545:, which is regarded as an authoritative collection of international agreements of the United States between 1776 and 1937, Hunter Miller describes, "While the original ratification remained in the hands of Cathcart ... it is possible that a copy thereof was delivered upon the settlement of April 10, 1799, and further possible that there was something almost in the nature of an exchange of ratifications of the treaty on or about April 10, 1799, the day of the agreed settlement." It is then that the Pasha declares in a Letter to John Adams on April 15, 1799, "Whereby we have consummated the Peace which shall, on our side, be inviolate, provided You are Willing to treat us as You do other Regencies, without any difference being made between Us. Which is the whole of what We have, at present, to say to You, wishing you at the same time the most unlimited prosperity."
442:
39:
98:
1418:
108:
518:
88:
602:
America be a
Christian Republic. Ten years after the Constitutional Convention ended its work, the country assured the world that the United States was a secular state, and that its negotiations would adhere to the rule of law, not the dictates of the Christian faith. The assurances were contained in the Treaty of Tripoli of 1797 and were intended to allay the fears of the Muslim state by insisting that religion would not govern how the treaty was interpreted and enforced. John Adams and the Senate made clear that the pact was between two sovereign states, not between two religious powers.
526:
Spanish dollars,-thirteen watches of gold, silver & pinsbach,-five rings, of which three of diamonds, one of saphire and one with a watch in it, One hundred & forty piques of cloth, and four caftans of brocade,-and these on account of the peace concluded with the
Americans." However, this was an incomplete amount of goods stipulated under the treaty (according to the Pasha of Tripoli) and an additional $ 18,000 had to be paid by the American Consul James Leander Cathcart at his arrival on April 10, 1799.
2968:
136:
1926:
655:
489:. However, it is the English text that was ratified by Congress. Miller says, "the Barlow translation is that which was submitted to the Senate (American State Papers, Foreign Relations, II, 18–19) and which is printed in the Statutes at Large and in treaty collections generally; it is that English text which in the United States has always been deemed the text of the treaty."
429:, was given the right to establish a treaty with Tripoli and assigned Joel Barlow and Joseph Donaldson to broker it. It was Joel Barlow who certified the signatures on the Arabic original and the English copy provided to him. Later, Captain Richard O'Brien, USN, established the original transport of the negotiated goods along with the treaty, but it was the American Consul
569:
505:
observed, and performed with good Faith on the part of the United States, I have ordered the premises to be made public; And I do hereby enjoin and require all persons bearing office civil or military within the United States, and all other citizens or inhabitants thereof, faithfully to observe and fulfill the said Treaty and every clause and article thereof.
597:, the assurances in Article 11 were "intended to allay the fears of the Muslim state by insisting that religion would not govern how the treaty was interpreted and enforced. John Adams and the Senate made clear that the pact was between two sovereign states, not between two religious powers." Lambert writes,
561:—the page containing Article 11 is missing from the Arabic version of the treaty. The contemporaneous purpose of Article 11 was to make clear that the United States was a secular state, and to reassure the Muslims that the agreement was not with an extension of earlier Christian nations that took part in the
679:
From this, Miller concludes: "A further and perhaps equal mystery is the fact that since 1797 the Barlow translation has been trustfully and universally accepted as the just equivalent of the Arabic ... yet evidence of the erroneous character of the Barlow translation has been in the archives of
513:
sent the treaty to the U.S. Senate for ratification in May 1797, the entire treaty was read aloud on the Senate floor, and copies were printed for every senator. A committee considered the treaty and recommended ratification. Twenty-three of the thirty-two sitting senators were present for the June 7
469:
on March 30, 1795, in order to negotiate a treaty with the
Barbary powers. On February 10, 1796, Humphreys appointed Joel Barlow and Joseph Donaldson as "Junior Agents" to forge a "Treaty of Peace and Friendship". Under Humphreys' authority, the treaty was signed at Tripoli on November 4, 1796, and
1140:
Ten years after the
Constitutional Convention ended its work, the country assured the world that the United States was a secular state, and that its negotiations would adhere to the rule of law, not the dictates of the Christian faith. The assurances were contained in the Treaty of Tripoli of 1797
723:
Through subsequent battles, Tripoli eventually agreed to terms of peace with the United States. Tobias Lear negotiated a second "Treaty of Peace and Amity" with the Pasha Yusuf on June 4, 1805. To the dismay of many
Americans, the new settlement included a ransom of $ 60,000 (equal to $ 1,220,800
684:
It is to be remembered that the Barlow translation is that which was submitted to the Senate (American State Papers, Foreign
Relations, II, 18–19) and which is printed in the Statutes at Large and in treaty collections generally; it is that English text which in the United States has always been
580:
Art. 11. As the
Government of the United States of America is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws, religion, or tranquility, of Mussulmen (Muslims); and as the said States never entered into any war or act of hostility
525:
However, before anyone in the United States saw the treaty, its required payments, in the form of goods and money, had been made in part. As Barlow declared: "The present writing done by our hand and delivered to the
American Captain O'Brien makes known that he has delivered to us forty thousand
601:
By their actions, the
Founding Fathers made clear that their primary concern was religious freedom, not the advancement of a state religion. Individuals, not the government, would define religious faith and practice in the United States. Thus the Founders ensured that in no official sense would
674:
The Arabic text which is between
Articles 10 and 12 is in form a letter, crude and flamboyant and withal quite unimportant, from the Dey of Algiers to the Pasha of Tripoli. How that script came to be written and to be regarded, as in the Barlow translation, as Article 11 of the treaty as there
504:
Now be it known, That I John Adams, President of the United States of America, having seen and considered the said Treaty do, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, accept, ratify, and confirm the same, and every clause and article thereof. And to the End that the said Treaty may be
666:
In 1931 Hunter Miller completed a commission by the United States government to analyze United States treaties and to explain how they function and what they mean to the United States legal position in relationship with the rest of the world. According to Hunter Miller's notes, "the Barlow
530:
1160:
500:, to the United States, and had been signed by officials at each stop along the way. There is no record of discussion or debate of the Treaty of Tripoli at the time that it was ratified. However, there is a statement made by President John Adams on the document that reads:
354:
in 1785, now without a standing navy, much less a navy capable of projecting force across an ocean, the U.S. was forced to pay tribute monies and goods to the Barbary nations for the security of its ships and the freedom of its captured citizens. As Lieutenant and consul
689:
However the Arabic and English texts differ, the Barlow translation (Article 11 included) was the text presented by the President and ratified unanimously in 1797 by the U.S. Senate following strict constitutional procedures. According to the American legal scholar
1141:
and were intended to allay the fears of the Muslim state by insisting that religion would not govern how the treaty was interpreted or enforced. John Adams and the Senate made clear that the pact was between two sovereign states, not between two religious powers.
223:
of the English language translation that was ratified by the Senate and signed by the president, which states, "he Government of the United States of America is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion." However, modern translations of the official
662:
The translation of the Treaty of Tripoli by Barlow has been questioned, and it has been disputed whether Article 11 in the English version of the treaty ratified by the U.S. Senate corresponds to anything of the same purport in the Arabic version.
1273:
Schaff, Philip. (1888). "Church and state in the United States, or, the American idea of religious liberty and its practical effects : with official documents." 1972 reprint. Series: Religion in America, 2. New York: Arno Press. p. 41.
1105:
321:
formed an alliance with the former British colonies in 1778, now the proclaimed independent United States of America and assumed the responsibility of providing protection of U.S. merchant ships in the Mediterranean and eastern
334:, it had to face the threat of the Barbary pirates on its own. Two American ships were captured by Algerian pirates in July 1785 and the survivors forced into slavery, their ransom set at $ 60,000. A rumor that
2402:
3074:
557:
as it applies to the founding principles of the United States. Some religious spokesmen claim that—despite unanimous ratification by the U.S. Senate of the text in English which contained
477:, and a translated version by Consul-General Barlow was ratified by the United States on June 10, 1797. Article 11 of the treaty was said to have not been part of the original
2014:
2605:
585:) nation, it is declared by the parties that no pretext arising from religious opinions shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries.
4558:
2534:
2248:
2022:
1384:
2128:
294:(of which the Barbary states were a segment). Life for the captives often was harsh, especially for Christian captives, and many died from their treatment.
1884:
4588:
3064:
554:
482:
4568:
4563:
4553:
2282:
2111:
986:
Hunter Miller, ed. "Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America." Volume 2. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1931.
4548:
4050:
2195:
2145:
1661:
962:
675:
written, is a mystery and seemingly must remain so. Nothing in the diplomatic correspondence of the time throws any light whatever on the point.
2373:
1323:
667:
translation is at best a poor attempt at a paraphrase or summary of the sense of the Arabic" and "Article 11 ... does not exist at all."
4151:
2409:
2042:
2030:
413:, who dealt with the text of various treaties (including the Treaty of Tripoli) and supported U.S. diplomatic efforts on the Barbary Coast.
4309:
3361:
3259:
2003:
1830:
1243:
Memoirs of the Administrations of Washington and John Adams: Edited from the Papers of Oliver Wolcott, Secretary of the Treasury, Volume 2,
731:
and several U.S. merchant ships. By 1807, Algiers had gone back to taking U.S. ships and seamen hostage. Distracted by the preludes to the
4573:
4333:
4086:
3912:
2363:
366:
in 1800, "It is a maxim of the Barbary States, that 'The Christians who would be on good terms with them must fight well or pay well.'"
4583:
4409:
3847:
3481:
3022:
1406:
2929:
1414:
3005:
2309:
2210:
2205:
2200:
1449:
670:
After comparing the English language version by Barlow with the Arabic and the Italian version, Miller continues by claiming that:
32:
Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary (Ottoman Empire)
4593:
3948:
2472:
1992:
1874:
4291:
4256:
4239:
2389:
1422:
346:
about that time, had been captured by Barbary pirates, caused considerable upset in the U.S. With the disbanding of the former
634:, ought never to have ratified the treaty alluded to, with the declaration that 'the government of the United States, is not,
4357:
2855:
2793:
2482:
2465:
2058:
1377:
1372:
1307:
1199:
1168:
1133:
1101:
1071:
1061:
441:
38:
4468:
4351:
3094:
2243:
1971:
1513:
4578:
4528:
4523:
4203:
4127:
2477:
2006:
1800:
1464:
4074:
4538:
4197:
4162:
3325:
3109:
2757:
865:"About this Collection | Thomas Jefferson Papers, 1606–1827 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress"
470:
certified at Algiers on January 3, 1797. Humphreys reviewed the treaty and approved it in Lisbon on February 10, 1797.
219:
The treaty is often cited in discussions regarding the role of religion in United States government due to a clause in
828:"Avalon Project – The Barbary Treaties 1786–1816 – Treaty of Peace and Friendship, Signed at Tripoli November 4, 1796"
626:, claimed that he protested the language of Article 11 before its ratification. He wrote to Secretary of the Treasury
4327:
3170:
3056:
1279:
1093:
414:
1740:
4285:
3386:
1864:
360:
1646:
537:
It was not until these final goods were delivered that the Pasha of Tripoli recognized the treaty as official. In
157:
Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary
4262:
4233:
4062:
3667:
3346:
3190:
2842:
2621:
2508:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
1854:
1820:
1815:
1735:
1695:
1626:
1616:
1587:
1527:
1503:
1483:
1478:
1473:
999:
864:
4321:
3474:
3438:
3155:
2777:
2764:
2445:
2394:
2157:
1995:
1399:
195:
4533:
4403:
4391:
4345:
4339:
4315:
4303:
4227:
4215:
4209:
4180:
3046:
2849:
2788:
2592:
2169:
810:"Avalon Project – The Barbary Treaties 1786–1816 – Treaty of Peace and Amity, Signed at Tripoli June 4, 1805"
291:
4453:
3376:
3175:
3041:
2998:
2770:
2695:
2574:
2455:
1810:
330:. After the Revolutionary War ended and the new United States won its independence with the signing of the
3617:
1238:
788:"The Barbary Treaties 1786–1816 : Treaty of Peace and Friendship, Signed at Tripoli November 4, 1796"
4463:
4273:
4002:
3942:
3264:
3150:
2597:
2034:
1937:
1755:
1730:
1522:
847:
4415:
4297:
4268:
4186:
4032:
3877:
3867:
3862:
3448:
2540:
2503:
2487:
2275:
2253:
2228:
2046:
1894:
1889:
1765:
1715:
1710:
1493:
1430:
2727:
1720:
966:
638:, founded on the Christian religion.' What else is it founded on? This act always appeared to me like
171:) to secure commercial shipping rights and protect American ships in the Mediterranean Sea from local
4121:
4008:
3918:
3800:
3467:
3397:
3274:
3160:
3033:
2867:
2583:
2524:
2133:
1844:
1760:
1705:
1392:
735:
and the war itself, the United States was unable to respond to the provocations until 1815, with the
517:
462:
426:
97:
139:
4397:
4157:
4098:
3978:
3960:
3954:
3872:
3857:
3371:
3366:
3351:
3289:
3142:
2600:
2220:
1964:
1685:
1327:
302:
194:
unanimously and without debate on June 7, 1797, taking effect June 10, 1797, with the signature of
20:
2368:
1745:
1651:
906:
4518:
4513:
4279:
4056:
4020:
4014:
3842:
3837:
3805:
3542:
3336:
3069:
2991:
2861:
2821:
2682:
2314:
2304:
2287:
2270:
2179:
2078:
1849:
1790:
1488:
725:
406:
356:
107:
2529:
2440:
1636:
1224:
553:
Article 11 has been and is a point of contention in popular culture disputes on the doctrine of
87:
4508:
4503:
4026:
3936:
3924:
3718:
3249:
3165:
3099:
2805:
2732:
2687:
2294:
2174:
2093:
2068:
1770:
1700:
1690:
1577:
1295:
The Wars of the Barbary Pirates: To the Shores of Tripoli – The Rise of the Us Navy and Marines
430:
351:
331:
183:
1125:
1000:"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875"
944:
Life and times of David Humphreys: soldier--statesman--poet, "belov'd of Washington", Volume 2
827:
680:
the Department of State since perhaps 1800 or thereabouts ..." However, as Miller noted:
4543:
4363:
4145:
3972:
3279:
3269:
3239:
2703:
2556:
2450:
2265:
1879:
1869:
1780:
1775:
1750:
1621:
1611:
1537:
1299:
1191:
445:
Scan of the original Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and
1004:
Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America, 1789–180
43:
Scan of the first article of the original treaty, written in Arabic, signed November 4, 1796
4192:
4139:
4080:
4044:
3996:
3984:
3713:
3632:
3607:
3562:
2879:
2650:
2083:
1532:
497:
398:
255:
191:
164:
101:
1572:
987:
8:
4448:
3402:
3331:
3316:
3203:
3127:
3089:
3079:
2971:
2828:
2783:
2519:
2329:
1957:
1904:
1725:
1606:
1582:
1444:
1439:
590:
542:
298:
3552:
2073:
1909:
809:
787:
4385:
4168:
3512:
3422:
3284:
2752:
2629:
2335:
2258:
1631:
1597:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1217:
1039:
851:
766:
744:
736:
627:
1562:
4379:
4174:
4092:
4038:
3990:
3930:
3795:
3657:
3412:
3198:
3180:
3132:
2945:
2834:
2722:
2674:
2666:
2319:
2299:
2116:
1805:
1785:
1670:
1567:
1303:
1275:
1195:
1164:
1129:
1097:
1089:
1067:
886:
740:
703:
594:
458:
370:
335:
318:
243:
213:
4133:
2106:
929:
4068:
3723:
3677:
3647:
3612:
3490:
3308:
3254:
3234:
2952:
2903:
2742:
2565:
2547:
2162:
2150:
1859:
1641:
1552:
925:
881:
717:
713:
486:
418:
386:
347:
216:. A superseding treaty, the Treaty of Peace and Amity, was signed on June 4, 1805.
205:
3966:
3764:
3759:
3567:
3443:
3356:
3321:
3229:
3213:
3122:
3084:
2415:
2088:
1899:
1675:
1557:
1547:
1498:
1454:
1293:
1257:
1185:
1154:
1119:
1077:
947:
900:
709:
691:
611:
466:
446:
402:
394:
237:
172:
3738:
3014:
2897:
2747:
2637:
2513:
2101:
1839:
1795:
1542:
1417:
374:
323:
111:
3708:
4497:
4473:
3522:
3407:
3244:
2873:
2813:
2737:
2421:
1930:
623:
378:
363:
306:
251:
225:
160:
91:
3642:
2403:
A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America
4478:
4104:
3703:
3117:
2921:
2915:
2891:
2140:
2123:
610:
and two New York papers, with only scant public dissent (most notably from
382:
343:
247:
209:
3785:
3733:
3672:
3652:
3417:
3294:
3208:
2909:
2885:
2645:
732:
646:
was even reprimanded for this outrage upon the government and religion."
643:
410:
327:
179:
4221:
3780:
3682:
3662:
3637:
3627:
2460:
2238:
1980:
922:
Treaties and other international acts of the United States of America /
582:
510:
492:
The treaty had spent seven months traveling from Tripoli to Algiers to
314:
198:
190:(for a third-party witness) on January 3, 1797. It was ratified by the
143:
2483:
Co-founder and second president, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1373:
American State Papers, Senate, 5th Congress, 1st Session (scroll down)
767:"The Barbary Treaties : Tripoli 1796 – Barlow's Receipt of Goods"
3790:
3743:
3728:
3532:
2233:
1259:
Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America
911:(principally collected from his correspondence and other manuscripts)
539:
Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America
271:
720:'s refusal to submit to the Pasha's demands for increased payments.
3622:
3459:
2658:
963:"The Barbary Treaties : Tripoli 1796 – Humphrey's Declaration"
694:
the original document was framed by an ex-Congregational preacher.
562:
493:
369:
Soon after the formation of the United States, privateering in the
1040:"The Barbary Treaties : Tripoli 1796 – Hunter Miller's Notes"
3557:
3537:
3527:
2983:
854:(1930), via Avalon Project (some OCR errors)- accessed 2008-12-06
654:
529:
390:
310:
287:
279:
263:
259:
212:
the tributes stipulated by this treaty, partially leading to the
187:
1254:
His work on the Treaty of Tripoli can be found in Volume Two of
514:
vote that unanimously approved the ratification recommendation.
433:
who delivered the final requirements of payment for the treaty.
19:
This article is about the 1796 treaty. For the 1805 treaty, see
4458:
3687:
3517:
478:
474:
450:
422:
339:
283:
275:
186:
republican, and signed in Tripoli on November 4, 1796, and at
3547:
2606:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
1949:
957:
955:
568:
267:
168:
3602:
1245:
ed. George Gibbs, William Van Norden, Printer, 1846. p.421.
952:
159:) was signed in 1796. It was the first treaty between the
1316:
1219:
The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America
1187:
The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America
1121:
The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America
481:
version of the treaty; in its place is a letter from the
409:
to the Barbary states of Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis was
228:
text of the treaty confirm that no such phrase exists.
988:
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/bar1796n.asp#n4
965:. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Archived from
622:
A prominent member of Adams' cabinet, Secretary of War
1291:
405:(1797), all of them more than once. The United States
242:
For three centuries up to the time of the treaty, the
843:
841:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
381:
prompted the U.S. to initiate a series of so-called
4559:
Separation of church and state in the United States
1361:
Treaty – The 1930 Annotated Translation from Arabic
1006:. U.S. Library of Congress. WEDNESDAY, June 7, 1797
630:, September 26, 1800: "The Senate, my good friend,
309:were protected from the Barbary pirates by British
1285:
1223:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp.
1216:
1063:Foreign Affairs and the United States Constitution
838:
724:today) paid for the release of prisoners from the
521:The ''Treaty of Tripoli'' as presented to Congress
1156:Joel Barlow: American Diplomat and Nation Builder
1017:
4495:
890:(Simon & Schuster Paperbacks), 2001, p. 352.
449:and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary, written in
3475:
2999:
2410:Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams
2196:United States presidential election 1788–1789
1965:
1400:
1183:
1117:
649:
3260:Fist Crushing a U.S. Fighter Plane Sculpture
2456:Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace
282:captured by the Barbary pirates were either
2364:Presidential transition of Thomas Jefferson
2146:Chairman of the Marine Committee, 1775-1779
1351:Treaties with The Barbary Powers: 1786–1836
509:Official records show that after President
436:
389:. Individual treaties were negotiated with
350:and the selling of its last warship by the
16:1797 treaty between the US and Tripolitania
3482:
3468:
3006:
2992:
1972:
1958:
1407:
1393:
52:"Treaty of perpetual peace and friendship"
3075:Al Ghazala InterContinental Tripoli Hotel
2390:Massachusetts Historical Society holdings
780:
761:
759:
317:and treaties. During the Revolution, the
4569:History of religion in the United States
4564:Christianity and law in the 18th century
4554:Bilateral treaties of the Ottoman Empire
4051:Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands
2488:United First Parish Church and gravesite
2310:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801
1146:
1066:. Oxford University Press. p. 442.
653:
567:
528:
516:
440:
4549:Bilateral treaties of the United States
1239:Letter from James McHenry to John Adams
1214:
1124:. Princeton University Press. pp.
1042:. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School
902:The life of the late Gen. William Eaton
769:. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School
4589:Ottoman Empire–United States relations
4496:
3848:Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship
2473:Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University
1366:1805 Treaty Text and Related Documents
1356:1796 Treaty Text and Related Documents
1255:
1190:. Princeton University Press. p.
1059:
905:. E. Merriam & Co. 1813. pp.
756:
4437:
3894:
3826:
3584:
3501:
3463:
2987:
1953:
1388:
790:. The Avalon Project, Yale Law School
326:against the Barbary pirates with the
4469:Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi
3913:Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands
3489:
3095:Radisson Blu Al Mahary Hotel Tripoli
2244:United States Department of the Navy
2170:Constitution of Massachusetts (1780)
1152:
852:translation of Arabic text of treaty
4410:Austrian expedition against Morocco
2283:Sick and Disabled Seamen Relief Act
2015:U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom
2007:Vice President of the United States
13:
4574:Military history of Tripoli, Libya
3013:
533:President Adams' signing statement
231:
14:
4605:
3171:Natural History Museum of Tripoli
2723:"Adams and Liberty" campaign song
2593:Adams House at Harvard University
1344:
1326:. Yale University. Archived from
708:The treaty was broken in 1801 by
496:and, finally westward across the
4075:Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir
2967:
2966:
2344:State of the Union Address (1797
2023:U.S. Minister to the Netherlands
1924:
1416:
658:Miller's Investigation and Notes
617:
246:lanes had been preyed on by the
134:
106:
96:
86:
37:
4240:Battle of the Oinousses Islands
3502:
1865:Anglo-Ottoman Convention (1913)
1292:Gregory Fremont-Barnes (2006).
1267:
1248:
1231:
1208:
1177:
1111:
1053:
992:
980:
936:
697:
220:
204:Succeeding Adams as president,
4594:18th century in Tripoli, Libya
4322:Moroccan seizure of the Betsey
3585:
3439:Apostolic Vicariate of Tripoli
3156:Ethnographic Museum of Tripoli
2765:American Philosophical Society
2478:Presidents House, Philadelphia
2446:Adams National Historical Park
2395:Adams Papers Editorial Project
2374:Federal judiciary appointments
2158:Staten Island Peace Conference
1996:President of the United States
1979:
1816:Brussels Conference Act (1890)
1423:Treaties of the Ottoman Empire
1159:. Potomac Books, Inc. p.
924:. Washington, D.C. 1931–1948.
914:
893:
875:
857:
820:
802:
685:deemed the text of the treaty.
606:The treaty was printed in the
555:separation of church and state
461:, appointed his old colleague
290:, contributing to the greater
1:
4584:Libya–United States relations
4181:Raid on Ceriale and Borghetto
3895:
3878:US Treaty with Morocco (1836)
3868:US Treaty with Algiers (1815)
3863:US Treaty with Tripoli (1805)
3853:US Treaty with Tripoli (1796)
3827:
3047:Tripoli International Airport
2069:Braintree Instructions (1765)
1298:. Osprey Publishing. p.
1256:Miller, David Hunter (1948).
750:
548:
4454:Slavery on the Barbary Coast
3176:Prehistory Museum of Tripoli
3042:Mitiga International Airport
2771:Gazette of the United States
2129:Treaty of Amity and Commerce
415:Commissioner Plenipotentiary
385:, collectively known as the
7:
4438:
4163:Dutch expedition to Algiers
4087:Rebellion of the Alpujarras
4003:Ottoman wintering in Toulon
3949:Capture of Peñón of Algiers
3873:US Treaty with Tunis (1824)
3858:US Treaty with Tunis (1797)
3326:Spanish conquest of Tripoli
3151:Epigraphy Museum of Tripoli
2598:Mount Adams (New Hampshire,
2530:Jefferson Memorial pediment
2107:Declaration of Independence
2035:Second Continental Congress
1324:"Treaty of Peace and Amity"
848:Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje
473:The official treaty was in
208:refused to continue paying
10:
4610:
4579:5th United States Congress
4529:1797 in the Ottoman Empire
4524:1796 in the Ottoman Empire
4269:Action of 28 November 1751
3449:Tripoli International Fair
2276:Naturalization Act of 1798
2254:United States Marine Corps
2047:First Continental Congress
701:
650:Translation and Article 11
642:. I do not recollect that
593:, Professor of History at
457:The first U.S. president,
453:, signed November 4, 1796.
235:
124:Arabic (original), English
18:
4539:1797 in the United States
4444:
4433:
4372:
4249:
4122:Expulsion of the Moriscos
4114:
3905:
3901:
3890:
3833:
3822:
3773:
3752:
3696:
3618:Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis
3595:
3591:
3580:
3508:
3497:
3431:
3385:
3307:
3222:
3189:
3161:Islamic Museum of Tripoli
3141:
3108:
3055:
3032:
3021:
2940:
2804:
2715:
2662:(1997 documentary series)
2614:
2496:
2431:
2382:
2219:
2188:
2102:Lee Resolution (seconded)
2057:
1987:
1918:
1829:
1660:
1596:
1512:
1463:
1429:
739:, thereby concluding the
632:and I said so at the time
359:informed newly appointed
133:
128:
120:
80:
72:
64:
56:
48:
36:
31:
4358:2nd Swedish-Algerian War
4352:1st Swedish-Algerian War
4263:Spanish conquest of Oran
4158:Action of 3 October 1624
4063:Expedition to Mostaganem
3377:Battle of Tripoli (2019)
3372:Battle of Tripoli (2018)
3367:Battle of Tripoli (2011)
3352:Battle of Tripoli (1825)
3347:Battle of Tripoli Harbor
3290:Tripoli Central Hospital
2441:Early life and education
942:Frank Landon Humphreys,
930:2027/uiug.30112104106221
640:trampling upon the cross
437:Signing and ratification
425:) of the United States,
377:from the nations of the
338:, who was en route from
21:Treaty of Tripoli (1805)
4334:Portuguese Algerian War
4310:Bombardments of Tunisia
4204:French-Tripolitania War
4057:Battle of Wadi al-Laban
3843:Anglo-Moroccan alliance
3838:Franco-Ottoman alliance
3806:Baba Mohammed ben-Osman
3337:Siege of Tripoli (1551)
3070:Corinthia Hotel Tripoli
2728:Adams' personal library
2691:(2006 documentary film)
2315:Navy Department Library
2305:Slave Trade Act of 1800
2288:Marine Hospital Service
2271:Alien and Sedition Acts
2266:Mississippi Organic Act
2249:Commerce Protection Act
2079:Continental Association
2074:Boston Massacre defense
1870:Armenian reforms (1914)
1215:Lambert, Frank (2003).
1153:Hill, Peter P. (2012).
581:against any Mahometan (
274:(government-sanctioned
4404:Bombardment of Tripoli
4392:Bombardment of Algiers
4346:Bombardment of Tangier
4316:Bombardment of Algiers
4304:Bombardment of Algiers
4228:Bombardment of Algiers
4216:Bombardment of Algiers
4210:Bombardment of Algiers
3250:Darghouth Turkish Bath
3166:Karamanly House Museum
3100:Sheraton Hotel Tripoli
2733:American Enlightenment
2689:John and Abigail Adams
2670:(2002 animated series)
2295:Bankruptcy Act of 1800
2095:Thoughts on Government
1741:Hünkar İskelesi (1833)
1184:Frank Lambert (2006).
1118:Frank Lambert (2006).
1060:Henkin, Louis (1996).
687:
677:
659:
604:
587:
573:
534:
522:
507:
454:
431:James Leander Cathcart
352:Confederation Congress
332:Treaty of Paris (1783)
4364:Action of 16 May 1797
4328:American-Algerian War
3280:Red Castle of Tripoli
3270:Libyan Studies Center
3240:University of Tripoli
2856:Thomas Boylston Adams
2525:John Adams Courthouse
2451:John Adams Birthplace
2234:Quasi War with France
2175:Treaty of Paris, 1783
1855:Constantinople (1913)
1821:Constantinople (1897)
1811:Constantinople (1888)
1801:Constantinople (1881)
1736:Constantinople (1832)
1696:Constantinople (1800)
1647:Küçük Kaynarca (1774)
1627:Constantinople (1736)
1617:Constantinople (1724)
1588:Constantinople (1700)
1528:Constantinople (1590)
1504:Constantinople (1562)
1489:Franco-Ottoman (1536)
1484:Constantinople (1533)
1479:Constantinople (1479)
1474:Constantinople (1454)
682:
672:
657:
599:
578:
571:
532:
520:
502:
444:
417:(and Minister to the
250:Muslim states of the
4534:1796 in American law
4274:Battle of Cape Palos
4193:Action of March 1665
4140:Battle of Cape Corvo
4081:Great Siege of Malta
3985:Siege of Castelnuovo
3943:Battle of Formentera
3714:Anglo-Turkish piracy
3633:Murat Reis the Elder
3608:Hayreddin Barbarossa
3362:2011 Tripoli clashes
2652:The Adams Chronicles
2084:Petition to the King
1885:Brest-Litovsk (1918)
608:Philadelphia Gazette
498:North Atlantic Ocean
192:United States Senate
102:Ottoman Tripolitania
4449:Barbary slave trade
4416:Invasion of Algiers
4298:Invasion of Algiers
4280:Danish–Algerian War
4128:Franco-Algerian War
4033:Invasion of Corsica
3403:Alahly Tripoli S.C.
3204:Ali Alsgozy Stadium
3128:Sidi Darghut Mosque
3090:JW Marriott Tripoli
3080:Grand Hotel Tripoli
2946:← George Washington
2829:Abigail Adams Smith
2784:American Revolution
2778:The American Museum
2623:Profiles in Courage
2535:U.S. Postage stamps
2520:John Adams Building
2330:Midnight Judges Act
2300:Indiana Organic Act
1578:Bakhchisaray (1681)
869:Library of Congress
832:avalon.law.yale.edu
814:avalon.law.yale.edu
745:Second Barbary Wars
543:David Hunter Miller
299:American Revolution
292:Ottoman slave trade
178:It was authored by
28:
4386:Second Barbary War
4292:Dutch–Moroccan War
4257:Dutch–Algerian War
4198:Anglo-Algerian War
4169:Turkish Abductions
4152:Anglo-Algerian War
4099:Conquest of Tunis
4009:Capture of Mahdiye
3919:Capture of Algiers
3563:Regency of Tripoli
3513:Regency of Algiers
3423:Tripoli Grand Prix
3394:Al Jamarek Tripoli
3285:Tarabulus Zoo Park
2960:Thomas Jefferson →
2953:Thomas Jefferson →
2753:First Party System
2631:American Primitive
2336:Marbury v. Madison
2259:Convention of 1800
2134:Treaty of Alliance
1938:Treaties of Turkey
1781:San Stefano (1878)
1751:Balta Liman (1838)
1652:Aynalıkavak (1779)
1622:Ahmet Pasha (1732)
1612:Passarowitz (1718)
1538:Nasuh Pasha (1612)
737:Second Barbary War
660:
628:Oliver Wolcott Jr.
576:Article 11 reads:
574:
535:
523:
455:
361:Secretary of State
26:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4398:Battle of Tripoli
4380:First Barbary War
4175:Sack of Baltimore
4146:Dutch–Barbary War
4093:Battle of Lepanto
4039:Capture of Bougie
3991:Battle of Alboran
3979:Battle of Preveza
3961:Conquest of Tunis
3955:Conquest of Tunis
3931:Battle of Pianosa
3886:
3885:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3796:Mohamed Kharnadji
3658:Muhammad Kurdogli
3576:
3575:
3457:
3456:
3342:Treaty of Tripoli
3303:
3302:
3199:7 October Stadium
3181:Red Castle Museum
3133:Tripoli Cathedral
3065:Bab el Bahr Hotel
2981:
2980:
2868:Charles Adams Sr.
2835:John Quincy Adams
2707:(2024 miniseries)
2699:(2015 miniseries)
2654:(1976 miniseries)
2509:List of memorials
2325:Treaty of Tripoli
2320:Treaty of Tellico
2117:Committee of Five
1947:
1946:
1931:Turkey portal
1731:Adrianople (1829)
1533:Zitvatorok (1606)
1523:Adrianople (1568)
1494:Adrianople (1547)
1309:978-1-84603-030-7
1201:978-0-691-12602-9
1170:978-1-59797-772-2
1135:978-0-691-12602-9
1102:978-0-19-826098-1
1073:978-0-19-826098-1
716:, over President
704:First Barbary War
595:Purdue University
459:George Washington
371:Mediterranean Sea
336:Benjamin Franklin
319:Kingdom of France
301:(1775–1783), the
244:Mediterranean Sea
214:First Barbary War
153:Treaty of Tripoli
149:
148:
140:Treaty of Tripoli
27:Treaty of Tripoli
4601:
4435:
4434:
4286:Siege of Melilla
4069:Battle of Djerba
4021:Siege of Tripoli
4015:Invasion of Gozo
3903:
3902:
3892:
3891:
3824:
3823:
3724:Ahmed el Inglizi
3678:Hassan Veneziano
3648:Muhammad I Pasha
3613:Sayyida al Hurra
3593:
3592:
3582:
3581:
3568:Regency of Tunis
3553:Republic of Salé
3499:
3498:
3491:Barbary Corsairs
3484:
3477:
3470:
3461:
3460:
3332:Hospitaller rule
3255:Galleria De Bono
3235:Abu Salim prison
3030:
3029:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2970:
2969:
2904:Susanna Boylston
2894:(great-grandson)
2888:(great-grandson)
2882:(great-grandson)
2794:Founding Fathers
2743:Federalist Party
2683:2008 miniseries)
2163:Conference House
2151:Continental Navy
2050:
2038:
2026:
2018:
2010:
1999:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1895:Bucharest (1918)
1890:Trebizond (1918)
1711:Bucharest (1812)
1583:Karlowitz (1699)
1445:Selymbria (1411)
1440:Gallipoli (1403)
1421:
1420:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1289:
1283:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1252:
1246:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1115:
1109:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1076:. Archived from
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1036:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
996:
990:
984:
978:
977:
975:
974:
959:
950:
948:full text online
940:
934:
933:
918:
912:
910:
897:
891:
882:David McCullough
879:
873:
872:
861:
855:
845:
836:
835:
824:
818:
817:
806:
800:
799:
797:
795:
784:
778:
777:
775:
774:
763:
718:Thomas Jefferson
714:Pasha of Tripoli
560:
487:Pasha of Tripoli
465:as Commissioner
419:Kingdom of Spain
387:Barbary Treaties
373:and the eastern
348:Continental Navy
206:Thomas Jefferson
138:
137:
110:
100:
90:
60:November 4, 1796
41:
29:
25:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4483:
4440:
4421:
4368:
4245:
4234:Sieges of Ceuta
4110:
4027:Battle of Ponza
3937:Siege of Rhodes
3925:Fall of Tlemcen
3897:
3882:
3829:
3810:
3769:
3765:Yusuf Karamanli
3760:Ahmed Karamanli
3748:
3692:
3587:
3572:
3504:
3493:
3488:
3458:
3453:
3444:Seal of Tripoli
3427:
3398:Al-Ittihad Club
3381:
3357:Italian Tripoli
3299:
3265:Martyrs' Square
3230:Nessco Building
3218:
3214:June 11 Stadium
3185:
3137:
3123:Al-Naqah Mosque
3104:
3085:Al Waddan Hotel
3051:
3024:
3017:
3012:
2982:
2977:
2936:
2926:daughter-in-law
2918:(second cousin)
2862:George W. Adams
2800:
2711:
2697:Sons of Liberty
2615:Popular culture
2610:
2577:President Adams
2544:(1783 painting)
2541:Treaty of Paris
2492:
2433:
2427:
2416:Founders Online
2378:
2215:
2184:
2112:May 15 preamble
2089:United Colonies
2060:
2059:Founding of the
2053:
2041:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2002:
1991:
1983:
1978:
1948:
1943:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1880:Erzincan (1917)
1825:
1726:Akkerman (1826)
1691:El Arish (1800)
1656:
1632:Belgrade (1739)
1592:
1508:
1459:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1347:
1342:
1333:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1290:
1286:
1272:
1268:
1253:
1249:
1236:
1232:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1151:
1147:
1136:
1116:
1112:
1083:
1081:
1074:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1018:
1009:
1007:
998:
997:
993:
985:
981:
972:
970:
961:
960:
953:
941:
937:
920:
919:
915:
899:
898:
894:
880:
876:
863:
862:
858:
846:
839:
826:
825:
821:
808:
807:
803:
793:
791:
786:
785:
781:
772:
770:
765:
764:
757:
753:
710:Yusuf Karamanli
706:
700:
692:Francis Wharton
652:
620:
612:William Cobbett
558:
551:
467:Plenipotentiary
463:David Humphreys
439:
427:David Humphreys
286:or forced into
240:
238:Barbary pirates
234:
232:Barbary pirates
173:Barbary pirates
135:
44:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4607:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4519:1797 in Africa
4516:
4514:1796 in Africa
4511:
4506:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4266:
4260:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4134:Raid on Żejtun
4131:
4125:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4018:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3973:Siege of Corfu
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3909:
3907:
3899:
3898:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3589:
3588:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3027:
3019:
3018:
3015:Tripoli, Libya
3011:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2949:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2898:John Adams Sr.
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2748:Federalist Era
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2680:
2672:
2668:Liberty's Kids
2664:
2656:
2648:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2595:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2554:
2545:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2514:Adams Memorial
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2418:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2386:
2384:
2383:Other writings
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2104:
2099:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2000:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1806:Tophane (1886)
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1776:Scutari (1862)
1773:
1768:
1766:Erzurum (1847)
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1746:Kütahya (1833)
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1721:Erzurum (1823)
1718:
1716:Algiers (1815)
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1681:Tripoli (1796)
1678:
1673:
1671:Sistova (1791)
1667:
1665:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1573:Żurawno (1676)
1570:
1568:Buczacz (1672)
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1514:Transformation
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1427:
1426:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1346:
1345:External links
1343:
1341:
1340:
1315:
1308:
1284:
1266:
1247:
1230:
1207:
1200:
1176:
1169:
1145:
1134:
1110:
1106:Scholar search
1072:
1052:
1016:
991:
979:
951:
935:
913:
892:
874:
856:
837:
819:
801:
779:
754:
752:
749:
702:Main article:
699:
696:
651:
648:
619:
616:
550:
547:
483:Dey of Algiers
438:
435:
407:consul-general
383:peace treaties
375:Atlantic Ocean
324:Atlantic Ocean
236:Main article:
233:
230:
147:
146:
131:
130:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
116:
115:
112:Ottoman Empire
104:
94:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
42:
34:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4606:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4509:1797 treaties
4507:
4505:
4504:1796 treaties
4502:
4501:
4499:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4474:Redemptorists
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4436:
4432:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4340:Siege of Oran
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4045:Siege of Oran
4043:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3997:Siege of Nice
3995:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3967:Sack of Mahón
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3889:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3825:
3821:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3719:Sulayman Reis
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3523:Barbary coast
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3473:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3408:Almadina S.C.
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:People's Hall
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:Bab al-Azizia
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:Buildings and
3020:
3016:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2974:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2880:John Q. Adams
2878:
2875:
2874:John Adams II
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2850:Charles Adams
2848:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2822:Quincy family
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2814:Abigail Adams
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2758:republicanism
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Congress Hall
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2641:(1969 musical
2640:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2625:(1964 series)
2624:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2466:Stone Library
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2422:Gray v. Pitts
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2061:United States
2056:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1910:Sèvres (1920)
1908:
1906:
1905:Mudros (1918)
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1860:Athens (1913)
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:London (1913)
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1796:Halepa (1878)
1794:
1792:
1791:Berlin (1878)
1789:
1787:
1786:Cyprus (1878)
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:London (1841)
1759:
1757:
1756:London (1840)
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:Modernization
1659:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:Kerden (1746)
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1563:Vasvár (1664)
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:Khotin (1621)
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:Amasya (1555)
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:Classical Age
1462:
1456:
1455:Szeged (1444)
1453:
1451:
1450:Venice (1419)
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1330:on 2008-02-15
1329:
1325:
1319:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1280:9780405040832
1277:
1270:
1262:. U.S. G.P.O.
1261:
1260:
1251:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1211:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:0-19-826098-9
1091:
1080:on 2021-08-22
1079:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1005:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
969:on 2007-09-16
968:
964:
958:
956:
949:
946:(1917) ch 11
945:
939:
931:
927:
923:
917:
908:
904:
903:
896:
889:
888:
883:
878:
870:
866:
860:
853:
849:
844:
842:
833:
829:
823:
815:
811:
805:
789:
783:
768:
762:
760:
755:
748:
747:(1800–1815).
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
729:
721:
719:
715:
711:
705:
695:
693:
686:
681:
676:
671:
668:
664:
656:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:James McHenry
618:Later dissent
615:
613:
609:
603:
598:
596:
592:
591:Frank Lambert
589:According to
586:
584:
577:
570:
566:
564:
556:
546:
544:
540:
531:
527:
519:
515:
512:
506:
501:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
468:
464:
460:
452:
448:
443:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:Barbary Coast
376:
372:
367:
365:
364:John Marshall
362:
358:
357:William Eaton
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:North America
304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:Barbary Coast
249:
248:North African
245:
239:
229:
227:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:United States
158:
154:
145:
141:
132:
127:
123:
119:
113:
109:
105:
103:
99:
95:
93:
92:United States
89:
85:
84:
83:
79:
76:June 10, 1797
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
40:
35:
30:
22:
4544:Barbary Wars
4479:Trinitarians
4373:19th century
4250:18th century
4115:17th century
4105:Sack of Sori
3906:16th century
3852:
3774:19th century
3753:18th century
3704:Jan Janszoon
3697:17th century
3596:16th century
3341:
3322:Spanish rule
3118:Gurgi Mosque
2965:
2951:
2944:
2922:Louisa Adams
2916:Samuel Adams
2892:Brooks Adams
2806:Adams family
2776:
2769:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2585:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2539:
2504:Bibliography
2420:
2408:
2401:
2334:
2324:
2229:Inauguration
2141:Board of War
2124:Model Treaty
2094:
1936:
1922:
1900:Batum (1918)
1875:Sofia (1915)
1845:Ouchy (1912)
1771:Paris (1856)
1706:Çanak (1809)
1701:Paris (1802)
1686:Tunis (1797)
1680:
1676:Jassy (1792)
1607:Pruth (1711)
1558:Zuhab (1639)
1548:Serav (1618)
1543:Busza (1617)
1332:. Retrieved
1328:the original
1318:
1294:
1287:
1269:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1233:
1218:
1210:
1186:
1179:
1155:
1148:
1139:
1120:
1113:
1082:. Retrieved
1078:the original
1062:
1055:
1044:. Retrieved
1008:. Retrieved
1003:
994:
982:
971:. Retrieved
967:the original
943:
938:
921:
916:
901:
895:
885:
877:
868:
859:
831:
822:
813:
804:
794:February 29,
792:. Retrieved
782:
771:. Retrieved
728:Philadelphia
727:
722:
707:
698:Barbary wars
688:
683:
678:
673:
669:
665:
661:
639:
636:in any sense
635:
631:
621:
607:
605:
600:
588:
579:
575:
552:
538:
536:
524:
508:
503:
491:
472:
456:
401:(1797), and
368:
344:Philadelphia
305:colonies in
296:
272:privateering
241:
218:
210:Tripolitania
203:
184:Jeffersonian
182:, an ardent
177:
156:
152:
150:
4360:(1796-1802)
4342:(1790–1792)
4336:(1790–1813)
4236:(1694–1727)
4154:(1620–1621)
4005:(1543-1544)
3786:Hussein Dey
3734:Ali Bitchin
3709:Salé Rovers
3673:Arnaut Mami
3668:Hasan Pasha
3653:Hasan Corso
3503:Territories
3418:Aschat S.C.
3295:Tripoli Zoo
3209:GMR Stadium
2910:Elihu Adams
2886:Henry Adams
2633:(1969 play)
2601:Washington)
2037:(1775–1778)
2025:(1782–1788)
2017:(1785–1788)
2009:(1789–1797)
1998:(1797–1801)
1840:Daan (1911)
1833:(1908–1922)
1664:(1789–1908)
1600:(1703–1789)
1516:(1566–1703)
1467:(1453–1566)
1433:(1299–1453)
733:War of 1812
411:Joel Barlow
328:French Navy
297:Before the
180:Joel Barlow
114:(guarantor)
4498:Categories
4222:Morean War
4187:Cretan War
3781:Ali Khodja
3744:Yusuf Reis
3739:Simon Reis
3683:Sinan Reis
3663:Hasan Agha
3643:Aydın Reis
3638:Kemal Reis
3628:Salah Rais
3586:Commanders
3025:structures
2930:first lady
2876:(grandson)
2870:(grandson)
2864:(grandson)
2843:presidency
2831:(daughter)
2678:(2001 book
2676:John Adams
2646:1972 film)
2586:John Adams
2559:John Adams
2516:(proposed)
2461:Peacefield
2239:XYZ Affair
2221:Presidency
1981:John Adams
1637:Niş (1739)
1598:Old Regime
1334:2008-02-02
1084:2020-10-29
1046:2007-05-08
1010:2022-05-12
973:2007-05-08
887:John Adams
773:2015-05-12
751:References
583:Mohammedan
572:Article 11
559:Article 11
549:Article 11
511:John Adams
315:Royal Navy
270:) through
221:Article 11
199:John Adams
144:Wikisource
4464:Lazarists
4412:(1829–30)
4382:(1801–05)
4354:(1791–92)
4330:(1785–95)
4312:(1784–92)
4294:(1775–77)
4288:(1774–75)
4282:(1769–72)
4259:(1715–26)
4224:(1684–99)
4206:(1681–85)
4200:(1677–82)
4189:(1645–69)
4148:(1618–22)
4130:(1609–28)
4089:(1568–71)
3896:Conflicts
3828:Diplomacy
3791:Omar Agha
3729:Omar Agha
3533:Cherchell
2912:(brother)
2189:Elections
2180:Diplomacy
196:President
129:Full text
73:Effective
3801:Haji Ali
3623:Occhiali
3317:Timeline
3191:Stadiums
3034:Airports
2972:Category
2906:(mother)
2900:(father)
2789:patriots
2705:Franklin
2660:Liberty!
2432:Life and
2043:Delegate
2031:Delegate
743:and the
563:Crusades
494:Portugal
397:(1795),
393:(1786),
311:warships
284:ransomed
280:Hostages
121:Language
65:Location
4439:Slavery
3558:Tetouan
3538:Mahdiya
3528:Bizerte
3413:Alwahda
3309:History
3143:Museums
3110:Mosques
2716:Related
2369:Cabinet
2045:to the
2033:to the
1126:240–241
485:to the
447:the Bey
399:Tripoli
395:Algiers
391:Morocco
313:of the
303:British
288:slavery
264:Morocco
260:Algiers
256:Tripoli
188:Algiers
165:Tripoli
81:Parties
68:Tripoli
4459:Bagnio
4418:(1830)
4406:(1828)
4400:(1825)
4394:(1816)
4388:(1815)
4348:(1791)
4324:(1784)
4318:(1784)
4306:(1783)
4300:(1775)
4276:(1758)
4265:(1732)
4242:(1695)
4230:(1688)
4218:(1683)
4212:(1682)
4183:(1637)
4177:(1631)
4171:(1627)
4165:(1624)
4142:(1615)
4136:(1614)
4124:(1609)
4107:(1584)
4101:(1574)
4095:(1571)
4083:(1565)
4077:(1563)
4071:(1560)
4065:(1558)
4059:(1558)
4053:(1558)
4047:(1556)
4041:(1555)
4035:(1553)
4029:(1552)
4023:(1551)
4017:(1551)
4011:(1550)
3999:(1543)
3993:(1540)
3987:(1539)
3981:(1538)
3975:(1537)
3969:(1535)
3963:(1535)
3957:(1534)
3951:(1529)
3945:(1529)
3939:(1522)
3933:(1519)
3927:(1518)
3921:(1516)
3915:(1501)
3688:Dragut
3518:Annaba
3057:Hotels
2589:(1963)
2580:(1941)
2571:(1874)
2562:(1799)
2553:(1799)
2497:Legacy
2097:(1776)
2049:(1774)
1378:Page 2
1306:
1278:
1241:," in
1198:
1167:
1132:
1100:
1092:
1070:
712:, the
644:Barlow
479:Arabic
475:Arabic
451:Arabic
423:Madrid
340:France
276:piracy
266:, and
226:Arabic
57:Signed
3548:Rabat
3432:Other
3387:Sport
3223:Other
2858:(son)
2852:(son)
2568:Adams
2550:Adams
2434:homes
2359:1800)
741:First
403:Tunis
268:Tunis
169:Libya
167:(now
3603:Aruj
3543:Oran
2818:wife
2639:1776
2584:USS
2575:USS
2566:USS
2557:USS
2548:USS
2354:1799
2349:1798
2211:1800
2206:1796
2201:1792
1831:Fall
1431:Rise
1304:ISBN
1276:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1165:ISBN
1130:ISBN
1098:ISBN
1090:ISBN
1068:ISBN
796:2020
726:USS
163:and
151:The
49:Type
2839:son
2004:1st
1993:2nd
1225:240
1104:. (
926:hdl
907:185
614:).
541:by
421:in
342:to
278:).
201:.
142:at
4500::
1302:.
1300:14
1194:.
1192:11
1163:.
1161:67
1138:.
1128:.
1096:,
1019:^
1002:.
954:^
884:,
867:.
850:,
840:^
830:.
812:.
758:^
565:.
262:,
258:,
175:.
3483:e
3476:t
3469:v
3328:)
3324:(
3007:e
3000:t
2993:v
1973:e
1966:t
1959:v
1408:e
1401:t
1394:v
1337:.
1312:.
1282:.
1264:.
1237:"
1227:.
1204:.
1173:.
1108:)
1087:.
1049:.
1013:.
976:.
932:.
928::
909:.
871:.
834:.
816:.
798:.
776:.
254:(
155:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}