Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)

2393:. Imouraren, scheduled to open in 2012, will replace Areva's current Arlit Uranium mine, and as planned will be the largest Uranium mine in the world. Tandja drove through the streets of Agadez, met with local leaders, and for the first time, met with representatives of the rebel groups. The President broadcast as statement saying "We have asked them to put down their weapons and come build the country with us. We forgive them because we want peace in Niger", promising for the first time amnesty for rebels who disarmed. Prior to the meeting, the MNJ released the last FAN prisoner it had held, an Army captain taken in July 2007, whom rebels had previously accused of killing civilians. Rebels and government continued negotiations, now reportedly on the practical process of turning in weapons. While all sides released positive statements, an FFR spokesman warned "The process of turning in weapons will be a rather long one." The MNJ briefly announced it would not agree to any disarmament until several of its political demands had been met, but later backed away from this statement. Four party talks between the Nigerien minister of the Interior and the leadership of the 914: 2934:(1) The marginalization of Tuareg people must end; the government of Niger must support the diversity of its citizens; decentralization must be accelerated; Tuaregs must be recruited into the military and incorporated into governance so as to achieve ethnic balance; (2) the state's scarce resources must be more evenly allocated so as to permit Tuaregs to establish effective socio-economic infrastructures in Tuareg regions; in particular, revenues from the uranium mining activities in Tuareg regions must be used primarily for economic growth in both Tuareg regions and the rest of Niger; and (3) security in the North should be focused on protection from outside threats; the armed forces in Tuareg regions in the North should be recruited from the Tuareg population, so that it will be viewed by the Tuaregs as an extension of society, and not an army consisting mainly of members of other ethnic clans who serve their own purposes, and who do not identify with the Tuareg people. 1411:, was not reported to have been vocal on the conflict, but his radio station had been banned by the government in 1998, and rebroadcasts western news reports in Niger, where western reporters have been highly restricted by the government and Radio France was accused by the government (July 2007) of siding with the rebels. The neighborhood is also reported to house many Army officers (which might conceivably have made it a target for the rebels), and another mine was found some 200m from the blast site. The government blamed the MNJ. The government's press chief Ben Omar Mohammed called on the population to set up "vigilance brigades" to fight against "these new types of assassins". The MNJ denied the attack, and said it blamed "Niger army militias". 2434:. The governments of Niger and Mali, as well as Tuareg rebel groups, had come under unusual international pressure over the taking of these seven hostages under mysterious circumstances, even prior to the acknowledged involvement of the AQIM. The original two abduction incidents (two Canadian diplomats, their driver, and four European tourists seized weeks later) were blamed by Niger on rebels, and by the MNJ on the Niger government. Western news sources quoted a variety of observers who believed the hostages were taken by Tuareg smugglers, perhaps associated with rebel groups, who then sold them to the AQIM. Two of the four European tourists were later released. One of the two remaining, British tourist 2178:, returned to ceasefire and cantonment near Kidal. According to the Malian military, Fagaga came into cantonment with 400 ADC fighters. On 26 January, Fagaga and the remained of the cease-fire ADC announced that they would transfer their headquarters and bases south of Kidal. With all other ADC forces remaining on ceasefire, it was unclear how many fighters chose to remain with Ag Bahanga and his ATNMC faction, especially as the faction itself claimed in late 2007 to have no more than 165 men under arms. On 6 February, the Malian Armed Forces claimed they had taken the last of the ATNMC positions, while Ag Bahanga and an unknown number of fighters had crossed the border into Algeria. 2318:" for sending "a strong signal in the direction af a return to peace" On 15 April, the Nigerien government released a positive statement, saying that negotiations gave the government a chance to assure the rebels of their desire for peace. Meetings were headed by the Libyan mediators, Albadé Abouba for Niger, Aghali Alambo for the MNJ, Mohamed Aoutchiki Kriska (FFR), and Aklou Sidi Sidi, president of the FPN. The FPN leadership continued to release positive statements, but they, like the Nigerien government, accused the remaining MNJ leadership of dragging their feet over the remaining FAN prisoner, an army officer captured in 2007 and accused by the rebels of war crimes. 528:, as well as to the south of Niger and Mali in the 1990s returned only in the late 1990s. Former fighters were to be integrated into national militaries, but the process has been slow and caused increased resentment. Malian Tuaregs had conducted some raids in 2005–2006, which ended in a renewed peace agreement. Fighting in both nations was carried on largely in parallel, but not in concert. While fighting was mostly confined to guerrilla attacks and army counterattacks, large portions of the desert north of each nation were no-go zones for the military and civilians fled to regional capitals like 2226:

Beginning in February 2009, there was intensive involvement with the Nigerien government and the rebel groups by the UN, Canada, and later by Algeria and Mali, and finally Libya. Canadian and other sources floated rumors of Tuareg rebel and even Nigerien government involvement in the kidnappings, which all sides united to deny. Malian and Algerian government mediators, as well as informal groups representing Tuareg interests and the Nigerien government met at a Malian organised conference in Niamey on 25 and 26 February. Press in Bamako and Niamey began to talk of the "Malian Approach" to peace.

2071:: "Enough is enough. We cannot continue to suffer, we cannot keep counting our dead... We cannot keep searching for peace... They are firing on anything that moves. They are firing on soldiers, they're firing on civilians, what does all this mean?" He claimed that while Nampala had no strategic importance, it was "close to the different routes and paths that take drugs across the Sahara-Sahel strip". This was a reiteration of the government contention that elements of the rebels were motivated not by political motives, but by their supposed involvement in the lucrative Saharan smuggling trade. 3737:"The Malian Red Cross estimates that 21,000 people were affected by floods in Mali this year, stretching from small communities around Gao in the desert areas in the north, to the far west region of Kayes, one of the poorest and most isolated regions of Mali. While the overall number is relatively small compared to the 1.5 million people aid agencies say were affected by floods across the continent, Mali lies on a West African fault-line of natural disasters that makes it more likely than not that almost every community will be hit by one if not more natural disasters or epidemics every year." 1186:, Mali, where the town remained surrounded by rebel forces for at least four days. A C-130 aircraft was air-dropping supplies to Malian troops when it was hit, but returned safely to base. United States officials did not say if they would continue to re-supply the Malian Army, but one official said the "occurrence was not regular". The same reports also alleged that several unnamed army posts in the far northeast were similarly surrounded. The international press reported that Tin-Zaouatene was being reinforced by the Malian army on 18 September, and that the rebels had withdrawn. 2151:—reputedly Ibrahim Ag Bahanga's lieutenant—called on the government to accept Algerian mediation and an immediate cease fire. The group had previously rejected an Algerian peace deal accepted by the remainder of the ADC, and on 25 January, Ag Bahanga had told an Algerian paper that their only alternative was armed conflict. The Malian Armed Forces stated on that same day that they would not engage in talks with Ag Bahanga's fighters, describing them as "bandits". Malian forces set up a forward base in the Kidal Region and say they have killed 31 ATNM fighters since 22 January. 1006:. The government expected a greater share of the proceeds of these new mines than it has received from the Arlit operations dominated by the former colonial power. More than a dozen prospecting contracts have been offered to companies from Canada and Europe as well, and there are also worries amongst the French that the Arlit mines, nearing the end of their useful life, must soon be replaced by new concessions. Areva has begun work on a new mine outside Arlit, but even prior to this conflict, it was not expected to be operational for a number of years. 1214:

2007–2008, beginning at the end of 2007 and ending in May 2008. Major conflict in Mali spiked in August and September 2007 as the rains ended and pastoralists moved their herds. Following the siege of Kidal, fighting remained sporadic in Mali after the beginning of 2008, but continued heavily in Niger. As the dry season began, unusual rains struck Mali and Niger with particular ferocity. As a result, the governments of the two nations began to take markedly different strategies for confronting the Tuareg rebellion.

2276: 2106:) in which it said it killed 20 fighters and took 8 prisoners, one of whom later died. El Khabar of Algeria reported that the initial assaults by the Malian Army in January were led by former ADC fighters and commanded by a former associate of Ag Bahanga's Colonel Mohamed Oueld Midou. Other Malian press reports claimed that the Malian forces were led by Arab militias recruited by the government. One editorial in Le Republican (Bamako) argued that this, along with the growing resurgence of former 1848:, well away from any previous rebel attacks. The MNJ denied involvement, but a statement attributed to Ag Boula took responsibility for the kidnapping in the name of the FFR. Mohamed Awtchiki Kriska, on the other hand, denied that the FFR was responsible. Previous kidnappings acknowledged by the MNJ in the conflict—those of a Chinese mining executive in 2007, a Nigerien parliamentarian and Red Cross head, a Nigerien Prefect, and four Areva officials, all in 2008—were all quickly resolved. 1713:. The MNJ claimed that Bocar Mohamed Sougouma, (alias Warabé) had joined the rebellion with a group of former Toubou rebels in January 2008, but that the MNJ had suspected him of being a government agent, and banished him in June 2008 from their bases on the Tamgak Plateau near Iferaouane. The MNJ denied from the beginning of 2008 the use of landmines, while the government charged the rebels with widespread attacks on civilians by indiscriminate use of landmines as far south as 1771:

nuclear power station for Niger. While Areva officials earlier in the year admitted that the security situation made it impossible to prospect at night, and that the fighting had frightened off prospecting for new sites, the operations of the mines were, by December, unaffected by the Tuareg rebellion. Despite the awarding of nearly 100 prospecting contracts to firms other than Areva in 2007, the high-profile Chinese and Canadian projects were not yet formalised as of 2009.

1826:(CRA) rebel front, was announced as the president of the new group, and Ag Boula was named as "Commissioner of War". Kriska had only joined the MNJ in November 2007. One writer on Tuareg affairs speculated that the group, because of the familial ties of its leaders, might have close relationships with Libyan Tuaregs. One journalist speculated that Ag Boula's faction might be in Libya of along the Malian border, postulating a close relationship with 2413:) had begun, with the first of 1200 expected FLN fighters arriving at a cantonment center 45 km outside Agadez. Their announced plan was to gather fighters there, and begin turning in arms within two weeks. In a 4 June 2009 interview, the President of the FPN said that their group had 2403 men under arms. FFR had not announced the number of their forces, and it is unknown what the MNJ force strength was after the FPN splintered from them. 1791:-based French mining company Areva. The MNJ did not publish or respond to Ag Boula's statement, and he had not previously spoken for the group. No attack on the Areva installations was immediately forthcoming, and observers noted that while attacks took place in early 2007 and in June 2008, the MNJ had largely refrained from attacking both of the mining operations, as well as the economically critical transport of Uranium ore over the highways. 877:. Unlike the Niger ex-combatants, who appeared successfully integrated into national the Nigerien Armed Forces, small numbers of Malian Tuaregs remained restive, complaining of the Kidal region's poverty. Some were involved in cross border smuggling, and crime was endemic in the region. A splinter faction of the Tuareg ex-combatants rose as the ADC in 2006. After agreeing to a ceasefire, these forces apparently splintered further in 2007. 577:

2008, with the help of Libya, a formal ceasefire was declared, though it was quickly followed by new, retributive attacks from both sides. Resumed diplomatic and military pressure, with the intervention of Algerian diplomacy, brought what appeared to be a final reintegration of the Malian rebel factions in July 2008, along much the same lines of the 2006 peace plan. After both Libyan and Algerian sponsored peace talks, Malian rebel leader

1256: 241: 205: 145: 250: 157: 1972: 1806:) brought into the Nigerien government after the end of the 1990s rebellion. In the 1990s, he had coordinated a dozen rebel factions in the FLAA (Front de Libération de l'Azawak et de l'Aïr) and then signed the peace deal with the Niamey authorities on their behalf. Afterwards, he headed his own political party, the UDPS (Union pour la démocratie et le progrès social) Ag Boula was appointed in December 1997 as 1389:, areas previously far from the fighting. The MNJ denied targeting civilians, and made counter claims that government militia had continued indiscriminate attacks on Tuareg communities in the north. Western press sources claimed that the rebels were responsible for laying mines that hit Army vehicles, as well as a spike in mines laid in populated areas. On 9 January 2008, the first violence was reported in 5566: 1120:, near the meeting of the Mali, Algerian, and Niger borders. On 22 May 2006, a number of former Tuareg rebel, including Hassan ag Fagaga and Ibrahim ag Bahanga intensified their campaign with the simultaneous seizing of arms and material from the military bases in Menaka and Kidal, after which the assailants took to the former rebel bases from the 1990s in the Tigharghar mountains of the Kidal region. 697: 987:, a retired colonel in the French Army and former military attaché to the French embassy in Niger, came into the spotlight. Pin admitted that the April attacks had caused them to cease operations for a month, and his security chief said that landmines prevented ore shipments. The MNJ, on the other hand, claimed that the government had been laying Chinese-made landmines throughout the region. 5562: 1064:, giving the security forces extra powers to fight the insurgency. This marks only the third such declaration in the history of the Republic. It was unclear by late September whether the violence had lessened in northern Niger as a result of negotiations with the MNJ, or whether new violence was simply being effectively suppressed. Organisations such as the 1296:, Malian Minister of the Interior, for the Malian government. 92 prisoners held by the rebels would be released, amnesties were promised for rebels, and re-integration into the military along the lines of the 2006 deal was promised for Tuareg fighters. This agreement held throughout 2008, and by the end of the year the Malian conflict seemed resolved. 1451:) was reported by both sides as resulting in civilian casualties. The government reported that army forces fired on civilian vehicles who wandered into fighting with MNJ units who had been ambushed laying mines. The MNJ countered that government militias attacked a civilian convoy, killing a number of civilians, including two Libyan foreign workers. 2446:, to a military cooperative agreement to secure the Saharan borders where Tuareg rebels, AQIM militants, as well as smugglers and criminal gangs, operated. Discussions with the governments of Niger and Mauritania were proposed. Under the agreement, states would receive arms from Algeria and engage in joint operations against AQIM and other threats. 1689:. The current peace deal in the Malian conflict took place in July under the auspices of Libya's regional rival Algeria. Aghaly ag Alambo released a statement saying that although they were willing to engage in peace negotiations, they would not lay down their arms unilaterally, and the Malian and Nigerien rebels cannot speak for one another. 5734: 5753: 1685:, announcing that the Tuareg would lay down arms in both Mali and Niger following a peace brokered by Libya. The MNJ later discounted this as a hoax. This was likely a film of Malian rebel leader Ibrahim Ag Bahanga discussing the April peace talks with the Malian government in Libya, hence the reference to Malian leadership and Colonel 1914:, as well as Nigerien press groups including The Nigerien National Union of Press Workers (SYNATIC) and Le Republicain newspaper. Despite his release, several journalists remain jailed for alleged contact with the rebels, and at least three radio stations (Nigeriens main source of news) have been closed by the authorities. 630:, rejecting any negotiations, pursued a crackdown on rebel forces and declared a state of emergency in the north which by December 2007 threatened to spark a humanitarian crisis. High-profile arrests of domestic and foreign media, the expulsion of European NGOs from the area, and the reported human rights practices of the 1591: 1356:, with the entire civilian population apparently fleeing after the army and rebels started fighting in the area in mid-2007. Humanitarian sources were quoted saying that the army was operating with little control and adding to—rather than suppressing—banditry, drug-trafficking and lawlessness in the north. 1104: 70: 1334:

In Niger, the government strategy was to continue military pressure on the MNJ, declaring them criminal gangs with whom they will have no negotiations. As the MNJ was apparently the larger and more organized of the two rebel forces, much of the northern regions of the country remained under emergency

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In Mali, where the government combined military reinforcement of northern towns with diplomatic efforts using Malian Tuareg intermediaries, attacks subsided. Mali, continuing to suffer from flooding in the south, as well as global hikes in food prices, turned to international support, especially from

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In early June, rebels killed 25 soldiers in an attack on a Kidal base, and in late June the Malian Army killed 20 rebels near the Algerian border, which the army claimed was home to a major rebel base. But just days later, President Amadou Toumani Touré announced that he remained open to negotiations

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of Libya negotiated the release of Malian army prisoners held by the rebels, and sporadic talks were held with Libyan mediation. Malian armed forces remained in control of all the major settlements, but Malian rebels staged a series of raids, the largest taking place at the end of March. Rebel forces

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In September 2007, fighting shifted to Mali, with a portion of the Tuareg groups which had come under a 2006 ceasefire returning to combat. A swift Malian military response, coupled with the diplomatic intervention of other Malian Tuaregs, led to a new, unofficial ceasefire in December 2007. In April

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Le président de la République, son excellence Tandja Mamadou, vient ainsi d'envoyer à travers cet acte un signal fort en direction du retour de la paix. C'est pourquoi toutes les parties prenantes investies de cette mission portent désormais sur elles la responsabilité historique de surmonter toutes

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had fled from the MNJ encampment with all but one of the remaining FAN prisoners. The remainder of the MNJ leadership announced that they were forming the FPN, and announced in their first statement their desire for direct peace talks with the government and a ceasefire. The FPN announced leadership

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weekly was arrested on 30 July 2008 and charged with "divulging a defence secret" after reporting that an army officer had been linked to an arms cache that was discovered in the capital. The government press regulation body, the High Council for Communication (CSC), closed Niamey-based TV and radio

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charge in 2005. His supporters believed at the time that the 2004 arrest was planned to induce a rebellion among Ag Boula's supporters. Ag Boula's brother subsequently led a 2005 raid on a Nigerien military patrol which killed ten. The conviction took place in absentia in a trial on 12–13 July 2008.

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Beginning in February and March 2008, mine attacks in the south ended, major rebel incursions out of Aïr and the desert regions subsided, and the Nigerien military went on the offensive, retaking a major rebel position in the far northwest. The rebels launched a daring raid into the Areva facilities

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as a mediator by the Malian government led many to believe that low-scale fighting with those Tuareg factions who had renounced the 2006 accords might end completely. The Malian government also called on neighboring Algeria to help negotiate peace, patrol the deserted border region, and resupply its

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Little evidence of the motivation or make up of the Niger-based rebels was public by the summer of 2007 aside from the statements released by the MNJ and the Nigerien government. The government of Niger claimed that these attacks were the work of small-scale "bandits" and drug-trafficking gangs, and

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In April 2008, the government of Niger requested that Ag Boula be extradited by the French government; however, by this time, he was no longer in France. The Nigerien courts convicted him of planning the murder of a ruling party activist, for which he had been arrested in 2004, but released without

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The Nigerien government denied that any fighting or any attacks on civilians took place in Elmeki. The government did, however, confirm that an MNJ raid on a convoy between Elmiki and Dabaga killed four soldiers, and that a landmine attack in the desert between Agadez and Bilma occurred later; both

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Press and international aid agencies complained that they had been prevented from monitoring the situation or delivering aid as both sides in the fighting reported that the conflict was continuing to escalate. Humanitarian agencies in Niamey estimated in early December that there were around 11,000

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This was also a success for Algeria as a regional power, and rival of the Libyan government for influence in the Sahara. Throughout the process, the Malian government, as well as Tuareg leaders on both sides of the conflict, publicly pushed for a negotiated settlement, in contrast with the Nigerien

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prisoners home. The new Nigerien Patriotic Front (FPN), which contained much of the MNJ's fighters and leadership, called for a negotiated peace. They, along with an earlier splinter, entered into four-party talks with the Nigerien government under Libyan auspices from March to June 2009. All sides

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On 5 February, the Malian Armed forces concluded negotiations for 180 of the ADC fighters, all former Malian Armed Forces deserters, to re-enter the cantonment area at Camp Kidal. These fighters maintained control of their arms. The government, rebels and Algerian interlocutors held off on a final

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near Arlit. At a projected output of five thousand tonnes of ore a year, it would be largest uranium mine in the world by 2012, as the SOMAIR and COMINAK mines were to be phased out. The deal would make Niger the second largest uranium producer in the world, and included plans to construct a civil

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Mali saw the more dramatic upsurge in August 2007, as a spate of attacks began in northeast Mali against members of the Malian military. The Niger-based MNJ said that it has formally allied splinter elements of Tuareg rebel group which has remained on ceasefire since reaching a settlement with the

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issued a statement condemning the ecological impact and lack of jobs from the Arlit-based mining industry. The MNJ has echoed these statements repeatedly, and attacked the power station for a mining facility near Arlit in April 2007. In June 2007, land mines were laid on the main route the uranium

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and promised them a bigger share of the region's mineral wealth. Nigerien Tuareg leaders and some Non Government Organisations have claimed the violence of February 2007 was the culmination of widespread disaffection amongst Tuareg ex-combatants with the slow progress of promised benefits, lack of

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The return and then splintering away from the main rebel group of factional leaders from the 1990s conflict complicated the situation in 2008. One group joined the rebels, only to be expelled and sign a peace deal with the government of Niger. Another faction, which seemed to have been involved in

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have led to criticism of the Nigerien government abroad, and continued fighting in the north. Despite government military victories in early 2008, and condemnation for a hostage seizure and land-mine attacks (for which the rebels deny responsibility), the MNJ appeared no closer to either defeat or

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As Niger edged towards the 2008 rainy season, the MNJ rebels discounted reports that they had begun a ceasefire, but fighting was sporadic, occurring around the rebel strongholds of the Tamgak Plateau near Iferaouane. The Nigerien government and the MNJ issued dramatically different accounts, but

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reported the arrest without trial of over 100 northerners in the wake of the declaration, including those who tried to lead a peace march in Agadez. In July, the only daily paper in Agadez was shut down by the government for publishing news of the rebellion, and Bamako based journalists have been

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The Nigerien rebels pursued a strategy of expanding the ethnic makeup of their forces, and attempted—with little success in the south—to broaden the insurgency into a social movement to replace the current government and provide the population with a share in Niger's growing mining sector. By the

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accompanied six former prisoners to Niamey, where they were repatriated to the Nigerien government on 13 March. On 15 March Gaddafi called on all rebel groups in Niger to lay down arms, and pledged his help to prevent smuggling and lawlessness in the area. On 26 March, the FPN announced it would

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Movement towards peace in Niger, which seemed unlikely at the beginning of 2009, progressed rapidly following the Malian peace deal. The taking of hostages by the AQIM in Niger, especially Canadian diplomat Robert Fowler, brought intense international interest in the security situation in Niger.

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until he was charged with ordering the death of a political rival in 2004, a charge he claimed was a political fabrication. Released after 13 months in prison without charge, Ag Boula largely disappeared from public life, but remained one of the most well-known Tuareg figures in Niger. After his

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was closed by the government for three months, while at the same time sending formal warnings to three other newspapers (Libération, L'Opinion and L'Evènement) for reporting on the conflict in the north, which the government said were "trying to justify criminal activity and violence". Aïr-Info

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which had been operating since 2005. MSF was subsequently ejected from the country by the Nigerien government. The rebroadcasting of foreign radio broadcasts in Niger has been interupped several times since mid-2007 by government order. Nigerien journalists say they are often pressured by local

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between 12 and 16 November. The rebels claimed to have killed 8 and wounded at least two dozen Nigerien soldiers, destroyed vehicles, and driven the FAN out of the area. The MNJ further claimed that the Nigerien government had arrested six civilians and destroyed civilian property in the mainly

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Despite the series of escalating attacks, the government of Niger offered a number of concessions to foreign (especially French) interests in January 2008. Two French journalists, arrested on charges of espionage and aiding the rebels on 17 December, were formally charged with threatening state

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to the north of the Tamgak plateau. There, at a desert army outpost which had been seized by the rebels in June 2007, a combined ground and air operation retook these positions and killed a number of MNJ fighters, including Rebel Vice President Acharif Ag Mohamed El Moctar. The MNJ claimed the

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was ejected from the country for a month on 19 July 2007, and in short succession both Pin and Denamur were ordered to leave Niger. On 1 August, the Niamey government announced it would end all contracts with Areva, and bring in the Chinese to manage the existing operations. High level French

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passed a new anti-terror law giving broader powers of detention to the police and military. The law also strengthened penalties on a wide range offenses, including the manufacture or possession of explosive devices, hostage-taking, attacks on transport and unlawful possession of radioactive

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Any military action in the Sahel region is constrained by the tropical rain cycles, with the May to September rainy season making communication and transport in the region south of the Sahara difficult at the best of times. Both the Malian and Niger conflicts peaked during the dry season on

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conflict. Cherif Ouazani was quoted in Algeria as describing the talks as "Malians talking to Malians" While the last of the rebel-held prisoners were released in August, and the ceasefire held as of the end of that month, there continued to be speculation on the role played by presumed

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Outside observers noted the weakness of Bahanga's position, with his surprise return to fighting in December resulting in political isolation from both the ADC and foreign mediators, military defeat at the hands of the army, and a string of defections which left his forces even weaker.

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in the east, killing 7 and capturing 20 soldiers and four military vehicles. On 4 April ceasefire and prisoner exchange was negotiated again through Libya, but each side accused the others of failing to end hostilities, and more sporadic attacks on Army positions occurred in May.

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The economy of northern Niger is largely dependent on tourism and uranium mining. While tourism was threatened by the insurgency, uranium mining, which accounts for 16 percent of Niger's GDP and 72 percent of national export proceeds, became of central importance in the conflict.

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might be behind the rebel group were threatened with legal action by the Libyan government. On the other hand, the MNJ statements portrayed their movement as Niger-wide (as opposed to Tuareg nationalism) and limited to the demand for economic, political and environmental reforms.

1746:. The MNJ further claimed seven men from the village had been arrested on 19 October and later found dead. They claimed in early December that the state of emergency in the north was used by the government to cover up attacks on civilians and clashes between MNJ and army troops. 1312:

had fully participated in the eventual peace process, which seemed to have resolved the conflict since August 2008. Meanwhile, a smaller group around Ag Bahanga had been holding out for Libyan-sponsored mediation, and eventually abandoned the talks and sought refuge in Libya.

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On 6 July 2007, an official from Sino-U was kidnapped by the rebels, but later released, and all work at Teguida stopped. Throughout July, the Niger government and Areva came into direct conflict, each accusing the other of supporting the rebels. The French state broadcaster

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claimed these attackers had formally confederated with the Niger-based MNJ. The MNJ formally denied this, but witnesses of one kidnapping attack in Mali said the rebels had moved back towards the Niger border. Former Malian rebel leaders, notably the 1990s commander

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The MNJ did not publicly comment on the creation of this faction, but they did announce the removal of two members of its European support network: Chehna Ag Hamate and Kaocen Seydou Maïga. Other former rebel leaders from the 1990s condemned Ag Boula's statements.

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was held over a year on charges stemming from a radio interview of Rebel leaders, before being provisionally released. Kaka has been at the center of a campaign in France and elsewhere demanding his freedom, spearheaded by Radio France International and its CEO

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Since mid-2007, there have been a number of arrests of foreign and local journalists. Two local journalists were imprisoned in 2007 under charge of aiding the Tuareg insurgency in the north, and several radio stations have been closed. The journalist

910:. On 18 April, the MNJ was formally announced as having organised, and attacks picked up in June and July. Landmines on the road between Iférouane and Arlit cut off both towns and threatened the bring the lucrative uranium mining industry to a halt. 1820:, created an official website, but fewer than half a dozen press releases were released over the next six months, and no attacks or operations by this new group were reported. The aging Mohamed Awtchiki Kriska, a former spokesperson for the 1990s 3115:, both from Pederson, Nicholas R. The French Desire for Uranium and its Effects on French Foreign Policy in Africa. Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security: Occasional Papers. PED:1. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (2000) 615:, who held their victims somewhere in northern Mali. Libya, Algeria, Mali, and Niger pledged in March 2009 to cooperate to secure the Saharan borders where Tuareg rebels and AQIM militants, as well as smugglers and criminal gangs, operated. 544:. Algeria helped negotiate an August 2008 Malian peace deal, which was broken by a rebel faction in December, crushed by the Malian military and wholescale defections of rebels to the government. Niger saw heavy fighting and disruption of 1039:, and a center of both Tuareg culture and tourist visits had up to 80 percent of its population moved south by the government in August. The MNJ and the government promised safe access to refugees and aid, and on 4 August, Libyan leader 2234:

On 2 March, as series of dramatic events occurred on the side of the Nigerien rebels. A group of most of the named MNJ leadership and their European based supporters announced they had broken from the MNJ. The Nigerien Patriotic Front

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Fin de la visite de travail du ministre d'Etat, ministre de l'Intérieur, de la Sécurité Publique et de la Décentralisation, en Grande Jamahiriya Arabe Libyenne, Populaire et Socialiste: des résultats réconfortants à tous points de

5182: 824:, then the political secretary of the MNJ, outlined the group's demands as decentralization and "ethnic balance", a greater share and transparency in the extraction of northern resources, with government and military in the north " 1276:

On 18 July, just two days after rebels overran a military post, a peace deal was announced, revealing that Algeria had been hosting talks between the government of Mali and the leadership of the "Alliance démocratique du 23 mai".

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and foreign economic interests. The group said they were fighting for greater economic development and a share in the region's mineral wealth, an end to alleged pollution caused by and poverty surrounding the mining operations at

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Facing these setbacks, the ATNM made a series of concessions to the government. On 25 January they released the final three Malian soldiers they had held, and requested the government release seven ATNM fighters. On 2 February,

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January 2009 also appeared to also have marked the final break between Ag Bahanga's faction and the remainder of the ADC. According to the 2006 and 2008 Algiers Accords, the ADC elements on cease fire were headquartered in

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similarly threatened. Domestic human rights groups claim there has been an effort to keep foreign journalists from reporting on the crisis in Niger, and this could account for the seeming shift of rebel violence to Mali.

757:

industry. By 2000, sporadic banditry and attacks, ascribed to disaffected ex-combatants, began in the north. In 2007, a unified force of ex-combatants repudiated the 1995 accords and declared the formation of the MNJ.

1750:

incidents were blamed on continued activity of so-called criminal gangs involved in smuggling and intimidation. The MNJ, for their part, claimed at least two more attacks on army convoys during the month of November.

1162:

Bahanga, a former rebel from the May 2006 and 1990 insurgencies, announced on 31 August that his group would negotiate with the government, and intermediaries from former Tuareg rebel groups headed by 1990s commander

603:

pledged support to end rebel attacks and support negotiations. ADC fighters negotiated a return to the disarmament agreed in 2008, and began being processed for integration into the Malian Armed Forces in camps near

5201: 5151: 1028: 2421:

The larger Tuareg conflicts were brought under increased international attention following the kidnapping in late 2008 in Niger of two Canadian diplomats and four European tourists by groups associated with

2327: 5323: 728:, the final armed group signing up in 1998. The peace deal repatriating thousands of refugees and fighters, mostly from camps across the Libyan border. Large numbers of fighters were integrated into the 591:, ATNMC) returned to conflict in a series of attacks and counterattacks in the far north. This splinter group, despite a series of daring raids deep into populated areas, were decisively defeated by the 732:

and, with French assistance, help others return to a productive civilian life. Controversy continued to revolve around Tuareg leaders brought into government, with the arrest of the Minister of Tourism

2209: 1807: 1726: 1116:

In March 2006, Malian army officer Hassan ag Fagaga, of Tuareg origins, defected from his post with a number of his men, also of Tuareg origins, On 17 May, an attack was launched on the Malian Army at

3548: 1795: 1420: 1049:

On 30 August, the largest tourist air carrier running flights from Europe to Agadez announced it would suspend flights for the 2007 tourist season, and the MNJ released a communique saying the Tuareg

1632: 5496:

Niger: Des groupes de rebelles touaregs et une délégation du gouvernement nigérien ont affirmé leur engagement pour la paix, lors d'une rencontre avec le numéro un libyen Mouammar Kadhafi à Tripoli

2283:

made several personal interventions in both the Malian and Nigerien conflicts, providing refuge for Malian rebels in 2008 and 2009, and serving as an emissary during the 2009 Niger ceasefire talks.

762: 1963:

in October, and Diallo was again arrested in October while trying to board a flight to Europe aon charges of "membership of a criminal gang". Diallo was released pending trial in February 2008.

1917:

While Kaka received the longest imprisonment for a journalist since the beginning of the rebellion, several other cases have come to the attention of the international media. French journalists

611:

Both conflicts were brought under increased international attention following the kidnapping in late 2008 in Niger of two Canadian diplomats and four European tourists by groups associated with

2125:), killing 31 and capturing 8. The attack, unlike the previous assault, was reported to have been carried out by regular units of the armed forces. Special forces units of the Malian military ( 1322: 5179: 1193:. These storms caused unusually severe flooding and damage and endangered those internally displaced by the conflict in Mali and Niger, as well as displaced persons fleeing other conflicts in 1428: 2029:

soldiers were killed along with an unknown number of rebels in the bloodiest fighting since June 2007. The attack was prefaced by the killing of an aide to a pro-government Tuareg leader in

4858: 4617: 3643: 1673:, in place for more than a year, which places great limits on public gatherings, press and personal speech, movement, while giving broad powers of detention and seizure to the government. 1091:

to conduct anti-terrorist operations in 2003–2006. There have also been reports that this same unit had been used to guard the mining operations in Arlit by the French mining conglomerate

4602: 2365:

would receive food and resettlement centres to ease the transition. Despite this, the government in Niamey announced on 23 May that it had renewed the "state of emergency" in the entire

1885: 5082: 1737:

The heaviest fighting reported through the end of the year occurred in November. The MNJ claimed that they repulsed a concerted attempt by the FAN to establish a base near the town of

1652:

fighting had produced heavy losses on the government side as well, saying that 26 soldiers had been killed, along with several vehicles, including a MIG helicopter, had been destroyed.

643:

the political front, appeared and quickly split in early 2008. Irregular fighting and raids occurred throughout late 2008, but these were mostly limited to the rebel strongholds in the

396: 4660: 1431:

Rebel armed forces leader Amoumene Kalakouawa fought in the last Tuareg uprising during the 1990s. He says the state still neglects nomads despite a decade-old peace deal. April 2008 (

2154:

On 6 February, the Malian Armed Forces claimed they had taken the last of the ATNMC positions, while Ag Bahanga and an unknown number of fighters had crossed the border into Algeria.

826:

recruited from the Tuareg population... and not an army consisting mainly of members of other ethnic clans who serve their own purposes, and who do not identify with the Tuareg people

2252:

NGO head and rebel Aklou Sidi Sidi as president, former Nigerien military officer and MNJ military commander Kindo Zada announcing his support from a previously unannounced exile in

1950:, for an indefinite period on 22 April 2008 for broadcasting interviews with people who had claimed they were the victims of abuses by government troops. In June 2007, Agadez weekly 5715: 2081:

militants were active "north of Timbuktu", and that his forces were "in a state of war" with the GSPC. Some Malian sources initially blamed the kidnapping on Ag Bahanga's forces.

520:. It is one of a series of insurgencies by formerly nomadic Tuareg populations, which had last appeared in the mid-1990s, and date back at least to 1916. Populations dispersed to 2193:, set up under the 2008 accord, would negotiate the movement of rebel forces into disarmament, possible reintegration into security services, and final cantonment at a base near 1862:

A consequence of the conflict in Niger was a series of arrests of domestic journalists, and expulsions or closings of foreign press and aid groups. The state of emergency in the

1308:, who had not participated in the Algerian sponsored tripartite talks. Press speculation theorised a split in the already fractured movement, in which Toureg groups loyal to the 1031:

A Tuareg man walks through an abandoned village. The rebellion has scattered civilians deeper into the Aïr Mountains of Niger, or to the regional capital of Agadez. January 2008.

745:

region died in a suspicious plane crash in 1995. Niger's Tuaregs continued to watch the development and economic activities of the government closely, especially in regards the

663:

hosting thousands of refugees, economic activity outside the towns grinding to a halt, and the destruction of a burgeoning foreign tourist industry in the north of the country.

5479: 7139: 5198: 3606: 3499: 1766:

uranium mines and in the transport of uranium by highway to ports in Benin. At the beginning of 2009, Niger and the French state mining company agreed on a deal to build the

1709:). In the process, they report, an accidental explosion of landmines which were being handed into the government killed one and wounded two, including Zinder Region Governor 4039:" as a derogatory term for the Niger Army. While it literally means "militia", it retains strong negative connotations as the name of the pro-German auxiliary police of the 1841:

Ag Boula released a statement condemning the verdict, but disappeared from press reports soon thereafter. Reporters at the time speculated he was either in Europe or Libya.

865:

Malian Tuareg former insurgents took part in a long series of peace processes, splintering, and raids between formal peace in 1995 and 2006. The peace deals which ended the

713: 573:

deposits, and the French operated uranium mines of the desert town of Arlit account for a fifth of the world's uranium deposits and most of Niger's foreign exchange income.

548:

production in the mountainous north, before a Libyan backed peace deal, aided by a factional split among the rebels, brought a negotiated ceasefire and amnesty in May 2009.

5148: 4247: 4209: 2947: 1159:

officer of Tuareg origins who had deserted early in the summer of 2007. The government also claimed that rebel forces were involved in organized crime and drug smuggling.

4309: 3146: 5621: 5582: 5220: 5120: 2623: 929:, the second most important in the country and a center of Niger's tourism industry, though they did little damage. On 22 June rebels attacked an isolated army post at 880:

Attacks in the extreme northeast of Mali began to grow in number and intensity in August 2007, as reports appeared that the ADC splinter group, led by former combatant

5939: 2265: 5320: 4286: 1095:, or that it (and the rebel movement) had been created by the government itself in order to ratchet up tension in the region and thereby secure Western military aid. 6081: 4328: 3059: 2789: 1046:

Despite that hopeful sign, it appeared that the tourist center of Agadez (well to the southeast of Arlit) could be empty during the fall/winter 2007 tourist season.

807:

also suggested "foreign interests" (or the French mining company Areva, specifically) were funding the rebel forces. Three newspapers in Niger which speculated that

4228: 5594: 3779:, 10 December 2007 FEWS NET Monthly Report for Mali beginning the period October 2007. Shows ONLY areas of fighting in the far northeast as "Highly Food Insecure". 2074:

In this same period, a group of foreign tourists were seized in southeastern Mali by unknown captors. Ag Bahanga denied any involvement. He had previously claimed

1698: 1515: 1077:

By August 2007 the MNJ claimed defections from the army had increased their numbers to over 2000 fighters. Some sources claim that defections included the entire

1394: 1015:

diplomats flew to Niger and brokered a climb down, in which the Areva contracts would be extended in exchange for greater French aid to Niamey. The French paper

321: 3772: 3572: 3463: 1325:

A group of Nigerien rebel fighters in northern Niger, January–February 2008. Some wear United States style desert camouflage distributed to Malian Armed forces.

3370: 1956: 5852: 5684: 5101: 4560: 3624: 3544: 2644: 1562:

had been in offering security guarantees to Niger. At the same time, the government of Niger renewed Uranium contracts with the French government controlled

902:

After the February 2007 attack on a Nigerian Army detachment in the north of the country that killed 3 soldiers, sporadic attacks occurred around Iférouane,

2405:

On 15 June 2009, the Nigerien government announced a plan for cantonment and disarming agreed in Libya with the coalition of FFR and FPN groups (called the

5930: 5167: 5051: 5032: 4155: 3427: 3408: 3127: 2808: 659:

production had, according to mining officials, little effect. The effects on the population of the north has been pronounced, with the regional capitol of

990:

Tensions between the French company and the government were longstanding. The government of Niger had concluded a deal with a Chinese state owned company

2334:

journalists. She says army officers killed and dismembered her younger brother, Imola Kalakouawa when they suspected him of planting a mine in June 2007.

946: 821: 2846: 1934: 5700: 5606: 5267: 5236: 5020:), but which was only updated three times in May–June 2008 and is since inactive. "Nord Mali" seems both the logical and official name of this faction. 4693:

Jeremy Keenan. Uranium Goes Critical in Niger: Tuareg Rebellions Threaten Sahelian Conflagration. Review of African Political Economy, No. 117:449–466.

1682: 1281: 1172: 786: 382: 5498: 3108: 3097: 6962: 6648: 6140: 4676: 2148: 1922: 796: 3759:

The Global Water Initiative (GWI), a partnership of seven charities and relief organisations which will be given US$ 15 million a year for 10 years.

3715:

In Mali, one of the hardest hit countries where the government estimates 30,000 people have been affected, no flood contingency plans were in place.

4808: 2827: 2665:

In the period September 2007 – January 2008 press have been barred from reporting in N. Niger. Rebels claim hundreds of civilians have been killed.

2200:

Former ADC fighters continued to move in cantonment areas, be processed by the military, and dispose their arms in stages through early June 2009.

2175: 1918: 1710: 984: 737:

in February 2004 and his March 2005 release after being held in jail for more than a year on suspicion of involvement in a political murder, while

5732:

Retour de la paix dans la zone nord du pays: Lancement de l'opération de cantonnement des: combattants du Front pour la libération nationale (FLN)

5079: 1811:

public support for the MNJ came out, it was speculated by African journalists that Ag Boula represented a faction close to the Libyan government.

925:

Between 18 and 22 June, Niger experienced the most daring and deadliest attacks to that point in the conflict. MNJ rebels attacked the airport at

889:, denounced the 2007 violence and called on the Bahanga group to cease their attacks and offered to negotiate on behalf of the Bamako government. 6605: 6600: 5751:

INTERVIEW EXCLUSIVE: " Les armes se sont tues mais il y a un travail à faire pour qu'elles soient remises ", affirme Aklou SIDI, président du FPN

4855: 4614: 2244: 1285: 1268:

Algeria, and seemed eager to engage domestic Tuaregs who continued to honor the 2006 cease-fire. The high-profile support of former rebel leader

991: 980: 886: 5776: 2036:

The ATNMC released communiqués claiming that their patrols had destroyed two Army vehicles far south into the populated regions of Mali, on the

1877: 595:

during January 2009, supported by an increasing number of former rebels. In February 2009, elements surrounding Ag Bahanga again fled Mali for

2581: 1226:. The Malian government, along with Tuareg leaders who had kept the 2006 ceasefire, pushed both a military and diplomatic strategy. In March, 791: 6612: 6074: 4657: 2475: 2131:, ETIA) were led by Kidal Region military commander, Colonel El Hadji Gamou, but also drafting in Col Sidi Ahmed Kounta, commanding the ETIA 1566:, obtaining a 50% increase in payments to the Nigerien state. This comes at a time when security concerns have made the diminishing mines at 1348:

claimed that no aid was being delivered by the government in the north, while 2,500 to 4,000 displaced people were estimated to have come to

5761: 2746: 2715: 1951: 6230: 5549:

les contradictions et d'aller vers la concrétisation des ces engagements, concrétisation qui doit se traduire par un accord formel de paix.

2470: 2426:, who held their victims somewhere in northern Mali. Late April 2009 saw the release in northern Mali of the Western hostages taken by the 2423: 2107: 2078: 1999:, ADC) group and current leader of the last remaining faction of the group which had not signed the Algerian brokered peace agreement: The 1035:

While the situation calmed diplomatically, the attacks by the MNJ escalated and ebbed unpredictably. Iférouane, on the western cusp of the

612: 17: 585:

and the remaining Malian rebels and government concluded a settlement to the conflict. In December 2008, Ag Bahanga's faction of the ADC (

6773: 6447: 6172: 1943: 846: 314: 185: 5712: 6452: 6206: 4727: 3389: 3377:. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN): 7 October 2004. 2522: 2194: 2114: 1440: 3595: 3340: 2041: 709:

functioning democratic institutions, and a perceived special status given to foreign mining interests and southern political leaders.

6883: 6134: 5536: 5517: 5476: 5418: 5399: 4839: 4098: 3907: 3448: 3310: 3037: 3026: 2981: 1866:, re-authorised every six months since November 2007, has barred foreign press or aid from the area. In mid-2008, the French charity 1402: 1222:

In March 2008, Mali again saw an upsurge in attacks committed by fragments of former Tuareg combatant groups in the far-northeastern

995: 4789: 4347: 4136: 4007: 3823: 3687: 3635: 3527: 3253: 3165: 2894:. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN): 17 May 2007. 2397:(MNJ) Front of Forces for Rectification (FFR) and Niger Patriotic Front (FPN) continued through May and into June, hosted by Libya. 1814:

On 30 May, Ag Boula released a statement which claimed that a faction of MNJ fighters had broken from the movement. This group, the

6067: 4294: 3845: 3603: 3496: 1738: 1495: 6043:

An educational website for study and research on the Tuareg people, with articles directly concerning the Second Tuareg Rebellion.

5251: 2904:

Le MNJ milite pour l'avènement d'un Niger uni dans lequel chaque citoyen trouve tous les jours des raisons d'être fier de son pays

1875:

authorities. The north, under a state of emergency, has become off-limits to both domestic and foreign press, and the independent

858:, ADC), ex-combatants who led a short campaign in the north of Mali from May to July 2006, when they signed a peace deal with the 7052: 6014: 4481: 2770: 5067: 4755: 4255: 4244: 4206: 4174: 3976: 3965: 3864: 3750: 3728: 3706: 3588: 3291: 2944: 2887: 1783:, the most prominent of the remaining leaders of the 1990s rebellion, reappeared in the press. In France, he was interviewed by 1583:

in Arlit, seizing four French hostages. International human rights groups condemned the move, and the four were released to the

6760: 6271: 5304: 4770: 4306: 3892: 3143: 1615:

On 22 June, the MNJ launched a raid on the outskirts of Arlit, capturing five people, including four European employees of the

651:

by the government has meant that there was little independent confirmation of the situation in northern Niger throughout 2008.

307: 5935: 5814: 5618: 5217: 5117: 4975: 4956: 4937: 4918: 4899: 4880: 2620: 6980: 4743: 4056: 3192: 2496: 6049:

Jeremy Keenan (2006) Security and Insecurity in North Africa. Review of African Political Economy (ROAPE) No. 108: 269–296.

5879: 5833: 3946: 6997: 6700: 5911: 5669: 5648: 4445: 4283: 4079: 3799: 3668: 3657: 3078: 3002: 4325: 4271: 4259: 4194: 3272: 3056: 2815:

Jeremy Keenan (2006) Security and Insecurity in North Africa. Review of African Political Economy (ROAPE) No. 108: 280–281

2786: 7003: 6832: 6518: 5361: 5342: 4645: 4225: 4117: 3926: 3880: 2906: 2868: 2684: 1462:, in which seven were killed and 11 kidnapped. The rebels claimed they had captured several high-ranking officers of the 4378: 1697:

In late August, the Nigerien government reported that a faction of the MNJ led by Toubou rebel commander from the 1990s

6643: 6302: 6037:. Two part BBC Radio documentary on US involvement and potential instability in the Sahel. First broadcast August 2005. 6028: 5938:. An Al-Jazeera news special report from Niger and Mali, 21 July 2008. Includes several video reports, articles, and a 5460: 5380: 4856:

AFFAIRE MOUSSA KAKA/ MAÎTRE COULIBALY MOUSSA FACE À LA PRESSE. Grémah, Ben Omar et Yandaka bientôt devant les tribunaux

2925: 2272:

that the MNJ were seeking immediate peace talks under Libyan auspices, and would repatriate their prisoners to Niamey.

2256:, and former MNJ spokesman Boutali Tchiwerin as the spokesman of the new organisation. The 2008 MNJ splinter, the FPR ( 1844:

On Sunday 14 December 2008, a Canadian UN official was kidnapped while traveling on a highway just 40 km north of

1830:'s faction of the Malian rebels, who, after walking out on peace talks with the Malian government, relocated to Libya. 5795: 7102: 6974: 6666: 6637: 5285: 4162:, MNJ Statement, 10 December 2007, claiming "5 Nigerien and 2 Libyans civilians were summarily executed by the army". 3769: 3569: 3460: 2300: 1507: 57: 5359:

Situation dans la région de l'adrar des ifoghas: 180 déserteurs de l'armée autorisés à rentrer dans le camp de Kidal

4705: 3992: 3479:

For background on the US involvement in the 2004 Algeria-based Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat pursuit see:

3367: 1959:, after attempting to open a new weekly paper, was arrested and released. One of his reporters was also arrested in 1787:

as a spokesperson for the MNJ, stating that a "Battle of Uranium" was soon to be launched by the rebels against the

430: 7263: 7065: 6837: 6565: 6322: 6177: 6162: 5849: 5681: 5098: 4824: 4557: 2167:, both the political leadership, and the former fighters integrated in their own units of the Malian Armed forces. 2005:(ATNMC) This faction took credit in communiqués for a series of attacks in northern Mali beginning on 18 December. 1423:

A Nigerien rebel fighter mans a gun in northern Niger, from the Niger Movement for Justice. January- February 2008.

1079: 1065: 705: 557: 351: 346: 35: 31: 4399: 3622: 2640: 6844: 6816: 6117: 4533: 3481:

Pursuing Terrorists in the Great Desert. The U.S. Military's $ 500 Million Gamble to Prevent the Next Afghanistan

2556: 1681:

On 19 August 2008, it was announced by the Nigerien television broadcast someone they claimed to be rebel leader

6046: 5048: 5029: 4152: 3424: 3405: 3124: 2805: 2608:

As of 21 January attack, estimation from MNJ Communiques and press, have been barred from reporting in N. Niger.

2577:

High figure comes from MNJ communiques (as of 1 July 2008). No Nigerien government figures have been given. See

2345:

announced it would begin aiding the repatriation of 20,000 people internally displaced since 2007. The towns of

6928: 6917: 6827: 5931:

Tuareg Rebels on Brink of Shutting Down Niger's Uranium Mining. James Finch, stockinterview.com: July 20, 2007.

4545: 5218:

Forte offensive contre Bahanga: Col Gamou a fait hier 20 morts, 10 otages ... dans les rangs des bandits armés

1139:

Both the Malian government and the general populace appeared shocked by the level of violence in the north of

7145: 6278: 6265: 4577: 4521: 2843: 2268:, later announced they would join with the new FPN peace initiative. Agli Alambo for his part announced from 1344:

people displaced by the fighting, in addition to the 9,000 Nigeriens who lost their homes in heavy flooding.

4509: 2966: 1377:

The Nigerien government reported that the MNJ began mine attacks against civilians in the southern towns of

647:. Suppression of domestic and international press access, as well as the expulsion of aid agencies from the 452: 7253: 6677: 5495: 5340:

Après s'être démarqué de Bahanga: L'Alliance du 23 mai transfère sa base à Tombouctou en accord avec l'Etat

3105: 3094: 1661:

neither side described fighting as either decisive, particularly long lasting, or outside the Aïr plateau.

406: 4497: 1529:

By December 2007, fighting had begun to spiral out of control, ending the nascent tourist industry in the

7283: 7248: 6877: 6671: 6289: 6094: 5009:". A substantial name change which seems sourced from what was reputed to be the official ATMNC website ( 4805: 6034: 5013: 4186: 4026: 3229: 3208: 2824: 2592: 1405:, a suburb west of Niamey. Mahamane, who was also the vice president of the national press association, 7258: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7124: 7107: 6956: 6912: 6865: 6783: 6766: 6459: 4897:

Detained journalist's wife gives news conference in Paris, asks French government to help get him freed

2394: 1365: 1011: 973: 774: 671: 626:

attacks and incursions reaching areas in the south and center of the nation previously unaffected. The

189: 172: 5437: 1607:

Nigerien rebels have reported air attacks on their bases in the mountains, but major fighting calmed.

7228: 6944: 6860: 6788: 6385: 6295: 5773: 2460: 1907: 484: 5988: 1729:

Rebels with the Movement of Nigeriens for Justice, published April 2008, likely taken January 2008 (

1587:. While the Nigerien Armed Forces have staged attacks in the Aïr, there appeared to be a stalemate. 7223: 7047: 6922: 6411: 6380: 6123: 5416:

Forum de Niamey sur la paix au nord du Niger et du Mali: Malentendu autour de «l'approche malienne»

2578: 2431: 1289: 61: 3181: 442: 7042: 6778: 6578: 6429: 6406: 6332: 6195: 6167: 3351: 3321: 2738: 2707: 2143:

coordinated a series of attacks on suspected rebel positions in Kidal Region through 5 February.

1867: 1345: 1043:

brokered the release of soldiers kidnapped by the MNJ, and the situation appeared to be calming.

969: 873:, and provided opportunities for Malian Tuaregs to join the central government in Bamako and the 828:". This seemed to step back from the previous demands for the removal of the current government. 361: 39: 6054: 2064: 7243: 7238: 7233: 6754: 6572: 6361: 4369: 1240:

with the Tuareg rebels, while at the same time agreeing to a joint-security deal with Algeria.

1088: 866: 479: 5996:– humanitarian news and analysis including frequent reports on the situation in northern Niger 3685:

Floods in Africa kill dozens and wipe out crops 14 September 2007 16:55:08 GMT Source: Reuters

3633:

Tuareg rebels in Mali besiege northern garrison 14 September 2007 16:36:05 GMT Source: Reuters

2094:

The Malian army quickly responded in January 2009 with an attack on a rebel camp just west of

1798:

MNJ rebels shown in desert combat by a press photographer, near Aïr Mountains in January 2008.

1151:, as well as by the effectiveness of the rebel force, which the government claimed was led by 704:

Niger rebels claimed that their government failed to honor a 1995 peace deal, which ended the

683:

in May 2009, while pursuing talks for a permanent peace and an amnesty for all former rebels.

7278: 7273: 7268: 6706: 6283: 4837:

Niger: Amnesty International calls for the immediate and unconditional release of Moussa Kaka

2504: 1911: 1857: 1784: 1027: 800: 729: 675: 631: 561: 474: 4724: 3386: 2519: 2187:

agreement that would bring the remaining 220 or more rebels into cantonment. The tripartite

1171:, offered to mediate. At the same time, former rebel commander—and father-in-law of Bahanga— 447: 7096: 7036: 6748: 5248: 4633: 3592: 3444: 3337: 2443: 2439: 2342: 2326: 2113:

On 22 January, the Malian armed forces claimed to have destroyed Ag Bahanga's main base at

1263:, 2004. The United States aided in the resupply of Malian forces during the siege of Kidal. 5953:

Emerson, Stephen A. (2011). "Desert insurgency: lessons from the third Tuareg rebellion".

5533: 5514: 5415: 5396: 5136: 4836: 4095: 3904: 3307: 3209:

Les Nigériens apprécient diversement l'état de mise en demeure décrété à Agadez par Tandja

2377:

On 3 May President Tandja made his first visit to Agadez in over two years. He joined the

2291:

accept Libyan mediation with the Nigerien government, in order to seek a "lasting peace".

8: 7060: 6435: 6235: 6157: 5993: 4786: 4344: 4195:

Trois morts et cinq personnes enlevées lors d'une attaque de bandits armés à Tanout Niger

4133: 4004: 3820: 3684: 3632: 3524: 3250: 3162: 2026: 2014: 1542:

security and released on bail 18 January, to face trial later. French press reports that

1533:, and destabilising areas of Niger not directly involved in the insurgency of the 1990s. 1260: 1156: 874: 721: 627: 462: 457: 6000:

The Niger Movement for Justice (Mouvement des Nigériens pour la justice, MNJ) Press site

4466: 3842: 2216:

Niger, Mohamed Houma. His town was largely abandoned by civilians from mid-2007 to 2009.

1762:

and the Nigerien government were, by late 2008, unhindered in their exploitation of the

7218: 6441: 6224: 6201: 6019: 5970: 2742: 2711: 2680: 2369:

for another three months, allowing preventive detention and banning public gatherings.

2287: 2280: 1980: 1903: 1827: 1547: 1305: 1152: 1040: 881: 578: 222: 4590: 4478: 4053: 3644:

Mali's tuareg rebels attack northern border town, Friday, September 14, 2007, AFP Wire

3515:

Michel Vallet, "Chronologie de la vie au Sahara". In, Le Saharien, 3rd trimester 2006.

3034: 3023: 2978: 2913:

Interview with Ahmed Akoli (political secretary of the MNJ), Temoust, 21 December 2007

2767: 2493: 2208: 1725: 1293: 666:

The 2009 peace in Mali was seen as a model for a February civil society conference in

7182: 7026: 6695: 6554: 6489: 6050: 5974: 4767: 4171: 3973: 3962: 3861: 3747: 3725: 3703: 3288: 2884: 2099: 2060: 2053: 1929:

for a month in 2007 by Nigerien military forces before being released. The editor of

1892:

was arrested and held for over a year by the government for interviewing MNJ leaders.

1794: 1419: 6871: 6059: 5811: 5301: 4115:

Reuters – Abdoulaye Massalatchi Niger blames desert rebels for mine death in capital

2110:

militia activities in Gao risked adding a greater ethnic dimension to the conflict.

1182:

On 13 September, a United States military aircraft was fired on by Tuareg rebels at

639:

overthrow of the Nigerien government as the rainy season approached in August 2008.

7130: 7030: 6822: 6524: 6128: 5962: 4991: 4972: 4953: 4934: 4915: 4896: 4877: 4064: 3666:

Situation au Nord: Bahanga viole sa trêve et donne l'occasion à l'armée de le mater

2331: 2056:

road on 24 and 25 December. There was no government confirmation of these attacks.

1743: 1730: 1631: 1432: 1132:

On 28 August, Tuareg gunmen captured a military convoy 50 km from the town of

226: 5940:

geotagged interactive map of the reporters journey through northern Mali and Niger

4878:

One-month ban on RFI broadcasts fuels concern about rapid decline in press freedom

4054:

Naomi Schwarz. Nigeriens Search for Landmines in Capital After Explosion Kills One

3189: 2967:"Mali: Peut-être la fin d'un conflit larvé de dix mois appelé rébellion touarègue" 2932:

English translation, Tuareg Culture and News. 22 December 2007. Quote in full is:

2303: 1595: 1530: 1189:

At the same time, a series of storms hit the Sahel region, running all the way to

1053:

festival, which draws increasing numbers of foreign tourists, should be canceled.

1036: 766: 761: 746: 674:

leadership resulted in the former MNJ head fleeing to Libya, who aided delivering

644: 7081: 6889: 6512: 6356: 5966: 5869: 5856: 5837: 5830: 5818: 5799: 5780: 5757: 5738: 5719: 5688: 5625: 5570: 5540: 5521: 5502: 5483: 5464: 5441: 5422: 5403: 5384: 5365: 5346: 5327: 5308: 5289: 5255: 5224: 5186: 5124: 5105: 5055: 5036: 5017: 4979: 4960: 4941: 4922: 4903: 4884: 4862: 4843: 4812: 4793: 4774: 4731: 4709: 4679:. Rob Foulkes and Daniel Litvin: Critical Resource. mineweb.com 19 September 2008 4664: 4621: 4564: 4485: 4418: 4351: 4332: 4313: 4290: 4251: 4232: 4213: 4190: 4178: 4159: 4140: 4121: 4102: 4083: 4060: 4030: 4011: 3980: 3969: 3950: 3943: 3930: 3924:

Situation au Nord-Mali: Comment Bahanga a rompu avec l'Algérie et épousé la Libye

3911: 3868: 3849: 3827: 3776: 3754: 3732: 3710: 3691: 3672: 3661: 3639: 3628: 3610: 3599: 3576: 3531: 3503: 3467: 3443:

Some of a number of US Military articles detailing such continued training. See:

3431: 3412: 3393: 3374: 3355: 3344: 3325: 3314: 3295: 3276: 3257: 3196: 3169: 3150: 3131: 3112: 3101: 3082: 3063: 3041: 3030: 2985: 2951: 2929: 2910: 2891: 2872: 2850: 2831: 2812: 2793: 2774: 2627: 2596: 2585: 2547: 2526: 2500: 2382: 2261: 2236: 2132: 1780: 1686: 1499: 1227: 1168: 851: 778: 734: 5901: 5638: 5457: 5377: 4435: 4076: 4005:

Abdoulaye Massalatchi (Reuters) Niger rebels kill 3 soldiers in attack on convoy

3789: 3665: 3654: 3415:. Jon R. Anderson, Stars and Stripes European edition, Wednesday, 17 March 2004. 3075: 2998: 2362: 2275: 374: 7009: 6741: 6736: 6548: 6542: 6530: 6474: 5792: 3269: 2390: 2386: 2339: 2307: 2045: 1767: 1551: 1522:) had ordered former rebels to rally to the MNJ-controlled Tamgak Plateau near 1494:

army officers. While there was no independent confirmation of this, the Toubou

1486:

At the beginning of January, MNJ rebels claimed they had been joined by ethnic

1084: 1057: 299: 5358: 5339: 5282: 4114: 3923: 2903: 2865: 2676: 1321: 7197: 7167: 6968: 6950: 6906: 6798: 6560: 6536: 5205: 5155: 5086: 4734:. Zowenmanogo Dieudonné Zoungrana. L'Observateur (Burkina Faso). 17 July 2008 4364: 4272:

La présidente d'Areva a parlé des reporters français avec le président Tandja

2529:. Interview with Hama Ag Sidahmed, 13 October 2007, occitan-touareg (France). 2455: 2366: 2338:

In Agadez Region, several events signaled a return to peace. On 28 April the

2315: 1871: 1863: 1706: 1670: 1636: 1386: 1269: 1183: 1164: 1061: 918: 648: 635: 541: 509: 505: 341: 6040: 2922: 1669:

On 20 August, the government of Niger renewed its state of emergency in the

1427: 1397:, the director of Niger's first independent radio station, Radio R & M ( 765:

Nigerien Rebel President Aghaly Ag Alambo, giving an interview in the MNJ's

6102: 4935:

Radio and TV broadcaster Dounia suspended for one month without explanation

4040: 2621:

Mali: brève "offensive" de l'armée contre des rebelles touareg dans le nord

2442:

agreed, after talks between Mali's defence minister and Algerian President

2314:. In a statement after the meetings, the FPN congratulated "His excellency 2253: 2174:

In mid January, the former Ag Bahanga faction military commander, Lt. Col.

2103: 1590: 1491: 1471: 1382: 1223: 1179:), though this was denied by another group, claiming to represent the ARC. 1148: 870: 537: 5425:. L'Indépendant (Bamako) 2 March 2009. Also quotes Le Republicain (Niamey) 5227:. Abdoulaye Diakité Markatié Daou, L'indicateur Renouveau, 23 January 2009 3406:

EUCOM-based troops training Mali, Mauritania militaries for border patrols

2825:

Six éléments des Forces Armées nigériennes rejoignent les rebelles au Nord

2346: 1648: 1640: 1574:—scheduled to be complete in 2010 yet still not begun—extremely unlikely. 930: 7177: 7172: 6721: 6495: 6250: 4702: 1898: 1889: 1133: 1117: 725: 592: 5311:

San Evariste Barro, L'Observateur Paalga (Ouagadougou). 4 February 2009.

5099:

Mali: un responsable humanitaire veut rencontrer les prisonniers touareg

3434:. Charlie Coon, Stars and Stripes European edition, Sunday, 15 May 2005. 1870:(MSF) was forced to close a childhood malnutrition treatment program in 1393:, the capital, some 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from the conflict zone. 6793: 3125:

Niger looking to China to break French control of uranium mining sector

2438:, was killed by his captors in June 2009. In May 2009 Malian President 2435: 2118: 2022: 1971: 1884: 1803: 1647:

Also in late June, the military of Niger launched a major offensive at

1555: 1523: 1454:

On 21 January, both sides reported an attack by the MNJ on the town of

1103: 1050: 999: 738: 501: 69: 2542: 954:. All of Arlit's ore is processed and transported by a French company 6002:.: three to ten communiqués a week have been posted since April 2007. 4777:. TONDA MACCHARLES, JOANNA SMITH, the Toronto Star. 16 December 2008. 3425:

U.S. Special Ops troops preparing to train foreign soldiers in Africa

2213: 1939: 1584: 1353: 1316: 1309: 837: 741:, a Tuareg leader and negotiator who led the Tuareg rebellion in the 680: 623: 116: 3748:

SAHEL: Foundation money to allow long-term approach to water problem

1602: 1144: 569:. The area of Niger affected is home to some of the world's largest 294:

At least 10 Malian and tens to hundreds of Nigerien civilians killed

6618: 6339: 6091: 5989:

All Peace and Ceasefire Agreements for Mali, UN Peacemaker database

5906: 5874: 5643: 4440: 4412:

La mise en garde reconduite pour trois mois dans la région d'Agadez

3881:

Le gouvernement et les rebelles d'accord pour cesser les hostilités

3794: 2350: 2330:

Fatimana Imola, a Tuareg woman in Northern Niger is interviewed by

2122: 2095: 2075: 1759: 1635:

MNJ rebel Vice President Acharif Ag Mohamed El Moctar, killed in a

1255: 1244: 1232: 1202: 1190: 1098: 1092: 1016: 955: 3570:

Mali: Indignation dominates reaction as attacks in north escalate.

2049: 1702: 1019:

expressed doubts about this deal, calling it "Expensive uranium."

4374: 2552: 2465: 2018: 1802:

Ag Boula had been one of two prominent Rebel leaders (along with

1559: 1475: 1444: 998:, in the midst of the Tuareg winter pasturing lands and the fall 754: 656: 619: 600: 570: 545: 521: 120: 5039:

Alliance Touareg Nord Mali pour le Changement. 27 December 2008.

4725:

Condamnation de Rhissa Ag Boula: Les "hommes bleus" voient rouge

4307:

Niger: Four expatriated AREVA employees kidnapped by MNJ members

2059:

The attack on Nampala pushed the fighting far to the south. The

5534:

Niamey et les rebelles touaregs s'engagent en faveur de la paix

5058:

Alliance Touareg Nord Mali pour le Changement 28 December 2008.

3368:

NIGER: Five killed as army clashes with Tuaregs in desert north

2358: 2249: 1947: 1930: 1926: 1910:(both organisations for which Kaka is Niger Correspondent) and 1845: 1714: 1620: 1619:

uranium mining company. They were released to the Red Cross in

1570:

impossible to operate, and construction of their new mine near

1487: 1459: 1455: 1448: 1390: 1378: 1349: 1198: 1003: 926: 907: 859: 742: 717: 716:, the peace accords of 15 April 1995 with all Tuareg (and some 667: 660: 533: 5583:

Le FPN annonce des avancées vers la paix dans le nord du Niger

5387:. Bassaro Touré, Nouvelle République (Bamako), 6 February 2009 5010: 4846:, AFR 43/002/2007 (Public), Bulletin n° 184, 26 September 2007 4207:

Après les Touaregs, les Toubous. Jeune Afrique, 6 January 2008

1329: 696: 5999: 5434:

The original communiques were posted on the group's website,

5118:

Algeria lifts hands on Bahanga and Mali plots liquidating him

4954:

Aïr Info correspondent freed after six days in police custody

4183: 4024: 3308:

In Niger, government bans live broadcasts on Tuareg rebellion

3221: 2979:"Pour Bamako, le MNJ et les rebelles du nord ont partie liée" 2589: 2378: 2354: 2311: 2269: 2164: 2140: 2068: 2033:

in a grenade attack on the politician's home on 18 December.

1984: 1960: 1788: 1763: 1753: 1616: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1543: 1511: 1140: 959: 951: 903: 808: 750: 605: 596: 582: 566: 529: 525: 517: 150: 113:

Peace deals brokered by Mali in August 2008 and February 2009

96: 6005: 4172:

NIGER: Rebels raid town in south east. IRIN, 22 January 2008

3974:

NIGER: News filtering out of north suggests grave conditions

1175:

announced the creation of a Niger-Mali Tuareg alliance (the

979:

In June and July 2007, the head of Areva's Niger operations

5435: 5180:

La principale base du rebelle Ibrahim Ag Bahanga "détruite"

4806:

Niger: Press harassment hinders development, watchdogs warn

3862:

Mali: Western diplomats warn about "deterioration" in north

2427: 2037: 1506:, FARS) had risen against the government in the 1990s (see 1463: 1259:

A United States 10th Special Forces Group soldier training

1194: 841: 655:

beginning of 2009, rebel attempts to impinge upon Nigerien

513: 162: 100: 86:(2 years, 2 months, 3 weeks and 6 days) 6020:

Reuters/alertnet.org: Articles on Niger-Mali Tuareg unrest

5458:

Appel de Kadhafi aux rebelles touaregs du Niger et du Mali

4992:

Agadez-based journalist to be released conditionally today

3704:

WEST Africa: Floods prompt greater focus on risk reduction

3338:

NIGER: Government cracks down on coverage of rebel attacks

1966: 1742:

Tuareg village of Elmiki, which they called an attempt at

5237:

Tuareg leader demands release of rebels held by Mali army

5149:

Insécurité au nord: L'Etat entretient le conflit ethnique

4636:. Reuters, Abdoulaye Massalatchi. Friday 30 January 2009. 2136: 2030: 6031:: Updated news at France based Tuareg nationalist group. 5595:

Le PAM réinstalle 20.000 personnes dans le Nord du Niger

4648:. Anne-Sylvaine Chassany, Bloomberg News. 25 March 2008. 4284:

Niger: Four French citizens released under ICRC auspices

3545:"Mort du rebelle touareg Ibrahim Ag Bahanga - France 24" 4498:

Gouré : mort et désolation suite à une mesquinerie

3905:

Otages enlevés au nord-est de Kidal: Tous libres !

2520:

La nouvelle Alliance Touareg du Niger et du Mali (ATNM)

1774: 2999:"Tuareg conflict spreads to Mali. BBC: 28 August 2007" 2084: 536:, Niger. Fighting was largely contained within Mali's 6089: 5741:. H. Hafizou, Louisiana GRIFFE N° 318. 15 June 2009. 5199:

Sécurité: Enfin, l'armée régulière prend l'initiative

5006:

Alliance Touaregue du Niger – Mali Pour Le Changement

3942:

These numbers were also reported by the Nigerien NGO

3348: 3318: 2543:"Gunmen attack Mali outpost, seize soldiers, weapons" 1554:

on their behalf. It was also reported that President

917:

Nigerien soldiers from the 322nd Parachute Regiment,

856:

23 May 2006; Alliance démocratique pour le changement

5268:

Mali army refuses truce with Tuareg rebels: ministry

4916:

Newspaper editor freed after being held for 48 hours

4134:

Niger army says killed 7 Tuareg civilians by mistake

3613:

Yaya SIDIBE. L'Indépendant (Mali), 3 September 2007.

2787:

La crise touareg due à "l'échec" des accords de 1995

1996:

l'Alliance Démocratique du 23 mai pour le Changement

1247:, taking 20 prisoners in addition to many supplies. 962:

group, itself a state owned operation of the French

504:

that began in February 2007 amongst elements of the

5127:. El Khabar: A.K/ Translation A.A. 14 January 2009. 5003:

Note, the ATNMC has at times been reported as the "

4825:

Niger: la libération de Moussa Kaka très incertaine

4634:

Niger insecurity hits uranium prospecting -minister

4479:

One killed, two hurt by mine at Niger arms handover

3933:, Abdrahamane Keïta – Aurore (Mali), 26 August 2008 3843:

Gunmen attack Mali outpost, seize soldiers, weapons

3525:

Suspected Tuareg rebels ambush Mali military convoy

3289:

NIGER: Dozens arrested in north as critics targeted

2021:500 km (310 mi) north of Bamako near the 1851: 792:

Front de libération de l'Aïr et de l'Azawagh (FLAA)

5397:Niger/Mali: forum à Niamey sur la question touareg 4703:Regards croisés sur la question touarègue au Niger 4469:, Abdoulaye Massalatchi (Reuters), 19 August 2008. 4400:Niger says a rebel leader killed in army operation 4326:Niger Tuareg rebels kidnap 4 Areva uranium workers 4105:. Committee to Protect Journalists 9 January 2008. 3821:Mali, Algeria plan joint patrols on Saharan border 3057:Iférouane, prise en étau, se vide de ses habitants 2416: 1676: 1317:Continued conflict in Niger: late 2007 to mid-2008 1217: 840:in northern Niger, was apparently inspired by the 5349:. Chahana TAKIOU- L'Indépendant, 30 January 2009. 5302:Mali: Peut-on enfin faire confiance à Ag Bahanga? 4787:Mali, Niger armies hit back against Tuareg rebels 4744:Scission au sein du mouvement rebelle touareg MNJ 4646:Areva Will Post Loss From Niger Uranium This Year 4488:, Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters. 24 August 2008. 3770:Erratic end of season rains may affect some crops 3260:. Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters: 25 August 2007. 3251:Niger seeks help from Sudan, Libya against rebels 3163:France sees Areva progress, offers Niger mine aid 3052: 3050: 2579:tuaregcultureandnews summaries of MNJ communiques 1603:Niger offensive of mid-2008 and renewed stalemate 404: 7195: 5840:. AllAfrica. 3 June 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2009. 5802:. John Thorne, The National (Canada). 1 May 2009 5682:Niger government and rebels in disarmament talks 5670:State TV: Tuareg rebels in Niger release hostage 5607:Niger extends state of emergency in Tuareg north 5330:. Jeune Afrique, Cherif Ouazani. 27 January 2009 5258:. "R. N.", El-Watan (Algeria). 4 February 2009. 5249:Ag Bahanga demande à réintégrer l'Accord d'Alger 5139:. "R. N.", El-Watan (Algeria). 8 February 2009. 5137:La confiance tarde à régner dans le nord du Mali 4689: 4687: 4685: 4603:Uranium-rich Niger eyes nuclear power generation 3172:. Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters: 4 August 2007. 3134:. Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters: 1 August 2007. 2777:. Phuong Tran, Voice of America: 21 August 2007. 2310:to begin joint meetings with the FPN and MNJ at 2299:On 3 April, a Nigerien delegation headed by the 1979:Sometime before the beginning of December 2008, 1881:in the north has been closed by the government. 1099:Rebel offensives in Mali May 2007 – January 2008 670:. In March 2009 a dramatic split of much of the 329: 5368:L'indépendant, Chahana TAKIOU. 5 February 2009. 5278: 5276: 3995:. Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters. 20 April 2008 3838: 3836: 3726:Mali: After the deluge the real struggle begins 3396:: American Forces Press Service, 10 March 2006. 3044:. Radio France International, 3 September 2007. 2988:. Radio France International, 2 September 2007. 2923:Ahmed Akoli (MNJ) – Exclusive Temoust Interview 2002:Alliance Touaregue Nord Mali Pour Le Changement 1664: 1536: 992:China Nuclear International Uranium Corporation 700:Areas where significant numbers of Tuaregs live 5089:. B.S. Diarra. Aurore (Bamako) 26 January 2009 4402:. Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters. 28 June 2008 4354:. Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters. 22 June 2007 4335:. Abdoulaye Massalatchi, Reuters. 22 June 2008 3047: 3033:Radio France International, 1 September 2007. 3024:"Confusion chez les anciens rebelles touaregs" 1577: 1401:) was killed after driving over a landmine in 1243:On 18 July, rebels overran a military post at 933:, killing 15 soldiers and taking 70 hostages. 712:As part of an initiative started under a 1991 176:Front of Forces for Rectification (2008 split) 6075: 5850:British hostage executed by Islamists in Mali 5477:Niger: Scission au sein des rebelles touaregs 5283:Mali: les rebelles touaregs fuient en Algérie 4720: 4718: 4682: 4184:MNJ Communique: Attaque de la ville de Tanout 3506:. Jeune Afrique, Cherif Ouazani: 20 May 2007. 3470:. Sam Urquhart, Dissident Voice: 5 July 2007. 2616: 2614: 2515: 2513: 869:in Mali created a new self-governing region, 588:Alliance Touareg Nord Mali pour le Changement 390: 315: 5793:Kidnappings a ‘message' from rebels in Sahel 5546: 5273: 5208:. A. Keïta. Aurore (Bamako). 26 January 2009 5158:. B. Daou. Le Républicain du 16 janvier 2009 5004: 4558:Niger government denies Tuareg rebel clashes 4467:Niger Tuareg rebel rejects talk of ceasefire 4357: 4345:Niger rebels kill 15 soldiers in desert raid 4197:. XINHUA News Agency, China: 22 January 2008 4034: 3833: 3589:Mali Tuaregs deny alliance with Niger rebels 3279:, HEIDI VOGT Associated Press, 25 July 2007. 2494:Dominique Derda. La révolte des hommes bleus 2424:Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb 2385:and French Minister of Overseas Cooperation 2188: 2126: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1821: 1815: 1514:. The MNJ claimed the former FARS commander 1406: 963: 613:Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb 586: 126:Integration of some rebels into the military 5573:. Adine Ag Aglasse, Le Sahel. 15 April 2009 5524:. Radio France Internationale. 4 April 2009 4873: 4871: 4615:La course à l'uranium reprend dans le monde 4096:CPJ mourns the loss of Niger radio director 3461:Fake Terror and Instability in North Africa 2430:, including the Canadian diplomat to Niger 1330:Escalating violence and humanitarian crisis 847:May 23, 2006 Democratic Alliance for Change 6082: 6068: 5859:. AFP. 3 June 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2009. 5713:Cease-fire truce reached with Niger rebels 5161: 4715: 4500:. MNJ Official communique, 25 August 2008. 2861: 2859: 2708:"Desertification threatens Niger's nomads" 2611: 2510: 2248:consisted of much of the MNJ, with former 2203: 2197:, 50 km (31 mi) south of Kidal. 1754:2009: Nigerien uranium industry unhindered 976:, is dependent on uranium mined at Arlit. 815: 556:Attacks beginning in February 2007 by the 397: 383: 322: 308: 3449:Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative 3222:"Mouvement des Nigeriens pour la Justice" 2885:Niger: New Touareg rebel group speaks out 2537: 2535: 2476:Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara 1987:. Ag Bahanga is the former leader of the 1942:for one month in August 2008, and closed 1808:Minister of Tourism and Artisanal Affairs 1626: 970:system of French nuclear power generation 6231:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) 5619:Founding ceremony for Niger uranium mine 5378:Situation au Nord: Bahanga, la débandade 5080:Nord-Mali: De la rébellion au terrorisme 4868: 4712:. Stéphanie Plasse, Afrik. 5 April 2008. 4677:Areva feels uranium mining heat in Niger 3547:(in French). France 24. 27 August 2011. 2471:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) 2325: 2274: 2207: 2089: 1983:returned from his self-imposed exile in 1970: 1883: 1793: 1758:Despite the violence in the Aïr Massif, 1724: 1630: 1589: 1504:Forces armées révolutionnaires du Sahara 1496:Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Sahara 1426: 1418: 1372: 1320: 1254: 1250: 1102: 1026: 912: 803:who defected to the rebels in May 2007. 760: 695: 6774:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) 6448:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis 6047:Security and Insecurity in North Africa 5952: 4153:Le massacre continue: Black or White II 3963:NIGER: Humanitarian access cut to north 3830:. 15 July 2008 Reuters, Tiemoko Diallo. 3270:Niger Gov't Tries to Contain Rebel News 3066:. Agence France-Presse: 27 August 2007. 2856: 2806:Security and Insecurity in North Africa 2796:. Agence France-Presse: 25 August 2007. 2157: 1967:Mali December 2008: Ag Bahanga's return 1338: 1208: 1111: 936: 783:Mouvement des Nigériens pour la justice 14: 7196: 5701:Niger's Tuareg rebels refuse to disarm 5446:Création du Front Patriotique Nigérien 4796:. Tiemoko Diallo, Reuters. 23 May 2008 2532: 2389:in placing the first stone in the new 2181: 1123: 1072: 6963:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict 6884:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes 6063: 6015:Rebels in Niger Threaten More Attacks 3675:. Inter De Bamako, 17 September 2007. 3387:American Forces Train Nigerien Troops 2768:Rebels in Niger Threaten More Attacks 2736: 2705: 2687:from the original on 23 November 2010 2674: 1975:The Mali–Niger–Algeria border region. 1692: 1107:The Mali–Niger–Algeria border region. 950:ore from Arlit takes to the ports of 686: 378: 303: 5914:from the original on 3 February 2012 5831:Mali: Al-Qaeda Group Executes Briton 5515:Vers une médiation avec les touaregs 4667:. Areva press release (January 2009) 4052:For the 9 January 2008 attack, see: 3802:from the original on 4 February 2014 3604:Bahanga prêt à arrêter ses attaques? 3602:. Serge Daniel, AFP, 28 August 2007 3551:from the original on 8 February 2018 3347:. Committee to Protect Journalists. 3317:. Committee to Protect Journalists. 3232:from the original on 26 October 2015 3144:Nuclear executive kidnapped in Niger 2400: 2139:and Colonel Takini head of the ETIA 2067:, vowed harsh action in a speech at 1775:Rhissa Ag Boula and the FFR splinter 1720: 1610: 1414: 1056:On 24 August 2007 Niger's president 720:) rebel groups were negotiated with 7053:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict 7004:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 6519:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency 4756:Journo remains behind bars in Niger 4448:from the original on 3 January 2009 4436:"Niger rebels deny ceasefire claim" 2866:Point Afrique cancels tour flights. 2718:from the original on 18 August 2017 2321: 2085:Mali 2009: offensive and peace deal 1823:Coordination de la résistance armée 1481: 1284:, had negotiated the deal, between 1022: 27:Tuareg insurgency in Mali and Niger 24: 6761:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict 6303:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria 5946: 5902:"Algeria and Mali target al-Qaeda" 5870:"Al-Qaeda 'kills British hostage'" 5672:. DALATOU MAMANE. AFP. 4 May 2009. 5639:"Niger leader meets Tuareg rebels" 5068:Mali president warns Tuareg rebels 4316:. AREVA press office. 22 June 2008 3790:"Tuareg rebels attack Mali convoy" 3593:Mali rebels renege on peace accord 3076:"Rebels attack army base in Niger" 2739:"Niger's natural wealth exploited" 2559:from the original on 19 March 2009 1359: 618:In Niger, fighting flared after a 178:Niger Patriotic Front (2009 split) 25: 7295: 6998:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 6701:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 5982: 5882:from the original on 4 March 2011 4381:from the original on 16 June 2011 4077:Niger reporter killed by landmine 3895:, Jeune Afrique, 20 juillet 2008. 3893:"Les Maliens parlent aux Maliens" 3005:from the original on 6 April 2008 2749:from the original on 29 July 2016 2301:Nigerien Minister of the Interior 2258:Front of Forces for Rectification 2243:, FPN) announced that MNJ leader 2008: 1468:Nigerien Internal Security Forces 1280:The Algerian ambassador to Mali, 1177:Alliance-Touareg-Niger-Mali, ATNM 1060:declared a state of alert in the 965:Commissariat à l'énergie atomique 6828:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 5894: 5862: 5843: 5824: 5812:Crisis began with nomadic rebels 5805: 5786: 5767: 5744: 5725: 5706: 5694: 5675: 5663: 5631: 5628:. World Nuclear News. 5 May 2009 5612: 5600: 5588: 5576: 5556: 5527: 5508: 5489: 5470: 5451: 5428: 5409: 5390: 5371: 5352: 5333: 5314: 5295: 5261: 5242: 5230: 5211: 5192: 5173: 5168:Rebel chief says war only option 5142: 5130: 5111: 5092: 5073: 5061: 5042: 5023: 4997: 4985: 4966: 4947: 4928: 4909: 4890: 4849: 4830: 4818: 4799: 4780: 4761: 4749: 4737: 4696: 4670: 4651: 4639: 4627: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4578:"MNJ Comunique 19 November 2008" 4570: 3655:Mali boosts army to fight Tuareg 2853:. Alex Harrowell: 6 August 2007. 2737:Welsh, May Ying (16 July 2008). 2706:Welsh, May Ying (15 July 2008). 2675:Welsh, May Ying (14 July 2008). 2647:from the original on 9 July 2008 1852:Impact on Nigerien press freedom 1817:Front des Forces de redressement 1136:, near the border with Algeria. 1129:Malian government in July 2007. 1080:Niger Rapid Intervention Company 1066:Committee to Protect Journalists 897: 749:' burgeoning tourist trade, and 558:Niger Movement for Justice (MNJ) 248: 239: 203: 155: 143: 68: 6845:Piracy off the coast of Somalia 5651:from the original on 7 May 2009 4551: 4539: 4527: 4515: 4503: 4491: 4472: 4460: 4428: 4405: 4393: 4338: 4319: 4300: 4277: 4265: 4256:Juene Afrique, 11 November 2007 4238: 4219: 4200: 4165: 4146: 4127: 4108: 4089: 4070: 4046: 4017: 3998: 3986: 3956: 3936: 3917: 3898: 3886: 3874: 3855: 3814: 3782: 3763: 3741: 3719: 3697: 3678: 3648: 3616: 3582: 3563: 3537: 3518: 3509: 3490: 3473: 3454: 3437: 3418: 3399: 3380: 3361: 3331: 3301: 3282: 3263: 3244: 3214: 3202: 3175: 3156: 3137: 3118: 3088: 3069: 3017: 2991: 2972: 2960: 2938: 2916: 2897: 2878: 2837: 2818: 2799: 2780: 2761: 2730: 2699: 2417:Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb 2372: 2220: 1677:Reports of ceasefire discounted 1352:from the mostly Tuareg town of 1288:(a Malian Tuareg Deputy in the 1218:March–July 2008 rebel offensive 945:In October 2006, Tuareg leader 4591:MNJ Comunique 17 November 2008 4546:MNJ Comunique 11 December 2008 3944:l'Association NORD NIGER SANTE 2668: 2659: 2633: 2602: 2571: 2487: 2294: 974:French nuclear weapons program 212:(Nigerien Army Chief of Staff) 13: 1: 7146:2014 Lesotho political crisis 7103:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) 6266:Communal conflicts in Nigeria 6008:ALLIANCE TOUAREGUE NIGER-Mali 5955:Small Wars & Insurgencies 5821:. Toronto Star. 23 April 2009 5764:(Agadez) N°97–98. 5 June 2009 4605:. Reuters. Fri 9 January 2009 4534:MNJ Comunique 9 November 2008 4522:MNJ Comunique 9 November 2008 4143:, 10 December 2007 (Reuters). 3591:. IOL.co.za, 26 August 2007. 3211:. APA-Niamey: 25 August 2007. 2481: 2135:, Commandant Barek from ETIA 1292:) for the rebels and General 892: 408:Tuareg rebellions (2006-2009) 123:declared in Niger in May 2009 7140:SADC intervention in Lesotho 6742:OLA insurgency, 2018–present 6696:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) 6453:ECOWAS military intervention 6173:2011–2014 factional violence 5967:10.1080/09592318.2011.573406 5597:. PANA Press. 28 April 2009. 5585:. Pana Press. 26 March 2009. 4827:, France Info – 23 juin 2008 4768:Confusion over missing envoy 4365:"Niger army kills 17 rebels" 3993:Niger adopts anti-terror law 2945:"Jusqu'où ira la rébellion?" 2407:Front of National Liberation 2229: 2190:Groupe Technique de Sécurité 1946:, the main radio station in 1665:State of emergency continues 1655: 1537:Niger: international support 769:base, January–February 2008. 331:Tuareg rebellions since 1900 84:6 February 2007 – 3 May 2009 36:Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995) 32:Tuareg rebellion (1962–1964) 18:Tuareg rebellion (2007-2009) 7: 6817:Puntland–Somaliland dispute 6672:Insurgency in Northern Chad 5774:Fowler freed from captivity 5011:https://atnmc.blogspot.com/ 4510:MNJ Comunique November 2008 4033:have used the French term " 3972:, 10 December 2007 (IRIN). 3871:, 11 September 2007 (IRIN). 3483:, by Raffi Khatchadourian, 3106:French Involvement in Niger 2449: 2128:Echelon tactique inter-arme 1578:Niger: February – June 2008 1167:, as well as Libyan leader 994:(SinoU) to begin mining at 551: 10: 7300: 7108:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado 6929:Abyei conflict (2022–2023) 6784:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict 6649:Djotodia period, 2013–2014 6460:Western Togoland Rebellion 6006:Reputed press site of the 4973:Niger – Annual Report 2008 3983:, 10 December 2007 (IRIN). 3757:, 25 October 2007 (IRIN). 3713:, 3 September 2007 (IRIN). 3664:. BBC, 17 September 2007. 3534:. Reuters: 28 August 2007. 2590:http://m-n-j.blogspot.com/ 2395:Niger Movement for Justice 2241:Front Patriotique Nigérien 2025:border. Between 11 and 20 2017:a desert garrison post at 1855: 1550:intervened with President 1510:) in the far southeast of 1490:rebel leaders and several 1443:escarpment area (south of 1439:A 9 December clash in the 1366:National Assembly of Niger 799:, a former captain in the 775:Niger Movement for Justice 498:2007-2009 Tuareg rebellion 173:Niger Movement for Justice 51:2007-2009 Tuareg rebellion 29: 7160: 7117: 7089: 7080: 7019: 6990: 6945:Second Sudanese Civil War 6937: 6899: 6853: 6809: 6729: 6720: 6688: 6659: 6628: 6588: 6505: 6482: 6473: 6422: 6396: 6370: 6349: 6312: 6258: 6249: 6217: 6188: 6150: 6110: 6101: 6011:: created 31 August 2007. 5783:. Winnipeg Sun. 23 April. 5543:. Reuters. 8 April 2009. 5467:. Reuters. 15 March 2009. 4982:, Reports Without Borders 4624:.LE MONDE 10 January 2009 4260:Juene Afrique, 19 January 3735:, 1 October 2007 (IRIN). 3627:16 September 2007 at the 3502:30 September 2007 at the 3497:Les dessous d'une attaque 3466:29 September 2007 at the 3430:29 September 2007 at the 3411:26 September 2007 at the 3392:15 September 2007 at the 3354:22 September 2007 at the 3324:22 September 2007 at the 3298:. IRIN 18 September 2007. 3195:11 September 2007 at the 3149:12 September 2007 at the 3130:29 September 2007 at the 3095:France and Nuclear Energy 3062:30 September 2007 at the 2950:27 September 2007 at the 2890:29 September 2007 at the 2871:29 September 2007 at the 2792:30 September 2007 at the 2461:List of wars 2003-current 1908:Reporters Without Borders 789:, a former member of the 560:targeted outposts of the 485:Insurgency in the Maghreb 416: 337: 288: 261: 232: 196: 136: 76: 67: 55: 50: 7048:2008 invasion of Anjouan 6644:Civil War (2012–present) 6613:Pool Department conflict 6029:temoust.org current news 5855:30 December 2010 at the 5779:15 February 2012 at the 5501:16 February 2009 at the 5448:, F.P.N., 10 March 2009. 5345:24 December 2008 at the 5288:10 February 2009 at the 5254:10 February 2009 at the 5070:. AFP. 22 December 2008. 4842:22 November 2018 at the 4815:, 15 January 2008 (IRIN) 4811:17 February 2008 at the 4758:. AFP. 12 February 2008. 4663:25 February 2009 at the 4417:1 September 2008 at the 4245:Juene Afrique, 6 January 4139:12 December 2007 at the 3979:12 December 2007 at the 3968:12 December 2007 at the 3949:8 September 2008 at the 3867:16 December 2007 at the 3775:12 December 2007 at the 3731:16 December 2007 at the 3709:19 December 2007 at the 3575:5 September 2007 at the 3343:29 December 2007 at the 3313:30 December 2007 at the 3294:16 December 2007 at the 3275:17 December 2007 at the 3040:5 September 2007 at the 3035:"La peur de la scission" 3029:4 September 2007 at the 2984:5 September 2007 at the 2811:27 February 2008 at the 2773:7 September 2007 at the 2499:18 November 2008 at the 2266:Mohamed Aoutchiki Kriska 1290:Malian National Assembly 1273:northern military bases 691: 62:Operation Juniper Shield 7264:21st-century rebellions 7043:Hanish Islands conflict 6579:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion 6430:Guinea-Bissau Civil War 6272:Herder–farmer conflicts 6196:Western Sahara conflict 6041:Tuareg Culture and News 5817:16 October 2012 at the 5406:. AFP. 25 February 2009 5383:7 February 2009 at the 5326:1 February 2009 at the 5307:6 February 2009 at the 5270:. AFP. 2 February 2009. 5185:24 January 2009 at the 5108:. AFP. 13 January 2009 5104:5 February 2009 at the 4959:5 December 2007 at the 4773:12 October 2012 at the 4620:18 January 2009 at the 4567:. AFP. 18 November 2008 4563:5 February 2009 at the 4274:. AFP, 17 January 2008. 4177:24 January 2008 at the 4158:29 January 2008 at the 4082:12 January 2008 at the 4059:11 January 2008 at the 4023:The MNJ press releases 4010:7 December 2007 at the 3914:L'Essor, 19 August 2008 3753:12 January 2008 at the 3168:15 October 2008 at the 3100:16 October 2007 at the 2849:5 December 2007 at the 2844:Next Up: Northern Niger 2641:"English.aljazeera.net" 2204:Niger: 2009 peace talks 2013:On 20 December, rebels 1868:Doctors without borders 1458:, 150 km north of 1346:Doctors Without Borders 1231:attacked a convoy near 983:and his security chief 867:1990s Tuareg insurgency 831: 816:Tuareg demands in Niger 706:1990s Tuareg insurgency 599:, while both Libya and 40:Tuareg rebellion (2012) 6866:Somali–Kenyan conflict 6755:Second Afar insurgency 6362:Sierra Leone Civil War 5553: 5547: 5239:. AFP. 26 January 2009 5016:12 August 2018 at the 5005: 4370:Television New Zealand 4086:, BBC, 9 January 2008. 4035: 3153:. Xinhua: 7 July 2007. 2626:5 January 2009 at the 2335: 2284: 2240: 2217: 2189: 2127: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1976: 1893: 1822: 1816: 1799: 1734: 1699:Bocar Mohamed Sougouma 1644: 1627:Army retakes Tezirzaït 1599: 1516:Bocar Mohamed Sougouma 1503: 1436: 1424: 1407: 1326: 1264: 1108: 1089:United States Military 1032: 964: 922: 855: 782: 770: 701: 587: 480:Algiers Accords (2006) 197:Commanders and leaders 7125:Bophuthatswana crisis 6789:Oromia–Somali clashes 6707:Boko Haram insurgency 6667:Civil War (2005–2010) 6284:Boko Haram insurgency 6207:Clashes, 2020–present 5687:19 March 2011 at the 5544: 5482:14 April 2009 at the 5463:17 March 2009 at the 5421:31 March 2009 at the 5402:31 March 2009 at the 5189:. ARP 21 January 2009 5170:. AFP. 25 January 200 5049:Communiqué de l'ATNMC 5030:Communiqué de l'ATNMC 4978:22 March 2009 at the 4940:22 March 2009 at the 4921:22 March 2009 at the 4902:22 March 2009 at the 4792:22 March 2009 at the 4484:22 March 2009 at the 4350:22 March 2009 at the 4289:22 March 2009 at the 4231:23 March 2008 at the 3883:21 juillet 2008 – AFP 3638:22 March 2009 at the 3598:7 August 2018 at the 3579:IRIN: 31 August 2007. 3530:22 March 2009 at the 3256:22 March 2009 at the 2630:. AFP. 2 January 2009 2588:and the originals at 2505:Le Nouvel Observateur 2329: 2278: 2211: 2090:Army assault in north 1974: 1912:Amnesty International 1887: 1858:Human Rights in Niger 1797: 1785:le Nouvel Observateur 1728: 1701:had surrendered near 1634: 1593: 1430: 1422: 1395:Abdou Mohamed Jeannot 1373:Mine attacks in south 1324: 1258: 1251:August 2008 ceasefire 1106: 1030: 916: 820:On 21 December 2007, 801:Nigerien Armed Forces 764: 730:Nigerien Armed Forces 699: 679:pledged an immediate 676:Nigerien Armed Forces 632:Nigerien Armed Forces 562:Nigerien Armed Forces 475:2006 Tuareg rebellion 262:Casualties and losses 7097:Mozambican Civil War 7057:Burundian conflicts 7037:Djiboutian Civil War 6749:Insurgency in Ogaden 6377:Liberian Civil Wars 6290:Niger Delta conflict 5936:Unrest in the Sahara 5798:4 March 2016 at the 5756:16 July 2011 at the 5737:19 June 2009 at the 5569:27 July 2011 at the 5539:16 July 2011 at the 5520:16 July 2011 at the 5505:. AFP. 7 April 2009. 5486:. RFI 13 March 2009. 5444:. See communique #1: 5440:20 July 2011 at the 5364:3 March 2016 at the 5292:Afrik.com – 06/02/09 5223:16 July 2011 at the 5123:3 March 2016 at the 5085:4 September 2012 at 4883:2 March 2009 at the 4861:15 July 2011 at the 4730:2 March 2009 at the 4708:11 June 2008 at the 4331:23 June 2008 at the 4312:2 March 2009 at the 4250:8 April 2008 at the 4212:8 April 2008 at the 4193:. 21 January 2008. 4120:3 March 2016 at the 4101:4 March 2008 at the 3953:on 17 November 2007. 3929:3 March 2016 at the 3910:16 July 2011 at the 3852:19 July 2008 Reuters 3848:22 July 2008 at the 3826:22 July 2008 at the 3690:3 April 2008 at the 3671:16 July 2011 at the 3660:6 April 2008 at the 3609:21 July 2011 at the 3445:Pan Sahel Initiative 3081:6 April 2008 at the 2969:. APA, 14 June 2007. 2909:3 March 2016 at the 2875:AFP: 31 August 2007. 2830:5 March 2008 at the 2677:"Niger's Nomad Army" 2525:15 July 2011 at the 2444:Abdelaziz Bouteflika 2440:Amadou Toumani Toure 2343:World Food Programme 2158:Malian faction split 2065:Amadou Toumani Touré 1957:Ibrahim Manzo Diallo 1888:Nigerien journalist 1594:Map of the southern 1339:Aid and press barred 1209:Seasonal constraints 1112:Early unrest in 2006 1087:unit trained by the 937:Uranium mines crises 844:-based Tuareg group 622:truce in 2007, with 512:regions of northern 7254:Civil wars in Niger 7136:Lesothan conflicts 7061:1993–2005 Civil War 6779:Afar–Somali clashes 6566:2022–2024 offensive 6561:2012–2013 rebellion 6403:Ivorian Civil Wars 6236:Tunisian revolution 6178:2014–2020 civil war 6158:2008 Kufra conflict 6095:conflicts in Africa 6035:Secrets in the Sand 5836:5 June 2009 at the 5722:. UPI. 15 May 2009. 5718:5 June 2011 at the 5609:. AFP. 24 May 2009. 5054:8 July 2011 at the 5035:8 July 2011 at the 4746:. AFP. 31 May 2008. 4189:16 May 2008 at the 4029:16 May 2008 at the 3190:English Translation 3111:4 July 2007 at the 3085:. BBC: 22 June 2007 2928:12 May 2011 at the 2834:. APA, 24 May 2007. 2595:16 May 2008 at the 2584:8 July 2011 at the 2182:Rebels dispose arms 2121:and to the east of 2027:Malian Armed Forces 1408:Maison de la Presse 1261:Malian Armed Forces 1157:Malian Armed Forces 1124:Upsurge of violence 1073:Military defections 958:, a holding of the 875:Malian Armed Forces 836:Agaly Alambo, from 722:Government of Niger 714:National Conference 628:Nigerien government 357:2007–2009 rebellion 352:1990–1995 rebellion 347:1962–1964 rebellion 342:1916–1917 rebellion 290:Civilian casualties 7284:Rebellions in Mali 7249:Civil wars in Mali 7183:Colour revolutions 6981:Sudanese civil war 6833:2009–present phase 6573:Batwa–Luba clashes 6442:Casamance conflict 6319:Tuareg rebellions 6279:Religious violence 6225:Algerian Civil War 6141:Terrorism in Egypt 5703:. AFP. 12 May2009. 5691:. AFP. 5 May 2009. 5624:9 May 2009 at the 5321:Ibrahim Ag Bahanga 4963:, 2 November 2007. 4444:. 19 August 2008. 4226:Jurist, 17 January 4014:. 5 December 2007. 3487:, 31 January 2006. 3373:4 May 2008 at the 3349:http://www.cpj.org 3319:http://www.cpj.org 3226:m-n-j.blogspot.com 3188:: 4 August 2007. ( 2336: 2288:Muammar al-Gaddafi 2285: 2281:Muammar al-Gaddafi 2218: 1981:Ibrahim Ag Bahanga 1977: 1904:Alain de Pouzilhac 1894: 1828:Ibrahim Ag Bahanga 1800: 1735: 1693:Sougouma surrender 1645: 1600: 1548:Omar Bongo Ondimba 1437: 1425: 1364:In April 2008 the 1327: 1306:Ibrahim Ag Bahanga 1265: 1153:Ibrahim ag Bahanga 1109: 1041:Muammar al-Gaddafi 1033: 923: 882:Ibrahim Ag Bahanga 785:, MNJ) was led by 771: 702: 687:Causes of conflict 579:Ibrahim Ag Bahanga 223:Ibrahim Ag Bahanga 7259:Conflicts in 2009 7214:Tuareg rebellions 7209:Conflicts in 2008 7204:Conflicts in 2007 7191: 7190: 7156: 7155: 7076: 7075: 7027:Rwandan Civil War 6975:Blue Nile clashes 6957:Nomadic conflicts 6913:Nomadic conflicts 6716: 6715: 6555:March 23 Movement 6490:Angolan Civil War 6469: 6468: 6245: 6244: 4994:, 6 February 2008 4124:, 9 January 2008. 4067:, 9 January 2008. 3798:. 22 March 2008. 3485:The Village Voice 3328:, 30 August 2007. 2401:Disposing of arms 2100:Adrar des Ifoghas 2061:President of Mali 1925:were detained in 1779:In January 2008, 1721:November fighting 1611:Areva kidnappings 1415:Continued clashes 972:, as well as the 947:Boutali Tchiwerin 822:Ahmed Akoli Akoli 493: 492: 370: 369: 298: 297: 257:In Mali: 165–400+ 132: 131: 58:Tuareg rebellions 16:(Redirected from 7291: 7229:Berbers in Niger 7131:Caprivi conflict 7087: 7086: 7066:2015–2018 unrest 6872:Likoni massacres 6861:Ethnic conflicts 6823:Somali Civil War 6727: 6726: 6525:Second Congo War 6480: 6479: 6256: 6255: 6135:Post-coup unrest 6129:Sinai insurgency 6108: 6107: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6061: 6060: 6027: 5978: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5866: 5860: 5847: 5841: 5828: 5822: 5809: 5803: 5790: 5784: 5771: 5765: 5748: 5742: 5729: 5723: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5635: 5629: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5531: 5525: 5512: 5506: 5493: 5487: 5474: 5468: 5455: 5449: 5432: 5426: 5413: 5407: 5394: 5388: 5375: 5369: 5356: 5350: 5337: 5331: 5318: 5312: 5299: 5293: 5280: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5215: 5209: 5204:21 July 2012 at 5196: 5190: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5154:30 July 2012 at 5146: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5115: 5109: 5096: 5090: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5046: 5040: 5027: 5021: 5008: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4970: 4964: 4951: 4945: 4944:, 20 August 2008 4932: 4926: 4913: 4907: 4894: 4888: 4875: 4866: 4853: 4847: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4803: 4797: 4784: 4778: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4722: 4713: 4700: 4694: 4691: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4574: 4568: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4432: 4426: 4425:, 21 August 2008 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4377:. 28 June 2008. 4361: 4355: 4342: 4336: 4323: 4317: 4304: 4298: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4242: 4236: 4223: 4217: 4204: 4198: 4169: 4163: 4150: 4144: 4131: 4125: 4112: 4106: 4093: 4087: 4074: 4068: 4065:Voice of America 4050: 4044: 4038: 4021: 4015: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3960: 3954: 3940: 3934: 3921: 3915: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3859: 3853: 3840: 3831: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3786: 3780: 3767: 3761: 3745: 3739: 3723: 3717: 3701: 3695: 3682: 3676: 3652: 3646: 3620: 3614: 3586: 3580: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3541: 3535: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3494: 3488: 3477: 3471: 3458: 3452: 3447:(2002–2004) and 3441: 3435: 3422: 3416: 3403: 3397: 3384: 3378: 3365: 3359: 3335: 3329: 3305: 3299: 3286: 3280: 3267: 3261: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3179: 3173: 3160: 3154: 3141: 3135: 3122: 3116: 3092: 3086: 3073: 3067: 3054: 3045: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2995: 2989: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2942: 2936: 2920: 2914: 2901: 2895: 2882: 2876: 2863: 2854: 2841: 2835: 2822: 2816: 2803: 2797: 2784: 2778: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2637: 2631: 2618: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2555:. 20 July 2008. 2539: 2530: 2517: 2508: 2491: 2332:Voice of America 2322:Civilian opening 2192: 2130: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1825: 1819: 1744:ethnic cleansing 1731:Voice of America 1683:Aghaly ag Alambo 1508:Tuareg Rebellion 1482:Ethnic expansion 1474:police) and the 1410: 1282:Abdelkrim Ghrieb 1173:Hama Ag Sidahmed 1023:Growing violence 967: 787:Aghaly ag Alambo 590: 431:Kidal and Ménaka 411: 409: 399: 392: 385: 376: 375: 332: 324: 317: 310: 301: 300: 253: 252: 251: 244: 243: 242: 227:Hassan Ag Fagaga 218:Aghaly ag Alambo 213: 209:Mamadou Ousseini 208: 207: 206: 161: 159: 158: 149: 147: 146: 78: 77: 72: 48: 47: 21: 7299: 7298: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7224:Berbers in Mali 7194: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7152: 7113: 7082:Southern Africa 7072: 7015: 6986: 6933: 6918:Ethnic violence 6895: 6890:Baragoi clashes 6849: 6805: 6712: 6684: 6674:(2016–present) 6655: 6630: 6629:Central African 6624: 6590: 6584: 6513:First Congo War 6501: 6465: 6418: 6392: 6366: 6357:Ndogboyosoi War 6345: 6308: 6292:(2003–present) 6268:(1998–present) 6241: 6213: 6198:(1970–present) 6184: 6146: 6124:2011 revolution 6118:Egyptian Crisis 6097: 6088: 6025: 5985: 5949: 5947:Further reading 5927: 5917: 5915: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5885: 5883: 5878:. 3 June 2009. 5868: 5867: 5863: 5857:Wayback Machine 5848: 5844: 5838:Wayback Machine 5829: 5825: 5819:Wayback Machine 5810: 5806: 5800:Wayback Machine 5791: 5787: 5781:Wayback Machine 5772: 5768: 5758:Wayback Machine 5749: 5745: 5739:Wayback Machine 5730: 5726: 5720:Wayback Machine 5711: 5707: 5699: 5695: 5689:Wayback Machine 5680: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5654: 5652: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5626:Wayback Machine 5617: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5593: 5589: 5581: 5577: 5571:Wayback Machine 5561: 5557: 5541:Wayback Machine 5532: 5528: 5522:Wayback Machine 5513: 5509: 5503:Wayback Machine 5494: 5490: 5484:Wayback Machine 5475: 5471: 5465:Wayback Machine 5456: 5452: 5442:Wayback Machine 5433: 5429: 5423:Wayback 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3413:Wayback Machine 3404: 3400: 3394:Wayback Machine 3385: 3381: 3375:Wayback Machine 3366: 3362: 3358:, 13 July 2007. 3356:Wayback Machine 3345:Wayback Machine 3336: 3332: 3326:Wayback Machine 3315:Wayback Machine 3306: 3302: 3296:Wayback Machine 3287: 3283: 3277:Wayback Machine 3268: 3264: 3258:Wayback Machine 3249: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3197:Wayback Machine 3180: 3176: 3170:Wayback Machine 3161: 3157: 3151:Wayback Machine 3142: 3138: 3132:Wayback Machine 3123: 3119: 3113:Wayback Machine 3102:Wayback Machine 3093: 3089: 3083:Wayback Machine 3074: 3070: 3064:Wayback Machine 3055: 3048: 3042:Wayback Machine 3031:Wayback Machine 3022: 3018: 3008: 3006: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2986:Wayback Machine 2977: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2952:Wayback Machine 2943: 2939: 2930:Wayback Machine 2921: 2917: 2911:Wayback Machine 2902: 2898: 2892:Wayback Machine 2883: 2879: 2873:Wayback Machine 2864: 2857: 2851:Wayback Machine 2842: 2838: 2832:Wayback Machine 2823: 2819: 2813:Wayback Machine 2804: 2800: 2794:Wayback Machine 2785: 2781: 2775:Wayback Machine 2766: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2735: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2628:Wayback Machine 2619: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2597:Wayback Machine 2586:Wayback Machine 2576: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2548:Stuff (company) 2541: 2540: 2533: 2527:Wayback Machine 2518: 2511: 2507:. 26 July 2007. 2501:Wayback Machine 2492: 2488: 2484: 2452: 2419: 2403: 2383:Anne Lauvergeon 2375: 2324: 2297: 2262:Rhissa Ag Boula 2232: 2223: 2206: 2184: 2160: 2149:Amed Ag Oussouf 2092: 2087: 2011: 1969: 1923:Pierre Creisson 1860: 1854: 1781:Rhissa Ag Boula 1777: 1756: 1723: 1695: 1687:Muammar Gaddafi 1679: 1667: 1658: 1629: 1613: 1605: 1580: 1539: 1484: 1417: 1399:Radio and Music 1375: 1362: 1360:Anti-terror law 1341: 1332: 1319: 1294:Kafougouna Koné 1253: 1228:Muammar Gaddafi 1220: 1211: 1169:Muammar Gaddafi 1126: 1114: 1101: 1075: 1025: 939: 900: 895: 834: 818: 797:Mohamed Acharif 735:Rhissa ag Boula 694: 689: 554: 494: 489: 412: 407: 405: 403: 373: 372: 371: 366: 333: 330: 328: 293: 280: 275: 273: 271: 249: 247: 246: 240: 238: 225: 221: 219: 217: 211: 210: 204: 202: 188: 184: 179: 177: 175: 171: 156: 154: 153: 144: 142: 103: 85: 42: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7297: 7287: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7164: 7162: 7161:Related topics 7158: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7134: 7128: 7121: 7119: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7111: 7110:(2017–present) 7105: 7100: 7093: 7091: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7034: 7023: 7021: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7013: 7010:Kasese clashes 7007: 7006:(1996–present) 7001: 7000:(1987–present) 6994: 6992: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6984: 6983:(2023–present) 6978: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6959:(2009–present) 6954: 6948: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6869: 6868:(1963–present) 6863: 6857: 6855: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6820: 6819:(1998–present) 6813: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6767:War, 1998–2000 6758: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6737:Oromo conflict 6733: 6731: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6709:(2009–present) 6704: 6703:(1987–present) 6698: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6678:2021 offensive 6669: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6641: 6634: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6594: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6552: 6551:(2009–present) 6549:Ituri conflict 6546: 6543:Dongo conflict 6540: 6539:(2004–present) 6534: 6531:Ituri conflict 6528: 6522: 6521:(1996–present) 6516: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6498:(1975–present) 6493: 6486: 6484: 6477: 6475:Central Africa 6471: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6462:(2020–present) 6457: 6456: 6455: 6445: 6444:(1982–present) 6439: 6436:Guinea clashes 6433: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6342:(2012–present) 6337: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6306: 6305:(2021–present) 6300: 6299: 6298: 6287: 6286:(2009–present) 6281: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6262: 6260: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6233: 6228: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6202:War, 1975–1991 6192: 6190: 6189:Western Sahara 6186: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6168:2011 civil war 6160: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6144: 6143:(2013–present) 6138: 6132: 6131:(2011–present) 6126: 6121: 6114: 6112: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6087: 6086: 6079: 6072: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6023: 6017: 6012: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5984: 5983:External links 5981: 5980: 5979: 5961:(4): 669–687. 5948: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5933: 5926: 5925: 5910:. 6 May 2009. 5893: 5861: 5842: 5823: 5804: 5785: 5766: 5743: 5724: 5705: 5693: 5674: 5662: 5647:. 4 May 2009. 5630: 5611: 5599: 5587: 5575: 5555: 5526: 5507: 5488: 5469: 5450: 5427: 5408: 5389: 5370: 5351: 5332: 5313: 5294: 5272: 5260: 5241: 5229: 5210: 5191: 5172: 5160: 5141: 5129: 5110: 5091: 5072: 5060: 5041: 5022: 4996: 4984: 4965: 4946: 4927: 4908: 4889: 4867: 4865:, 9 April 2008 4848: 4829: 4817: 4798: 4779: 4760: 4748: 4736: 4714: 4695: 4681: 4669: 4658:AREVA in Niger 4650: 4638: 4626: 4607: 4595: 4583: 4569: 4550: 4538: 4526: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4471: 4459: 4427: 4404: 4392: 4356: 4337: 4318: 4299: 4276: 4264: 4237: 4218: 4199: 4164: 4145: 4126: 4107: 4088: 4069: 4045: 4016: 3997: 3985: 3955: 3935: 3916: 3897: 3885: 3873: 3854: 3832: 3813: 3781: 3762: 3740: 3718: 3696: 3677: 3647: 3615: 3581: 3562: 3536: 3517: 3508: 3489: 3472: 3453: 3436: 3417: 3398: 3379: 3360: 3330: 3300: 3281: 3262: 3243: 3213: 3201: 3174: 3155: 3136: 3117: 3087: 3068: 3046: 3016: 2990: 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938: 935: 899: 896: 894: 891: 833: 830: 817: 814: 753:'s recovering 693: 690: 688: 685: 553: 550: 508:living in the 491: 490: 488: 487: 482: 477: 471: 470: 466: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 434: 433: 422: 421: 417: 414: 413: 402: 401: 394: 387: 379: 368: 367: 365: 364: 362:2012 rebellion 359: 354: 349: 344: 338: 335: 334: 327: 326: 319: 312: 304: 296: 295: 286: 285: 282: 272:~70–159 killed 264: 263: 259: 258: 255: 235: 234: 230: 229: 214: 199: 198: 194: 193: 165: 139: 138: 134: 133: 130: 129: 128: 127: 124: 114: 109: 105: 104: 99:and Northeast 94: 92: 88: 87: 82: 74: 73: 65: 64: 53: 52: 46: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7296: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7244:2009 in Niger 7242: 7240: 7239:2008 in Niger 7237: 7235: 7234:2007 in Niger 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7168:War on terror 7166: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7147: 7144: 7141: 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DIM, 4375:Reuters 2753:16 July 2722:15 July 2691:14 July 2553:Reuters 2466:Azawagh 2308:Tripoli 2019:Nampala 1955:editor 1560:Algeria 1476:Prefect 1445:In-Gall 1403:Yantala 1304:leader 996:Teguida 755:uranium 657:uranium 634:in the 620:Ramadan 601:Algeria 571:uranium 546:uranium 522:Algeria 500:was an 469:Related 458:Nampala 420:Battles 254:Unknown 181:In Mali 121:amnesty 7127:(1994) 7118:Others 7020:Others 7012:(2016) 6991:Uganda 6971:(2012) 6909:(2012) 6892:(2012) 6874:(1997) 6838:AMISOM 6689:Others 6545:(2009) 6483:Angola 6438:(2013) 6423:Others 6218:Others 6053: 5973: 4036:milice 2651:8 June 2359:Dabaga 2250:Agadez 2237:French 2117:(near 1990:23 Mai 1948:Agadez 1931:Niamey 1927:Agadez 1846:Niamey 1739:Elmiki 1715:Niamey 1621:Agadez 1520:Warabé 1500:French 1488:Toubou 1460:Zinder 1456:Tanout 1449:Agadez 1391:Niamey 1387:Maradi 1379:Tahoua 1350:Agadez 1302:Mai 23 1199:Darfur 1145:Ménaka 1004:Ingall 927:Agadez 908:Ingall 860:Bamako 852:French 795:, and 779:French 743:Tenere 718:Toubou 668:Niamey 661:Agadez 534:Agadez 160: 148: 108:Result 38:, and 6938:Sudan 6854:Kenya 6151:Libya 6111:Egypt 6090:Post– 5971:S2CID 2379:Areva 2355:Danet 2312:Sirte 2270:Libya 2165:Kidal 2141:Kidal 2069:Kayes 2050:Ségou 2046:Nioro 2042:Diéma 1985:Libya 1961:Ingal 1789:Arlit 1764:Arlit 1703:Gouré 1617:Areva 1572:Ingal 1568:Arlit 1564:Areva 1512:Niger 1492:Hausa 1383:Dosso 1141:Kidal 960:Areva 952:Benin 904:Arlit 809:Libya 751:Arlit 692:Niger 606:Kidal 597:Libya 583:Libya 567:Arlit 530:Kidal 526:Libya 518:Niger 268:Niger 245:4,000 151:Niger 97:Niger 6660:Chad 6333:2012 6313:Mali 6051:ISSN 5994:IRIN 5920:2011 5888:2011 5657:2011 4454:2011 4387:2011 4295:ICRC 3808:2011 3557:2018 3238:2015 3104:and 3011:2008 2755:2008 2724:2008 2693:2008 2653:2018 2565:2011 2428:AQIM 2381:CEO 2361:and 2264:and 2133:Léré 2079:GSPC 2038:Kati 1921:and 1464:FNIS 1385:and 1201:and 1195:Chad 1155:, a 1083:, a 906:and 842:Mali 832:Mali 773:The 524:and 516:and 514:Mali 496:The 425:2006 277:Mali 190:ATNM 163:Mali 119:and 101:Mali 81:Date 60:and 5963:doi 5564:vue 2411:FLN 2409:or 2137:Gao 2052:to 2031:Gao 1933:'s 1558:of 1433:VOA 1012:RFI 724:in 672:MNJ 186:ADC 7200:: 5969:. 5959:22 5957:. 5904:. 5872:. 5641:. 5275:^ 4870:^ 4717:^ 4684:^ 4438:. 4421:. 4373:. 4367:. 4293:. 4258:, 4254:, 4063:. 3835:^ 3792:. 3642:, 3631:, 3228:. 3224:. 3184:. 3049:^ 3001:. 2858:^ 2745:. 2741:. 2714:. 2710:. 2683:. 2679:. 2643:. 2613:^ 2551:. 2545:. 2534:^ 2512:^ 2503:. 2357:, 2353:, 2349:, 2239:: 2102:, 2063:, 1906:, 1733:). 1717:. 1526:. 1502:: 1470:– 1435:). 1381:, 1205:. 1197:, 1143:, 854:: 781:: 608:. 34:, 6083:e 6076:t 6069:v 6022:. 5977:. 5965:: 5942:. 5922:. 5890:. 5659:. 4593:. 4580:. 4548:. 4536:. 4524:. 4512:. 4456:. 4389:. 4262:. 4235:. 4216:. 4181:. 4043:. 3810:. 3694:. 3559:. 3240:. 3199:) 3013:. 2757:. 2726:. 2695:. 2655:. 2599:. 2567:. 2235:( 2044:– 2040:– 1993:( 1705:( 1598:. 1498:( 1466:( 850:( 777:( 398:e 391:t 384:v 323:e 316:t 309:v 292:: 279:: 270:: 183:: 170:: 20:)

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Knowledge

Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)

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