1388:
1436:
1473:
1307:
1340:
1324:
332:, but these are not attached to the bones of the shell. The light and flexible shell of these turtles allows them to move more easily in open water or in muddy lake bottoms. Having a soft shell also allows them to move much faster on land than most turtles. Their feet are webbed and three-clawed, hence the family name "Trionychidae," which means "three-clawed". The carapace color of each type of softshell turtle tends to match the sand or mud color of its geographical region, assisting in their "lie in wait" feeding methodology.
1372:
1457:
2238:
133:
1420:
1356:
1404:
1489:
409:
356:
556:
109:
385:(1910): "The mandibles of many species form the outer border of powerful crushing processes—the alveolar surfaces of the jaws", which aids the ingestion of tough prey such as molluscs. These jaws make large turtles dangerous, as they are capable of amputating a person's finger, or possibly their hand.
521:
responded by introducing the daily limit of 20 turtles for licensed harvesters—a level which the turtle advocates consider unsustainable, as there may be between 100 and 500 hunters statewide. While some catch was consumed locally, most was exported; the
Commission estimated (2008) around 3,000
328:, does have some scale-like projections, hence its name. The carapace is leathery and pliable, particularly at the sides. The central part of the carapace has a layer of solid bone beneath it, as in other turtles, but this is absent at the outer edges. Some species also have dermal bones in the
369:
Softshells are able to "breathe" underwater with rhythmic movements of their mouth cavity, which contains numerous processes copiously supplied with blood, acting similarly to gill filaments in fish. This enables them to stay underwater for prolonged periods. Moreover, the
339:-like nostrils. Their necks are disproportionately long in comparison to their body sizes, enabling them to breathe surface air while their bodies remain submerged in the substrate (mud or sand) a foot or more below the surface.
546:
passed a law (Bill H.3121) restricting interstate and international export of wild-caught turtles (both soft-shell and some other species) to 10 turtles per person at one time, and 20 turtles per person per year.
2073:
Joyce, Walter G.; Lyson, Tyler R.; Williams, Scott (2016). "New cranial material of
Gilmoremys lancensis (Testudines, Trionychidae) from the Hell Creek Formation of southeastern Montana, U.S.A".
1944:
2584:
2488:
493:
in China and neighboring countries; raising this species by hundreds of millions was the response, with prices soon returning to a more affordable level. Another species,
2592:
2576:
2686:
335:
These turtles have many characteristics pertaining to their aquatic lifestyle. Many must be submerged in order to swallow their food. They have elongated, soft,
2520:
2536:
2340:
529:
New rules, in effect as of July 20, 2009, restrict collecting any wild turtles to one turtle per person per day, completely prohibit collection of softshells (
2552:
2528:
2356:
2332:
2364:
2324:
2544:
2348:
378:
while "breathing" underwater; this is an efficient solution when the animal does not have access to fresh water, e.g., in brackish-water environments.
518:
1734:"A ZZ/ZW microchromosome system in the spiny softshell turtle, Apalone spinifera, reveals an intriguing sex chromosome conservation in Trionychidae"
2263:
499:, is farmed in China, as well, but on a much smaller scale (with farm herds measured in hundreds of thousands, rather than hundreds of millions).
366:
Most are strict carnivores, with diets consisting mainly of fish, aquatic crustaceans, snails, amphibians, and sometimes birds and small mammals.
5229:
1914:
Shi, Haitao; Parham, James F; Fan, Zhiyong; Hong, Meiling; Yin, Feng (2008-01-01), "Evidence for the massive scale of turtle farming in China",
1872:
1530:"Turtles all the way down: Neogene pig-nosed turtle fossil from southern Australia reveals cryptic freshwater turtle invasions and extinctions"
5268:
3789:
3700:
1435:
936:
629:
561:
3708:
3462:
2737:
1848:
449:
in large numbers; "eaten stewed with almonds, roast with chili sauce or fried with bamboo shoots, they considered a great delicacy."
1885:
5358:
5203:
1941:
5242:
389:
2390:
2153:
2395:
1592:
5247:
5042:
Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated
Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status
2851:
turtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status
1387:
2882:
2385:
5040:
2850:
1716:
1607:
2119:
282:
in 1826. Softshells include some of the world's largest freshwater turtles, though many can adapt to living in highly
2772:
2732:
1704:
Reptiles of the World: Tortoises and
Turtles, Crocodilians, Lizards and Snakes of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres
1306:
20:
1662:"The Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis, excretes urea mainly through the mouth instead of the kidney"
342:
Females can grow up to several feet in carapace diameter, while males stay much smaller; this is their main form of
5307:
5182:
5273:
5195:
2767:
2658:
566:
535:) in May through July, and prohibit trade in turtles caught from the wild. An exemption is provided for licensed
1961:
Freshwater Fish and
Wildlife, Rule No. 68A-25.002: General Provisions for Taking Possession and Sale of Reptiles
4915:
3998:
2802:
2707:
2006:
1472:
5325:
5255:
1621:"Aquatic respiration in soft-shelled turtles: A contribution to the physiology of respiration in vertebrates"
4892:
2727:
1339:
1456:
5138:
5051:
3574:
2958:
2663:
2623:
2440:
523:
393:
132:
1371:
286:
areas. Members of this family occur in Africa, Asia, and North
America, with extinct species known from
5143:
3307:
2797:
2146:
1883:(中国龟鳖网), 13 August 2009 (appears to be a machine translation of the more comprehensible "中华鳖价值回归", at
1323:
517:. Environmental groups have been advocating the authorities' banning or restricting the practice. The
5312:
2648:
1869:
1819:(1906), "The cultivation of marine and fresh-water animals in Japan", in Rogers, Howard Jason (ed.),
2940:
5353:
3953:
2875:
2822:
2777:
2757:
2613:
2465:
2445:
2420:
2291:
2256:
371:
1419:
542:
Some other US states, too, have already adopted strict limitations on wild turtle trade. In 2009,
296:, but the vast majority have since been moved to other genera. Among these are the North American
4809:
2653:
2618:
2415:
2296:
1566:
Meylan, P.A. 1987. The phylogenetic relationships of soft-shelled turtles (Family
Trionychidae).
5299:
5106:
5068:
4781:
3581:
3539:
3179:
2762:
2643:
2301:
1346:
1820:
5348:
5294:
5234:
3525:
3027:
2139:
2032:
1960:
1403:
5164:
5115:
4767:
3433:
3057:
2496:
2082:
1845:
467:
5286:
1488:
1355:
462:
pointed out in 1904, the
Japanese variety of this turtle, which at time was classified as
8:
4752:
3111:
2868:
2837:
1972:
1889:
1463:
1442:
1426:
1410:
495:
482:, was already developed on an industrial scale in that country by the late 19th century.
454:
348:
119:
2086:
1708:
1660:
Ip, Y. K.; Loong, A. M.; Lee, S. M. L.; Ong, J. L. Y.; Wong, W. P.; Chew, S. F. (2012).
1529:
4159:
4124:
3991:
3730:
2829:
2634:
2098:
2055:
2030:
1787:
1769:
1642:
1549:
1313:
1180:
715:
438:
261:
127:
5281:
5151:
5120:
4702:
3685:
3637:
3628:
3511:
3088:
2102:
1930:
1816:
1761:
1753:
1732:
Badenhorst, Daleen; Stanyon, Roscoe; Engstrom, Tag; Valenzuela, Nicole (2013-03-20).
1712:
1683:
1588:
1553:
1495:
1394:
459:
343:
324:
279:
219:
2059:
1773:
4494:
3882:
3857:
3818:
3766:
3497:
3042:
2090:
2047:
1919:
1791:
1745:
1673:
1632:
1541:
1528:
Rule, James P.; Kool, Lesley; Parker, William M.G.; Fitzgerald, Erich M.G. (2021).
1479:
1378:
471:
264:
2094:
2033:"Two New Plastomenine Softshell Turtles from the Paleocene of Montana and Wyoming"
5156:
4942:
4590:
4319:
4287:
3924:
3833:
3609:
3195:
2376:
1948:
1876:
1852:
1021:
698:
452:
Worldwide, the most commonly consumed softshell species is the
Chinese softshell
397:
382:
5260:
5190:
5177:
4837:
4827:
4724:
4574:
4414:
4116:
4061:
3803:
3738:
3278:
3269:
3238:
3146:
3035:
2949:
2698:
1733:
1702:
1230:
787:
after Walter G. Joyce, Ariel Revan, Tyler R. Lyson and Igor G. Danilov (2009).
723:
543:
490:
475:
1951:, By CRAIG PITTMAN, St. Petersburg Times. Published: Thursday, October 9, 2008
1924:
1749:
1516:
5342:
5091:
5017:
4900:
4800:
4789:
4760:
4674:
4558:
4542:
4502:
4436:
4346:
4311:
4255:
4239:
4223:
4197:
4185:
4169:
4147:
4139:
3946:
3657:
3490:
3351:
3298:
3246:
1757:
1362:
1330:
904:
816:
640:
596:
583:
509:
246:
235:
66:
4952:
4877:
4853:
4370:
4247:
4231:
4207:
4108:
4053:
3977:
3867:
3781:
3692:
3671:
3595:
3560:
3370:
3336:
3203:
3119:
3065:
2565:
2270:
1765:
1687:
968:
674:
240:
2128:
Parade of the Animal
Kingdom. Hegner, Robert. 1935. the Macmillan Company.
5216:
5130:
5100:
4930:
4885:
4731:
4716:
4638:
4630:
4622:
4598:
4478:
4462:
4446:
4362:
4354:
4303:
4279:
4271:
4263:
4131:
4083:
4006:
3931:
3796:
3752:
3678:
3664:
3616:
3473:
3391:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3230:
3172:
3164:
3081:
3073:
3020:
3010:
2675:
2406:
2051:
1163:
831:
772:
647:
539:
that need to catch turtles in the wild to serve as their breeding stock.
536:
41:
429:
in most parts of their range, particularly in East Asia. A Chinese dish
5009:
4922:
4908:
4869:
4646:
4566:
4534:
4518:
4486:
4424:
4397:
4378:
4295:
4100:
4020:
4013:
3961:
3938:
3848:
3715:
3447:
3254:
3187:
3104:
3096:
2999:
2990:
2748:
2718:
2477:
2431:
2205:
2199:
1678:
1661:
1646:
1247:
1038:
855:
739:
731:
655:
607:
336:
204:
194:
86:
51:
2131:
2031:
Walter G. Joyce; Ariel Revan; Tyler R. Lyson; Igor G. Danilov (2009).
1545:
5221:
5001:
4861:
4845:
4774:
4738:
4688:
4681:
4606:
4582:
4526:
4470:
4177:
3969:
3917:
3875:
3588:
3546:
3454:
3440:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3377:
3222:
3050:
2509:
2313:
919:
784:
618:
442:
287:
144:
91:
5208:
5062:
5085:
4816:
4745:
4665:
4654:
4550:
4215:
4092:
3984:
3826:
3811:
3773:
3722:
3648:
3553:
3532:
3518:
3504:
3360:
3287:
3156:
3135:
3127:
2909:
2604:
2181:
2123:
1822:
Congress of arts and science: Universal exposition, St. Louis, 1904
1731:
1637:
1620:
872:
663:
426:
408:
329:
315:
283:
164:
81:
76:
61:
56:
46:
355:
5320:
4960:
4709:
4614:
4510:
4454:
4034:
4027:
3909:
3759:
3745:
3602:
3567:
3482:
3384:
2924:
2915:
2813:
2788:
2456:
2282:
2193:
2187:
1213:
1097:
1080:
997:
755:
747:
707:
690:
555:
531:
514:
446:
434:
298:
292:
174:
96:
71:
4695:
4338:
2930:
2903:
2891:
2175:
1859:
1999-06-30 (scroll to the end of the file to find that article)
352:, found in southeastern Asia, is the largest softshell turtle.
268:
184:
154:
1918:, vol. 42, Cambridge University Press, pp. 147–150,
1583:
Obst Fritz Jurgen (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.).
5169:
3902:
2969:
2860:
2247:
1447:
1146:
681:
319:
290:. Most species have traditionally been included in the genus
271:
108:
1831:
is referred to in Mitsukuri's article under its older name,
3398:
430:
375:
466:, occupied a place in Japanese cuisine as esteemed as the
1527:
522:
pounds of softshell turtles were exported each week via
19:"Softshell turtle" redirects here. For other uses, see
2222:
625:
614:
603:
580:
1700:
489:in China skyrocketed by the mid-1990s; large-scale
485:Due to rising demand and overhunting, the price of
2072:
1568:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
507:In the United States, harvesting softshells (e.g.
2040:Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History
1973:Legislative Update, June 5, 2009, Vol. 26, No. 16
1931:http://sites.google.com/site/jfparham/2008Shi.pdf
1825:, Houghton, Mifflin and company, pp. 694–732
1582:
519:Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
5340:
1913:
1587:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 117–118.
478:of this "luscious reptile", known in Japan as
5039:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on
3277:
2876:
2849:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on
2147:
1659:
1619:Gage, Simon H.; Gage, Susanna Phelps (1886).
2026:
2024:
1707:. New York: Sturgis & Walton. pp.
4082:
3009:
2948:
2883:
2869:
2738:Northern New Guinea giant softshell turtle
2154:
2140:
2001:
1792:"The tortoise and the turtle in Kwongtung"
314:They are called "softshell" because their
107:
2021:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1923:
1815:
1677:
1636:
1909:
1907:
1870:Chinese soft-shelled turtle value return
1618:
554:
407:
354:
2161:
1608:About Turtles and Tortoises, Chelonians
1585:Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians
502:
390:temperature-dependent sex determination
5341:
2391:Burmese narrow-headed softshell turtle
1978:
1786:
1694:
764:
322:(scales), though the spiny softshell,
5067:
5066:
2957:
2864:
2396:Indian narrow-headed softshell turtle
2135:
1904:
1862:
1578:
1576:
5326:49E85126-01B5-4118-A40C-1A7EBEB95C35
5196:45fcabfb-f893-48f6-a8f9-e9d79f098dd1
2386:Asian narrow-headed softshell turtle
1942:"China Gobbling Up Florida Turtles"
445:restaurants had them imported from
13:
2075:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1573:
392:of most turtles, Trionychids have
309:
14:
5370:
2773:Northern Chinese softshell turtle
2733:New Guinea giant softshell turtle
425:Softshell turtles are eaten as a
21:Softshell turtle (disambiguation)
2236:
1487:
1471:
1455:
1434:
1418:
1402:
1386:
1370:
1354:
1338:
1322:
1305:
513:) was, until recently, legal in
437:. According to a 1930 report by
400:play a role in determining sex.
131:
39:
5359:Taxa named by Leopold Fitzinger
4985:
4405:
2768:Lesser Chinese softshell turtle
2659:Indian peacock softshell turtle
2066:
1965:
1954:
1935:
1846:Low price hurts turtle breeding
1838:
1809:
1780:
1666:Journal of Experimental Biology
567:Field Museum of Natural History
420:
394:ZZ/ZW genetic sex determination
302:softshells that were placed in
2890:
2803:Yangtze giant softshell turtle
2708:Wattle-necked softshell turtle
1725:
1653:
1612:
1601:
1560:
1521:
1510:
1:
2113:
2095:10.1080/02724634.2016.1225748
2728:Asian giant softshell turtle
1701:Raymond Lee Ditmars (1910).
779:
589:Paleotrionyx jimenezfuentesi
470:in the United States or the
278:. The family was erected by
7:
5052:List of Testudines families
2624:Sri Lankan flapshell turtle
550:
524:Tampa International Airport
10:
5375:
2798:Euphrates softshell turtle
2585:Khunnuchelys kizylkumensis
2489:Gilmoremys gettyspherensis
2234:
1827:. The Japanese variety of
1298:
416:made from softshell turtle
403:
374:has been shown to excrete
18:
5075:
5035:
4992:
4978:
4940:
4826:
4799:
4664:
4434:
4412:
4396:
4329:
4195:
4157:
4075:
4044:
3892:
3856:
3847:
3647:
3626:
3472:
3359:
3350:
3297:
3268:
3213:
3145:
2998:
2989:
2967:
2966:
2939:
2898:
2847:
2811:
2786:
2746:
2716:
2696:
2672:
2649:Burmese peacock softshell
2632:
2602:
2593:Khunnuchelys lophorhothon
2577:Khunnuchelys erinhotensis
2562:
2506:
2474:
2454:
2429:
2404:
2374:
2310:
2280:
2245:
2221:
2214:
2170:
1925:10.1017/S0030605308000562
1750:10.1007/s10577-013-9343-2
1244:
1227:
1210:
1203:
1177:
1160:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1094:
1077:
1070:
1035:
1018:
1011:
994:
987:
980:
973:
933:
916:
909:
869:
852:
845:
828:
821:
809:
802:
232:
227:
128:Scientific classification
126:
115:
106:
30:
2823:African softshell turtle
2778:Spotted softshell turtle
2758:Chinese softshell turtle
2664:Leith's softshell turtle
2614:Burmese flapshell turtle
2466:Malayan softshell turtle
2446:Zambezi flapshell turtle
2441:Aubry's flapshell turtle
2421:Senegal flapshell turtle
2292:Florida softshell turtle
2257:Asiatic softshell turtle
1799:The Hong Kong Naturalist
1503:
460:noted Japanese biologist
372:Chinese softshell turtle
116:Chinese softshell turtle
37:Early Cretaceous–Present
2654:Indian softshell turtle
2619:Indian flapshell turtle
2416:Nubian flapshell turtle
2297:Smooth softshell turtle
1534:Papers in Palaeontology
2763:Hunan softshell turtle
2687:Palaeoamyda messeliana
2644:Black softshell turtle
2302:Spiny softshell turtle
570:
417:
363:
5295:Paleobiology Database
2521:Hutchemys arctochelys
558:
411:
358:
5191:Fauna Europaea (new)
2537:Hutchemys tetanetron
2497:Gilmoremys lancensis
2341:Axestemys montinsana
2124:The Reptile Database
2052:10.3374/014.050.0202
503:In the United States
468:diamondback terrapin
274:, commonly known as
2838:Trionyx kansaiensis
2553:Hutchemys acupictus
2529:Hutchemys rememdium
2357:Axestemys splendida
2333:Axestemys cerevisia
2087:2016JVPal..36E5748J
1829:Pelodiscus sinensis
1738:Chromosome Research
1625:American Naturalist
1464:Rafetus euphraticus
1443:Pelodiscus sinensis
1427:Pelochelys cantorii
1411:Nilssonia nigricans
765:Past classification
574:Family Trionychidae
496:Palea steindachneri
487:Pelodiscus sinensis
455:Pelodiscus sinensis
361:Pelodiscus sinensis
349:Pelochelys cantorii
120:Pelodiscus sinensis
4160:Nanhsiungchelyidae
4125:Macrocephalochelys
2830:Trionyx ikoviensis
1947:2015-05-18 at the
1875:2011-05-26 at the
1851:2013-10-21 at the
1817:Mitsukuri, Kakichi
1679:10.1242/jeb.068916
1314:Amyda cartilaginea
571:
418:
364:
5336:
5335:
5282:Open Tree of Life
5069:Taxon identifiers
5060:
5059:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5026:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4071:
4070:
3843:
3842:
3346:
3345:
3264:
3263:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2858:
2857:
2365:Axestemys vittata
2325:Axestemys byssina
2232:
2231:
2122:(all species) at
1975:(see Bill H.3121)
1971:(South Carolina)
1868:Zhang Jian (章剑),
1833:Trionyx japonicus
1594:978-0-12-178560-4
1546:10.1002/spp2.1414
1496:Trionyx triunguis
1395:Lissemys punctata
1347:Apalone spinifera
1295:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1192:
1191:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1049:
957:
956:
948:
947:
893:
892:
884:
883:
464:Trionyx japonicus
359:Head and neck of
344:sexual dimorphism
325:Apalone spinifera
280:Leopold Fitzinger
276:softshell turtles
254:
253:
223:
16:Family of turtles
5366:
5329:
5328:
5316:
5315:
5303:
5302:
5290:
5289:
5277:
5276:
5264:
5263:
5261:NHMSYS0000375795
5251:
5250:
5238:
5237:
5225:
5224:
5212:
5211:
5199:
5198:
5186:
5185:
5173:
5172:
5160:
5159:
5147:
5146:
5134:
5133:
5124:
5123:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5064:
5063:
4990:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4495:Chupacabrachelys
4410:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4080:
4079:
3858:Carettochelyidae
3854:
3853:
3357:
3356:
3275:
3274:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2995:
2964:
2963:
2955:
2954:
2946:
2945:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2545:Hutchemys sterea
2349:Axestemys quinni
2240:
2239:
2219:
2218:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2107:
2106:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2003:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1939:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1888:. Archived from
1866:
1860:
1842:
1836:
1826:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1796:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1640:
1616:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1580:
1571:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1525:
1519:
1514:
1491:
1480:Rafetus swinhoei
1475:
1459:
1438:
1422:
1406:
1390:
1379:Dogania subplana
1374:
1358:
1342:
1326:
1309:
1206:
1205:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1073:
1072:
1014:
1013:
990:
989:
983:
982:
976:
975:
912:
911:
848:
847:
824:
823:
812:
811:
805:
804:
791:
790:
627:
616:
605:
582:
474:in England. The
398:microchromosomes
218:
136:
135:
111:
101:
38:
34:Temporal range:
28:
27:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5354:Turtle families
5339:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5324:
5319:
5311:
5306:
5298:
5293:
5285:
5280:
5272:
5267:
5259:
5254:
5246:
5241:
5233:
5228:
5220:
5215:
5207:
5202:
5194:
5189:
5181:
5176:
5168:
5163:
5155:
5150:
5142:
5137:
5129:
5127:
5119:
5114:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5071:
5061:
5056:
5023:
4966:
4943:Sahonachelyidae
4936:
4822:
4795:
4660:
4591:Phosphatochelys
4430:
4384:
4325:
4320:Terlinguachelys
4288:Pneumatoarthrus
4191:
4153:
4067:
4040:
3888:
3839:
3643:
3622:
3610:Siebenrockiella
3468:
3342:
3293:
3260:
3209:
3196:Mesodermochelys
3141:
3002:
2973:
2935:
2894:
2889:
2859:
2854:
2843:
2807:
2782:
2742:
2712:
2692:
2668:
2628:
2598:
2558:
2502:
2470:
2450:
2425:
2400:
2370:
2306:
2276:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2223:Species of the
2210:
2166:
2160:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2081:(6): e1225748.
2071:
2067:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2004:
1979:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1955:
1949:Wayback Machine
1940:
1936:
1912:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1884:
1877:Wayback Machine
1867:
1863:
1853:Wayback Machine
1844:Zhao Huanxin, "
1843:
1839:
1814:
1810:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1699:
1695:
1672:(21): 3723–33.
1658:
1654:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1581:
1574:
1565:
1561:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1483:
1476:
1467:
1460:
1451:
1439:
1430:
1423:
1414:
1407:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1375:
1366:
1359:
1350:
1343:
1334:
1327:
1318:
1310:
1301:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1193:
1119:
1110:
1060:
1051:
958:
949:
894:
885:
782:
767:
685:, Amyda menneri
553:
505:
423:
406:
312:
310:Characteristics
267:of a number of
217:
130:
117:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
36:
35:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5372:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5317:
5304:
5291:
5278:
5265:
5252:
5239:
5226:
5213:
5200:
5187:
5178:Fauna Europaea
5174:
5161:
5148:
5135:
5125:
5112:
5097:
5081:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5047:
5046:
5045:. † = extinct.
5036:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5013:
5005:
4996:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4956:
4947:
4945:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4926:
4919:
4912:
4904:
4896:
4889:
4881:
4873:
4865:
4857:
4849:
4841:
4838:Albertwoodemys
4832:
4830:
4828:Podocnemididae
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4813:
4805:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4725:Lomalatachelys
4720:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4670:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4650:
4642:
4634:
4626:
4618:
4610:
4602:
4594:
4586:
4578:
4575:Labrostochelys
4570:
4562:
4554:
4546:
4538:
4530:
4522:
4514:
4506:
4498:
4490:
4482:
4474:
4466:
4458:
4450:
4441:
4439:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4419:
4417:
4415:Araripemydidae
4407:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4374:
4366:
4358:
4350:
4342:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4315:
4307:
4299:
4291:
4283:
4275:
4267:
4259:
4251:
4243:
4235:
4227:
4219:
4211:
4202:
4200:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4181:
4173:
4164:
4162:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4143:
4135:
4128:
4120:
4117:Emarginachelys
4112:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4086:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4062:Sinaspideretes
4057:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3973:
3965:
3957:
3950:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3913:
3906:
3898:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3879:
3871:
3862:
3860:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3815:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3739:Hesperotestudo
3734:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3633:
3631:
3629:Platysternidae
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3365:
3363:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3283:
3281:
3279:Dermatemydidae
3272:
3270:Kinosternoidea
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3239:Procolpochelys
3234:
3226:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3151:
3149:
3147:Dermochelyidae
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3054:
3046:
3039:
3036:Carolinochelys
3031:
3024:
3015:
3013:
3004:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2961:
2952:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2681:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2515:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2483:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2319:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2267:
2264:Amyda gregaria
2259:
2253:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2065:
2046:(2): 307–325.
2020:
2007:"Trionychidae"
1977:
1964:
1953:
1934:
1903:
1861:
1837:
1808:
1779:
1744:(2): 137–147.
1724:
1718:978-1112357510
1717:
1693:
1652:
1638:10.1086/274187
1631:(3): 233–236.
1611:
1600:
1593:
1572:
1559:
1520:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1311:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
993:
988:
986:
981:
979:
974:
972:
964:
963:
960:
959:
955:
954:
951:
950:
946:
945:
942:
941:
932:
929:
928:
925:
924:
915:
910:
908:
900:
899:
896:
895:
891:
890:
887:
886:
882:
881:
878:
877:
868:
865:
864:
861:
860:
851:
846:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
827:
822:
820:
810:
808:
803:
801:
789:
781:
778:
777:
776:
766:
763:
762:
761:
760:
759:
751:
743:
735:
727:
719:
711:
703:
702:, Chitra minor
694:
686:
669:
668:
667:
659:
651:
635:
634:
633:
622:
611:
591:
552:
549:
544:South Carolina
504:
501:
491:turtle farming
422:
419:
405:
402:
311:
308:
252:
251:
250:
249:
243:
238:
230:
229:
225:
224:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
124:
123:
113:
112:
104:
103:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5371:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5102:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5065:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5020:
5019:
5018:Tacuarembemys
5014:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4953:Sahonachelys
4949:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4916:Peltocephalus
4913:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4901:Lapparentemys
4897:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4801:Pelomedusidae
4798:
4792:
4791:
4790:Yaminuechelys
4786:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4761:Prochelidella
4757:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4675:Acanthochelys
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4559:Kinkonychelys
4555:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4543:Itapecuruemys
4539:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4503:Eotaphrosphys
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4437:Bothremydidae
4433:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4347:Argillochelys
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4312:Santanachelys
4308:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4256:Desmatochelys
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4240:Calcarichelys
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4224:Atlantochelys
4220:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4198:Protostegidae
4194:
4188:
4187:
4186:Jiangxichelys
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4170:Anomalochelys
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4148:Protochelydra
4144:
4142:
4141:
4140:Planiplastron
4136:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3947:Drazinderetes
3943:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3883:Carettochelys
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3767:Malacochersus
3764:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3658:Aldabrachelys
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3540:Leucocephalon
3537:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3491:Banhxeochelys
3487:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:Testudinoidea
3349:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3299:Kinosternidae
3296:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3247:Protosphargis
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:(Sea turtles)
3001:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2972:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2853:. †=extinct.
2852:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:Superfamily:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2009:. Fossilworks
2008:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1892:on 2010-11-18
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1789:
1788:Jenyns, Soame
1783:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1609:
1604:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1570:. 186: 1–101.
1569:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:Chitra indica
1357:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:Apalone ferox
1325:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
992:
991:
985:
984:
978:
977:
970:
966:
965:
962:
961:
953:
952:
944:
943:
940:
939:
938:
931:
930:
927:
926:
923:
922:
921:
914:
913:
906:
905:Plastomeninae
902:
901:
898:
897:
889:
888:
880:
879:
876:
875:
874:
867:
866:
863:
862:
859:
858:
857:
850:
849:
843:
842:
839:
838:
835:
834:
833:
826:
825:
818:
817:Cyclanorbinae
814:
813:
807:
806:
799:
798:
793:
792:
788:
786:
775:
774:
769:
768:
758:
757:
752:
750:
749:
744:
742:
741:
736:
734:
733:
728:
726:
725:
720:
718:
717:
712:
710:
709:
704:
701:
700:
695:
693:
692:
687:
684:
683:
678:
677:
676:
673:
670:
666:
665:
660:
658:
657:
652:
650:
649:
644:
643:
642:
641:Cyclanorbinae
639:
636:
632:
631:
623:
621:
620:
612:
610:
609:
601:
600:
598:
597:Plastomeninae
595:
592:
590:
586:
585:
584:Palaeotrionyx
578:
577:
576:
575:
568:
564:
563:
557:
548:
545:
540:
538:
534:
533:
527:
525:
520:
516:
512:
511:
510:Apalone ferox
500:
498:
497:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
415:
410:
401:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
381:According to
379:
377:
373:
367:
362:
357:
353:
351:
350:
345:
340:
338:
333:
331:
327:
326:
321:
317:
307:
305:
301:
300:
295:
294:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
270:
266:
263:
259:
248:
247:Plastomeninae
244:
242:
239:
237:
236:Cyclanorbinae
234:
233:
231:
226:
221:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
201:Superfamily:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
134:
129:
125:
122:
121:
114:
110:
105:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
29:
26:
22:
5349:Trionychidae
5121:Trionychidae
5107:Trionychidae
5077:Trionychidae
5076:
5041:
5016:
5008:
5000:
4959:
4951:
4929:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4899:
4893:Erymnochelys
4891:
4884:
4878:Cerrejonemys
4876:
4868:
4860:
4854:Brontochelys
4852:
4844:
4836:
4815:
4808:
4788:
4780:
4773:
4768:Pseudemydura
4766:
4759:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4723:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4653:
4645:
4637:
4629:
4621:
4613:
4605:
4597:
4589:
4581:
4573:
4565:
4557:
4549:
4541:
4533:
4525:
4517:
4509:
4501:
4493:
4485:
4477:
4469:
4461:
4453:
4445:
4423:
4377:
4371:Prionochelys
4369:
4361:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4318:
4310:
4302:
4294:
4286:
4278:
4270:
4262:
4254:
4248:Cratochelone
4246:
4238:
4232:Bouliachelys
4230:
4222:
4214:
4208:Alienochelys
4206:
4184:
4176:
4168:
4146:
4138:
4130:
4123:
4115:
4109:Chelydropsis
4107:
4099:
4091:
4060:
4054:Basilochelys
4052:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3978:Khunnuchelys
3976:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3945:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3908:
3901:
3894:Trionychidae
3893:
3881:
3874:
3868:Allaeochelys
3866:
3832:
3825:
3819:Stigmochelys
3817:
3810:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3782:Megalochelys
3780:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3699:
3693:Cylindraspis
3691:
3684:
3677:
3672:Centrochelys
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:Testudinidae
3638:Platysternon
3636:
3617:Vijayachelys
3615:
3608:
3601:
3596:Rhinoclemmys
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3561:Melanochelys
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3481:
3461:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3371:Acherontemys
3369:
3337:Sternotherus
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3306:
3286:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3204:Psephophorus
3202:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3171:
3163:
3155:
3134:
3126:
3120:Pacifichelys
3118:
3110:
3103:
3095:
3089:Lepidochelys
3087:
3080:
3072:
3066:Gigantatypus
3064:
3058:Eretmochelys
3056:
3049:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3019:
3000:Chelonioidea
2968:
2920:
2836:
2828:
2812:
2787:
2747:
2717:
2697:
2685:
2674:
2633:
2603:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2566:Khunnuchelys
2564:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2508:
2495:
2487:
2476:
2455:
2430:
2405:
2375:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2312:
2281:
2271:Amyda ornata
2269:
2262:
2246:
2225:Trionychidae
2224:
2163:Trionychidae
2162:
2120:Trionychidae
2078:
2074:
2068:
2043:
2039:
2011:. Retrieved
1967:
1956:
1937:
1915:
1894:. Retrieved
1890:the original
1880:
1864:
1856:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1811:
1802:
1798:
1782:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1703:
1696:
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1655:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1603:
1584:
1567:
1562:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1517:Chelonia.org
1512:
1494:
1478:
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1441:
1425:
1409:
1393:
1377:
1361:
1345:
1329:
1312:
1246:
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1229:
1228:
1212:
1211:
1179:
1178:
1162:
1161:
1145:
1144:
1096:
1095:
1079:
1078:
1037:
1036:
1020:
1019:
996:
995:
969:Trionychinae
935:
934:
918:
917:
871:
870:
854:
853:
830:
829:
797:Trionychidae
796:
795:
783:
771:
754:
746:
738:
730:
722:
714:
706:
697:
689:
680:
675:Trionychinae
671:
662:
654:
646:
637:
628:
617:
606:
593:
588:
579:
573:
572:
560:
541:
537:turtle farms
530:
528:
508:
506:
494:
486:
484:
479:
472:green turtle
463:
453:
451:
439:Soame Jenyns
424:
421:In East Asia
413:
387:
380:
368:
365:
360:
347:
341:
334:
323:
313:
306:until 1987.
303:
297:
291:
275:
258:Trionychidae
257:
255:
241:Trionychinae
228:Subfamilies
215:Trionychidae
214:
118:
31:Trionychidae
25:
5217:iNaturalist
5101:Wikispecies
4931:Stupendemys
4886:Cordichelys
4732:Mesoclemmys
4717:Hydromedusa
4639:Taphrosphys
4631:Sankuchemys
4623:Rhothonemys
4599:Polysternon
4479:Cearachelys
4463:Azabbaremys
4447:Araiochelys
4363:Ctenochelys
4355:Bashuchelys
4304:Rhinochelys
4280:Ocepechelon
4272:Notochelone
4264:Iserosaurus
4132:Macrochelys
4084:Chelydridae
4007:Palaeoamyda
3932:Cyclanorbis
3797:Psammobates
3790:Oligopherus
3753:Indotestudo
3701:Cymatholcus
3679:Chelonoidis
3665:Astrochelys
3474:Geoemydidae
3392:Deirochelys
3330:Staurotypus
3323:Kinosternon
3316:Hoplochelys
3231:Peritresius
3180:Dermochelys
3173:Cosmochelys
3165:Corsochelys
3082:Itilochelys
3074:Glarichelys
3021:Allopleuron
3011:Cheloniidae
2950:Superfamily
2676:Palaeoamyda
2407:Cyclanorbis
2013:17 December
1881:Turtle news
1857:China Daily
1164:Aspideretes
937:Plastomenus
832:Cyclanorbis
773:Aspideretes
648:Cyclanorbis
630:Plastomenus
565:sp. in the
562:Plastomenus
414:suppon-nabe
388:Unlike the
318:lack horny
5343:Categories
5010:Caririemys
4923:Podocnemis
4909:Latentemys
4870:Carbonemys
4810:Pelomedusa
4647:Ummulisani
4567:Kurmademys
4535:Inaechelys
4519:Galianemys
4487:Chedighaii
4425:Araripemys
4398:Pleurodira
4379:Toxochelys
4296:Protostega
4101:Chelydrops
4021:Pelodiscus
4014:Pelochelys
3962:Gilmoremys
3939:Cycloderma
3849:Trionychia
3716:Geochelone
3709:Floridemys
3575:Notochelys
3463:Wilburemys
3434:Malaclemys
3288:Dermatemys
3255:Puppigerus
3188:Eosphargis
3105:Miocaretta
3097:Mexichelys
2991:Cryptodira
2931:Testudines
2892:Testudines
2749:Pelodiscus
2719:Pelochelys
2478:Gilmoremys
2432:Cycloderma
2206:Trionychia
2200:Testudines
2192:Subclass:
2114:References
1896:2009-12-28
1317:(juvenile)
1248:Pelodiscus
1039:Pelochelys
856:Cycloderma
740:Pelodiscus
732:Pelochelys
656:Cycloderma
608:Gilmoremys
559:Fossil of
433:them with
205:Trionychia
195:Cryptodira
191:Suborder:
185:Testudines
5050:See also
5002:Caribemys
4862:Caninemys
4846:Bauruemys
4775:Rheodytes
4739:Myuchelys
4682:Chelodina
4607:Puentemys
4583:Nigeremys
4527:Ilatardia
4471:Bothremys
4178:Basilemys
3992:Nilssonia
3970:Hutchemys
3918:Axestemys
3876:Anosteira
3731:Hadrianus
3589:Pangshura
3547:Malayemys
3512:Geoclemys
3455:Trachemys
3448:Terrapene
3441:Pseudemys
3427:Graptemys
3420:Glyptemys
3413:Emydoidea
3406:Actinemys
3378:Chrysemys
3223:Euclastes
3051:Eochelone
2902:Kingdom:
2635:Nilssonia
2510:Hutchemys
2314:Axestemys
2174:Kingdom:
2103:133358179
1805:: 161–163
1758:0967-3849
1554:245107305
1181:Nilssonia
920:Hutchemys
785:Cladogram
780:Phylogeny
716:Nilssonia
672:Subfamily
638:Subfamily
619:Hutchemys
599:(fossil)
594:Subfamily
587:(fossil)
569:, Chicago
443:Guangdong
412:Japanese
316:carapaces
288:Australia
262:taxonomic
220:Fitzinger
151:Kingdom:
145:Eukaryota
5128:BioLib:
5086:Wikidata
4817:Pelusios
4782:Rhinemys
4753:Platemys
4746:Phrynops
4666:Chelidae
4655:Zolhafah
4551:Jainemys
4216:Archelon
4093:Chelydra
3985:Lissemys
3827:Stylemys
3812:Solitudo
3774:Manouria
3723:Gopherus
3686:Chersina
3554:Mauremys
3533:Heosemys
3526:Hardella
3519:Geoemyda
3505:Cyclemys
3361:Emydidae
3308:Claudius
3157:Arabemys
3136:Tasbacka
3128:Syllomus
3043:Chelonia
2941:Suborder
2925:Diapsida
2916:Reptilia
2910:Chordata
2908:Phylum:
2904:Animalia
2605:Lissemys
2194:Anapsida
2188:Reptilia
2182:Chordata
2180:Phylum:
2176:Animalia
2060:85505337
1945:Archived
1929:Also at
1873:Archived
1849:Archived
1790:(1930),
1774:14434440
1766:23512312
1688:23053366
873:Lissemys
664:Lissemys
551:Taxonomy
427:delicacy
330:plastron
284:brackish
211:Family:
175:Reptilia
165:Chordata
161:Phylum:
155:Animalia
141:Domain:
5321:ZooBank
5092:Q374835
4961:Sokatra
4710:Emydura
4615:Rosasia
4511:Foxemys
4455:Arenila
4035:Trionyx
4028:Rafetus
3954:Dogania
3910:Apalone
3834:Testudo
3760:Kinixys
3746:Homopus
3603:Sacalia
3582:Orlitia
3568:Morenia
3483:Batagur
3385:Clemmys
3112:Natator
3028:Caretta
2929:Order:
2914:Class:
2814:Trionyx
2789:Rafetus
2457:Dogania
2283:Apalone
2198:Order:
2186:Class:
2083:Bibcode
1886:"中国龟鳖网"
1647:2449924
1299:Gallery
1214:Dogania
1098:Rafetus
1081:Apalone
998:Trionyx
971:
907:
903: †
819:
800:
756:Trionyx
748:Rafetus
708:Dogania
691:Apalone
532:Apalone
515:Florida
476:farming
458:. As a
447:Guangxi
435:chicken
404:As food
383:Ditmars
337:snorkel
304:Trionyx
299:Apalone
293:Trionyx
181:Order:
171:Class:
5313:397352
5248:173845
5235:103390
4993:
4986:
4979:
4703:Elusor
4696:Elseya
4689:Chelus
4406:
4339:Adocus
4330:
4076:
4045:
3925:Chitra
3627:
3214:
2959:Family
2377:Chitra
2227:family
2215:Genera
2165:family
2101:
2058:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1715:
1686:
1645:
1591:
1552:
1450:market
1022:Chitra
967:
815:
794:
770:Genus
753:Genus
745:Genus
737:Genus
729:Genus
721:Genus
713:Genus
705:Genus
699:Chitra
696:Genus
688:Genus
679:Genus
661:Genus
653:Genus
645:Genus
624:Genus
613:Genus
602:Genus
480:suppon
320:scutes
272:genera
269:turtle
265:family
260:are a
222:, 1826
5308:WoRMS
5300:37674
5274:34907
5230:IRMNG
5222:39539
5183:15560
5131:16351
3999:Palea
3903:Amyda
3804:Pyxis
3498:Cuora
2970:Genus
2921:Clade
2699:Palea
2248:Amyda
2099:S2CID
2056:S2CID
2036:(PDF)
1795:(PDF)
1770:S2CID
1643:JSTOR
1550:S2CID
1504:Notes
1448:Seoul
1446:in a
1231:Palea
1147:Amyda
724:Palea
682:Amyda
431:stews
5287:5603
5269:NCBI
5243:ITIS
5209:5469
5204:GBIF
5170:8133
5144:1113
5139:BOLD
3399:Emys
2015:2021
1916:Oryx
1762:PMID
1754:ISSN
1713:ISBN
1684:PMID
1589:ISBN
376:urea
256:The
42:PreꞒ
5256:NBN
5165:EoL
5157:HGX
5152:CoL
5116:ADW
2091:doi
2048:doi
1920:doi
1879:,
1855:".
1746:doi
1674:doi
1670:215
1633:doi
1542:doi
5345::
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5088::
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2097:.
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2079:36
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2054:.
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2042:.
2038:.
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1980:^
1906:^
1801:,
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346:.
92:Pg
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4883:†
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97:N
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67:C
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