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508:"Steinman, Joan. "Appellate Courts as First Responders: The Constitutionality and Propriety of Appellate Courts' Resolving Issues in the First Instance." Notre Dame Law Review, vol. 87, no. 4, April 2012, pp. 1522-1523"
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case that is not committed exclusively to another court. The
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in cases involving a diplomatic official or a state.
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in the federal judiciary) or by other means, such as
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