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1104:(its only ally in the Polish-Bolshevik war), was in fact giving up on the federation programme, while Russia approved of the fact that the whole of Galicia, as well as the territories of the former Russian Empire, inhabited largely by non-Polish people, were to be found within Poland's borders. The treaty also addressed matters of sovereignty, citizenship, national minorities, repatriation, and diplomatic and commercial relations. The Treaty lasted until the
1265:
in the countryside, outside the cities, Poles were outnumbered by
Ukrainians or Belarusians in those areas. A border too far to the east would thus be against not only the National Democrats' ideological objective of minimising the minority population of Poland but also their electoral prospects. Warweary public opinion in Poland also favoured an end to the negotiations, and both sides remained under pressure from the
1482:
1261:, who were Piłsudski's political opponents. The National Democrats did not want non-Polish minorities in the reborn Polish state to constitute more than one-third of the overall population, therefore, prepared to accept a Polish-Soviet border substantially to the west of what was being offered by the Soviets even though it would leave hundreds of thousands of ethnic Poles on the Soviet side of the border.
1417:, which was abrogated by the Treaty of Riga. The new treaty violated Poland's military alliance with the UPR, which had explicitly prohibited a separate peace. Doing so worsened relations between Poland and the Ukrainians who had supported Petliura. The supporters felt that Ukraine had been betrayed by its Polish ally, which would be exploited by the
1353:. Russia and the Ukraine abandon all rights and claims to the territories situated to the west of the frontier laid down by Article 2 of the present Treaty. Poland, on the other hand, abandons in favour of the Ukraine and of White Ruthenia all rights and claims to the territory situated to the east of this frontier.
1359:. Each of the Contracting Parties mutually undertakes to respect in every way the political sovereignty of the other Party, to abstain from interference in its internal affairs, and particularly to refrain from all agitation, propaganda or interference of any kind, and not to encourage any such movement.
1363:
Article 6 created citizenship options for persons on either side of the new border. Article 7 consisted of a mutual guarantee that all nationalities would be permitted "free intellectual development, the use of their national language, and the exercise of their religion." In the treaty, it was agreed
1208:
persuaded Soviet Russia to enter into peace treaty negotiations. This was a relief for the government of Poland, a country heavily damaged and exhausted by the war, who also wanted to conclude peace talks. Piłsudski and his supporters, however, having failed in their quest, opposed the peace process.
1256:
The
Soviets' military setbacks made their delegation offer Poland substantial territorial concessions in the contested border areas. However, to many observers, it looked as though the Polish side conducted the Riga talks as if Poland had lost the war. The Polish delegation was dominated by members
1385:
had participated in the Riga negotiations only as an observer and called the resulting treaty "an act of cowardice". Piłsudski felt the agreement was a shameless and short-sighted political calculation, with Poland abandoning its
Ukrainian allies. On 15 May 1921, he apologised to Ukrainian soldiers
1264:
That decision was also motivated by political objectives. The
National Democrats' base of public support was among Poles in central and western Poland. In the east of the country and in the disputed borderlands, support for the National Democrats was greatly outweighed by support for Piłsudski, and
1432:
According to the
Belarusian historian Andrew Savchenko, Poland's new eastern border was "military indefensible and economically unviable" and a source of growing ethnic tensions, as the resulting minorities in Poland were too large to be ignored or assimilated and too small to win their desired
1477:
engaged in terror and sabotage actions across ethnically mixed areas to inflame conflict in the region. Nevertheless, many groups representing national minorities welcomed Piłsudski's return to power in 1926 providing opportunities to play a role in the Polish government.
1489:
The populations separated from Poland by the new Polish-Soviet border experienced a different fate from their fellow citizens. Ethnic Poles left within Soviet borders were subjected to discrimination and property confiscation. At least 111,000 were summarily executed in
1331:. Under Article 14 Poland was also to receive railway materials (locomotives, rolling stock, etc.) with a value of 29 million gold roubles. Russia was to surrender works of art and other Polish national treasures acquired from Polish territories after 1772 (such as the
1376:
as the Polish-Russian border, and Poland's territorial gains in the treaty lay about 250 km east of that line. French support led to its recognition in March 1923 by France, the United
Kingdom, Italy and Japan, followed by the United States in April.
1287:
Regardless, the peace negotiations dragged on for months because of Soviet reluctance to sign. However, the matter became more urgent for the Soviet leadership, which had to deal with increased internal unrest towards the end of 1920, such as the
1404:
The
Belarusian and Ukrainian independence movements saw the treaty as a setback. Four million Ukrainians and over a million Belarusians lived within areas ceded to Poland. In one estimate, only 15% of the population was ethnically Polish. The
1380:
In Poland, the Treaty of Riga was met with criticism from the very beginning. Some characterised the treaty as short-sighted and argued that much of what Poland had gained during the Polish-Soviet war was lost during the peace negotiations.
1888:
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1100:. While Russia and Ukraine agreed to withdraw their claims to lands west of the demarcated border line. Poland, by recognising the puppet states of the USSR and simultaneously withdrawing recognition of the
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In the view of some foreign observers, the treaty's incorporation of significant minority populations into Poland led to seemingly insurmountable challenges, because the newly formed organizations such as
2290:
J. M. Kupczak "Stosunek władz bolszewickich do polskiej ludności na
Ukrainie (1921–1939)Wrocławskie Studia Wschodnie 1 (1997) Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego , 1997 page 47–62" IPN Bulletin 11(34)
1188:, whose aim was to establish an independent Ukraine in alliance with Poland, was met with a Soviet counter-offensive into central Poland. Poland was seen by the Soviets, who intended to extend the
2949:
1276:, held a vote on whether to accept the Soviets' far-reaching concessions, which would have left Minsk on the Polish side of the border. Pressured by the National Democrat ideologue,
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The Allied Powers were initially reluctant to recognise the treaty, which had been concluded without their participation. Their postwar conferences had supported the
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1237:. The Polish delegation made a counter-offer on 2 October. Three days later the Soviets offered amendments to the Polish offer, which Poland accepted. An
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1925:
521:
1494:, preceding other ethnic repression campaigns perpetrated during World War II, while others were exiled to different regions of the Soviet Union.
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2329:
Snyder, Timothy (27 January 2011). "Hitler vs. Stalin: Who Was Worse?". The New York Review of Books. p. 1, paragraph #7. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
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Belarusians and
Ukrainians, having failed to create their own states, were subjects of repression in the Soviet Union, and even liquidation e.g.
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Lenin also considered the treaty unsatisfactory, as it forced him to put aside his plans for exporting the Soviet revolution to the West.
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that were ceded to Poland in compensation. The unified
Belarusian and Ukrainian territories were fully incorporated into the USSR.
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Goldman, Wendy Z. (2011). Inventing the Enemy: Denunciation and Terror in Stalin's Russia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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1465:. The treaty was subsequently overridden after a decision by war's Allied powers to change Poland's borders once again and
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France and Her Eastern Allies, 1919–1925: French-Czechoslovak-Polish Relations from the Paris Peace Conference to Locarno
1592:
1572:
1221:
Belarusian nationalist caricature: "Down with the infamous Riga partition! Long live a free peasant indivisible Belarus!"
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253:
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When Angels Wept: The Rebirth and Dismemberment of Poland and Her People in the Early Decades of the Twentieth Century
2238:
1253:. The Soviet side insisted, successfully, on excluding non-communist Ukrainian representatives from the negotiations.
2909:
2343:
1502:
1457:
While the Treaty of Riga led to a two-decade stabilisation of Soviet-Polish relations, conflict was renewed with the
225:
165:
962:
788:
360:
2182:
A history of the protection of regional cultural minorities in Europe: from the Edict of Nantes to the present day
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fell into disuse, though it was sometimes invoked to denote Polish claims to some East German territories such as
1607:
972:
176:
161:
20:
2845:
2914:
2473:
2449:
1525:
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1339:). Both sides renounced claims to war compensation. Article 3 stipulated that border issues between Poland and
1101:
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261:
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885:, raised typically only until early 1970s as counterclaims to retaliate for West German calls for revision of
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2303:(15 January 2011). "Nieopłakane ludobójstwo (Genocide Not Mourned)". Rzeczpospolita. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
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forces had been annihilated by Soviet forces or had crossed the border into Poland and laid down their arms.
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458:
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had re-established Poland's independence after a century and a half of being divided by three empires.
1068:. The Treaty of Riga established a Polish–Soviet border about 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of the
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563:
1520:
The Soviet Union, although thwarted in 1921, would see its sphere of influence expand as a result of
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1105:
1097:
1089:
1918:
1398:, as portions of the territory that had been proposed for the federation were ceded to the Soviets.
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2617:
2612:
1749:
1552:
1080:
into the Second Polish Republic. Poland, which agreed to withdraw from areas further east (notably
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470:
364:
326:
215:
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Ethnic nationalism and the fall of empires: central Europe, Russia, and the Middle East, 1914-1923
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19:
This article is about Polish–Soviet peace treaty of 1921. For Latvian–Soviet treaty of 1920, see
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in the 1930s and the 1940s. By the end of 1921, most Poland-allied Ukrainian, Belarusian and
1319:
The Treaty consisted of 26 articles. Poland was to receive monetary compensation (30 million
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was signed on 12 October and went into effect on 18 October 1920. The chief negotiators were
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Jones, Adam (2010). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Taylor & Francis. p. 194.
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However, in 1989, Poland would regain its full sovereignty, and soon afterwards, with the
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389:
8:
2711:
2542:
1840:
The Ukrainian-Polish defensive alliance, 1919–1921: an aspect of the Ukrainian revolution
1390:. The treaty substantially contributed to the failure of his plan to create a Polish-led
1293:
664:
419:
277:
221:
2602:
824:
775:
2835:
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2667:
2455:
Materski, Wojciech. "The Second Polish Republic in Soviet Foreign Policy (1918–1939)."
2186:
1980:
1505:. Belarusians and Ukrainians living on the Polish side of the border were subjected to
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1134:
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553:
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2190:
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2011:
1984:
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1844:
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The Treaty of Riga, signed on 18 March 1921, partitioned the disputed territories in
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Under the treaty, Poland recognized Soviet Ukraine and Belarus, abrogating its 1920
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Partial English text of the Treaty of Riga as Appendix C in G.V. Kacewicz (2012),
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that Poland would refuse to form federations with Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine.
1233:. The Soviets proposed two solutions, the first on 21 September and the second on
770:
2755:
2730:
2572:
2267:
Poland, 1918–1945: An Interpretive and Documentary History of the Second Republic
2129:
2103:
2003:
1217:
1146:
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742:
696:
Polish-East German Maritime Boundary in Pomeranian Bay Delimitation Treaty (1989)
603:
236:
211:
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which led to the expulsion of the Poles living east of the new border, and also
2722:
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2683:
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Ja was przepraszam, panowie, ja was przepraszam – to miało być zupełnie inaczej
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1410:
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1300:
ordered the Soviet plenipotentiaries to finalise the peace treaty with Poland.
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1177:
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508:
265:
1891:
Great Britain, The Soviet Union and the Polish Government in Exile (1939–1945)
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1347:
TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN POLAND, RUSSIA AND THE UKRAINE Riga, March 18, 1921
811:
regions unsuccessfully claimed from Germany by interwar Poland, in particular
2903:
2882:
2437:
2081:
2031:
1793:
The reconstruction of nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999
1320:
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874:
812:
447:
431:
341:
2063:
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A special parliamentary delegation, consisting of six members of the Polish
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1945:"Stebuklas prie Vyslos: kaip 1920 metais lenkai sutriuškino bolševikus"
1281:
1073:
850:
494:
682:
Polish-East German Baltic Continental Shelf Delimitation Treaty (1968)
2517:
1514:
1340:
1238:
805:
1815-1918 used as synonymous with entire Prussian partition of Poland
252:
Short-lived Byelorussian, Ukrainian and Rusyn republics (1917-1920):
1229:
on 17 August 1920, but the talks were moved to Riga, and resumed on
878:
274:
Local revolts and transient polities in postwar power vacuum (1918)
2105:
The Soviet-Polish Peace of 1921 and the Creation of Interwar Europe
2134:. Wydawn. Wspólczesne RSW "Prasa-Książka-Ruch". 2001. p. 74.
1560:
1556:
1481:
1308:
1304:
1258:
882:
820:
292:
1186:
Piłsudski's initially successful military offensive into Ukraine
504:
2068:
1387:
1138:
1022:
816:
58:
2004:
Michael Graham Fry; Erik Goldstein; Richard Langhorne (2004).
1658:
Identity and Continuity of States in Public International Law
1226:
1168:
presented an opportunity for Poland, under the leadership of
1093:
1081:
758:
723:
Polish-Danish Maritime Boundary Delimitation Agreement (2018)
2950:
Treaties of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
2452:. (First edition: New York, St. Martin's Press, inc., 1972.)
2468:, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń 1998,
1273:
1018:
157:
54:
2052:(First edition: New York, St. Martin's Press, inc., 1972.)
1774:
Soviet foreign policy: 1917–1980, in two volumes, Volume 1
1524:. After the Soviet Union established its control over the
1133:
removed former state borders across Europe. Following the
2010:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 203.
1532:
was moved westwards in 1945 to roughly coincide with the
1895:"Treaty of Peace Between Poland, Russia and the Ukraine"
549:
Territories of Poland and Danzig annexed by Nazi Germany
1157:
had ended with the collapse of the Central Powers. The
2442:
White Eagle, Red Star: the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–20
2037:
White Eagle, Red Star: the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–20
1049:(1919–1921). The chief negotiators of the peace were
2515:
2209:
2178:
1739:
1647:. Германо-советско-польская война 1939 года website.
308:(1918) and ensuing wars to preserve it (1918-1922):
2955:
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
1715:. University of Kansas, lecture notes by Professor
1172:, to regain parts of the territories of the former
2427:Dąbrowski, Stanisław. "The Peace Treaty of Riga."
2237:Richard J. Crampton, University of Oxford (1994).
1972:
1741:
1311:between Poland and Russia and ended the conflict.
2263:
2901:
2480:Photocopies of the Polish version of the Treaty.
2061:
1678:
739:Remnants of Polish statehood during partitions:
465:German–Polish Convention regarding Upper Silesia
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
2389:
2355:
2101:
2007:Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy
1789:
2501:
2147:
2030:
1900:. Riga, March 18, 1921. Resource: Appendix C.
1893:, p. 229–230. The full text has 26 articles.
1836:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1445:Poland after the Treaty of Riga with the pre-
1296:against the Soviet authorities. As a result,
1112:in 1939, and their borders were redefined by
994:
573:German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement
434:(1921): eastern border of Poland accepted by
16:1921 treaty which ended the Polish-Soviet War
2383:
2095:
1942:
1785:
1783:
1663:
1251:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
522:German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty
2349:
1868:. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 42.
1863:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1563:would go on to become independent nations.
1421:and contribute to the growing tensions and
1386:during his visit to the internment camp at
767:(remainder of Russian partition of Poland)
2985:Lithuania–Second Polish Republic relations
2508:
2494:
1928:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1722:
1001:
987:
1924:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1780:
1485:Second page of the treaty, Polish version
1323:in gold) for its economic input into the
1092:, recovering only those eastern regions (
589:Transient Polish-controlled areas (1944)
1699:
1480:
1440:
1413:, had been allied with Poland under the
1216:
968:Territorial changes of the Baltic states
908:Greater Poland military demarcation line
363:later dissolved and replaced with token
2240:Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century
1943:Butkus, Zenonas; Aleknavičė, Karolina.
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1796:. Yale University Press. pp. 68–.
1436:
2945:Treaties of the Second Polish Republic
2902:
2284:
2108:. Yale University Press. p. 232.
2055:
2024:
1968:
1966:
1603:Polish Operation of the NKVD (1937–38)
1588:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
1536:. This shift was accompanied by large
1419:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
1137:which had renounced Tsarist claims to
671:Polish-Soviet Border Adjustment Treaty
385:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)
2489:
1719:, 2004. Last accessed on 2 June 2006.
1640:
1638:
859:former eastern territories of Germany
691:Polish-Czechoslovak Border Adjustment
3015:Poland–Ukraine relations (1918–1939)
2466:Traktat ryski 1921 roku po 75 latach
1976:Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe
1817:
1542:moved most of the Ukrainian minority
1176:that had been incorporated into the
2940:Treaties entered into force in 1921
2257:
2230:
2151:Belarus: at a crossroads in history
2141:
1963:
1776:. Progress Publishers. p. 181.
1660:. Librairie Droz 1968. pp. 419–420.
1593:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
1573:Polish minority in the Soviet Union
1511:Ukrainian nationalist organisations
1509:; which contributed to the rise of
256:(later absorbed into Poland-allied
13:
2975:Peace treaties of the Soviet Union
2421:
1936:
1635:
1598:Aftermath of the Polish-Soviet War
1343:would be settled by those states.
938:Polish–Lithuanian demarcation line
920:Polish–Lithuanian demarcation line
808:1918-1945 used in altered meaning
503:and Polish annexation of parts of
306:Restoration of Polish independence
224:by the Central Powers proclaiming
14:
3026:
2965:Poland–Ukraine military relations
1748:. U of Minnesota Press. pp.
1517:tactics by Ukrainian extremists.
1503:persecuted kobzars and bandurists
1072:, incorporating large numbers of
718:Poland–Slovakia Border Adjustment
677:Polish-Czechoslovak Border Treaty
2960:Poland–Russia military relations
2362:. Wheatmark, Inc. pp. 46–.
2270:. Psychology Press. p. 65.
2062:Jan Jacek Bruski (August 2002).
1843:. CIUS Press. pp. 165–168.
1623:Treaty of Tartu (Finland–Russia)
1618:Treaty of Tartu (Estonia–Russia)
963:Territorial evolution of Germany
914:Cieszyn Silesia demarcation line
473:of the Soviet Union (1925-1937)
338:(1920-1921) and its satellites:
332:War of Polish-Ukrainian alliance
139:
126:
112:
87:
78:
69:
34:
2990:Latvia in the Russian Civil War
2332:
2323:
2306:
2294:
2203:
2172:
2122:
1997:
1882:
1682:Belarus: A Perpetual Borderland
1212:
1192:westwards, as a land bridge to
973:Territorial evolution of Russia
544:Wartime administrative division
444:SSR of Lithuania and Belorussia
355:SSR of Lithuania and Belorussia
177:Territorial evolution of Poland
2476:(Chapter summaries in English)
1857:
1766:
1650:
1613:Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty
1451:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1423:eventual anti-Polish massacres
1182:Partitions of Poland–Lithuania
1174:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1086:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
932:Upper Silesia demarcation line
659:Polish–Soviet border agreement
1:
2598:Franco-Polish Alliance (1524)
2210:Raymond Leslie Buell (2007).
2179:Antony Evelyn Alcock (2000).
1740:Piotr Stefan Wandycz (1962).
1578:Belarusian minority in Poland
1492:the NKVD operation in 1937/38
1119:
1096:) lost to Russia in the 1795
414:Republic of Central Lithuania
405:1920 East Prussian plebiscite
245:Central Powers-Soviet Russia
193:Revolution in Congress Poland
2396:. Routledge. pp. 168–.
1583:Ukrainian minority in Poland
1367:
1204:, won by the Poles. Further
1088:'s border prior to the 1772
712:Treaty of Good Neighbourship
559:Polish areas annexed by USSR
350:later merged into the former
214:and annexation into Russian
7:
1973:Dennis P. Hupchick (1995).
1608:Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty
1566:
1544:remaining in Poland to the
1526:People's Republic of Poland
1407:Ukrainian People's Republic
1084:), renounced claims to the
1066:Ukrainian People's Republic
700:German-Polish Border Treaty
452:Ukrainian People's Republic
400:Ukrainian People's Republic
233:Ukrainian People's Republic
21:Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty
10:
3031:
3000:Latvia–Lithuania relations
2935:Treaties concluded in 1921
2264:Peter D. Stachura (2004).
2243:. Routledge. p. 148.
2216:. Read Books. p. 79.
1685:. Brill. pp. 98–100.
1123:
1037:(acting also on behalf of
845:Lands of Schlawe and Stolp
564:Polish government-in-exile
18:
2863:
2818:
2769:
2720:
2681:
2637:
2626:
2528:
2253:– via Google Books.
1679:Andrew Savchenko (2009).
1546:former German territories
1459:Soviet invasion of Poland
1090:First Partition of Poland
1045:on the other, ending the
584:Sikorski–Mayski agreement
493:and Polish annexation of
471:Polish National Districts
365:Polish National Districts
327:Polish-West Ukrainian War
288:First Republic of Pińczów
153:
105:
97:
64:
50:
42:
33:
3010:Latvia–Ukraine relations
2910:Peace treaties of Poland
2040:. Pimlico. p. 399.
1866:Soviet Diplomacy 1925–41
1628:
1553:fall of the Soviet Union
1467:transfer the populations
1314:
1053:for the Polish side and
837:Lauenburg and Bütow Land
802:("Western Borderlands")
761:("Eastern Borderlands")
568:Polish Underground State
410:Polish satellite states
216:Kiev General Governorate
3005:Latvia–Poland relations
2995:Latvia–Russia relations
2841:Preobrazhenskoye (1699)
2663:Niemieża / Vilna (1656)
2390:Aviel Roshwald (2001).
2356:Jan S. Prybyla (2010).
2102:Jerzy Borzęcki (2008).
1790:Timothy Snyder (2004).
1333:Jagiellonian tapestries
1151:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
686:Treaty of Warsaw (1970)
599:Second Pińczów Republic
515:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
322:Polish–Czechoslovak War
312:Greater Poland uprising
254:West Ukrainian People's
247:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
240:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2888:Franco-Polish alliance
2865:Second Polish Republic
2836:Wehlau–Bromberg (1657)
2583:Brześć Kujawski (1435)
2459:45.3 (2000): 331–345.
2301:Marek Jan Chodakiewicz
2213:Poland – Key to Europe
2148:Jan Zaprudnik (1993).
1913:Cite journal requires
1837:Michael Palij (1995).
1486:
1454:
1361:
1222:
426:protection (1921-1939)
2482:Dziedzictwo.polska.pl
1713:The Rebirth of Poland
1484:
1444:
1345:
1225:Peace talks began in
1220:
1124:Further information:
1057:for the Soviet side.
863:Recovered Territories
789:Galicia and Lodomeria
372:Polish-Lithuanian War
262:Belarusian Democratic
2970:20th century in Riga
2673:Eternal Peace (1686)
1864:J.C. Johari (2000).
1645:Text of the document
1538:population transfers
1530:Polish-Soviet border
1513:and the adoption of
1499:Executed Renaissance
1437:Further consequences
1329:Partitions of Poland
1159:Treaty of Versailles
1114:an agreement in 1945
833:Starostwo of Draheim
706:Two Plus Four Treaty
438:and its satellites (
379:Treaty of Versailles
283:Republic of Zakopane
2800:Bila Tserkva (1651)
2648:Yam-Zapolsky (1582)
2064:"Sojusznik Petlura"
1294:Kronstadt rebellion
665:Treaty of Zgorzelec
610:Allied conferences
420:Free City of Danzig
278:Tarnobrzeg Republic
258:Ukrainian People 's
222:Act of 5th November
180:in the 20th century
30:
2846:Altranstädt (1706)
2431:(1960) 5#1: 3–34.
2187:Palgrave Macmillan
1981:Palgrave Macmillan
1487:
1455:
1259:National Democrats
1223:
1200:culminated in the
1149:in the March 1918
1135:Russian Revolution
1106:invasion of Poland
957:Adjacent countries
829:Posen-West Prussia
632:Potsdam Conference
579:Bialystok District
554:General Government
501:First Vienna Award
317:Silesian Uprisings
299:Republic of Ostrów
198:Ostrowiec Republic
28:
2980:March 1921 events
2915:Polish–Soviet War
2897:
2896:
2859:
2858:
2785:Pereyaslav (1630)
2741:Stuhmsdorf (1635)
2658:Polyanovka (1634)
2628:Polish–Lithuanian
2530:Kingdom of Poland
2444:, Pimlico, 2003,
2429:The Polish Review
2403:978-0-415-17893-8
2369:978-1-60494-325-2
2318:978-0-521-19196-8
2223:978-1-4067-4564-1
2196:978-0-312-23556-7
2165:978-0-8133-1794-6
2115:978-0-300-12121-6
2047:978-0-7126-0694-3
2017:978-0-8264-7301-1
1990:978-0-312-12116-7
1875:978-81-7488-491-6
1850:978-1-895571-05-9
1717:Anna M. Cienciala
1278:Stanisław Grabski
1269:to reach a deal.
1267:League of Nations
1206:military setbacks
1198:Polish–Soviet War
1166:Russian Civil War
1141:, as well as the
1126:Polish–Soviet War
1047:Polish–Soviet War
1011:
1010:
902:Demarcation lines
871:Wolgast Pomerania
865:, while the term
831:, sometimes also
752:Galician autonomy
653:Potsdam Agreement
647:Post World War II
620:Moscow Conference
614:Tehran Conference
592:Turgiele Republic
459:Central Lithuania
457:Incorporation of
424:League of Nations
390:Suwałki Agreement
226:Kingdom of Poland
208:Kholm Governorate
201:Zagłębie Republic
171:
170:
101:17 September 1939
3022:
2746:Kėdainiai (1655)
2712:Karlowitz (1699)
2668:Andrusovo (1667)
2635:
2634:
2543:Merseburg (1033)
2510:
2503:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2353:
2347:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1922:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1901:
1899:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1834:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1747:
1737:
1720:
1710:
1697:
1696:
1676:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1415:Treaty of Warsaw
1290:Tambov Rebellion
1236:
1232:
1202:Battle of Warsaw
1062:Treaty of Warsaw
1033:on one side and
1028:
1003:
996:
989:
944:Oder–Neisse line
887:Oder–Neisse line
857:After 1945, the
841:Hither Pomerania
839:and easternmost
776:Grodzieńszczyzna
626:Yalta Conference
595:Iwonicz Republic
491:Munich Agreement
483:Dzierżyńszczyzna
477:Marchlewszczyzna
440:Byelorussian SSR
396:Treaty of Warsaw
187:Pre-World War II
173:
172:
166:Ukrainian Soviet
144:
143:
132:
130:
129:
118:
116:
115:
92:
91:
83:
82:
74:
73:
38:
31:
27:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3019:
2925:1921 in Belarus
2920:1921 in Ukraine
2900:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2855:
2814:
2780:Kurukove (1625)
2765:
2716:
2677:
2629:
2622:
2558:Raciążek (1404)
2553:Namysłów (1348)
2524:
2514:
2424:
2422:Further reading
2419:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2354:
2350:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2146:
2142:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1983:. p. 210.
1971:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1951:(in Lithuanian)
1941:
1937:
1923:
1914:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1835:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1788:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1738:
1723:
1711:
1700:
1693:
1677:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1569:
1449:borders of the
1439:
1383:Józef Piłsudski
1370:
1360:
1337:Załuski Library
1317:
1245:for Poland and
1234:
1230:
1215:
1170:Józef Piłsudski
1147:Congress Poland
1145:provisions for
1128:
1122:
1098:Third Partition
1026:
1007:
978:
977:
958:
950:
949:
903:
895:
894:
867:Kresy Zachodnie
800:Kresy Zachodnie
759:Kresy Wschodnie
743:Congress Poland
735:
727:
726:
648:
640:
639:
604:Warsaw Uprising
539:
529:
528:
450:which replaced
442:which replaced
237:Ukrainian State
231:Central Powers-
212:Congress Poland
188:
179:
164:
160:
138:
127:
125:
122:
113:
111:
86:
85:
77:
76:
68:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3028:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2930:1921 in Latvia
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2885:
2880:
2878:Suwałki (1920)
2875:
2869:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2805:Hadiach (1658)
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2736:Altmark (1629)
2733:
2727:
2725:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2707:Żurawno (1676)
2704:
2702:Buchach (1672)
2699:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2684:Ottoman Empire
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2653:Deulino (1618)
2650:
2644:
2642:
2632:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2618:Stettin (1570)
2615:
2613:Vilnius (1561)
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2578:Łęczyca (1433)
2575:
2570:
2568:Lubowla (1412)
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2538:Bautzen (1018)
2534:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2522:peace treaties
2513:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2477:
2463:
2453:
2438:Davies, Norman
2435:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2402:
2382:
2368:
2348:
2331:
2322:
2305:
2293:
2283:
2277:978-0415343589
2276:
2256:
2250:978-0415106917
2249:
2229:
2222:
2202:
2195:
2189:. p. 73.
2171:
2164:
2158:. p. 75.
2156:Westview Press
2140:
2121:
2114:
2094:
2076:(2002–08–18).
2054:
2046:
2023:
2016:
1996:
1989:
1962:
1935:
1915:|journal=
1881:
1874:
1856:
1849:
1816:
1803:978-0300105865
1802:
1779:
1765:
1759:978-0816658862
1758:
1721:
1698:
1692:978-9004174481
1691:
1662:
1649:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1453:also indicated
1438:
1435:
1411:Symon Petliura
1396:Eastern Europe
1394:federation of
1369:
1366:
1346:
1325:Russian Empire
1316:
1313:
1298:Vladimir Lenin
1292:and later the
1214:
1211:
1194:Western Europe
1178:Russian Empire
1143:Central Powers
1121:
1118:
1043:Soviet Ukraine
1039:Soviet Belarus
1017:was signed in
1015:Treaty of Riga
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
998:
991:
983:
980:
979:
976:
975:
970:
965:
959:
956:
955:
952:
951:
948:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
904:
901:
900:
897:
896:
893:
892:
891:
890:
855:
854:
853:
848:
806:
797:
796:
795:
791:east of river
785:
784:
783:
778:
773:
756:
755:
754:
749:
736:
733:
732:
729:
728:
725:
724:
721:
715:
709:
703:
697:
694:
688:
683:
680:
674:
668:
662:
656:
649:
646:
645:
642:
641:
638:
637:
636:
635:
629:
623:
617:
608:
607:
606:
601:
596:
593:
587:
581:
576:
570:
561:
556:
551:
546:
540:
535:
534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
525:
524:
512:
498:
488:
487:
486:
480:
468:
462:
455:
429:
428:
427:
417:
408:
402:
393:
387:
382:
376:
375:
374:
369:
368:
367:
357:
351:
344:
329:
324:
319:
314:
303:
302:
301:
296:
290:
285:
280:
272:
250:
243:
229:
219:
206:Separation of
204:
203:
202:
199:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
169:
168:
162:Russian Soviet
155:
151:
150:
149:
148:
146:Soviet Ukraine
136:
123:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
66:
62:
61:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
29:Treaty of Riga
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3027:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:Warsaw (1920)
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2851:Vienna (1738)
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:Vienna (1657)
2829:
2827:
2826:Vienna (1656)
2824:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2810:Cudnów (1660)
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2795:Zboriv (1649)
2793:
2791:
2790:Zamość (1648)
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2761:Warsaw (1705)
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:Radnot (1656)
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:Mitawa (1622)
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Khotyn (1621)
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:Pozvol (1557)
2606:
2604:
2603:Kraków (1525)
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:Kalisz (1343)
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:Polish Review
2454:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2352:
2345:
2344:9780415486187
2341:
2335:
2326:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2287:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2098:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2072:(in Polish).
2071:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2032:Norman Davies
2027:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1967:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1907:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1786:
1784:
1775:
1769:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1659:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1483:
1479:
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2756:Oliwa (1660)
2692:Busza (1617)
2630:Commonwealth
2593:Ólafu (1474)
2588:Thorn (1466)
2573:Melno (1422)
2563:Thorn (1411)
2465:
2456:
2441:
2428:
2407:. Retrieved
2392:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
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2097:
2087:28 September
2085:. Retrieved
2073:
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2026:
2006:
1999:
1975:
1953:. Retrieved
1948:
1938:
1906:cite journal
1890:
1884:
1865:
1859:
1839:
1807:. Retrieved
1792:
1773:
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1522:World War II
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1507:Polonization
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1463:World War II
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1255:
1247:Adolph Joffe
1235:28 September
1231:21 September
1224:
1213:Negotiations
1163:
1129:
1110:Soviet Union
1059:
1055:Adolph Joffe
1014:
1012:
866:
861:were called
747:Vistula Land
537:World War II
436:Russian SFSR
353:short-lived
348:Galician SSR
346:short-lived
195:(1905–1907)
25:
2883:Riga (1921)
2819:With others
2409:16 February
2375:16 February
1809:16 February
1534:Curzon Line
1392:Intermarium
1374:Curzon Line
1327:during the
1184:. In 1920,
1180:during the
1131:World War I
1078:Belarusians
1070:Curzon Line
946:(1945–1951)
940:(1923-1938)
934:(1921-1922)
926:Curzon Line
922:(1919-1920)
916:(1918-1920)
910:(1919-1920)
765:Taken Lands
485:(1932-1937)
479:(1925-1931)
416:(1920-1922)
2904:Categories
2474:8323109745
2450:0712606947
1656:K. Marek.
1433:autonomy.
1282:federalism
1243:Jan Dąbski
1190:revolution
1120:Background
1074:Ukrainians
1051:Jan Dąbski
495:Trans-Olza
361:Polish SSR
359:attempted
98:Expiration
2682:With the
2320:. p. 217.
2082:0209-1747
1515:terrorist
1447:partition
1409:, led by
1368:Aftermath
1356:Article 4
1350:Article 3
1341:Lithuania
1239:armistice
1064:with the
787:Areas of
781:Lwów Land
154:Ratifiers
2772:Cossacks
2131:Polityka
2034:(2003).
1955:29 March
1949:15min.lt
1567:See also
1335:and the
1249:for the
1029:between
334:against
270:Komancza
65:Ratified
51:Location
2640:Muscovy
2516:Polish
1561:Ukraine
1557:Belarus
1461:during
1309:Ukraine
1305:Belarus
1257:of the
1108:by the
883:Lausitz
851:Zaolzie
825:Powiśle
821:Masuria
520:Secret
517:(1939)
293:Witkowo
106:Parties
2890:(1921)
2723:Sweden
2518:truces
2472:
2461:online
2448:
2433:Online
2400:
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2342:
2316:
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2247:
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2112:
2080:
2069:Wprost
2044:
2014:
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1872:
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1800:
1756:
1752:–180.
1689:
1528:, the
1388:Kalisz
1321:rubles
1196:. The
1139:Poland
1041:) and
1031:Poland
1023:Latvia
928:(1920)
879:Miśnia
875:Milsko
817:Warmia
720:(2005)
714:(1991)
708:(1991)
702:(1990)
693:(1976)
679:(1958)
673:(1951)
667:(1950)
661:(1945)
655:(1945)
634:(1945)
628:(1945)
622:(1943)
616:(1943)
586:(1941)
575:(1941)
511:(1938)
497:(1938)
467:(1922)
461:(1922)
446:, and
422:under
407:(1920)
392:(1920)
381:(1919)
295:Revolt
249:(1918)
242:(1918)
228:(1916)
218:(1913)
131:
120:Poland
117:
59:Latvia
43:Signed
2770:With
2721:With
2638:With
1898:(PDF)
1629:Notes
1315:Terms
1227:Minsk
1094:Kresy
1082:Minsk
1025:, on
734:Areas
509:Orava
266:Lemko
210:from
2520:and
2470:ISBN
2446:ISBN
2411:2011
2398:ISBN
2377:2011
2364:ISBN
2340:ISBN
2314:ISBN
2291:2003
2272:ISBN
2245:ISBN
2218:ISBN
2191:ISBN
2160:ISBN
2110:ISBN
2089:2006
2078:ISSN
2074:1029
2042:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1985:ISBN
1957:2022
1930:link
1926:link
1919:help
1870:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1811:2011
1798:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1559:and
1307:and
1274:Sejm
1164:The
1076:and
1019:Riga
1013:The
566:and
507:and
505:Spiš
158:Sejm
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