminole agent,
86:Determined to move the Seminoles west, the
527:United States and Native American treaties
256:Tokose-Emartla, or Jno. Hicks. his x mark
203:Emathla on the trail and killed him. The
444:Missal, John and Mary Lou Missal. 2004.
288:Douglas Vass, Secretary to Commissioner,
42:
507:Treaty of Payne's Landing original text
501:Treaty of Payne's Landing original text
318:
519:
67:in 1828, the movement to transfer all
215:
13:
459:
275:Ya- ha- emartla Chup- ko, his mark
153:
129:
14:
558:
494:
467:Florida's Seminole Wars 1817–1858
297:Abraham, Interpreter, his x mark,
262:Hola-at-a-Mico, his x mark (aka
259:Cat-sha-Tusta-nuck-i, his x mark
232:Fuch-ta-lus-ta-Hadjo, his x mark
105:(which later became part of the
35:, before it acquired statehood.
424:
300:Cudjo, Interpreter, his x mark,
278:Moke-his-she-lar-ni, his x mark
88:United States Department of War
415:
406:
385:
376:
367:
346:
325:
294:Stephen Richards, Interpreter,
210:
65:President of the United States
1:
438:
38:
69:Indians in the United States
7:
269:Hitch-it-i-Mico, his x mark
235:Charley Emartla, his x mark
10:
563:
352:James W. Covington. 1993.
331:Missall. pp. 63–64, 79–80.
244:, or Sam Jones, his x mark
226:Holati Emartla, his x mark
27:and several chiefs of the
542:1832 in the United States
511:Oklahoma State University
109:), to become part of the
21:Treaty of Payne's Landing
354:The Seminoles of Florida
53:Treaty of Moultrie Creek
77:United States Congress
75:grew, and in 1830 the
48:
253:Mico-Noha, his x mark
238:Coa Hadjo, his x mark
46:
465:Knetsch, Joe. 2003.
319:Notes and references
272:E-ne-hah, his x mark
148:United States Senate
33:Territory of Florida
421:Missall. pp. 91–92.
412:Missall. pp. 90–91.
403:Missall. pp. 86–90.
373:Missall. pp. 83-85.
291:John Phagan, Agent,
205:Second Seminole War
503:from johnhorse.com
229:Jumper, his x mark
180:United States Army
144:Apalachicola River
103:Arkansas Territory
81:Indian Removal Act
49:
315:
314:
166:, in what is now
160:Mississippi River
73:Mississippi River
57:Florida Territory
554:
432:
428:
422:
419:
413:
410:
404:
401:
392:
389:
383:
380:
374:
371:
365:
350:
344:
341:
332:
329:
216:
176:Duncan L. Clinch
107:Indian Territory
562:
561:
557:
556:
555:
553:
552:
551:
547:May 1832 events
517:
516:
497:
462:
460:Further reading
441:
436:
435:
429:
425:
420:
416:
411:
407:
402:
395:
391:Missall. p. 84.
390:
386:
381:
377:
372:
368:
351:
347:
343:Missall. p. 83.
342:
335:
330:
326:
321:
316:
303:Erastus Rogers,
213:
207:was beginning.
200:Dalton, Georgia
156:
154:Refusal to move
132:
130:Treaty contents
71:to west of the
41:
31:Indians in the
17:
12:
11:
5:
560:
550:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
515:
514:
504:
496:
495:External links
493:
492:
491:
477:
461:
458:
457:
456:
440:
437:
434:
433:
423:
414:
405:
393:
384:
375:
366:
362:978-0813012049
345:
333:
323:
322:
320:
317:
313:
312:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
281:
280:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
260:
257:
254:
251:
245:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
214:
212:
209:
172:Wiley Thompson
155:
152:
131:
128:
96:Oklawaha River
61:Andrew Jackson
40:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
559:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
537:1832 treaties
535:
533:
532:Seminole Wars
530:
528:
525:
524:
522:
512:
508:
505:
502:
499:
498:
490:
489:0-8130-1097-7
486:
482:
478:
476:
475:0-7385-2424-7
472:
468:
464:
463:
455:
454:0-8130-2715-2
451:
447:
443:
442:
427:
418:
409:
400:
398:
388:
379:
370:
363:
359:
355:
349:
340:
338:
328:
324:
311:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
286:
285:
282:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
264:Billy Bowlegs
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
223:
222:James Gadsden
220:
219:
218:
217:
208:
206:
201:
196:
194:
189:
184:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
151:
149:
145:
140:
138:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
97:
93:
92:James Gadsden
89:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
45:
36:
34:
30:
26:
25:United States
22:
480:
466:
445:
426:
417:
408:
387:
378:
369:
364:pp. 110–127.
353:
348:
327:
309:
283:
250:, his x mark
197:
185:
157:
141:
133:
111:Creek Nation
100:
85:
50:
20:
18:
284:Witnesses:
248:Ya-ha Hadjo
242:Ar-pi-uck-i
211:Signatories
137:Fort Gibson
79:passed the
521:Categories
439:References
306:B. Joscan.
90:appointed
39:Background
509:from the
164:Fort King
188:Micanopy
121:and the
119:Yamasees
29:Seminole
513:Library
193:Osceola
115:Choctaw
51:By the
487:
473:
452:
360:
310:
123:Yuchis
431:1904.
168:Ocala
485:ISBN
471:ISBN
450:ISBN
358:ISBN
19:The
63:as
523::
396:^
336:^
178:,
117:,
83:.
266:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
