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the other
European powers. Nicholas made it clear he would only act if Prussia and Britain also participated as he feared that a Russian invasion of Belgium would cause a war with France. Even before the Poles rose up, Nicholas had cancelled his plans for invading Belgium as it became clear that neither Britain nor Prussia would join in while the French openly threatened war if Nicholas should march. In 1815, Nicholas arrived in France, where he stayed with the Duke of Orleans, Louis Philippe, who soon become one of his best friends, with the grand duke being impressed with duke's personal warmth, intelligence, manners and grace. For Nicholas the worst sort of characters were nobility who supported liberalism, and when the duc d'Orleans become the king of the French as
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administratively incompetent. Despite his grand ambitions toward the south and Turkey, Russia had not built railroad network in that direction, and communications were bad. The bureaucracy was unprepared for war being riddled with graft, corruption, and inefficiency. The Navy had few competent officers, the rank and file were poorly trained and most importantly of its vessels were outdated; the army, although very large, was good only for parades, suffered from colonels who pocketed their men's pay, poor morale, and was even more out of touch with the latest technology as developed by
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1379:, still largely under Ottoman control in the 1820s. In fact, Nicholas was deeply committed to upholding the status quo in Europe and feared any attempt to devour the decaying Ottoman Empire would both upset his ally Austria, which also had interests in the Balkans, and bring about an Anglo-French coalition in defense of the Ottomans. Furthermore, in the war of 1828–29, the Russians defeated the Ottomans in every battle fought in the field and advanced deep into the Balkans, but the Russians discovered that they lacked the necessary logistical strength to take Constantinople.
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by local officials by being enlisted for life in the Army. The conscription system was highly unpopular with people, as was the practice of forcing peasants to house the soldiers for six months of the year. Curtiss finds that "The pedantry of
Nicholas's military system, which stressed unthinking obedience and parade ground evolutions rather than combat training, produced ineffective commanders in time of war." His commanders in the Crimean War were old and incompetent, and indeed so were his muskets as the colonels sold the best equipment and the best food.
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served as
Nicholas's ministers, 61% had previously served as a general or an admiral. Nicholas liked to appoint generals who had seen combat, and at least 30 of the men who served as a minister under him had seen action in the wars against France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sweden. This proved to be something of a handicap in the sense that the sort of qualities that could make a man distinguished on the battlefields such as bravery did not necessarily make a man capable of running a ministry. The most notorious case was Prince
1963:
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1217:"Here there is order. ... All things flow logically from one another. No one here commands without first learning to obey. No one rises above anyone else except through a clearly defined system. Everything is subordinated to a single, defined goal and everything has its precise designations. That is why I shall always hold the title of soldier in the highest esteem. I regard human life as service because everybody must serve."
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surrounded himself with officers, gloried in the victory over
Napoleon in 1812 and took enormous pride in its smartness on parade. The cavalry horses, for example, were only trained in parade formations, and did poorly in battle. The glitter and braid masked profound weaknesses that he did not see. He put generals in charge of most of his civilian agencies regardless of their qualifications. An
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1401:"Greek Project" of Catherine the Great in mind said: "I know everything that has been said of the projects of the Empress Catherine, and Russia has renounced the goal she had set out. I wish to maintain the Turkish empire... It if falls, I do not desire its debris. I need nothing." Ultimately, Nicholas's policies in the Near East proved to be both costly and largely futile.
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years during peacetime: that is nothing; but Russia only thinks of occupying
Constantinople, and the peace of Europe is threatened. The English declare war on the Chinese, who have, it seems, offended them: no one has the right to intervene; but Russia is obliged to ask Europe for permission if it quarrels with its neighbor. England threatens Greece to support the
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European affairs, and thus the monarch is especially concerned to keep the sultan on his tottering throne." At the same time, Nicholas argued that because of the economic importance to Russia of the
Turkish straits, through which Russia exports its grain, that Russia had the "right" to intervene in Ottoman affairs. In 1833, Nicholas told the Austrian ambassador
4436:(Nicholas the Stick), first published in 1891. – "— А ужъ палками — недѣли не проходило, чтобы не забивали на смерть человѣка или двухъ изъ полка. Нынче ужъ и не знаютъ, что такое палки, а тогда это словечко со рта не сходило. Палки, палки!.. У насъ и солдаты Николая Палкинымъ прозвали. Николай Павлычъ, а они говорятъ Николай Палкинъ. Такъ и пошло ему прозвище."
1226:, a competent brigade commander in the Imperial Army who proved himself out of his depth as a Navy minister. Of the Emperor's ministers, 78% were ethnic Russians, 9.6% were Baltic Germans while the rest were foreigners in Russian service. Of the men who served as ministers under Nicholas, 14 had graduated from university while another 14 had graduated from a
1681:). He speculated that Nicholas had a kind heart, but his sincere sense of duty forced him to impose severe discipline: "If the Emperor has no more of mercy in his heart than he reveals in his policies, then I pity Russia; if, on the other hand, his true sentiments are really superior to his acts, then I pity the Emperor."
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which gave Russia a vague right as protector of
Orthodox peoples in the Balkans, as a way of placing the Ottoman Empire into the Russian sphere of influence, which was felt to be a more achievable goal than conquering the entire Ottoman Empire. Nicholas actually wanted to preserve the Ottoman Empire
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and toyed with the idea of abolishing it in Russia, but declined to do so for reasons of state. He feared the aristocracy and believed they might turn against him if he abolished serfdom. However, he did make some efforts to improve the lot of the Crown Serfs (serfs owned by the government) with the
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said that he displayed determination, singleness of purpose, and an iron will, along with a powerful sense of duty and a dedication to very hard work. He saw himself as a soldier—a junior officer consumed by spit and polish. A handsome man, he was highly nervous and aggressive. Trained as a military
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France takes
Algeria from Turkey, and almost every year England annexes another Indian principality: none of this disturbs the balance of power; but when Russia occupies Moldavia and Wallachia, albeit only temporarily, that disturbs the balance of power. France occupies Rome and stays there several
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over Mahmud II would lead to a new dynasty ruling the
Ottoman Empire. Nesselrode continued that if the able Muhammad Ali became sultan then it "could, with the elevation of a new personage to the Turkish throne, revive new strength in that declining empire and distract our attention and forces from
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Nicholas was often exasperated by the slow pace of the
Russian bureaucracy and had a marked preference for appointing generals and admirals to high government rank because of their perceived efficiency, overlooking or ignoring whether or not they were actually qualified for the role. Of the men who
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who won fame in cavalry charges was made supervisor of Church affairs. The army became the vehicle of upward social mobility for noble youths from non-Russian areas, such as Poland, the Baltic, Finland, and Georgia. On the other hand, many miscreants, petty criminals, and undesirables were punished
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The Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg became the main source of recognition and support for artists. Nicholas I decided to control it personally, reserving the final say on artistic honors. As the tsar reprimanded and humiliated artists whose works he found distasteful, the result was
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Many sources state that Nicholas did not have an extramarital affair until after 25 years of marriage, in 1842, when the Empress's doctors prohibited her from having sexual intercourse, due to her poor health and recurring heart attacks. Many facts dispute this claim. Nicholas fathered three known
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was planned in 1842, Nicholas drew a straight line between the cities on a map, and decreed this as the path of the new rail line. Some ridiculed this as the epitome of Nicholas' mindless despotism, while others praised the tsar for overcoming local interests that wanted the railway diverted their
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that "Oriental affairs are above all a matter for Russia." At the same time that Nicholas claimed the Ottoman Empire was within the Russian sphere of influence, he made it clear that he had no interest in annexing the empire. At another meeting with Ficquelmont in 1833, Nicholas, speaking with the
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epidemic was decimating Russian troops and the revolt in Poland tied down Russian soldiers which might have been deployed against the Belgians. It seems likely that Nicholas's hawkish stance was not a sincere prelude towards invasion of the Low Countries, but rather an attempt to apply pressure on
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the base fell, exposing Russia's inability to defend a major fortification on its own soil. On the death of Nicholas I, Alexander II became emperor. On 15 January 1856, the new emperor took Russia out of the war on very unfavorable terms, which included the loss of a naval fleet on the Black Sea.
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Der Elephanten-Orden und seine Ritter: eine historische Abhandlung über die ersten Spuren dieses Ordens und dessen fernere Entwicklung bis zu seiner gegenwärtigen Gestalt, und nächstdem ein Material zur Personalhistorie, nach den Quellen des Königlichen Geheimen-Staatsarchivs und des Königlichen
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involved many expensive wars, having a disastrous effect on the empire's finances. Nicholas lavished attention on his very large army; of a population of 60–70 million people, the army counted one million men. They had outdated equipment and tactics, but the tsar, who dressed like a soldier and
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ruling his people by whatever means necessary. Nicholas I began his reign on 14 December 1825 (old style), which fell on a Monday; Russian superstition held that Mondays were unlucky days. This particular Monday dawned very cold, with temperatures of −8 degrees Celsius. This was regarded by the
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of 1841, which affirmed Ottoman control over the straits and forbade any power, including Russia, from sending warships through them. Buoyed by his role in suppressing the revolutions of 1848 as well as his mistaken belief he could rely on British diplomatic support, Nicholas moved against the
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With two older brothers, it initially seemed unlikely Nicholas would ever become Tsar. However, as Alexander and Constantine both failed to produce legitimate sons, Nicholas first came to attention as being likely to rule one day, or at least that his children may succeed. In 1825, when Tsar
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For much of Nicholas' reign, Russia was seen as a major military power, with considerable strength. The Crimean War, fought shortly before Nicholas' death, demonstrated to both Russia and the world what few had previously realized: Russia was militarily weak, technologically backward, and
935:. During most of his reign he tried to increase his control over the landowners and other influential groups in Russia. In 1831, Nicholas restricted the votes in the Noble Assembly to those with over 100 serfs, leaving 21,916 voters. In 1841, landless nobles were banned from selling
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of a miserable Jew and burns its fleet: that is a lawful action; but Russia demands a treaty to protect millions of Christians, and that is deemed to strengthen its position in the East at the expense of the balance of power. We can expect nothing from the West but blind hatred and
1194:. By the war's end, Russia's leaders were determined to reform their military and society. As Fuller notes, "Russia had been beaten on the Crimean Peninsula, and the military feared that it would inevitably be beaten again unless steps were taken to surmount its military weakness."
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policy based on orthodoxy in religion, autocracy in government, and the state-founding role of the Russian nationality and equal citizen rights for all other peoples inhabiting Russia, with the exclusion of Jews. The people were to show loyalty to the unrestricted authority of the
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as a stable but weak state that would be unable to stand up to Russia, which was felt to serve Russia's interests. Nicholas always thought of Russia as first and foremost a European power and regarded Europe as more important than the Middle East. The Russian Foreign Minister
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to head this Chancellery. Benckendorff employed 300 gendarmes and 16 staff in his office. He began collecting informers and intercepting mail. Soon, the saying that "it was impossible to sneeze in one's house before it is reported to the emperor" became Benckendorff's creed.
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On 26 August 1827 the edict of military conscription (Ustav rekrutskoi povinnosti) was introduced, which required Jewish boys to serve in the Russian military for 25 years from the age of 18. Before that many of them were forcibly conscripted into
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continued with the transfer of Siberian Jews to Ukraine. In Ukraine, Jews were offered the opportunity to buy land, which left very little to support their families. On the other hand, these Jews were exempt from forced military conscription.
1552:, "The memorandum clearly struck a chord with Nicholas, who shared Pogodin’s sense that Russia’s role as the protector of the Orthodox had not been recognized or understood and that Russia was unfairly treated by the West." Pogodin wrote:
1307:
deposed Nicholas as king of Poland in response to his repeated curtailment of its constitutional rights. Nicholas reacted by sending Russian troops into Poland and brutally crushed the rebellion. Nicholas then proceeded to abrogate the
540:
of the armies hindered his generals, as did his misguided strategy. Several historians have concluded that "the reign of Nicholas I was a catastrophic failure in both domestic and foreign policy." On the eve of his death, the
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by a direct order of Tsar Nicholas after composing a poem that mocked the Tsar, his wife, and his domestic policies. By order of the Tsar, Shevchenko was kept under strict surveillance and prevented from writing or painting.
3305:"An Official Statement from the Chancellery of the Head of the Russian Imperial House, H.I.H. the Grand Duchess Maria of Russia, on the activities of organizations which falsely refer to themselves as the "Order of Malta""
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points to many failures, including the "catastrophic state of Russian finances", the badly-equipped army, the inadequate transportation system, and a bureaucracy "characterized by graft, corruption, and inefficiency".
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In the wake of the Decembrist revolt, the tsar moved to protect the status quo by centralizing education. He wanted to neutralize the threat of foreign ideas and "pseudo-knowledge." However, his minister of education,
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in the July revolution of 1830, Nicholas took this as a personal betrayal, believing his friend had gone over as he saw it to the dark side of revolution and liberalism. Nicholas hated Louis-Philippe, the self-styled
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schools from the age of 12, while being a Cantonist did not count into the time of military service. They were sent far away from their families to serve in the military so that they would have difficulty practising
5115:"Information contained in the Country Studies On-Line is not copyrighted and thus is available for free and unrestricted use by researchers. As a courtesy, however, appropriate credit should be given to the series."
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Nicholas was crowned King of Poland in Warsaw on 12 (24) May 1829, per the Polish Constitution, a document he would not respect thereafter. He is the only Russian monarch ever crowned King of Poland—although
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to mobilize. Nicholas then petitioned the Prussian ambassador for Russian troops to be granted transit rights in order to march across Europe and restore Dutch hegemony over Belgium. But at the same time, a
608:. Nicholas grew up to be a fine young man. Riasanovsky says of him that he is "the most handsome man in Europe, but also a charmer who enjoyed feminine company and was often at his best with the men."
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1115:. The poorer village Jews, those without families, and unmarried Jews were especially targeted for military service. Between 1827 and 1854 it is estimated that there were 70,000 Jews conscripted.
651:), the date of Alexander I's death, as the beginning of his reign. During this confusion, a plot was hatched by some members of the military to overthrow Nicholas and seize power. This led to the
4762:
1548:, professor of history at Moscow University, wrote a memorandum to Nicholas. Nicholas himself read Pogodin's text and approvingly commented: "That is the whole point." According to historian
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1541:). In April 1854, Austria signed a defensive pact with Prussia. Thus, Russia found herself in a war with every Great Power of Europe either allied against her militarily or diplomatically.
5034:
1636:
There have been many damning verdicts on Nicholas' rule and legacy, despite occasional efforts to revive his reputation. At the end of his life, one of his most devoted civil servants,
1258:. Nicholas's offers to suppress revolution on the European continent, trying to follow the pattern set by his eldest brother, Alexander I, earned him the label of "gendarme of Europe".
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finds in the Ural mountains. Humboldt published multiple volumes on his Russian expedition, which he dedicated to Nicholas despite his increasing disapproval of the tsar's policies.
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1493:
1469:, but it did little to increase Russian power in Europe. Only a small Greek state became independent in the Balkans, with limited Russian influence. In 1833, Russia negotiated the
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and other liberal-minded citizens. This demonstration was an attempt to force the government to accept a constitution and a representative form of government. Nicholas ordered the
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1458:, through the course of the 19th century. The treaty further conceded extraterritoriality to Russian subjects in Iran (capitulation). As Professor Virginia Aksan adds, the 1828
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to Russia to investigate regions that could produce mineral wealth. The Russian government financed Humboldt's eight-month expedition through Russia in 1829, which resulted in
1250:
In foreign policy, Nicholas I acted as the protector of ruling legitimism and as guardian against revolution. It has often been noted that such policies were linked with the
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with the Ottoman Empire. The major European parties mistakenly believed that the treaty contained a secret clause granting Russia the right to transit warships through the
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Austria offered the Ottomans diplomatic support, and Prussia remained neutral, thus leaving Russia without any allies on the continent. The European allies landed in
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While Nicholas was attempting to maintain the status quo in Europe, he followed a somewhat more aggressive policy toward the neighbouring empires to the south, the
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604:, died and his parents became Emperor and Empress of Russia. In 1800, at the age of four years, Nicholas was named Grand Prior of Russia and entitled to wear the
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at that time, officially forfeited his right to succession. This had been required by Tsar Alexander as a condition of Constantine's marriage to his second wife
635:, Nicholas was caught between swearing allegiance to Constantine and accepting the throne for himself. The interregnum lasted until Constantine, who was in
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1037:
Despite the repressions of this period, Russians outside official control produced a flowering of literature and the performing arts. Through the works of
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principles led, broadly speaking, to increasing repression of all classes, excessive censorship, and surveillance of independent-minded intellectuals like
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1513:. The scene at the center shows the seven-year-old prince sitting on the tsar's lap, accompanied by an entourage. Created by Mohammad Esmail Esfahani in
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was founded in 1834 by Nicholas. In 1854, there were 3600 university students in Russia, 1000 fewer than in 1848. Censorship was omnipresent; historian
3009:
1018:, offered an attractive alternative to Western capitalism and could save Europe from social and moral revolution, thus representing a form of Russian
972:, believed that Russia remained backward and primitive and could progress only through adopting European culture and institutions. Another group, the
4184:
Rendall, Matthew "Restraint or Self-Restraint of Russia: Nicholas I, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and the Vienna System, 1832–1841" pp. 37–63 from
4171:
Rendall, Matthew "Restraint or Self-Restraint of Russia: Nicholas I, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and the Vienna System, 1832–1841" pp. 37–63 from
4158:
Rendall, Matthew "Restraint or Self-Restraint of Russia: Nicholas I, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and the Vienna System, 1832–1841" pp. 37–63 from
4138:
Rendall, Matthew "Restraint or Self-Restraint of Russia: Nicholas I, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and the Vienna System, 1832–1841" pp. 37–63 from
4125:
Rendall, Matthew "Restraint or Self-Restraint of Russia: Nicholas I, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and the Vienna System, 1832–1841" pp. 37–63 from
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1614:
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700:. Having experienced the trauma of the Decembrist revolt on the first day of his reign, Nicholas I was determined to restrain Russian society. The
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647:) December, Nicholas issued the manifesto proclaiming his accession to the throne. That manifesto retroactively named 1 December (19 November
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An intensely militaristic man, Nicholas regarded the Army as the best and greatest institution in Russia and as a model for society, saying:
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reached its geographical zenith, spanning over 20 million square kilometers (7.7 million square miles), but had a desperate need for reform.
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mperors Alexander I, Nicholas I, Alexander III, and Nicholas II were all Bailiffs Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Order of Malta.
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and among its neighbors. Nicholas had a happy marriage that produced a large family; with all of their seven children surviving childhood.
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Hamlin, Cyrus. "The Political Duel Between Nicholas, the Czar of Russia, and Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, the Great English Ambassador."
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In 1851 the Jewish population numbered at 2.4 million, including 212,000 in Russian-controlled Poland. This made them one of the largest
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Rendall, Matthew. "Restraint or Self-Restraint of Russia: Nicholas I, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and the Vienna System, 1832–1841."
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Cannady, Sean, and Paul Kubicek. "Nationalism and legitimation for authoritarianism: A comparison of Nicholas I and Vladimir Putin."
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popularised the nickname Николай Палкин (Nicholas the Stick) in reference to the late emperor's passion for military discipline.
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formed a military coalition and joined forces with the Ottoman Empire against Russia. The preceding conflict became known as the
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Lincoln, W. Bruce "The Ministers of Nicholas I: A Brief Inquiry into Their Backgrounds and Service Careers" pp. 308–323 from
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Lincoln, W. Bruce "The Ministers of Nicholas I: A Brief Inquiry into Their Backgrounds and Service Careers" pp. 308–323 from
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Lincoln, W. Bruce "The Ministers of Nicholas I: A Brief Inquiry into Their Backgrounds and Service Careers" pp. 308–323 from
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Lincoln, W. Bruce "The Ministers of Nicholas I: A Brief Inquiry into Their Backgrounds and Service Careers" pp. 308–323 from
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Lincoln, W. Bruce "The Ministers of Nicholas I: A Brief Inquiry into Their Backgrounds and Service Careers" pp. 308–323 from
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Lincoln, W. Bruce "The Ministers of Nicholas I: A Brief Inquiry into Their Backgrounds and Service Careers" pp. 308–323 from
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Nicholas completely lacked his brother's spiritual and intellectual breadth; he saw his role simply as that of a paternal
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fueled a debate on Russia's place in the world, the meaning of Russian history, and the future of Russia. One group, the
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engineer, he was a stickler for minute detail. In his public persona, stated Riasanovsky, "Nicholas I came to represent
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Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri
4718:[Chronological list of knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit from its origin to its extinction (1578–1830)].
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4716:"Liste chronologique des chevaliers de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit depuis son origine jusqu'à son extinction (1578–1830)"
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1371:. Nicholas was widely believed at the time to be following the traditional Russian policy of resolving the so-called
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1022:. However the ministry of education had a policy of closing philosophy faculties to curb destabilizing speculation.
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in the Ottoman Empire and Western Europe, but was labelled in Russia the "Eastern War" (Russian: Восточная война,
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whose controversial reign was marked by geographical expansion, centralisation of administrative policies, and
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615:(1798–1860), who took the name Alexandra Feodorovna when she converted to Orthodoxy. Charlotte's parents were
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Rebecca Friedman, "Masculinity, the Body, and Coming of Age in the Nineteenth-Century Russian Cadet Corps,"
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by seeking to partition the Ottoman Empire and establish a protectorate over the Orthodox population of the
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children with mistresses prior to 1842, including one with his most famous and well documented mistress,
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1316:. Soon after, Nicholas embarked on a policy of repressing Polish culture beginning with suppressing the
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1640:, opined, "the main failing of the reign of Nicholas Pavlovich was that it was all a mistake." In 1891
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Lifgardets 3 Finska Skarpskyttebataljon 1812–1905 ett minnesblad. 1905 Helsinki by Söderström & Co
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own way. In fact, however, the tsar had merely endorsed the straight path recommended by engineers.
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4534:"The 'Ruler Legend': Tsar Nicholas I and the Route of the St. Petersburg-Moscow Railway, 1842–1843"
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personified: infinitely majestic, determined and powerful, hard as stone, and relentless as fate."
365:
6360:
4608:
776:
Nicholas I "Family Ruble" (1836) depicting the Tsar on the obverse and his family on the reverse:
750:
was able to keep its autonomy partly due to Finnish soldiers' loyal participation in crushing the
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6246:
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3174:
2573:
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1498:
1304:
1262:
840:
553:
466:
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1580:. The Russians lost battles at Alma in September 1854 and then at Inkerman. After the prolonged
6600:
6581:
6398:
6285:
5998:
5838:
5737:
5533:
5461:
5342:
5296:
Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. "'Nationality' in the State Ideology during the Reign of Nicholas I."
5208:
4715:
4409:
2358:
2172:
1951:
1805:
1251:
1162:
1073:
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868:
784:
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175:
132:
6267:
title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich as claimant to the Russian throne
6260:
title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich as claimant to the Russian throne
4748:
4455:
4328:
4198:
3765:
3541:"The Last King of Poland: Nicholas I's Warsaw Coronation and Russian-Polish Historical Memory"
2515:
716:
and other forms of control over education, publishing, and all manifestations of public life.
6479:
6130:
5967:
5828:
5788:
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5451:
5419:
5326:
Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews : the transformation of Jewish society in Russia, 1825–1855
5018:
5003:
4999:
4979:
4956:
4839:
4835:
4581:
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2274:
1910:
1827:
1577:
1459:
1404:
1392:
1293:
1274:
1166:
953:
693:
590:
455:
443:
435:
165:
122:
5066:[Exchange of Decorations between the Kings of Portugal and the Emperors of Russia].
4993:
4939:
4904:
4742:
4700:
623:. Nicholas and Charlotte were third cousins, as they were both great-great-grandchildren of
76:
6615:
6610:
6540:
6464:
6443:
5753:
5676:
5566:
5347:
2245:
2147:
2102:
1989:
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1526:
1261:
Immediately on his succession Nicholas began to limit the liberties that existed under the
1191:
1000:
713:
8:
5935:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5731:
5719:
5666:
5606:
5571:
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5551:
5106:
3582:
Stephen Woodburn, "Reaction Reconsidered: Education and the State in Russia, 1825–1848,"
2793:
2673:
2450:
2314:
2259:
2085:
1869:
1763:
1637:
1558:
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wrote in letter to his ambassador in Constantinople Nikolai Muravyov that the victory of
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separate from the land. From 1845, attainment of the 5th highest rank (out of 14) in the
601:
489:
6323:
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3308:
1126:
Under Nicholas I there were attempts to reform the education of Jews with the object of
696:
to smash the demonstration. The "uprising" was quickly put down and became known as the
6343:
5930:
5793:
5704:
5691:
5671:
5661:
5611:
5601:
5546:
5390:
5267:
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4555:
4506:
4481:
4402:
3746:
3278:
2508:
2230:
1865:
1790:
1666:
1617:
in St. Petersburg. He reigned for 30 years, and was succeeded by his son Alexander II.
1497:
Interior panel of a mirror case commemorating the 1838 meeting of Iranian crown prince
1431:
1352:
1336:
1327:
convulsed Europe, Nicholas was at the forefront of reactionism. In 1849, he helped the
1270:
912:
884:
1662:
writes: "the intellectual atmosphere remained oppressive until the end of the reign."
1049:
and numerous others, Russian literature gained international stature and recognition.
847:. These romantic and conservative principles outlined by Uvarov were also espoused by
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5803:
5775:
5743:
5699:
5681:
5646:
5541:
5473:
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5250:
4958:
Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch für die Herzogthümer Anhalt-Dessau und Anhalt-Köthen: 1851
4918:
4642:
4512:
4459:
4448:
4413:
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3133:
3122:
2293:
2168:
1718:
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1443:
1408:
1328:
1300:
1069:
1038:
996:
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681:
652:
640:
513:
471:
447:
427:
279:
91:
6545:
6355:
5289:
Rebecchini, Damiano. (2010). "An influential collector: Tsar Nicholas I of Russia."
6423:
5951:
5823:
5762:
5748:
5651:
5641:
5636:
5596:
5591:
5382:
5329:
4973:
4896:
4545:
4502:
4390:
Yevgeny Anismov, Rulers of Russia, Golden Lion Press, St. Petersburg Russia (2012).
3898:
3738:
3552:
3266:
3189:
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2534:
2501:
2188:
1648:
1372:
1284:
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848:
844:
582:
439:
395:
375:
342:
226:
5370:– Historical reconstruction "The Romanovs". StarMedia. Babich-Design(Russia, 2013)
3943:
Rendall, Matthew "Defensive Realism and the Concert of Europe" pages 523–540 from
757:
Russia's first railway was opened in 1837, a 26 km (16 mi) line between
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5900:
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5758:
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4816:
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1968:
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1058:
916:
888:
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198:
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6311:
policy in the territories occupied or annexed by Russia in the 18–21st centuries
4624:(1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter"
3956:
Rendall, Matthew "Defensive Realism and the Concert of Europe" pp. 523–540 from
3927:
Rendall, Matthew "Defensive Realism and the Concert of Europe" pp. 523–540 from
3727:
Curtiss, John Shelton (1958). "The Army of Nicholas I: Its Role and Character".
3270:
1630:
1486:
Ottomans, who declared war on Russia on 8 October 1853. On 30 November, Russian
585:, heir to the Russian throne, and Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna of Russia (née
6499:
6448:
5798:
5725:
5709:
5656:
5626:
5621:
5480:
5426:
2288:
1757:
1606:
1487:
1439:
1435:
1426:, which ended with Persia forced to cede its last remaining territories in the
1412:
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206:
139:
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1197:
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6484:
6428:
6408:
6308:
5714:
5228:
Kutscheroff, Samuel. "Administration of Justice under Nicholas I of Russia."
5126:
1602:
1593:
1549:
1206:
1127:
1108:
1046:
1042:
1027:
981:
908:
819:
222:
4200:
Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond
1014:
and materialism. Some of them believed that the Russian peasant commune, or
1010:
philosophy as a source of wholeness in Russia and were sceptical of Western
863:
and to the persecution of non-Russian languages and non-Orthodox religions.
772:
6494:
6489:
6469:
5490:
5110:
4622:
Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler
2151:
1685:
1313:
1134:
was disfavored. Nicholas I further toughened censorship of Jewish books in
1112:
1015:
969:
5109:
Federal Research Division's Country Studies series. As their home page at
5064:"Troca de Decorações entre os Reis de Portugal e os Imperadores da Rússia"
4060:
Companion to Russian Studies: Volume 1: An Introduction to Russian History
3556:
3514:
Rural Russia under the Old Régime: A History of the Landlord-Peasant World
2214:
Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown
1320:. In the 1840s, Nicholas reduced 64,000 Polish nobles to commoner status.
1312:
in virtual entirety and reduced Poland to the status of a province called
6418:
5848:
5192:
Curtiss, John Shelton. "The Army of Nicholas I: Its Role and Character."
5131:
1947:
1641:
1534:
1478:
1178:
1011:
973:
831:
533:
451:
5859:
4901:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Hessen: für das Jahr ... 1854
688:
The accession of Nicholas I was marred by a demonstration of 3000 young
5233:
5197:
5186:
5162:
5105:
The first draft of this article was taken with little editing from the
4559:
4450:
St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974
3792:
St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974
3750:
1455:
1368:
1019:
852:
739:
501:
497:
45:
5301:
4806:
Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach
3540:
1158:
851:, one of the tutors of the Grand Duke Alexander. The results of these
589:). He had six older sisters and two older brothers, namely the future
6555:
6253:
of 1886, limiting the style to sons and male-line grandsons of a tsar
1610:
1474:
1099:
1090:
1072:
persuaded the emperor of the benefits of inviting Prussian scientist
920:
904:
860:
788:
656:
648:
644:
5063:
4550:
4533:
3742:
2558:
536:(1853–1856), with disastrous results. Historians emphasize that his
30:"Imperator Nikolai I" redirects here. For ships with this name, see
6535:
1490:
caught the Turkish fleet in the harbor at Sinope and destroyed it.
1447:
1427:
1143:
578:
202:
5346:
4975:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für ... 1854
4787:
4404:
The Shadow of the Winter Palace: the Drift To Revolution 1825–1917
4038:, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959 pages 255–256.
3999:, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959 pages 256–257.
943:
was required to be ennobled, previously it had been the 8th rank.
6550:
5238:
Lincoln, W. Bruce. "Nicholas I: Russia's Last Absolute Monarch,"
5125:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4765:[Military William Order: Romanov, Nicholas I Pavlovich].
4599:
4025:, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959 pages 255–256
1906:
1521:
Fearing the results of a total Ottoman defeat by Russia, in 1854
1506:
1451:
1376:
1279:
1135:
1104:
1077:
927:
900:
896:
876:
872:
856:
777:
747:
493:
360:
58:
53:
5264:
Emperor Nicholas I of Russia: the apogee of autocracy, 1825/1855
5257:
The Third Section: police and society in Russia under Nicholas I
4676:"Caballeros existentes en la insignie Orden del Toison de Oro".
5117:
Please leave this statement intact so that credit can be given.
1823:
1573:
1514:
1131:
1054:
1050:
907:. This caused Tsar Nicholas to be condemned by a succession of
636:
632:
529:
517:
481:
459:
5363:
Romanovs. Romanovs. The seventh film. Nicholas I; Alexander II
5157:
Bolsover, George H. "Nicholas I and the Partition of Turkey."
1601:
Nicholas died on 2 March 1855, during the Crimean War, at the
742:
autonomy was removed in 1828, Poland's in 1830 and the Jewish
6250:
4094:
W. B. Lincoln, "Russia and the European Revolutions of 1848"
4012:, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959 page 257.
3986:, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959 page 256.
3973:, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1959 page 255.
3584:
Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750–1850: Selected Papers
2254:
1844:
1147:
1007:
977:
936:
743:
6631:
Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg
3716:. Tel-Aviv University: Oxford University Press. p. 170.
3701:. Tel-Aviv University: Oxford University press. p. 171.
3686:. Tel-Aviv University: Oxford University Press. p. 168.
3668:. Tel-Aviv University: Oxford University Press. p. 164.
3624:
Etta L. Perkins, "Nicholas I and the Academy of Fine Arts."
3597:
Masculinity, Autocracy and the Russian University, 1804–1863
3828:
3826:
1609:. He caught a chill, refused medical treatment and died of
1502:
1382:
Nicholas' policy towards the Ottoman Empire was to use the
1347:
836:
708:
ran a huge network of spies and informers with the help of
4831:
Königlich-Württembergisches Hof- und Staats-Handbuch: 1854
3397:
3395:
659:) December 1825, an uprising Nicholas quickly suppressed.
738:
Tsar Nicholas abolished several areas of local autonomy.
6531:
Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
5309:
Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855
5062:
Bragança, Jose Vicente de; Estrela, Paulo Jorge (2017).
4763:"Militaire Willems-Orde: Romanov, Nicolaas I Pavlovitsj"
4682:(in Spanish). En la Imprenta Nacional. 1835. p. 72.
4036:
Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855
4023:
Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855
4010:
Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855
3997:
Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855
3984:
Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855
3971:
Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855
3939:
3937:
3823:
3484:
Charles Dickens, "The true story of the nuns of Minsk",
3361:
Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855
3230:
Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825–1855
2334:
Nicholas I had seven legitimate children with his wife,
5039:
Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha
4720:
Annuaire-bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire de France
3392:
1465:
Russia fought a successful war against the Ottomans in
6656:
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
6651:
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
4755:
4121:
4119:
4117:
3652:
Humboldt: The Life and Times of Alexander von Humboldt
999:'s studio in Saint Petersburg in 1854, oil on canvas,
746:
was abolished in 1843. As an exception to this trend,
5020:
Kurfürstlich Hessisches Hof- und Staatshandbuch: 1853
3934:
3545:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
3179:
600:
Four months after Nicholas's birth, his grandmother,
446:. Nicholas's thirty-year reign began with the failed
6661:
Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William
5181:
Crisp, Olga. "The state peasants under Nicholas I."
4995:
Hof- und Staats-Handbuch für das Königreich Hannover
4696:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1852
1678:
Empire of the Czar: A Journey Through Eternal Russia
1234:, the rest had all been educated by private tutors.
477:
Nicholas I was instrumental in helping to create an
5247:
Nicholas I: Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias
4114:
2391:
Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg
1061:became firmly established with the compositions of
830:" as the guiding principle of the regime. It was a
685:Russian people as a bad omen for the coming reign.
5319:Nicholas I and the Russian intervention in Hungary
5041:(in German), Coburg, Gotha: Meusel, 1854, p.
4480:
4447:
4401:
4109:Nicholas I and the Russian Intervention in Hungary
3763:
3010:Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt
5010:
4948:
4607:. Gedruckt in der Berlingschen Officin. pp.
6592:
6245:born a Grand Duke, but stripped of his title by
4873:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden
4679:Guía de forasteros en Madrid para el año de 1835
4057:Auty, Robert; Obolensky, Dimitri (7 July 1980).
2071:
1567:Mikhail Pogodin's memorandum to Nicholas I, 1853
6641:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
5205:Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society
5061:
4971:
4821:
4576:. l'Académie Imp. des Sciences. 1817. pp.
1411:fortress by Russian troops under leadership of
1355:, in October 1827, marked the effective end of
1269:. Nicholas was outraged when he learned of the
1094:(non-Slavic) minorities in the Russian Empire.
1053:took root in Russia after its importation from
548:
5035:"Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden"
4941:Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1854
4740:
4637:Per Nordenvall (1998). "Kungl. Maj:ts Orden".
4636:
4595:
4593:
4591:
2826:Princess Johanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp
1153:
6293:
5875:
5506:
5016:
4965:
4954:
4508:The Marquis de Custine and his Russia in 1839
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4098:(Jan 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 1, pp 53–59 online.
4056:
3888:, Volume 34, Issue #3, July 1975 pp. 314–315.
3862:, Volume 34, Issue #3, July 1975 pp. 315–316.
3849:, Volume 34, Issue #3, July 1975 pp. 313–314.
3639:Natasha's Dance: A Cultural History of Russia
3610:Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth
3167:
2298:Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order
1576:and laid siege to the well-fortified Russian
5520:
4734:
4478:
4175:, Volume 24, Issue #1, March 2002 pp. 48–49.
3960:, Volume 32, Issue #3 July 2006 pp. 535–536.
1342:
883:From 1839, Tsar Nicholas also used a former
6721:Deaths from pneumonia in the Russian Empire
6706:18th-century people from the Russian Empire
5152:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)
4931:
4827:
4588:
4248:Ottoman Wars, 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged
4226:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 260.
3902:, Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James p. 224.
2648:Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
2587:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1462:"removed Iran from the military equation."
1120:Jewish agricultural colonisation of Ukraine
1034:fear, insecurity, and artistic mediocrity.
557:Portrait of Grand Duke Nicholas Pavlovich (
422:25 June] 1796 – 2 March [
6300:
6286:
5882:
5868:
5513:
5499:
4923:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4686:
4661:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4600:Johann Heinrich Friedrich Berlien (1846).
4574:Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1817
4310:"The Long History of Russian Whataboutism"
4145:
3036:Princess Friederike of Brandenburg-Schwedt
919:, and many Western governments. (See also
595:Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia
75:
5889:
4549:
4399:
4219:
3538:
2948:Princess Marie Auguste of Thurn and Taxis
2768:Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
2607:Learn how and when to remove this message
1952:Grand Cross of the Military William Order
1205:'s capital at New Archangel (present-day
891:as his agent to force Orthodoxy upon the
662:
293:Maria Nikolaevna, Duchess of Leuchtenberg
5341:
5274:Russian economic policy under Nicholas I
5230:American Slavic and East European Review
5111:http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cshome.html
4897:"Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen"
4566:
4445:
4304:
4302:
4188:, Volume 24, Issue #1, March 2002 p. 50.
4162:, Volume 24, Issue #1, March 2002 p. 48.
4142:, Volume 24, Issue #1, March 2002 p. 47.
4129:, Volume 24, Issue #1, March 2002 p. 38.
3947:, Volume 32, Issue # 3 July 2006 p. 535.
3875:, Volume 34, Issue #3, July 1975 p. 314.
3836:, Volume 34, Issue #3, July 1975 p. 313.
3820:, Volume 34, Issue #3, July 1975 p. 312.
3490:, Issue No. 216. Volume IX, pp. 290–295.
3376:(The Dial Press: New York, 1981) p. 411.
2916:Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg
2431:Prince Frederick William of Hesse-Kassel
2065:Grand Cross of St. George of the Reunion
1624:
1592:
1492:
1434:all the territories of Iran in both the
1403:
1346:
1271:Belgian revolt against the Dutch in 1830
1241:
1196:
1157:
1142:by allowing these to be printed only in
1111:, and sometimes compelled to convert to
986:
771:
666:
552:
442:and younger brother of his predecessor,
4937:
4531:
4352:
4350:
4333:. Henry Holt and Company. p. 134.
3931:, Volume 32, Issue #3 July 2006 p. 534.
3726:
3711:
3696:
3681:
3663:
2471:Duchess Alexandra Petrovna of Oldenburg
2246:Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order
2026:Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order
1481:straits. This misconception led to the
1252:Metternich counter-revolutionary system
14:
6593:
6065:Grand Duke Konstantine Konstantinovich
5291:Journal of the History of Collections.
4903:(in German), Darmstadt, 1854, p.
4713:
4692:
4501:
3805:Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914
3767:Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914
3258:The grand master of the order of Malta
3254:
3243:Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914
3190:[nʲɪkɐˈlajˈpʲervɨjˈpavləvʲɪtɕ]
2989:
2974:Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg
2890:Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg
2869:
2865:
2855:
2747:
2637:
2633:
2060:Grand Cross of St. Ferdinand and Merit
1254:through the Austrian ambassador Count
6671:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter
6666:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
6526:Belarusian orthography reform of 1933
6281:
6075:Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich
5863:
5494:
4326:
4299:
3764:Fuller, William C. (1 October 1998).
3677:
3675:
3389:(Viking Press: New York, 1976) p. 13.
3188:
3065:
3055:
3051:
3039:
3033:
3023:
3007:
2997:
2993:
2977:
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2945:
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2931:
2919:
2913:
2903:
2887:
2877:
2873:
2849:
2839:
2823:
2813:
2809:
2797:
2791:
2781:
2765:
2755:
2751:
2735:
2729:
2719:
2706:Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia
2703:
2693:
2689:
2677:
2671:
2661:
2645:
2641:
1339:not to adopt a liberal constitution.
828:Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality
512:successfully as well. He crushed the
298:Olga Nikolaevna, Queen of Württemberg
5216:Russia: People and Empire, 1552–1917
4808:(1840), "Großherzogliche Hausorden"
4454:. Indiana University Press. p.
4347:
3539:Boltunova, Ekaterina (Spring 2021).
2585:adding citations to reliable sources
2552:
2451:Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg
2017:Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown
1246:Nicholas I in an equestrian portrait
1083:
268:
6060:Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich
4846:
4604:Ordenskapitelsarchivs zu Kopenhagen
4373:, Oxford University Press, (2001),
3770:. Simon and Schuster. p. 273.
3666:History of the Jews in Modern Times
3068:Princess Sophia Dorothea of Prussia
2522:With Varvara Yakovleva (1803–1831)
2120:Military Karl-Friedrich Merit Order
1505:) and Tsar Nicholas I of Russia in
980:culture and customs, and disdained
528:of 1848. Later on, however, he led
303:Alexandra, Princess of Hesse-Kassel
27:Emperor of Russia from 1825 to 1855
24:
6646:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz
6136:Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich
6004:Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich
5899:The generations are numbered from
5223:The military reforms of Nicholas I
5218:, (Harvard University Press, 1997)
5145:
4639:Kungliga Serafimerorden: 1748–1998
4047:An introduction to Russian history
3672:
2509:Anna-Maria Charlota de Rutenskiold
2419:Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna
1669:wrote the widely-read travel book
611:On 13 July 1817, Nicholas married
561:1808), by anonymous painter after
25:
6742:
6701:Russian people of the Crimean War
6676:People of the Revolutions of 1848
6636:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
6105:Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich
6070:Grand Duke Dmitri Konstantinovich
6040:Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich
5383:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
5335:
5183:Slavonic and East European Review
5159:Slavonic and East European Review
4532:Haywood, Richard Mowbray (1978).
4294:Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar
4203:p. 728 ABC-CLIO, 2 December 2014
3434:Railwaymen and Revolution: Russia
2623:Ancestors of Nicholas I of Russia
2439:Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich
2129:Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion
1597:Nicholas I on his deathbed (1855)
946:
727:
563:Johann Friedrich August Tischbein
6681:People of the Russo-Persian Wars
6577:
6576:
6146:Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich
6090:Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich
6030:Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich
5973:Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich
5259:(Harvard University Press, 1961)
5120:
5086:
5055:
5027:
4875:(1853), "Großherzogliche Orden"
4371:Russia: from Tsars to Commissars
4186:The International History Review
4173:The International History Review
4160:The International History Review
4140:The International History Review
4127:The International History Review
2557:
2529:(10 July 1828 – 20 January 1898)
2518:(12 May 1825 – 23 February 1893)
2307:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2253:
2223:
2202:
2182:
2161:
2140:
2095:
2073:
2037:
2003:
1982:
1961:
1940:
1920:
1899:
1879:
1858:
1837:
1817:
1784:
1750:
1717:
1422:In 1826–28, Nicholas fought the
617:Frederick William III of Prussia
492:and the remainder of modern-day
486:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
426:18 February] 1855) was
405:
241:, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire
6195:Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich
6172:Grand Duke John Konstantinovich
6161:Grand Duke Andrew Vladimirovich
6151:Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich
6141:Grand Duke George Alexandrovich
6095:Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich
6080:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich
6050:Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich
6045:Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich
6009:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich
5357:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.).
4986:
4889:
4866:
4799:
4781:
4707:
4669:
4630:
4615:
4525:
4495:
4472:
4439:
4426:
4393:
4384:
4363:
4320:
4286:
4281:The Shadow of the Winter Palace
4273:
4268:The Shadow of the Winter Palace
4260:
4240:
4223:Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume 13
4213:
4191:
4178:
4165:
4132:
4101:
4088:
4050:
4041:
4028:
4015:
4002:
3989:
3976:
3963:
3958:Review of International Studies
3950:
3945:Review of International Studies
3929:Review of International Studies
3921:
3912:
3891:
3878:
3865:
3852:
3839:
3810:
3797:
3784:
3757:
3720:
3714:History of Jews in Modern Times
3705:
3699:History of Jews in Modern Times
3690:
3684:History of Jews in Modern Times
3657:
3644:
3631:
3618:
3602:
3589:
3576:
3563:
3532:
3519:
3506:
3493:
3478:
3465:
3452:
3439:
3426:
3417:
3408:
3387:The Shadow of the Winter Palace
2459:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich
2152:Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order
1994:Grand Cross of the White Falcon
1690:Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway
1224:Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov
867:, later to become known as the
767:Saint Petersburg–Moscow railway
734:Abolition of serfdom in Livonia
450:. He is mainly remembered as a
288:Alexander II, Emperor of Russia
264:
6546:Russification in modern Russia
6231:Grand Duke George Mikhailovich
6189:Tsesarevich Alexei Nikolaevich
6156:Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich
6115:Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich
6110:Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich
6100:Grand Duke George Mikhailovich
6014:Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich
5225:(Palgrave Macmillan US, 1999).
4511:. Princeton University Press.
3654:. (1955) pp. 268, 283, 306–07.
3379:
3366:
3353:
3297:
3248:
3235:
3222:
3201:
3157:
2544:(17 April 1831 – 20 June 1863)
2479:Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich
2433:; had issue (died in infancy)
2379:Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna
2264:Grand Cross of the Golden Lion
2193:Grand Cross of Albert the Bear
1773:Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky
824:Ministry of National Education
761:and the suburban residence of
675:
625:Frederick William I of Prussia
621:Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
587:Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg
386:Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg
149:1 December 1825 – 2 March 1855
13:
1:
6621:19th-century Russian monarchs
6561:Ukrainian orthography of 1933
6055:Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich
5293:V. 22, Issue 1, (May): 45–67.
5099:
4483:The Russian Empire: 1801–1917
3571:The Russian Empire: 1801–1917
3449:(4th edition 1984) pp. 323–24
2516:Joséphine or Youzia Koberwein
2399:Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna
1582:Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)
1384:1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
956:one bestowed with the title.
613:Princess Charlotte of Prussia
591:Emperor Alexander I of Russia
558:
520:in 1831 and decisively aided
510:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
506:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
42:Eastern Slavic naming customs
6711:Children of Paul I of Russia
6626:19th-century Polish monarchs
6458:Anti-Russification activists
6213:Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich
6085:Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich
5983:Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich
5284:International History Review
5242:(1971) 21 #2 pp. 79–88.
4788:"A Szent István Rend tagjai"
2411:Charles, King of Württemberg
1806:Grand Cross of the Red Eagle
549:Early life and road to power
7:
6716:People of the Caucasian War
6387:Organizers of Russification
6349:Great Russification program
6166:Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich
5171:Journal of Eurasian Studies
4998:. Berenberg. 1853. p.
4479:Seton-Watson, Hugh (1967).
4408:. London: Penguin. p.
3501:Russia under the Old Regime
3211:. Harper & Ross, 1971.
3180:
3145:Tsars of Russia family tree
3116:
2548:
1849:Knight of the Golden Fleece
1424:Russo-Persian War (1826–28)
1398:Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont
1256:Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont
1154:Military and foreign policy
976:, enthusiastically favored
839:, to the traditions of the
712:. The government exercised
631:Alexander died suddenly of
347:Никола́й Па́влович Рома́нов
10:
6747:
5915:Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich
5582:Sviatoslav III of Vladimir
5272:Pintner, Walter McKenzie.
5194:American Historical Review
5149:
4714:Teulet, Alexandre (1863).
4446:Jelavich, Barbara (1974).
4400:Crankshaw, Edward (1978).
4330:The Crimean War: A History
4065:Cambridge University Press
3730:American Historical Review
3712:Gartner, Lloyd P. (1978).
3697:Gartner, Lloyd P. (1978).
3682:Gartner, Lloyd P. (1979).
3664:Gartner, Lloyd P. (1978).
3512:Geroid Tanquary Robinson,
2983:
2867:
2741:
2635:
1973:Grand Cross of St. Stephen
1931:Knight of the Annunciation
1696:
959:
731:
438:. He was the third son of
339:Nicholas Pavlovich Romanov
40:In this name that follows
39:
29:
6686:Heads of state of Finland
6574:
6518:
6457:
6404:Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky
6386:
6316:
6240:
6222:
6204:
6181:
6123:
6022:
5991:
5960:
5944:
5923:
5907:
5897:
5774:
5690:
5530:Grand princes of Vladimir
5528:
5478:
5468:
5458:
5445:
5433:
5424:
5416:
5411:
5376:
5307:Riasanovsky, Nicholas V.
5138:Federal Research Division
5023:. Waisenhaus. p. 11.
4641:(in Swedish). Stockholm.
4246:Aksan, Virginia. (2014).
4220:Yarshater, Ehsan (2004).
4084:– via Google Books.
3527:Russia: People and Empire
3271:10.1093/nq/s1-XI.286.309c
3168:
3053:
3045:
3017:
2995:
2991:
2955:
2933:
2925:
2897:
2875:
2871:
2833:
2811:
2803:
2775:
2753:
2749:
2713:
2691:
2683:
2655:
2639:
2491:Princess Cecilie of Baden
1890:Knight of the Holy Spirit
1797:Knight of the Black Eagle
1737:
1725:
1716:
1703:
1620:
1483:London Straits Convention
1471:Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi
1343:Ottoman Empire and Persia
1237:
964:The official emphasis on
401:
391:
381:
371:
359:
346:
335:
330:
326:
278:
246:
233:
212:
185:
181:
171:
161:
153:
145:
138:
128:
118:
108:
97:
90:
74:
69:
18:Tsar Nicholas I of Russia
6726:Sons of Russian emperors
5627:Dmitry the Terrible Eyes
5522:List of Russian monarchs
5092:Sebag Montefiore, p. 475
4972:Staat Oldenburg (1854).
4793:22 December 2010 at the
3612:(2012) 5 #2 pp. 219–238
3255:Ceyrep (21 April 1855).
3241:William C. Fuller, Jr.,
3150:
2329:
2319:Sash of the Three Orders
1615:Peter and Paul Cathedral
1588:
1442:, comprising modern-day
1203:Russian-American Company
826:, devised a program of "
366:Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp
239:Peter and Paul Cathedral
5577:Yaroslav II of Vladimir
5354:Encyclopædia Britannica
5343:Phillips, Walter Alison
5324:Stanislawski, Michael.
5133:Russia: A Country Study
4834:. Guttenberg. pp.
4769:(in Dutch). 11 May 1826
4767:Ministerie van Defensie
4747:. Eredi Botta. p.
4741:Luigi Cibrario (1869).
4327:Figes, Orlando (2011).
3263:Oxford University Press
2371:Princess Marie of Hesse
2173:Knight of the Rue Crown
2110:House Order of Fidelity
2051:Knight of St. Januarius
1684:According to a popular
1303:broke out, in 1831 the
1263:constitutional monarchy
1006:The Slavophiles viewed
841:Russian Orthodox Church
783:(center) surrounded by
467:Nicholas V. Riasanovsky
432:King of Congress Poland
6317:By annexed territories
5776:Emperors of all Russia
5185:37.89 (1959): 387–412
5017:Hessen-Kassel (1853).
4955:Anhalt-Köthen (1851).
4944:. Heinrich. p. 3.
4854:The Knights of England
4034:Riasanovsky, Nicholas
4021:Riasanovsky, Nicholas
4008:Riasanovsky, Nicholas
3995:Riasanovsky, Nicholas
3982:Riasanovsky, Nicholas
3969:Riasanovsky, Nicholas
3445:Nicholas Riasanovsky,
3359:Nicholas Riasanovsky,
3228:Nicholas Riasanovsky,
2794:Catherine II of Russia
2527:Olga Carlovna Albrecht
1911:Knight of the Elephant
1828:Knight of the Seraphim
1633:
1598:
1570:
1518:
1419:
1360:
1357:Ottoman rule in Greece
1318:Polish Catholic Church
1247:
1219:
1210:
1169:
1163:Monument to Nicholas I
1118:Under Nicholas I, the
1074:Alexander von Humboldt
1003:
893:Eastern Rite Catholics
815:
721:Alexander Benckendorff
672:
663:Emperor and principles
570:
465:Nicholas's biographer
6696:Grand dukes of Russia
6480:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
5891:Grand Dukes of Russia
5587:Andrey II of Vladimir
5557:Vsevolod the Big Nest
5452:Grand Duke of Finland
5378:Nicholas I of Russia
5214:Hosking, Geoffrey A.
5196:63.4 (1958): 880–889
4699:. Landesamt. p.
3918:Hosking (1997), p. 32
3557:10.1353/kri.2021.0013
2317:: Grand Cross of the
1741:Your Imperial Majesty
1628:
1596:
1578:Sevastopol Naval Base
1554:
1496:
1460:Treaty of Turkmenchay
1407:
1393:Muhammad Ali of Egypt
1350:
1333:revolution in Hungary
1325:series of revolutions
1275:Imperial Russian Army
1245:
1215:
1200:
1161:
990:
931:help of his minister
775:
765:. The second was the
694:Imperial Russian Army
670:
581:, the ninth child of
573:Nicholas was born at
556:
456:repression of dissent
436:Grand Duke of Finland
308:Grand Duke Konstantin
6606:Nicholas I of Russia
6541:Lithuanian press ban
6444:Alexander Lukashenko
5700:Ivan IV the Terrible
5567:Konstantin of Rostov
5547:Andrei I Bogolyubsky
5388:Cadet branch of the
5221:Kagan, Frederick W.
4852:Shaw, Wm. A. (1906)
4828:Württemberg (1854).
4722:(in French) (2): 122
4432:See Tolstoy's story
3265:. pp. 309–310.
2852:Nicholas I of Russia
2581:improve this section
2359:Emperor Alexander II
2336:Alexandra Feodorovna
2237:Knight of St. George
2148:Grand Duchy of Hesse
2086:Knight of the Garter
1990:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
1870:Knight of St. Hubert
1764:Knight of St. Andrew
1732:His Imperial Majesty
1710:Nicholas I of Russia
1335:, and he also urged
1172:Nicolas' aggressive
1068:Minister of Finance
1001:State Russian Museum
781:Alexandra Feodorovna
706:Imperial Chancellery
526:Hungarian Revolution
253:Charlotte of Prussia
5692:Tsars of all Russia
5667:Vasily II the Blind
5607:Dmitry of Pereslavl
5572:Yuri II of Vladimir
5562:Yuri II of Vladimir
5552:Mikhail of Vladimir
5348:"Nicholas I."
5286:24.1 (2002): 37–63.
5262:Presni͡akov, A. E.
5245:Lincoln, W. Bruce.
5107:Library of Congress
4978:. Schulze. p.
4961:. Katz. p. 10.
4815:7 June 2020 at the
4250:p. 463. Routledge.
4197:Timothy C. Dowling
3803:William C. Fuller,
3628:18 #1 (1991): 5–63.
3586:(2000), pp. 423–431
3569:Hugh Seton-Watson,
3447:A History of Russia
3261:. Vol. s1-XI.
3181:Nikolay I Pavlovich
2674:Peter III of Russia
2315:Kingdom of Portugal
2260:Electorate of Hesse
2118:Grand Cross of the
2108:Grand Cross of the
1638:Aleksandr Nikitenko
1531:Kingdom of Sardinia
1415:in 1827 during the
1310:Polish constitution
966:Russian nationalism
719:Nicholas appointed
602:Catherine the Great
313:Grand Duke Nicholas
34:Imperator Nikolai I
6691:Emperors of Russia
6344:February Manifesto
6334:Bessarabia/Moldova
5672:Ivan III the Great
5612:Andrey of Gorodets
5602:Vasily of Kostroma
5391:House of Oldenburg
4356:W. Bruce Lincoln,
4292:Edvard Radzinsky,
4279:Edward Crankshaw,
4266:Edward Crankshaw,
3886:The Russian Review
3873:The Russian Review
3860:The Russian Review
3847:The Russian Review
3834:The Russian Review
3818:The Russian Review
3790:Barbara Jelavich,
3595:Rebecca Friedman,
3525:Geoffrey Hosking,
3471:W. Bruce Lincoln,
3458:W. Bruce Lincoln,
3414:Montefiore, p. 493
3401:W. Bruce Lincoln,
3385:Edward Crankshaw,
3372:W. Bruce Lincoln,
3311:on 15 October 2020
3207:Cowles, Virginia.
3169:Николай I Павлович
2443:21 September 1827
2403:11 September 1822
2231:Kingdom of Hanover
1866:Kingdom of Bavaria
1791:Kingdom of Prussia
1667:Marquis de Custine
1634:
1599:
1519:
1499:Naser al-Din Mirza
1420:
1361:
1353:Battle of Navarino
1248:
1211:
1170:
1167:St. Isaac's Square
1004:
926:Nicholas disliked
913:Marquis de Custine
885:Byzantine Catholic
816:
673:
571:
569:, Saint Petersburg
418:(6 July [
318:Grand Duke Michael
101:1 December 1825 –
83:Georg von Bothmann
6588:
6587:
6465:Kastus Kalinouski
6434:Nikita Khrushchev
6275:
6274:
5901:Peter I of Russia
5857:
5856:
5657:Dmitry of the Don
5632:Alexander of Tver
5542:Yuri I Dolgorukiy
5489:
5488:
5474:November Uprising
5459:Succeeded by
5448:Emperor of Russia
5439:November Uprising
5321:(Springer, 1991).
5232:(1948): 125–138.
5070:(in Portuguese).
4518:978-0-691-05187-1
4503:Kennan, George F.
4233:978-0-93327-395-5
3908:978-0-307-71921-8
3807:(1998) pp. 252–59
3650:Helmut de Terra,
3339:External link in
3217:978-0-06-010908-0
3178:
3140:The Third Section
3134:La Russie en 1839
3123:History of Russia
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2497:
2496:
2486:18 December 1909
2386:21 February 1876
2294:Ernestine duchies
2169:Kingdom of Saxony
1886:Kingdom of France
1745:
1744:
1672:La Russie en 1839
1660:Hugh Seton-Watson
1539:Vostochnaya Vojna
1417:Russo-Persian War
1409:Capture of Erivan
1305:Polish parliament
1301:November Uprising
1084:Treatment of Jews
1070:Georg von Cancrin
1039:Aleksandr Pushkin
997:Bogdan Willewalde
752:November Uprising
698:Decembrist revolt
671:Imperial monogram
653:Decembrist Revolt
641:Joanna Grudzinska
565:, located in the
514:November Uprising
448:Decembrist revolt
428:Emperor of Russia
413:
412:
355:
354:
92:Emperor of Russia
16:(Redirected from
6738:
6580:
6579:
6424:Nikolay Bobrikov
6302:
6295:
6288:
6279:
6278:
6268:
6261:
6254:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5861:
5860:
5767:
5652:Dmitry of Suzdal
5647:Ivan II the Fair
5642:Simeon the Proud
5597:Yaroslav of Tver
5592:Alexander Nevsky
5515:
5508:
5501:
5492:
5491:
5417:Preceded by
5407:
5400:
5374:
5373:
5364:
5358:
5350:
5317:Roberts, Ian W.
5174:5.1 (2014): 1–9
5161:(1948): 115–145
5141:
5124:
5123:
5093:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5014:
5008:
5007:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4938:Sachsen (1854).
4935:
4929:
4928:
4922:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4893:
4887:
4870:
4864:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4825:
4819:
4803:
4797:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4660:
4652:
4634:
4628:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4597:
4586:
4585:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4553:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4486:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4453:
4443:
4437:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4407:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4382:
4367:
4361:
4354:
4345:
4344:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4316:. 21 March 2014.
4306:
4297:
4290:
4284:
4277:
4271:
4264:
4258:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4217:
4211:
4195:
4189:
4182:
4176:
4169:
4163:
4156:
4143:
4136:
4130:
4123:
4112:
4107:Ian W. Roberts,
4105:
4099:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4039:
4032:
4026:
4019:
4013:
4006:
4000:
3993:
3987:
3980:
3974:
3967:
3961:
3954:
3948:
3941:
3932:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3910:
3899:Why Nations Fail
3895:
3889:
3882:
3876:
3869:
3863:
3856:
3850:
3843:
3837:
3830:
3821:
3814:
3808:
3801:
3795:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3679:
3670:
3669:
3661:
3655:
3648:
3642:
3635:
3629:
3622:
3616:
3606:
3600:
3593:
3587:
3580:
3574:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3536:
3530:
3523:
3517:
3510:
3504:
3497:
3491:
3482:
3476:
3469:
3463:
3456:
3450:
3443:
3437:
3432:Henry Reichman,
3430:
3424:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3406:
3399:
3390:
3383:
3377:
3370:
3364:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3327:
3318:
3316:
3307:. Archived from
3301:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3274:
3252:
3246:
3239:
3233:
3226:
3220:
3205:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3161:
2732:Paul I of Russia
2629:
2628:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2561:
2553:
2535:Varvara Nelidova
2502:Varvara Nelidova
2483:25 October 1832
2446:25 January 1892
2406:30 October 1892
2341:
2340:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2258:
2257:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2189:Ascanian duchies
2187:
2186:
2185:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1832:4 September 1812
1822:
1821:
1820:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1721:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1649:Barbara Jelavich
1568:
1488:Admiral Nakhimov
1373:Eastern Question
1331:to suppress the
1323:In 1848, when a
1285:Louis Philippe I
1273:and ordered the
991:Nicholas I with
875:, was exiled to
865:Taras Shevchenko
849:Vasily Zhukovsky
845:Russian language
560:
484:and resumed the
409:
396:Russian Orthodox
376:Paul I of Russia
348:
328:
327:
272:
270:
266:
229:, Russian Empire
227:Saint Petersburg
219:
195:
193:
114:3 September 1826
104:
79:
67:
66:
21:
6746:
6745:
6741:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6570:
6566:Valuev Circular
6514:
6505:Atner Khuzangai
6453:
6439:Leonid Brezhnev
6382:
6312:
6306:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6259:
6244:
6236:
6223:10th generation
6218:
6200:
6177:
6119:
6018:
5987:
5956:
5940:
5919:
5903:
5893:
5888:
5858:
5853:
5770:
5765:
5686:
5617:Mikhail of Tver
5524:
5519:
5484:
5476:
5464:
5455:
5450:
5441:
5430:
5422:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5386:
5379:
5362:
5338:
5255:Monas, Sidney.
5207:Vol. 9. (1893)
5154:
5148:
5146:Further reading
5130:
5121:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5087:
5077:
5075:
5060:
5056:
5047:
5045:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5015:
5011:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4970:
4966:
4953:
4949:
4936:
4932:
4916:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4871:
4867:
4851:
4847:
4826:
4822:
4817:Wayback Machine
4804:
4800:
4795:Wayback Machine
4786:
4782:
4772:
4770:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4739:
4735:
4725:
4723:
4712:
4708:
4693:Bayern (1852).
4691:
4687:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4635:
4631:
4620:
4616:
4598:
4589:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4551:10.2307/2496130
4530:
4526:
4519:
4500:
4496:
4477:
4473:
4466:
4444:
4440:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4398:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4368:
4364:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4325:
4321:
4308:
4307:
4300:
4291:
4287:
4278:
4274:
4265:
4261:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4218:
4214:
4196:
4192:
4183:
4179:
4170:
4166:
4157:
4146:
4137:
4133:
4124:
4115:
4106:
4102:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4067:. p. 180.
4055:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4033:
4029:
4020:
4016:
4007:
4003:
3994:
3990:
3981:
3977:
3968:
3964:
3955:
3951:
3942:
3935:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3896:
3892:
3883:
3879:
3870:
3866:
3857:
3853:
3844:
3840:
3831:
3824:
3815:
3811:
3802:
3798:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3762:
3758:
3743:10.2307/1848945
3737:(4): 880–889 .
3725:
3721:
3710:
3706:
3695:
3691:
3680:
3673:
3662:
3658:
3649:
3645:
3637:Orlando Figes,
3636:
3632:
3626:Russian History
3623:
3619:
3607:
3603:
3594:
3590:
3581:
3577:
3568:
3564:
3537:
3533:
3524:
3520:
3511:
3507:
3499:Richard Pipes,
3498:
3494:
3487:Household Words
3483:
3479:
3470:
3466:
3457:
3453:
3444:
3440:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3400:
3393:
3384:
3380:
3371:
3367:
3358:
3354:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3329:
3328:
3321:orderstjohn.org
3314:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3286:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3253:
3249:
3240:
3236:
3227:
3223:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3185:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3128:Imperial Russia
3119:
3114:
2613:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2578:
2562:
2551:
2542:Alexis Pashkine
2426:10 August 1844
2413:; had no issue
2383:18 August 1819
2332:
2327:
2308:
2306:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2252:
2224:
2222:
2218:17 January 1839
2203:
2201:
2183:
2181:
2162:
2160:
2141:
2139:
2096:
2094:
2074:
2072:
2038:
2036:
2004:
2002:
1998:3 November 1826
1983:
1981:
1969:Austrian Empire
1962:
1960:
1941:
1939:
1921:
1919:
1915:24 January 1826
1900:
1898:
1880:
1878:
1859:
1857:
1838:
1836:
1818:
1816:
1810:31 January 1809
1801:31 January 1809
1785:
1783:
1751:
1749:
1727:Reference style
1709:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1656:Kiev University
1623:
1591:
1569:
1566:
1546:Mikhail Pogodin
1511:Armenian Oblast
1389:Karl Nesselrode
1345:
1267:Congress Poland
1240:
1156:
1130:. Study of the
1086:
1059:classical music
962:
949:
917:Charles Dickens
889:Joseph Semashko
736:
730:
678:
665:
583:Grand Duke Paul
575:Gatchina Palace
551:
538:micromanagement
508:. He ended the
351:
322:
274:
262:
258:
255:
242:
221:
217:
199:Gatchina Palace
197:
191:
189:
102:
86:
63:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6744:
6734:
6733:
6731:Sons of counts
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6586:
6585:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6522:
6520:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6500:Zianon Pazniak
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6461:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6449:Vladimir Putin
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6390:
6388:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6320:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6305:
6304:
6297:
6290:
6282:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6256:
6255:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6226:
6224:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6208:
6206:
6205:9th generation
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6191:
6185:
6183:
6182:8th generation
6179:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6127:
6125:
6124:7th generation
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6026:
6024:
6023:6th generation
6020:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5995:
5993:
5992:5th generation
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5962:
5961:4th generation
5958:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5948:
5946:
5945:3rd generation
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5927:
5925:
5924:2nd generation
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5911:
5909:
5908:1st generation
5905:
5904:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5887:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5864:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5780:
5778:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5734:
5729:
5726:False Dmitry I
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5696:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5622:Yuri of Moscow
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5538:
5536:
5526:
5525:
5518:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5495:
5487:
5486:
5481:King of Poland
5477:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5457:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:King of Poland
5423:
5418:
5414:
5413:
5412:Regnal titles
5409:
5408:
5387:
5380:
5377:
5372:
5371:
5359:
5337:
5336:External links
5334:
5333:
5332:
5322:
5315:
5305:
5300:(1960): 38–46
5298:Russian Review
5294:
5287:
5280:
5270:
5260:
5253:
5243:
5236:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5201:
5190:
5179:
5166:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5118:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5085:
5054:
5026:
5009:
4985:
4964:
4947:
4930:
4888:
4865:
4845:
4820:
4798:
4780:
4754:
4733:
4706:
4685:
4668:
4647:
4629:
4614:
4587:
4565:
4544:(4): 640–650.
4524:
4517:
4494:
4471:
4464:
4438:
4434:Николай Палкин
4425:
4418:
4392:
4383:
4362:
4346:
4339:
4319:
4298:
4285:
4272:
4259:
4256:978-1317884033
4239:
4232:
4212:
4190:
4177:
4164:
4144:
4131:
4113:
4100:
4087:
4073:
4049:
4040:
4027:
4014:
4001:
3988:
3975:
3962:
3949:
3933:
3920:
3911:
3890:
3877:
3864:
3851:
3838:
3822:
3809:
3796:
3783:
3776:
3756:
3719:
3704:
3689:
3671:
3656:
3643:
3630:
3617:
3601:
3588:
3575:
3562:
3551:(2): 229–254.
3531:
3518:
3505:
3492:
3477:
3464:
3451:
3438:
3425:
3416:
3407:
3391:
3378:
3365:
3352:
3296:
3287:|journal=
3247:
3245:(1998) p. 243.
3234:
3221:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2565:
2563:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2519:
2495:
2494:
2489:married 1857,
2487:
2484:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2469:married 1856,
2467:
2466:25 April 1891
2464:
2463:8 August 1831
2461:
2455:
2454:
2449:married 1848,
2447:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2429:married 1844,
2427:
2424:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2409:married 1846,
2407:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2389:married 1839,
2387:
2384:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2369:married 1841,
2367:
2366:13 March 1881
2364:
2363:29 April 1818
2361:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2304:
2270:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2220:
2199:
2179:
2158:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2126:
2116:
2092:
2081:United Kingdom
2069:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2030:6 October 1826
2023:
2000:
1979:
1958:
1937:
1917:
1896:
1876:
1855:
1834:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1803:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1770:
1758:Russian Empire
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1698:
1695:
1665:The Frenchman
1622:
1619:
1607:St. Petersburg
1590:
1587:
1564:
1440:South Caucasus
1436:North Caucasus
1413:Ivan Paskevich
1365:Ottoman Empire
1344:
1341:
1290:Le roi citoyen
1239:
1236:
1174:foreign policy
1155:
1152:
1085:
1082:
1063:Mikhail Glinka
961:
958:
948:
947:King of Poland
945:
941:Table of Ranks
933:Pavel Kiselyov
909:Roman Pontiffs
763:Tsarskoye Selo
759:St. Petersburg
729:
728:Local policies
726:
677:
674:
664:
661:
567:Russian Museum
550:
547:
543:Russian Empire
490:Iğdır Province
411:
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403:
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220:(aged 58)
214:
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207:Russian Empire
187:
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140:King of Poland
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26:
9:
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6627:
6624:
6622:
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6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6601:Russification
6599:
6598:
6596:
6583:
6573:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
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6524:
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6517:
6511:
6510:Romas Kalanta
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6485:Oleksa Hirnyk
6483:
6481:
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6473:
6471:
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6463:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6450:
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6437:
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6432:
6430:
6429:Joseph Stalin
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6414:Alexander III
6412:
6410:
6409:Pyotr Valuyev
6407:
6405:
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6332:
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6325:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6310:
6309:Russification
6303:
6298:
6296:
6291:
6289:
6284:
6283:
6280:
6265:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6248:
6247:Alexander III
6243:
6242:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6228:
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6209:
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6038:
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6035:Alexander III
6033:
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6028:
6027:
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6021:
6015:
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6000:
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5865:
5862:
5850:
5847:
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5844:Alexander III
5842:
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5279:
5275:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5240:History Today
5237:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5206:
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5199:
5195:
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5156:
5155:
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5139:
5135:
5134:
5128:
5127:public domain
5119:
5116:
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5108:
5104:
5103:
5089:
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5069:
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4702:
4698:
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4689:
4681:
4680:
4672:
4664:
4658:
4650:
4648:91-630-6744-7
4644:
4640:
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4627:
4623:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4605:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4538:Slavic Review
4535:
4528:
4520:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4498:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4475:
4467:
4465:9780253350503
4461:
4457:
4452:
4451:
4442:
4435:
4429:
4421:
4419:9780140046229
4415:
4411:
4406:
4405:
4396:
4387:
4380:
4379:0-19-913418-9
4376:
4372:
4369:Peter Oxley,
4366:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4342:
4340:9781429997249
4336:
4332:
4331:
4323:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4295:
4289:
4283:, pp. 135–136
4282:
4276:
4269:
4263:
4257:
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4229:
4225:
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4141:
4135:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4110:
4104:
4097:
4096:History Today
4091:
4076:
4074:9780521280389
4070:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4053:
4044:
4037:
4031:
4024:
4018:
4011:
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3861:
3855:
3848:
3842:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3819:
3813:
3806:
3800:
3794:(1974) p. 119
3793:
3787:
3779:
3777:9781439105771
3773:
3769:
3768:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3744:
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3723:
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3647:
3640:
3634:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3598:
3592:
3585:
3579:
3573:(1967) p. 277
3572:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3528:
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3404:
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3333:
3326:
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3306:
3300:
3292:
3280:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3251:
3244:
3238:
3232:(1959). p. 3.
3231:
3225:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3200:
3191:
3182:
3176:
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3141:
3138:
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3037:
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3027:
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3015:
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3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2987:
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2969:
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2800:
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2697:
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2626:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2608:
2600:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2566:This section
2564:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2492:
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2462:
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2457:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2423:24 June 1825
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2392:
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2368:
2365:
2362:
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2324:
2320:
2316:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2159:
2157:
2156:11 April 1830
2153:
2149:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2093:
2091:
2090:16 March 1827
2087:
2082:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1938:
1936:
1935:15 April 1826
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1856:
1854:
1853:13 April 1817
1850:
1846:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1794:
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1782:
1778:
1774:
1771:
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1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1748:
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1740:
1736:
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1724:
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1715:
1712:
1702:
1694:
1691:
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1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:Winter Palace
1595:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1563:
1560:
1553:
1551:
1550:Orlando Figes
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:had conquered
1429:
1425:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1207:Sitka, Alaska
1204:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:Russification
1124:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1065:(1804–1857).
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:Ivan Turgenev
1044:
1043:Nikolai Gogol
1040:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1028:Sergei Uvarov
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
957:
955:
944:
942:
938:
934:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:priest named
886:
881:
878:
874:
870:
869:national poet
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:Sergey Uvarov
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
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774:
770:
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764:
760:
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749:
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741:
735:
725:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:Third Section
699:
695:
691:
690:army officers
686:
683:
669:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
606:Maltese cross
603:
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596:
592:
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584:
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546:
544:
539:
535:
531:
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523:
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491:
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417:
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374:
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301:
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285:
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281:
277:
254:
249:
245:
240:
236:
232:
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223:Winter Palace
215:
211:
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6490:Vasyl Makukh
6475:Eduard Polón
6470:Leo Mechelin
6399:Alexander II
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5999:Alexander II
5977:
5839:Alexander II
5833:
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5736:
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5462:Alexander II
5446:
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5406:2 March 1855
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5071:
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3460:The Romanovs
3459:
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3433:
3428:
3419:
3410:
3403:The Romanovs
3402:
3386:
3381:
3374:The Romanovs
3373:
3368:
3363:(1959) p. 19
3360:
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3319:– via
3315:11 September
3313:. Retrieved
3309:the original
3299:
3257:
3250:
3242:
3237:
3229:
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3209:The Romanovs
3208:
3203:
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3132:
2851:
2603:
2594:
2579:Please help
2567:
2532:
2521:
2511:(1791–1856)
2506:
2498:
2493:; had issue
2473:; had issue
2453:; had issue
2393:; had issue
2373:; had issue
2333:
2322:
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2217:
2197:12 June 1837
2196:
2176:
2155:
2132:
2123:
2113:
2089:
2054:
2045:Two Sicilies
2029:
2020:
1997:
1976:
1955:
1934:
1914:
1893:
1873:
1852:
1831:
1809:
1800:
1776:
1767:
1738:Spoken style
1708:
1683:
1677:
1670:
1664:
1654:
1646:
1635:
1631:Franz Krüger
1629:Portrait by
1600:
1571:
1559:false claims
1555:
1543:
1538:
1520:
1517:, dated 1854
1464:
1421:
1381:
1362:
1322:
1314:Vistula Land
1298:
1289:
1260:
1249:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1184:
1171:
1125:
1117:
1113:Christianity
1096:
1089:
1087:
1067:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1005:
993:Alexander II
970:westernizers
963:
954:not the only
950:
925:
882:
817:
785:Alexander II
756:
740:Bessarabia's
737:
718:
687:
679:
643:. On 25 (13
629:
610:
599:
572:
476:
464:
415:
414:
218:(1855-03-02)
216:2 March 1855
176:Alexander II
133:Alexander II
103:2 March 1855
81:Portrait by
64:
57:
49:
33:
6616:1855 deaths
6611:1796 births
6419:Nicholas II
6131:Nicholas II
5968:Alexander I
5849:Nicholas II
5829:Alexander I
5789:Catherine I
5766:(co-rulers)
5420:Alexander I
5399:6 July 1796
2323:31 May 1850
2011:Württemberg
1956:11 May 1826
1948:Netherlands
1777:6 July 1797
1768:6 July 1797
1688:, when the
1642:Lev Tolstoy
1535:Crimean War
1479:Dardanelles
1294:anti-French
1107:and become
1012:rationalism
974:Slavophiles
832:reactionary
754:in Poland.
676:Early reign
534:Crimean War
524:during the
504:during the
488:by seizing
482:Greek state
479:independent
452:reactionary
444:Alexander I
196:6 July 1796
166:Alexander I
162:Predecessor
157:24 May 1829
123:Alexander I
119:Predecessor
54:family name
6595:Categories
6394:Nicholas I
6324:Azerbaijan
5978:Nicholas I
5834:Nicholas I
5754:Feodor III
5677:Vasily III
5485:1831–1855
5456:1825–1855
5431:1825–1830
5150:See also:
5100:References
4860:, London,
4487:. p.
4209:1598849484
3342:|via=
2597:March 2016
2268:4 May 1844
1647:Historian
1456:Azerbaijan
1299:After the
1020:messianism
921:Cantonists
853:Slavophile
843:, and the
809:Konstantin
732:See also:
714:censorship
655:on 26 (14
502:Qajar Iran
498:Azerbaijan
416:Nicholas I
192:1796-07-06
154:Coronation
110:Coronation
70:Nicholas I
46:patronymic
6556:Trasianka
6361:Lithuania
5936:Peter III
5814:Peter III
5809:Elizabeth
5738:Vladislav
5732:Vasili IV
5720:Feodor II
4657:cite book
4360:, p. 425.
4270:, p. 133.
3475:, p. 490.
3462:, p. 428.
3405:, p. 409.
3289:ignored (
3279:cite book
3175:romanized
2568:does not
2537:(d.1897)
2210:Oldenburg
1705:Styles of
1611:pneumonia
1562:malice...
1475:Bosphorus
1430:. Russia
1329:Habsburgs
1232:gymnasium
1209:) in 1837
1109:Russified
1100:Cantonist
1091:inorodtsy
905:Lithuania
861:Lermontov
822:, of the
818:In 1833,
813:Alexandra
789:Tsarevich
710:Gendarmes
657:Old Style
649:Old Style
645:Old Style
532:into the
472:autocracy
402:Signature
172:Successor
129:Successor
50:Pavlovich
6582:Category
6536:Ems Ukaz
5931:Peter II
5794:Peter II
5705:Feodor I
5662:Vasily I
5345:(1911).
5234:in JSTOR
5078:19 March
5048:12 March
4919:citation
4910:12 March
4813:Archived
4791:Archived
4726:24 March
4505:(1971).
4296:, p. 94.
3529:, p. 155
3503:, p. 179
3332:cite web
3117:See also
2549:Ancestry
1927:Sardinia
1565:—
1544:In 1853
1501:(later,
1448:Dagestan
1428:Caucasus
1179:agnostic
1144:Zhitomir
982:the West
801:Nicholas
682:autocrat
579:Gatchina
458:both in
392:Religion
203:Gatchina
6551:Surzhyk
6371:Ukraine
6339:Finland
6329:Belarus
5804:Ivan VI
5784:Peter I
5759:Peter I
5744:Michael
5682:Ivan IV
5368:YouTube
5328:(1983)
5311:(1967)
5276:(1967)
5266:(1974)
5249:(1989)
4560:2496130
4111:(1991).
3751:1848945
3641:(2002).
3516:, p. 37
3164:Russian
2589:removed
2574:sources
1907:Denmark
1697:Honours
1523:Britain
1509:in the
1467:1828–29
1452:Armenia
1444:Georgia
1377:Balkans
1337:Prussia
1280:cholera
1188:Britain
1136:Yiddish
1105:Judaism
1078:diamond
960:Culture
928:serfdom
901:Belarus
897:Ukraine
877:Siberia
873:Ukraine
857:Pushkin
805:Michael
778:Tsarina
748:Finland
704:of the
522:Austria
494:Armenia
343:Russian
273:
261:
257:
59:Romanov
6376:Crimea
6366:Poland
6356:Latvia
5952:Paul I
5824:Paul I
5763:Ivan V
5749:Alexis
5637:Ivan I
5534:Moscow
5470:Vacant
5435:Vacant
5402:
5330:online
5313:online
5302:online
5278:online
5268:online
5251:online
5209:online
5198:online
5187:online
5176:online
5163:online
5129:.
5113:says,
4877:pp. 30
4773:7 June
4645:
4558:
4515:
4462:
4416:
4377:
4337:
4254:
4230:
4207:
4080:7 July
4071:
3906:
3774:
3749:
3614:online
3599:(2005)
3215:
3166::
2353:Notes
2350:Death
2347:Birth
2312:
2228:
2207:
2166:
2145:
2100:
2078:
2042:
2008:
1987:
1966:
1945:
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1863:
1842:
1824:Sweden
1755:
1686:legend
1621:Legacy
1574:Crimea
1529:, the
1527:France
1515:Tehran
1507:Erivan
1454:, and
1369:Persia
1238:Europe
1192:France
1140:Hebrew
1132:Talmud
1057:, and
1055:France
1051:Ballet
1008:Slavic
978:Slavic
911:, the
903:, and
811:, and
637:Warsaw
633:typhus
530:Russia
518:Poland
460:Russia
440:Paul I
434:, and
382:Mother
372:Father
267:
247:Spouse
234:Burial
85:, 1855
44:, the
6519:Other
6251:ukase
5715:Boris
5710:Irina
5404:Died:
5397:Born:
4862:p. 53
4626:p. 16
4611:-161.
4556:JSTOR
4314:Slate
3747:JSTOR
3219:p.164
3151:Notes
2533:With
2507:With
2344:Name
2330:Issue
2103:Baden
1845:Spain
1589:Death
1230:or a
1228:lycée
1148:Vilna
937:serfs
793:Maria
744:Qahal
500:from
361:House
331:Names
280:Issue
271:)
263:(
259:
146:Reign
98:Reign
5799:Anna
5761:and
5532:and
5080:2020
5050:2020
4925:link
4912:2020
4810:p. 6
4775:2020
4728:2020
4663:link
4643:ISBN
4513:ISBN
4460:ISBN
4414:ISBN
4375:ISBN
4335:ISBN
4252:ISBN
4228:ISBN
4205:ISBN
4082:2018
4069:ISBN
3904:ISBN
3772:ISBN
3347:help
3317:2020
3291:help
3213:ISBN
3186:IPA:
3066:15.
3008:14.
2946:13.
2888:12.
2824:11.
2766:10.
2572:any
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2241:1840
2177:1836
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2124:1827
2114:1827
2055:1826
2021:1826
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1874:1823
1503:Shah
1477:and
1438:and
1367:and
1351:The
1201:The
1190:and
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859:and
837:tsar
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619:and
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213:Died
186:Born
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