995:
1031:
showing a colon cancer and four polyps. Below the photo, there is a schematic diagram of how a large patch of mutant or epigenetically altered cells may have formed, shown by the large area in yellow in the diagram. Within this first large patch in the diagram (a large clone of cells), a second such mutation or epigenetic alteration may occur so that a given stem cell acquires an advantage compared to other stem cells within the patch, and this altered stem cell may expand clonally forming a secondary patch, or sub-clone, within the original patch. This is indicated in the diagram by four smaller patches of different colors within the large yellow original area. Within these new patches (sub-clones), the process may be repeated multiple times, indicated by the still smaller patches within the four secondary patches (with still different colors in the diagram) which clonally expand, until stem cells arise that generate either small polyps or else a malignant neoplasm (cancer).
709:(formed from blood or lymph vessels) are thus looked at as being amalgams of a solid skeleton formed by sticky cells and an organic liquid filling the spaces in which cells can grow. Under this type of model, mechanical stresses and strains can be dealt with and their influence on the growth of the tumor and the surrounding tissue and vasculature elucidated. Recent findings from experiments that use this model show that active growth of the tumor is restricted to the outer edges of the tumor and that stiffening of the underlying normal tissue inhibits tumor growth as well.
761:
938:. These epigenetic defects occurred in various cancers, including breast, ovarian, colorectal, and head and neck cancers. Two or three deficiencies in expression of ERCC1, XPF or PMS2 occur simultaneously in the majority of the 49 colon cancers evaluated by Facista et al. Epigenetic alterations causing reduced expression of DNA repair genes is shown in a central box at the third level from the top of the figure in this section, and the consequent DNA repair deficiency is shown at the fourth level.
1035:
circles (polyps) and a larger red area (cancer). The cancer in the photo occurred in the cecal area of the colon, where the colon joins the small intestine (labeled) and where the appendix occurs (labeled). The fat in the photo is external to the outer wall of the colon. In the segment of colon shown here, the colon was cut open lengthwise to expose the inner surface of the colon and to display the cancer and polyps occurring within the inner epithelial lining of the colon.
1492:
1015:
somatic mutations found in mutator phenotype human colorectal tumors occur before the onset of terminal clonal expansion. Similarly, Vogelstein et al. point out that more than half of somatic mutations identified in tumors occurred in a pre-neoplastic phase (in a field defect), during growth of apparently normal cells. Likewise, epigenetic alterations present in tumors may have occurred in pre-neoplastic field defects.
75:
647:
1506:
1011:". The term "field cancerization" was first used in 1953 to describe an area or "field" of epithelium that has been preconditioned by (at that time) largely unknown processes so as to predispose it towards development of cancer. Since then, the terms "field cancerization" and "field defect" have been used to describe pre-malignant tissue in which new cancers are likely to arise.
742:) due to outflow obstructions or narrowings, or abnormal connections, may also present as a tumor. Examples are arteriovenous fistulae or aneurysms (with or without thrombosis), biliary fistulae or aneurysms, sclerosing cholangitis, cysticercosis or hydatid cysts, intestinal duplications, and pulmonary inclusions as seen with cystic fibrosis. It can be dangerous to
667:
1034:
In the photo, an apparent field defect in this segment of a colon has generated four polyps (labeled with the size of the polyps, 6mm, 5mm, and two of 3mm, and a cancer about 3 cm across in its longest dimension). These neoplasms are also indicated, in the diagram below the photo, by 4 small tan
974:
Field defects, normal-appearing tissue with multiple alterations (and discussed in the section below), are common precursors to development of the disordered and improperly proliferating clone of tissue in a malignant neoplasm. Such field defects (second level from bottom of figure) may have multiple
998:
Longitudinally opened freshly resected colon segment showing a cancer and four polyps, plus a schematic diagram indicating a likely field defect (a region of tissue that precedes and predisposes to the development of cancer) in this colon segment. The diagram indicates sub-clones and sub-sub-clones
1278:
Some of the small polyps in the field defect shown in the photo of the opened colon segment may be relatively benign neoplasms. Of polyps less than 10mm in size, found during colonoscopy and followed with repeat colonoscopies for 3 years, 25% were unchanged in size, 35% regressed or shrank in size
1038:
If the general process by which sporadic colon cancers arise is the formation of a pre-neoplastic clone that spreads by natural selection, followed by formation of internal sub-clones within the initial clone, and sub-sub-clones inside those, then colon cancers generally should be associated with,
1320:
past some of those damages may give rise to mutations. In addition, faulty repair of these accumulated DNA damages may give rise to epimutations. These new mutations or epimutations may provide a proliferative advantage, generating a field defect. Although the mutations/epimutations in DNA repair
1307:
The high frequencies of mutations in the total nucleotide sequences within cancers suggest that often an early alteration in the field defects giving rise to a cancer (e.g. yellow area in the diagram in this section) is a deficiency in DNA repair. The large field defects surrounding colon cancers
1042:
In experimental evaluation of specific DNA repair deficiencies in cancers, many specific DNA repair deficiencies were also shown to occur in the field defects surrounding those cancers. The Table, below, gives examples for which the DNA repair deficiency in a cancer was shown to be caused by an
1030:
on the inside surface of the colon. A mutant or epigenetically altered stem cell may replace the other nearby stem cells by natural selection. Thus, a patch of abnormal tissue may arise. The figure in this section includes a photo of a freshly resected and lengthwise-opened segment of the colon
1014:
Field defects are important in progression to cancer. However, in most cancer research, as pointed out by Rubin "The vast majority of studies in cancer research has been done on well-defined tumors in vivo, or on discrete neoplastic foci in vitro. Yet there is evidence that more than 80% of the
3616:
Svrcek M, Buhard O, Colas C, Coulet F, Dumont S, Massaoudi I, et al. (November 2010). "Methylation tolerance due to an O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) field defect in the colonic mucosa: an initiating step in the development of mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancers".
746:
a number of types of tumor in which the leakage of their contents would potentially be catastrophic. When such types of tumors are encountered, diagnostic modalities such as ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, angiograms, and nuclear medicine scans are employed prior to (or during) biopsy or surgical
886:
Similarly, out of 119 cases of mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancers that lacked DNA repair gene PMS2 expression, PMS2 was deficient in 6 due to mutations in the PMS2 gene, while in 103 cases PMS2 expression was deficient because its pairing partner MLH1 was repressed due to promoter
1295:), an average cancer of the breast or colon can have about 60 to 70 protein altering mutations, of which about 3 or 4 may be "driver" mutations, and the remaining ones may be "passenger" mutations. However, the average number of DNA sequence mutations in the entire genome (including
1039:
and be preceded by, fields of increasing abnormality reflecting the succession of premalignant events. The most extensive region of abnormality (the outermost yellow irregular area in the diagram) would reflect the earliest event in formation of a malignant neoplasm.
834:
in an inflamed colonic epithelium are the source of reactive oxygen species causing the DNA damages that initiate colonic tumorigenesis (creation of tumors in the colon). Some sources of DNA damage are indicated in the boxes at the top of the figure in this section.
681:
Tumors in humans occur as a result of accumulated genetic and epigenetic alterations within single cells, which cause the cell to divide and expand uncontrollably. A neoplasm can be caused by an abnormal proliferation of tissues, which can be caused by genetic
982:. This instability is likely due to reduced DNA repair or excessive DNA damage. Because of such instability, the cancer continues to evolve and to produce sub clones. For example, a renal cancer, sampled in 9 areas, had 40 ubiquitous mutations, demonstrating
2738:
Mokarram P, Zamani M, Kavousipour S, Naghibalhossaini F, Irajie C, Moradi Sarabi M, et al. (May 2013). "Different patterns of DNA methylation of the two distinct O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (O6-MGMT) promoter regions in colorectal cancer".
1018:
An expanded view of field effect has been termed "etiologic field effect", which encompasses not only molecular and pathologic changes in pre-neoplastic cells but also influences of exogenous environmental factors and molecular changes in the local
775:
is considered to be the primary underlying cause of malignant neoplasms known as cancers. Its central role in progression to cancer is illustrated in the figure in this section, in the box near the top. (The central features of DNA damage,
3402:
Rubin H (March 2011). "Fields and field cancerization: the preneoplastic origins of cancer: asymptomatic hyperplastic fields are precursors of neoplasia, and their progression to tumors can be tracked by saturation density in culture".
3696:
Zuo C, Zhang H, Spencer HJ, Vural E, Suen JY, Schichman SA, Smoller BR, Kokoska MS, Fan CY (October 2009). "Increased microsatellite instability and epigenetic inactivation of the hMLH1 gene in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma".
1480:(such as sebaceous cysts) are also referred to as tumors, even though they have no neoplastic cells. This is standard in medical-billing terminology (especially when billing for a growth whose pathology has yet to be determined).
218:. The growth of a neoplasm is uncoordinated with that of the normal surrounding tissue, and persists in growing abnormally, even if the original trigger is removed. This abnormal growth usually forms a mass, which may be called a
865:
component and are called "sporadic cancers". Only a minority of sporadic cancers have a deficiency in DNA repair due to mutation in a DNA repair gene. However, a majority of sporadic cancers have deficiency in DNA repair due to
481:
Secondary neoplasm refers to any of a class of cancerous tumor that is either a metastatic offshoot of a primary tumor, or an apparently unrelated tumor that increases in frequency following certain cancer treatments such as
1303:
mutation frequency) the total number of DNA sequence mutations is about 80,000. This compares to the very low mutation frequency of about 70 new mutations in the entire genome between generations (parent to child) in humans.
3660:
Paluszczak J, Misiak P, Wierzbicka M, Woźniak A, Baer-Dubowska W (February 2011). "Frequent hypermethylation of DAPK, RARbeta, MGMT, RASSF1A and FHIT in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas and adjacent normal mucosa".
4372:
4353:
882:
of the MGMT promoter region (an epigenetic alteration). Five reports present evidence that between 40% and 90% of colorectal cancers have reduced MGMT expression due to methylation of the MGMT promoter region.
2653:
Lee KH, Lee JS, Nam JH, Choi C, Lee MC, Park CS, Juhng SW, Lee JH (October 2011). "Promoter methylation status of hMLH1, hMSH2, and MGMT genes in colorectal cancer associated with adenoma-carcinoma sequence".
4040:
1321:
genes do not, themselves, confer a selective advantage, they may be carried along as passengers in cells when the cells acquire additional mutations/epimutations that do provide a proliferative advantage.
788:
and the properties of DNA in water at body temperatures) occur at a rate of more than 10,000 new damages, on average, per human cell, per day. Additional DNA damages can arise from exposure to
1316:) in the entire area of the field defect. Deficiencies in DNA repair cause increased mutation rates. A deficiency in DNA repair, itself, can allow DNA damages to accumulate, and error-prone
3740:
Tawfik HM, El-Maqsoud NM, Hak BH, El-Sherbiny YM (2011). "Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: mismatch repair immunohistochemistry and promoter hypermethylation of hMLH1 gene".
510:
and contain more than one type of cell, but their initiation and continued growth are usually dependent on a single population of neoplastic cells. These cells are presumed to be
3159:
Cuozzo C, Porcellini A, Angrisano T, Morano A, Lee B, Di Pardo A, Messina S, Iuliano R, Fusco A, Santillo MR, Muller MT, Chiariotti L, Gottesman ME, Avvedimento EV (July 2007).
2556:
Shen L, Kondo Y, Rosner GL, Xiao L, Hernandez NS, Vilaythong J, Houlihan PS, Krouse RS, Prasad AR, Einspahr JG, Buckmeier J, Alberts DS, Hamilton SR, Issa JP (September 2005).
5455:
5450:
887:
methylation (PMS2 protein is unstable in the absence of MLH1). In the other 10 cases, loss of PMS2 expression was likely due to epigenetic overexpression of the microRNA,
3775:
Zou XP, Zhang B, Zhang XQ, Chen M, Cao J, Liu WJ (November 2009). "Promoter hypermethylation of multiple genes in early gastric adenocarcinoma and precancerous lesions".
986:(i.e. present in all areas of the cancer), 59 mutations shared by some (but not all areas), and 29 "private" mutations only present in one of the areas of the cancer.
941:
When expression of DNA repair genes is reduced, DNA damages accumulate in cells at a higher than normal level, and these excess damages cause increased frequencies of
2181:
Cunningham FH, Fiebelkorn S, Johnson M, Meredith C (November 2011). "A novel application of the Margin of
Exposure approach: segregation of tobacco smoke toxicants".
1804:
1043:
epigenetic alteration, and the somewhat lower frequencies with which the same epigenetically caused DNA repair deficiency was found in the surrounding field defect.
1473:) are current medical terms for non-neoplastic swelling. This type of swelling is most often caused by inflammation caused by trauma, infection, and other factors.
2699:"Promoter CpG island hypermethylation of the DNA repair enzyme MGMT predicts clinical response to dacarbazine in a phase II study for metastatic colorectal cancer"
994:
2697:
Amatu A, Sartore-Bianchi A, Moutinho C, Belotti A, Bencardino K, Chirico G, Cassingena A, Rusconi F, Esposito A, Nichelatti M, Esteller M, Siena S (April 2013).
1452:
is often used as a synonym for a cystic (liquid-filled) growth or solid neoplasm (cancerous or non-cancerous), with other forms of swelling often referred to as
724:(as occur commonly during pregnancy and at other times) are another example, as are other encapsulated glandular swellings (thyroid, adrenal gland, pancreas).
3357:
Nguyen H, Loustaunau C, Facista A, Ramsey L, Hassounah N, Taylor H, Krouse R, Payne CM, Tsikitis VL, Goldschmid S, Banerjee B, Perini RF, Bernstein C (2010).
1308:(extending to at about 10 cm on each side of a cancer) were shown by Facista et al. to frequently have epigenetic defects in 2 or 3 DNA repair proteins (
1778:
1026:
In the colon, a field defect probably arises by natural selection of a mutant or epigenetically altered cell among the stem cells at the base of one of the
858:
mutations). These germline mutations are indicated in a box at the left of the figure with an arrow indicating their contribution to DNA repair deficiency.
694:), however similarities between neoplasmic growths and regenerative processes, e.g., dedifferentiation and rapid cell proliferation, have been pointed out.
5445:
578:
that may or may not be formed by an abnormal growth of neoplastic cells) that appears enlarged in size. Some neoplasms do not form a tumor - these include
2506:"O(6)-methylguanine methyltransferase in colorectal cancers: detection of mutations, loss of expression, and weak association with G:C>A:T transitions"
2375:"Early-stage formation of an epigenetic field defect in a mouse colitis model, and non-essential roles of T- and B-cells in DNA methylation induction"
1291:
or a mutator phenotype. The protein-coding DNA within the nucleus is about 1.5% of the total genomic DNA. Within this protein-coding DNA (called the
2251:
738:
Discrete localized enlargements of normal structures (ureters, blood vessels, intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary ducts, pulmonary inclusions, or
269:. However, metaplasia or dysplasia does not always progress to neoplasia and can occur in other conditions as well. The word neoplasm is from
1752:
5436:
1829:
4061:
Yost SE, Smith EN, Schwab RB, Bao L, Jung H, Wang X, Voest E, Pierce JP, Messer K, Parker BA, Harismendy O, Frazer KA (August 2012).
3277:
3260:
1895:
546:
lesions). The demonstration of clonality is now considered to be necessary to identify a lymphoid cell proliferation as neoplastic.
3998:
Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, Baldwin J, Devon K, Dewar K, Doyle M, FitzHugh W, et al. (February 2001).
3110:"Double strand breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island"
1524:
870:
alterations that reduce or silence DNA repair gene expression. For example, of 113 sequential colorectal cancers, only four had a
875:
967:. DNA repair deficiencies (level 4 in the figure) cause increased DNA damages (level 5 in the figure) which result in increased
2465:"Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer—analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland"
899:
632:
is often used when the lesion has a maximal diameter of at least 20 millimeters (mm) in the greatest direction, while the term
5288:
1933:
1669:
1299:) within a breast cancer tissue sample is about 20,000. In an average melanoma tissue sample (where melanomas have a higher
638:
is usually used when the size of the lesion is less than 20 mm in its greatest dimension (25.4 mm = 1 inch).
5501:
2373:
Katsurano M, Niwa T, Yasui Y, Shigematsu Y, Yamashita S, Takeshima H, Lee MS, Kim YJ, Tanaka T, Ushijima T (January 2012).
3009:"Differing patterns of genetic instability in mice deficient in the mismatch repair genes Pms2, Mlh1, Msh2, Msh3 and Msh6"
1808:
4465:
4063:"Identification of high-confidence somatic mutations in whole genome sequence of formalin-fixed breast cancer specimens"
1749:
International
Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) Version for 2010
1553:
4776:
2463:
Lichtenstein P, Holm NV, Verkasalo PK, Iliadou A, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, Pukkala E, Skytthe A, Hemminki K (July 2000).
1728:
1700:
727:
Encapsulated hematomas, encapsulated necrotic tissue (from an insect bite, foreign body, or other noxious mechanism),
424:
4889:
4744:
957:
781:
772:
494:
1782:
894:
In further examples, epigenetic defects were found at frequencies of between 13%-100% for the DNA repair genes
847:
5486:
5204:
935:
3812:"Promoter methylation status of DNA repair gene (hMLH1) in gastric carcinoma patients of the Kashmir valley"
780:
alterations and deficient DNA repair in progression to cancer are shown in red.) DNA damage is very common.
493:
Rarely there can be a metastatic neoplasm with no known site of the primary cancer and this is classed as a
3446:
Tsao JL, Yatabe Y, Salovaara R, Järvinen HJ, Mecklin JP, Aaltonen LA, Tavaré S, Shibata D (February 2000).
3894:"Growth of colorectal polyps: redetection and evaluation of unresected polyps for a period of three years"
3569:"Etiologic field effect: reappraisal of the field effect concept in cancer predisposition and progression"
3261:"Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin"
1445:, was the first medical book printed in 1478 following the invention of the movable-type printing press.)
4276:
3853:"Role of epigenetic alterations in the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma"
1854:
Lee ES, Locker J, Nalesnik M, Reyes J, Jaffe R, Alashari M, Nour B, Tzakis A, Dickman PS (January 1995).
1534:
822:, at high levels in the colons of humans eating a high fat diet, also cause DNA damage and contribute to
474:
Malignant neoplasms are commonly called cancer. They invade and destroy the surrounding tissue, may form
17:
3999:
3061:"Disruption of Brca2 increases the spontaneous mutation rate in vivo: synergism with ionizing radiation"
2947:"Elevated levels of mutation in multiple tissues of mice deficient in the DNA mismatch repair gene Pms2"
2083:"DNA damage responses: mechanisms and roles in human disease: 2007 G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award Lecture"
5235:
1856:"The association of Epstein-Barr virus with smooth-muscle tumors occurring after organ transplantation"
1020:
628:
is used generically, without reference to the physical size of the lesion. More specifically, the term
1047:
Frequency of epigenetic changes in DNA repair genes in sporadic cancers and in adjacent field defects
5281:
5029:
4313:
5266:
2316:
Bernstein C, Holubec H, Bhattacharyya AK, Nguyen H, Payne CM, Zaitlin B, Bernstein H (August 2011).
5064:
5022:
4391:
950:
739:
3851:
Agarwal A, Polineni R, Hussein Z, Vigoda I, Bhagat TD, Bhattacharyya S, Maitra A, Verma A (2012).
3210:
Gerlinger M, Rowan AJ, Horswell S, Larkin J, Endesfelder D, Gronroos E, et al. (March 2012).
566:, which is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation. The word originally referred to any form of
5157:
5121:
5059:
4851:
4458:
4318:
2597:
Psofaki V, Kalogera C, Tzambouras N, Stephanou D, Tsianos E, Seferiadis K, Kolios G (July 2010).
1564:
1529:
815:
122:
4110:
Berger MF, Hodis E, Heffernan TP, Deribe YL, Lawrence MS, Protopopov A, et al. (May 2012).
854:. Some germline mutations in DNA repair genes cause up to 100% lifetime chance of cancer (e.g.,
5491:
5409:
5162:
5116:
4431:
1519:
1400:
602:
246:, and neoplasms of uncertain or unknown behavior. Malignant neoplasms are also simply known as
4288:
1833:
1341:
denotes the process of the formation of neoplasms/tumors, and the process is referred to as a
5214:
5195:
4639:
4607:
4326:
3892:
Hofstad B, Vatn MH, Andersen SN, Huitfeldt HS, Rognum T, Larsen S, Osnes M (September 1996).
2245:
1659:
417:
1967:
1692:
1686:
5424:
5274:
5167:
5012:
5002:
4882:
4809:
4804:
4761:
4711:
4602:
4581:
4180:
4123:
4014:
3954:
3523:
3459:
2958:
2836:
2823:
Valeri N, Gasparini P, Fabbri M, Braconi C, Veronese A, Lovat F, et al. (April 2010).
2329:
2135:
1925:
1399:
has traditionally meant an abnormal swelling of the flesh. The Roman medical encyclopedist
983:
507:
471:. They are localised, and do not invade and destroy but in time, may transform into cancer.
141:
4867:
2893:"Deficient expression of DNA repair enzymes in early progression to sporadic colon cancer"
2784:"Immunohistochemical analysis reveals high frequency of PMS2 defects in colorectal cancer"
2782:
Truninger K, Menigatti M, Luz J, Russell A, Haider R, Gebbers JO, et al. (May 2005).
1723:(28th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006. p. Neoplasm.
1476:
Tumors may be caused by conditions other than an overgrowth of neoplastic cells, however.
8:
5352:
5054:
4986:
4766:
4734:
4576:
4544:
4376:
1899:
946:
810:
785:
698:
243:
4184:
4127:
4018:
3958:
3527:
3463:
2962:
2840:
2333:
2139:
5481:
5380:
5370:
5147:
4794:
4786:
4771:
4739:
4719:
4627:
4451:
4385:
4250:
4225:
4201:
4168:
4167:
Roach JC, Glusman G, Smit AF, Huff CD, Hubley R, Shannon PT, et al. (April 2010).
4144:
4111:
4087:
4062:
3975:
3942:
3918:
3893:
3869:
3852:
3722:
3674:
3642:
3593:
3568:
3544:
3511:
3510:
Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Velculescu VE, Zhou S, Diaz LA, Kinzler KW (March 2013).
3428:
3379:
3359:"Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in field defects during progression to colon cancer"
3358:
3334:
3309:
3290:
3236:
3211:
3187:
3160:
3136:
3109:
3085:
3060:
3033:
3008:
2919:
2892:
2859:
2824:
2764:
2679:
2625:
2598:
2530:
2505:
2440:
2415:
2350:
2317:
2293:
2266:
1977:
1950:
1717:
1635:
1610:
1453:
1288:
979:
760:
567:
115:
110:
4307:
2032:
5496:
5419:
5414:
5250:
5240:
5152:
4966:
4831:
4402:
4255:
4224:
Campbell CD, Chong JX, Malig M, Ko A, Dumont BL, Han L, et al. (November 2012).
4206:
4149:
4092:
4032:
3980:
3966:
3923:
3874:
3833:
3792:
3757:
3714:
3678:
3646:
3634:
3598:
3549:
3487:
3482:
3447:
3420:
3384:
3339:
3282:
3241:
3192:
3141:
3090:
3038:
2986:
2981:
2946:
2924:
2864:
2805:
2756:
2720:
2671:
2630:
2579:
2535:
2486:
2445:
2396:
2355:
2298:
2283:
2233:
2198:
2163:
2158:
2123:
2104:
2063:
1982:
1929:
1877:
1724:
1696:
1665:
1640:
871:
839:
823:
796:
causes increased exogenous DNA damage, and these DNA damages are the likely cause of
691:
634:
583:
468:
461:
239:
98:
90:
86:
4381:
3567:
Lochhead P, Chan AT, Nishihara R, Fuchs CS, Beck AH, Giovannucci E, Ogino S (2014).
3432:
3212:"Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing"
2768:
464:(skin moles). They are circumscribed and localized and do not transform into cancer.
5139:
5017:
4751:
4617:
4503:
4245:
4237:
4196:
4188:
4139:
4131:
4082:
4074:
4022:
3970:
3962:
3913:
3905:
3864:
3823:
3784:
3749:
3726:
3706:
3670:
3626:
3588:
3580:
3539:
3531:
3477:
3467:
3412:
3374:
3366:
3329:
3321:
3294:
3272:
3231:
3223:
3182:
3172:
3131:
3121:
3080:
3072:
3028:
3020:
3007:
Hegan DC, Narayanan L, Jirik FR, Edelmann W, Liskay RM, Glazer PM (December 2006).
2976:
2966:
2914:
2904:
2854:
2844:
2795:
2748:
2710:
2683:
2663:
2620:
2610:
2599:"Promoter methylation status of hMLH1, MGMT, and CDKN2A/p16 in colorectal adenomas"
2569:
2525:
2517:
2476:
2435:
2427:
2386:
2345:
2337:
2288:
2278:
2225:
2190:
2153:
2143:
2094:
2055:
2028:
1972:
1962:
1867:
1630:
1622:
1027:
968:
671:
453:
410:
382:(reduced functionality of an organ, with decrease in the number or volume of cells)
211:
160:
3788:
3076:
2891:
Facista A, Nguyen H, Lewis C, Prasad AR, Ramsey L, Zaitlin B, et al. (2012).
2715:
2698:
2216:
Kanavy HE, Gerstenblith MR (December 2011). "Ultraviolet radiation and melanoma".
2099:
2082:
1609:
Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Olson JD, Mintz A, Delbono O (July 2014).
5394:
5255:
5230:
4875:
4819:
4799:
4396:
3828:
3811:
3753:
3710:
3325:
3177:
3126:
2800:
2783:
2059:
1511:
960:, or repair of other DNA damages, incompletely cleared sites of repair can cause
539:
4169:"Analysis of genetic inheritance in a family quartet by whole-genome sequencing"
2481:
2464:
1872:
1855:
5360:
5177:
5135:
4841:
4836:
4756:
4407:
4226:"Estimating the human mutation rate using autozygosity in a founder population"
3810:
Wani M, Afroze D, Makhdoomi M, Hamid I, Wani B, Bhat G, Wani R, Wani K (2012).
2229:
1797:
1626:
1587:
1497:
1008:
964:
717:
531:
258:
38:
3584:
2752:
2667:
2341:
2194:
530:, clonality is proven by the amplification of a single rearrangement of their
5475:
5365:
4981:
4724:
4537:
2615:
2431:
1582:
1296:
793:
511:
270:
31:
4366:
4362:
4192:
3630:
3535:
3024:
2849:
2521:
2148:
1568:
686:. Not all types of neoplasms cause a tumorous overgrowth of tissue (such as
5460:
5375:
5331:
4922:
4826:
4656:
4632:
4622:
4527:
4515:
4508:
4259:
4210:
4153:
4096:
4036:
3984:
3878:
3837:
3796:
3761:
3718:
3682:
3638:
3602:
3553:
3491:
3472:
3424:
3416:
3388:
3343:
3286:
3278:
10.1002/1097-0142(195309)6:5<963::AID-CNCR2820060515>3.0.CO;2-Q
3245:
3196:
3145:
3094:
3042:
2971:
2928:
2868:
2809:
2760:
2724:
2675:
2634:
2583:
2539:
2490:
2449:
2400:
2359:
2302:
2267:"Redox biology and gastric carcinogenesis: the role of Helicobacter pylori"
2237:
2202:
2108:
2067:
1986:
1744:
1644:
1408:
706:
655:
651:
598:
487:
483:
478:
and, if untreated or unresponsive to treatment, will generally prove fatal.
449:
438:
235:
3927:
3227:
2990:
2909:
2574:
2558:"MGMT promoter methylation and field defect in sporadic colorectal cancer"
2557:
2167:
1881:
5399:
5315:
5245:
5185:
5044:
5007:
4930:
4814:
4680:
4561:
4556:
4532:
4426:
4078:
3909:
3308:
Bernstein C, Bernstein H, Payne CM, Dvorak K, Garewal H (February 2008).
2737:
2391:
2374:
1441:
961:
879:
867:
801:
797:
777:
721:
659:
519:
457:
385:
364:
340:
324:
4345:
4135:
3059:
Tutt AN, van
Oostrom CT, Ross GM, van Steeg H, Ashworth A (March 2002).
1459:
Related terms occur commonly in the medical literature, where the nouns
720:) can also present as tumors, however, but have no malignant potential.
5298:
5190:
5039:
4976:
4940:
4846:
4689:
4685:
4661:
4590:
4571:
2945:
Narayanan L, Fritzell JA, Baker SM, Liskay RM, Glazer PM (April 1997).
1888:
1465:
1317:
1004:
945:
or epimutation. Mutation rates strongly increase in cells defective in
843:
831:
827:
765:
747:
exploration/excision in an attempt to avoid such severe complications.
702:
606:
514:– that is, they are derived from the same cell, and all carry the same
475:
400:(any degenerative disorder resulting from improper or faulty nutrition)
391:
352:
346:
262:
349:(congenital below-average number of cells, especially when inadequate)
5384:
5296:
5209:
5095:
5080:
4961:
4945:
4701:
4644:
4566:
4493:
4474:
4027:
1356:
1350:
819:
732:
397:
358:
334:
330:
312:
289:
278:
266:
145:
137:
82:
4241:
3509:
2019:
Ambrosi D, Mollica F (2002). "On the mechanics of a growing tumor".
2000:
Asashima M, Oinuma T, Meyer-Rochow VB (1987). "Tumors in amphibia".
574:
is used as a synonym for a neoplasm (a solid or fluid-filled cystic
5346:
5341:
5199:
5090:
5049:
4907:
4856:
4651:
4612:
4597:
4520:
2696:
2315:
2180:
1491:
942:
862:
805:
687:
683:
579:
527:
523:
515:
251:
103:
48:
2596:
1388:
is commonly used, whereas in the U.S. the word is usually spelled
315:(structural differentiation loss within a cell or group of cells).
214:. The process that occurs to form or produce a neoplasm is called
93:(the crater-like, reddish, irregularly shaped tumor at top-center)
30:"Neoplastic" redirects here. For the Dutch artistic movement, see
5404:
5336:
5100:
5085:
4729:
4694:
4674:
4551:
4488:
3659:
3448:"Genetic reconstruction of individual colorectal tumor histories"
3370:
2504:
Halford S, Rowan A, Sawyer E, Talbot I, Tomlinson I (June 2005).
1611:"Type-2 pericytes participate in normal and tumoral angiogenesis"
888:
789:
379:
318:
74:
3310:"Field defects in progression to gastrointestinal tract cancers"
2825:"Modulation of mismatch repair and genomic stability by miR-155"
2462:
2124:"Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging"
2046:
Volokh KY (September 2006). "Stresses in growing soft tissues".
1023:
on neoplastic evolution from tumor initiation to patient death.
5388:
5310:
4971:
4903:
4357:
3158:
1558:
851:
743:
728:
675:
592:
575:
543:
535:
442:
247:
231:
127:
3739:
1439:(swelling, pain, increased heat, and redness). (His treatise,
1007:, including "field effect", "field cancerization", and "field
646:
199:
169:
4112:"Melanoma genome sequencing reveals frequent PREX2 mutations"
3356:
3307:
1434:
1369:
1309:
1300:
1292:
931:
927:
923:
907:
903:
895:
716:
associated with an abnormal proliferation of tissue (such as
522:
anomaly – evident of clonality. For lymphoid neoplasms, e.g.
284:
273:
187:
4443:
3891:
3850:
3209:
3058:
2944:
2822:
2781:
2372:
804:
from solar radiation causes DNA damage that is important in
37:"Tumor" redirects here. For the original graphic novel, see
4935:
4897:
3445:
3161:"DNA damage, homology-directed repair, and DNA methylation"
3006:
1477:
1420:
1313:
919:
915:
911:
666:
257:
Prior to the abnormal growth of tissue, such as neoplasia,
202:
172:
4109:
3566:
1999:
3997:
3258:
3108:
O'Hagan HM, Mohammad HP, Baylin SB (2008). Lee JT (ed.).
3107:
855:
764:
The central role of DNA damage and epigenetic defects in
181:
3809:
3259:
Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W (September 1953).
2890:
2503:
2318:"Carcinogenicity of deoxycholate, a secondary bile acid"
1407:
30 BC–38 AD) described the four cardinal signs of acute
878:, while the majority had reduced MGMT expression due to
597:
While cancer is by definition malignant, a tumor can be
3615:
1853:
1608:
1384:'to swell'. In the British Commonwealth, the spelling
4305:
4000:"Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome"
1664:. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 16.
861:
About 70% of malignant (cancerous) neoplasms have no
261:
often undergo an abnormal pattern of growth, such as
196:
184:
166:
4335:
4223:
4166:
3695:
1487:
1003:
Various other terms have been used to describe this
971:
and epigenetic alterations (level 6 in the figure).
697:
Tumor growth has been studied using mathematics and
178:
175:
85:
specimen containing a malignant neoplasm, namely an
3653:
2555:
2264:
1951:"Investigating Tumor Heterogeneity in Mouse Models"
818:that damage DNA and contributes to gastric cancer.
193:
163:
4306:
4060:
3941:Schmitt MW, Prindle MJ, Loeb LA (September 2012).
3940:
3844:
3689:
2215:
2122:Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM (September 1993).
2121:
1716:
3943:"Implications of genetic heterogeneity in cancer"
3774:
3733:
3609:
1691:(29th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. p.
5473:
376:Abiotrophy (loss in vitality of organ or tissue)
210:) is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of
2551:
2549:
3768:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2018:
670:Diagram illustrating benign neoplasms, namely
5282:
4883:
4459:
3505:
3503:
3501:
2652:
1805:"Cancer – Activity 1 – Glossary, page 4 of 5"
418:
4217:
4160:
4103:
4054:
3991:
3934:
3803:
3439:
3395:
3350:
3301:
3252:
3203:
3152:
3101:
2940:
2938:
2816:
2775:
2731:
2690:
2590:
2546:
2497:
2456:
2407:
2366:
2309:
2258:
2250:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
2209:
2174:
2074:
2039:
2021:International Journal of Engineering Science
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
394:(decrease in the volume of cells or tissues)
388:(increase in the volume of cells or tissues)
234:classifies neoplasms into four main groups:
3885:
2641:
1948:
1847:
1432:
1426:
1418:
1412:
1379:
1373:
650:Neoplastic tumor of the cheek skin, here a
5289:
5275:
4890:
4876:
4466:
4452:
3498:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
731:(discrete overgrowths of scar tissue) and
425:
411:
73:
4249:
4200:
4143:
4086:
4026:
3974:
3917:
3868:
3827:
3592:
3543:
3481:
3471:
3378:
3333:
3276:
3235:
3186:
3176:
3135:
3125:
3084:
3032:
2980:
2970:
2935:
2918:
2908:
2858:
2848:
2799:
2714:
2624:
2614:
2573:
2529:
2480:
2439:
2390:
2349:
2292:
2282:
2157:
2147:
2098:
2045:
1976:
1966:
1871:
1657:
1634:
1595:
3002:
3000:
2413:
2115:
1922:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
1772:
1770:
1688:Dorland's Illustrated medical dictionary
1525:List of biological development disorders
993:
978:Once a cancer is formed, it usually has
759:
665:
662:, which is not solid but is fluid-filled
645:
624:. Generally speaking, however, the term
570:, neoplastic or not. In modern English,
467:Potentially-malignant neoplasms include
27:Tumor or other abnormal growth of tissue
3401:
3054:
3052:
2875:
1968:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033413
1378:'a swelling', ultimately from the verb
441:, potentially malignant, or malignant (
14:
5474:
2265:Handa O, Naito Y, Yoshikawa T (2011).
2080:
1949:Tammela, Tuomas; Sage, Julien (2020).
1684:
975:mutations and epigenetic alterations.
750:
5297:Cancer-causing materials and agents (
5270:
4871:
4447:
2997:
1767:
1282:
549:
4327:participating institution membership
3049:
1896:"Pancreas Cancer: Glossary of Terms"
1678:
999:that were precursors to the tumors.
24:
4777:Fluorescence in situ hybridization
3675:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.11.006
1776:
1448:In contemporary English, the word
958:repair of DNA double strand breaks
826:. Katsurano et al. indicated that
814:infection produces high levels of
367:(development of new cell function)
25:
5513:
1755:from the original on 24 July 2018
620:are often used synonymously with
5456:Group 2B (possibly carcinogenic)
5451:Group 2A (probably carcinogenic)
4745:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
4293:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
3967:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06590.x
2284:10.1179/174329211X12968219310756
1504:
1490:
989:
842:causing deficiency in any of 34
495:cancer of unknown primary origin
321:(organ or part of organ missing)
159:
4299:
4281:
4266:
4043:from the original on 2020-07-29
3560:
2012:
1993:
1955:Annual Review of Cancer Biology
1942:
1913:
1822:
782:Naturally occurring DNA damages
572:tumor (non-US spelling: tumour)
1737:
1709:
1651:
1575:
1546:
848:DNA repair-deficiency disorder
562:comes from the Latin word for
13:
1:
5205:Clonally transmissible cancer
4473:
3789:10.1016/j.humpath.2009.01.029
2716:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-3518
2100:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-08-0020
2033:10.1016/S0020-7225(02)00014-9
1830:"Medical Definition of Clone"
1751:. World Health Organization.
1685:Taylor, Elizabeth J. (2000).
1615:Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol
1540:
1404:
1287:Cancers are known to exhibit
891:, which down-regulates MLH1.
755:
740:gastrointestinal duplications
3829:10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.8.4177
3754:10.1016/j.amjoto.2010.11.005
3711:10.1016/j.otohns.2009.07.007
3452:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
3326:10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.027
3178:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030110
3127:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000155
2951:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
2829:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
2801:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.01.056
2060:10.1016/j.actbio.2006.04.002
1719:Stedman's medical dictionary
1469:(derived from the adjective
1357:
1351:
1324:
768:genes in malignant neoplasms
735:may also present as tumors.
590:is also not synonymous with
506:Neoplastic tumors are often
501:
290:
279:
7:
5502:Surgical removal procedures
5325:Prominent human carcinogens
3077:10.1093/embo-reports/kvf037
2482:10.1056/NEJM200007133430201
1873:10.1056/NEJM199501053320104
1535:Somatic evolution in cancer
1483:
850:) are at increased risk of
712:Benign conditions that are
68:Tumor, tumour, carcinocytes
10:
5518:
5461:Group 3 (not classifiable)
5236:Index of oncology articles
3699:Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
3512:"Cancer genome landscapes"
2230:10.1016/j.sder.2011.08.003
1627:10.1152/ajpcell.00084.2014
1297:non-protein-coding regions
951:homologous recombinational
701:. Vascular tumors such as
333:(change in cell or tissue
327:(connective tissue growth)
285:
274:
46:
36:
29:
5435:
5324:
5306:
5223:
5176:
5134:
5109:
5073:
4995:
4954:
4921:
4914:
4785:
4710:
4481:
4417:
4339:
4314:Oxford English Dictionary
3816:Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev
3585:10.1038/modpathol.2014.81
2753:10.1007/s11033-012-2465-3
2668:10.1007/s00423-011-0812-9
2342:10.1007/s00204-011-0648-7
2195:10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.019
1588:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1061:Frequency in Field Defect
641:
355:(conversion in cell type)
133:
121:
109:
97:
81:
72:
64:
59:
5383:(e.g., from isotopes of
2616:10.3748/wjg.v16.i28.3553
2432:10.1177/1947601911413466
2128:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
1661:Elements of human cancer
1349:itself comes from Greek
1279:while 40% grew in size.
361:(abnormal proliferation)
343:(proliferation of cells)
297:
47:Not to be confused with
5158:Prostate cancer staging
5122:Paraneoplastic syndrome
4852:Microbiological culture
4482:Principles of pathology
4319:Oxford University Press
4193:10.1126/science.1186802
3631:10.1136/gut.2009.194787
3536:10.1126/science.1235122
2850:10.1073/pnas.1002472107
2522:10.1136/gut.2004.059535
2414:Malkin D (April 2011).
2232:(inactive 2024-07-25).
2149:10.1073/pnas.90.17.7915
1565:Oxford University Press
874:in the DNA repair gene
816:reactive oxygen species
294:'formation, creation'.
5446:Group 1 (carcinogenic)
5196:Tumor suppressor genes
5163:Gleason grading system
5117:Precancerous condition
3473:10.1073/pnas.97.3.1236
3417:10.1002/bies.201000067
2972:10.1073/pnas.94.7.3122
2603:World J. Gastroenterol
2416:"Li-fraumeni syndrome"
1520:Epidemiology of cancer
1433:
1427:
1419:
1413:
1395:In its medical sense,
1380:
1374:
1000:
769:
678:
663:
5215:Carcinogenic bacteria
4955:Malignant progression
4815:Diagnostic immunology
4640:Programmed cell death
4608:Liquefactive necrosis
3857:Int J Clin Exp Pathol
3228:10.1056/NEJMoa1113205
3025:10.1093/carcin/bgl079
2910:10.1186/2041-9414-3-3
2656:Langenbecks Arch Surg
1561:UK English Dictionary
1318:translesion synthesis
997:
763:
669:
649:
250:and are the focus of
5487:Anatomical pathology
5168:Dukes classification
4810:Medical microbiology
4805:Transfusion medicine
4762:Immunohistochemistry
4712:Anatomical pathology
4603:Coagulative necrosis
4277:Medical Encyclopedia
3947:Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci
3910:10.1136/gut.39.3.449
2562:J. Natl. Cancer Inst
2392:10.1038/onc.2011.241
2218:Semin Cutan Med Surg
142:environmental factor
5353:Helicobacter pylori
4987:Sentinel lymph node
4767:Electron microscopy
4735:Molecular pathology
4613:Gangrenous necrosis
4545:Cellular adaptation
4317:(Online ed.).
4295:. October 14, 2012.
4185:2010Sci...328..636R
4136:10.1038/nature11071
4128:2012Natur.485..502B
4019:2001Natur.409..860L
3959:2012NYASA1267..110S
3528:2013Sci...339.1546V
3464:2000PNAS...97.1236T
2963:1997PNAS...94.3122N
2841:2010PNAS..107.6982V
2575:10.1093/jnci/dji275
2334:2011ArTox..85..863B
2140:1993PNAS...90.7915A
1058:Frequency in Cancer
1048:
984:tumor heterogeneity
947:DNA mismatch repair
846:genes (see article
838:Individuals with a
811:Helicobacter pylori
786:cellular metabolism
751:Malignant neoplasms
699:continuum mechanics
305:-plasia and -trophy
244:malignant neoplasms
5381:Ionizing radiation
5371:Diethylstilbestrol
5035:Respiratory system
4795:Clinical chemistry
4787:Clinical pathology
4772:Immunofluorescence
4740:Forensic pathology
4720:Surgical pathology
4628:Fibrinoid necrosis
4418:External resources
4079:10.1093/nar/gks299
2183:Food Chem. Toxicol
2081:Kastan MB (2008).
2002:Zoological Science
1785:on 31 October 2015
1658:Cooper GM (1992).
1571:on April 28, 2021.
1361:'formed, molded'.
1345:process. The word
1289:genome instability
1283:Genome instability
1046:
1001:
980:genome instability
770:
679:
664:
582:and most forms of
550:Neoplasm vs. tumor
437:A neoplasm can be
146:certain infections
5469:
5468:
5400:Ultraviolet light
5264:
5263:
5251:Cancer and nausea
5130:
5129:
4967:Carcinoma in situ
4865:
4864:
4832:Mass spectrometry
4441:
4440:
4325:(Subscription or
4067:Nucleic Acids Res
4013:(6822): 860–921.
3522:(6127): 1546–58.
1935:978-1-84972-348-0
1924:(31st ed.).
1671:978-0-86720-191-8
1368:derives from the
1276:
1275:
1028:intestinal crypts
969:somatic mutations
872:missense mutation
840:germline mutation
692:carcinoma in situ
584:carcinoma in situ
469:carcinoma in situ
435:
434:
240:in situ neoplasms
151:
150:
91:colorectal cancer
54:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5509:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5268:
5267:
5065:Endocrine system
5030:Digestive system
4919:
4918:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4869:
4868:
4752:Gross processing
4618:Caseous necrosis
4468:
4461:
4454:
4445:
4444:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4322:
4310:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4285:
4279:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4253:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4204:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4147:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4090:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4030:
4028:10.1038/35057062
4004:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3978:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3921:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3872:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3831:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3742:Am J Otolaryngol
3737:
3731:
3730:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3596:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3547:
3507:
3496:
3495:
3485:
3475:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3382:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3337:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3280:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3180:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3139:
3129:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3088:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3036:
3004:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2974:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2922:
2912:
2888:
2873:
2872:
2862:
2852:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2788:Gastroenterology
2779:
2773:
2772:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2718:
2703:Clin. Cancer Res
2694:
2688:
2687:
2650:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2618:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2533:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2484:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2394:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2296:
2286:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2241:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2161:
2151:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2102:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2027:(12): 1297–316.
2016:
2010:
2009:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1980:
1970:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1898:. Archived from
1892:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1832:. Archived from
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1807:. Archived from
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1781:. Archived from
1777:Abrams, Gerald.
1774:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1722:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1638:
1606:
1593:
1592:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1567:. Archived from
1550:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1438:
1430:
1424:
1416:
1406:
1383:
1377:
1360:
1354:
1333:is a synonym of
1049:
1045:
1021:microenvironment
800:due to smoking.
462:melanocytic nevi
454:uterine fibroids
427:
420:
413:
302:
301:
293:
288:
287:
282:
277:
276:
236:benign neoplasms
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
77:
57:
56:
21:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5431:
5320:
5302:
5295:
5265:
5260:
5219:
5172:
5126:
5105:
5069:
4991:
4950:
4910:
4896:
4866:
4861:
4820:Immunopathology
4800:Hematopathology
4781:
4706:
4477:
4472:
4442:
4437:
4436:
4413:
4412:
4348:
4334:
4324:
4304:
4300:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4271:
4267:
4242:10.1038/ng.2418
4236:(11): 1277–81.
4222:
4218:
4179:(5978): 636–9.
4165:
4161:
4122:(7399): 502–6.
4108:
4104:
4059:
4055:
4046:
4044:
4002:
3996:
3992:
3939:
3935:
3890:
3886:
3849:
3845:
3808:
3804:
3783:(11): 1534–42.
3773:
3769:
3738:
3734:
3694:
3690:
3658:
3654:
3625:(11): 1516–26.
3614:
3610:
3565:
3561:
3508:
3499:
3444:
3440:
3400:
3396:
3355:
3351:
3306:
3302:
3257:
3253:
3216:N. Engl. J. Med
3208:
3204:
3157:
3153:
3120:(8): e1000155.
3106:
3102:
3057:
3050:
3005:
2998:
2943:
2936:
2889:
2876:
2821:
2817:
2780:
2776:
2736:
2732:
2695:
2691:
2651:
2642:
2609:(28): 3553–60.
2595:
2591:
2554:
2547:
2502:
2498:
2469:N. Engl. J. Med
2461:
2457:
2412:
2408:
2371:
2367:
2314:
2310:
2263:
2259:
2243:
2242:
2214:
2210:
2189:(11): 2921–33.
2179:
2175:
2134:(17): 7915–22.
2120:
2116:
2087:Mol. Cancer Res
2079:
2075:
2044:
2040:
2017:
2013:
1998:
1994:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1905:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1860:N. Engl. J. Med
1852:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1812:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1775:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1656:
1652:
1607:
1596:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1512:Medicine portal
1510:
1505:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1327:
1285:
992:
784:(mostly due to
758:
753:
718:sebaceous cysts
652:benign neoplasm
644:
552:
540:T cell receptor
504:
431:
300:
192:
162:
158:
55:
52:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5515:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5442:
5440:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5294:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5271:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5193:
5188:
5182:
5180:
5178:Carcinogenesis
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5060:Nervous system
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5023:nasopharyngeal
5020:
5015:
5010:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4927:
4925:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4895:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4872:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4842:Flow cytometry
4839:
4837:Chromatography
4834:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4791:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4757:Histopathology
4754:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4716:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4683:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4595:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4471:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4448:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4399:
4388:
4369:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:Classification
4333:
4332:
4298:
4280:
4265:
4216:
4159:
4102:
4053:
3990:
3933:
3884:
3843:
3822:(8): 4177–81.
3802:
3767:
3732:
3688:
3652:
3608:
3559:
3497:
3458:(3): 1236–41.
3438:
3394:
3349:
3300:
3251:
3222:(10): 883–92.
3202:
3151:
3100:
3048:
3019:(12): 2402–8.
3013:Carcinogenesis
2996:
2934:
2874:
2835:(15): 6982–7.
2815:
2794:(5): 1160–71.
2774:
2741:Mol. Biol. Rep
2730:
2709:(8): 2265–72.
2689:
2662:(7): 1017–26.
2640:
2589:
2568:(18): 1330–8.
2545:
2516:(6): 797–802.
2496:
2455:
2406:
2365:
2308:
2257:
2208:
2173:
2114:
2073:
2054:(5): 493–504.
2038:
2011:
1992:
1941:
1934:
1912:
1887:
1846:
1821:
1796:
1766:
1745:"II Neoplasms"
1736:
1730:978-0781733908
1729:
1708:
1702:978-0721662541
1701:
1677:
1670:
1650:
1594:
1591:(Online). n.d.
1574:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1501:
1498:Biology portal
1485:
1482:
1326:
1323:
1284:
1281:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:Head and Neck
1210:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:Head and Neck
1194:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:Head and Neck
1178:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1009:carcinogenesis
991:
988:
965:gene silencing
953:repair (HRR).
757:
754:
752:
749:
643:
640:
551:
548:
532:immunoglobulin
503:
500:
499:
498:
491:
479:
472:
465:
433:
432:
430:
429:
422:
415:
407:
404:
403:
402:
401:
395:
389:
383:
377:
371:
370:
369:
368:
362:
356:
350:
344:
338:
328:
322:
316:
307:
306:
299:
296:
149:
148:
135:
131:
130:
125:
119:
118:
113:
107:
106:
101:
95:
94:
79:
78:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
53:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5514:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5492:Medical signs
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5434:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5395:Tobacco smoke
5393:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5366:1,3-Butadiene
5364:
5362:
5359:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5300:
5292:
5287:
5285:
5280:
5278:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:oropharyngeal
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5003:Head and neck
5001:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4982:Primary tumor
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4923:Benign tumors
4920:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4893:
4888:
4886:
4881:
4879:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4725:Cytopathology
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4670:
4669:Accumulations
4667:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:Wound healing
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4457:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4328:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4309:
4302:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3904:(3): 449–56.
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3863:(5): 382–96.
3862:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3748:(6): 528–36.
3747:
3743:
3736:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3705:(4): 484–90.
3704:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3411:(3): 224–31.
3410:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3320:(1–2): 1–10.
3319:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3071:(3): 255–60.
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3003:
3001:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2957:(7): 3122–7.
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2897:Genome Integr
2894:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2747:(5): 3851–7.
2746:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2550:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:(4): 475–84.
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2385:(3): 342–51.
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2328:(8): 863–71.
2327:
2323:
2322:Arch. Toxicol
2319:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2093:(4): 517–24.
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:Acta Biomater
2042:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1961:(1): 99–119.
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1902:on 2010-06-05
1901:
1897:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1836:on 2012-10-25
1835:
1831:
1825:
1811:on 2008-05-09
1810:
1806:
1800:
1784:
1780:
1779:"Neoplasia I"
1773:
1771:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1732:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1621:(1): C25–38.
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1006:
996:
990:Field defects
987:
985:
981:
976:
972:
970:
966:
963:
959:
954:
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
884:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:Tobacco smoke
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
767:
762:
748:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
707:lymphangiomas
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
677:
673:
668:
661:
657:
653:
648:
639:
637:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:heterogeneous
496:
492:
489:
485:
480:
477:
473:
470:
466:
463:
459:
455:
451:
450:Benign tumors
448:
447:
446:
444:
440:
428:
423:
421:
416:
414:
409:
408:
406:
405:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
374:
373:
372:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
310:
309:
308:
304:
303:
295:
292:
281:
272:
271:Ancient Greek
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:
225:
221:
217:
213:
207:
156:
147:
143:
139:
136:
132:
129:
126:
124:
123:Complications
120:
117:
114:
112:
108:
105:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
67:
63:
58:
50:
43:
41:
33:
32:Neoplasticism
19:
5410:Epstein–Barr
5376:Formaldehyde
5351:
5332:Acetaldehyde
5316:Cancer cells
5034:
4899:
4898:Overview of
4827:Enzyme assay
4673:
4668:
4657:Karyorrhexis
4633:Myocytolysis
4623:Fat necrosis
4528:Inflammation
4516:Hemodynamics
4509:Pathogenesis
4498:
4425:
4401:
4390:
4371:
4352:
4312:
4308:"tumescence"
4301:
4292:
4283:
4272:
4268:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4176:
4172:
4162:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4073:(14): e107.
4070:
4066:
4056:
4045:. Retrieved
4010:
4006:
3993:
3953:(1): 110–6.
3950:
3946:
3936:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3819:
3815:
3805:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3669:(2): 104–7.
3666:
3662:
3655:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3579:(1): 14–29.
3576:
3572:
3562:
3519:
3515:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3371:10.3791/1931
3365:(41): 1931.
3362:
3352:
3317:
3313:
3303:
3271:(5): 963–8.
3268:
3264:
3254:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3068:
3064:
3016:
3012:
2954:
2950:
2900:
2896:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2659:
2655:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2565:
2561:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2475:(2): 78–85.
2472:
2468:
2458:
2423:
2420:Genes Cancer
2419:
2409:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2246:cite journal
2224:(4): 222–8.
2221:
2217:
2211:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1921:
1915:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:the original
1890:
1866:(1): 19–25.
1863:
1859:
1849:
1838:. Retrieved
1834:the original
1824:
1813:. Retrieved
1809:the original
1799:
1787:. Retrieved
1783:the original
1757:. Retrieved
1748:
1739:
1718:
1711:
1687:
1680:
1660:
1653:
1618:
1614:
1586:
1577:
1569:the original
1557:
1548:
1530:Pleomorphism
1475:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1449:
1447:
1440:
1409:inflammation
1396:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1365:
1363:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1306:
1286:
1277:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1002:
977:
973:
955:
940:
893:
885:
860:
837:
824:colon cancer
809:
771:
737:
726:
722:Breast cysts
713:
711:
696:
680:
656:sweat glands
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
611:
603:precancerous
591:
587:
571:
563:
559:
555:
553:
538:lesions) or
505:
488:radiotherapy
484:chemotherapy
436:
256:
230:
227:
223:
219:
215:
154:
152:
39:
5420:Hepatitis C
5415:Hepatitis B
5361:Benzopyrene
5299:carcinogens
5246:Cancer pain
5186:Cancer cell
4931:Hyperplasia
4681:Hemosiderin
4562:Hyperplasia
4557:Hypertrophy
4533:Cell damage
4427:MedlinePlus
3777:Hum. Pathol
3314:Cancer Lett
3171:(7): e110.
1461:tumefaction
1454:"swellings"
1442:De Medicina
1165:Colorectal
1149:Colorectal
1133:Colorectal
1117:Colorectal
1101:Colorectal
1085:Colorectal
1069:Colorectal
880:methylation
832:neutrophils
828:macrophages
798:lung cancer
703:hemangiomas
660:hidradenoma
458:osteophytes
386:Hypertrophy
365:Prosoplasia
341:Hyperplasia
325:Desmoplasia
89:example of
65:Other names
18:Tumor cells
5476:Categories
5191:Carcinogen
5055:Urogenital
4996:Topography
4977:Metastasis
4941:Pseudocyst
4915:Conditions
4847:Blood bank
4690:Lipofuscin
4686:Lipochrome
4662:Karyolysis
4591:Cell death
4572:Metaplasia
4403:DiseasesDB
4329:required.)
4289:"Swelling"
4230:Nat. Genet
4047:2019-09-02
3663:Oral Oncol
3573:Mod Pathol
3165:PLOS Genet
3114:PLOS Genet
2277:(1): 1–7.
2008:: 411–425.
1906:2008-01-08
1840:2015-02-10
1815:2008-01-08
1789:23 January
1583:"neoplasm"
1554:"neoplasm"
1541:References
1466:tumescence
1355:'new' and
1347:neoplastic
1343:neoplastic
1261:Esophagus
1005:phenomenon
962:epigenetic
868:epigenetic
863:hereditary
844:DNA repair
820:Bile acids
778:epigenetic
773:DNA damage
766:DNA repair
756:DNA damage
733:granulomas
612:The terms
542:gene (for
534:gene (for
520:epigenetic
512:monoclonal
476:metastases
392:Hypotrophy
353:Metaplasia
347:Hypoplasia
283:'new' and
263:metaplasia
5482:Neoplasms
5385:plutonium
5210:Oncovirus
5200:oncogenes
5153:Ann Arbor
5096:Papilloma
5081:Carcinoma
5074:Histology
5018:laryngeal
4962:Dysplasia
4946:Hamartoma
4702:Steatosis
4645:Apoptosis
4582:Glandular
4567:Dysplasia
4499:Neoplasia
4494:Infection
4475:Pathology
3647:206950452
3405:BioEssays
3363:J Vis Exp
2271:Redox Rep
1920:"Tumor".
1471:tumescent
1364:The term
1339:Neoplasia
1329:The term
1325:Etymology
1312:, XPF or
790:exogenous
684:mutations
607:malignant
554:The word
502:Clonality
398:Dystrophy
359:Neoplasia
335:phenotype
331:Dysplasia
313:Anaplasia
267:dysplasia
216:neoplasia
138:Radiation
99:Specialty
83:Colectomy
5497:Oncology
5347:Bacteria
5342:Asbestos
5231:Research
5091:Blastoma
4908:oncology
4857:Serology
4652:Pyknosis
4598:Necrosis
4577:Squamous
4521:Ischemia
4260:23001126
4211:20220176
4154:22622578
4097:22492626
4041:Archived
4037:11237011
3985:22954224
3879:22808291
3838:23098428
3797:19695681
3762:21353335
3719:19786217
3683:21147548
3639:20947886
3603:24925058
3554:23539594
3492:10655514
3433:44981539
3425:21254148
3389:20689513
3344:18164807
3287:13094644
3246:22397650
3197:17616978
3146:18704159
3095:11850397
3065:EMBO Rep
3043:16728433
2929:22494821
2903:(1): 3.
2869:20351277
2810:15887099
2769:18733871
2761:23271133
2725:23422094
2676:21706233
2635:20653064
2584:16174854
2540:15888787
2491:10891514
2450:21779515
2401:21685942
2379:Oncogene
2360:21267546
2303:21605492
2238:22123420
2203:21802474
2109:18403632
2068:16793355
1987:34164589
1928:. 2007.
1926:Saunders
1753:Archived
1645:24788248
1484:See also
1331:neoplasm
1267:77%-100%
1245:Stomach
1229:Stomach
943:mutation
910:, MGMT,
806:melanoma
802:UV light
792:agents.
688:leukemia
672:fibroids
580:leukemia
568:swelling
564:swelling
528:leukemia
524:lymphoma
452:include
252:oncology
155:neoplasm
111:Symptoms
104:Oncology
87:invasive
60:Neoplasm
49:Pleonasm
42:(comics)
5405:Viruses
5337:Arsenic
5241:History
5140:grading
5136:Staging
5101:Adenoma
5086:Sarcoma
4730:Autopsy
4695:Melanin
4675:pigment
4552:Atrophy
4489:Disease
4432:001310.
4397:D009369
4251:3483378
4202:3037280
4181:Bibcode
4173:Science
4145:3367798
4124:Bibcode
4088:3413110
4015:Bibcode
3976:3674777
3955:Bibcode
3928:8949653
3919:1383355
3870:3396065
3727:8357370
3594:4265316
3545:3749880
3524:Bibcode
3516:Science
3460:Bibcode
3380:3149991
3335:2744582
3295:6736946
3237:4878653
3188:1913100
3137:2491723
3086:1084010
3034:2612936
2991:9096356
2959:Bibcode
2920:3351028
2860:2872463
2837:Bibcode
2684:8069716
2626:2909555
2531:1774551
2441:3135649
2351:3149672
2330:Bibcode
2294:6837368
2168:8367443
2136:Bibcode
1978:8218894
1882:7990861
1759:19 June
1636:4080181
1358:plastic
1270:23%-79%
956:During
889:miR-155
729:keloids
674:of the
658:called
654:of the
516:genetic
380:Atrophy
319:Aplasia
248:cancers
5389:radium
5311:Cancer
4972:Cancer
4904:cancer
4900:tumors
4386:239.99
4258:
4248:
4209:
4199:
4152:
4142:
4116:Nature
4095:
4085:
4035:
4007:Nature
3983:
3973:
3926:
3916:
3877:
3867:
3836:
3795:
3760:
3725:
3717:
3681:
3645:
3637:
3601:
3591:
3552:
3542:
3490:
3480:
3431:
3423:
3387:
3377:
3342:
3332:
3293:
3285:
3265:Cancer
3244:
3234:
3195:
3185:
3144:
3134:
3093:
3083:
3041:
3031:
2989:
2979:
2927:
2917:
2867:
2857:
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