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2183:("spring wind"), Arnim ordered four armoured battle groups forward on 14 February in the area of Sidi Bou Zid held by 34th Infantry Division's 168th Regimental Combat Team and 1st Armored Division's Combat Command A. The defenders' dispositions were poor, with concentrations dispersed so that they were unable to be mutually supportive. By 15 February, CCA had been severely damaged leaving the infantry units isolated on hilltops. Combat Command C was ordered across country to relieve Sidi Bou Zid but were repelled with heavy losses. By the evening of 15 February, three of the Axis battlegroups were able to head toward Sbeitla, 32 km (20 mi) to the northwest. Pushing aside the remains of CCA and CCC, the battlegroups were confronted by Combat Command B in front of Sbeitla. With the help of air support, CCB held on through the day. However, the air support could not be sustained and the defenders of Sbeitla were obliged to withdraw and the town lay empty by midday on 17 February.
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defensive line just east of Medjez el Bab. Here, they started a build up for another attack and were ready by late
December 1942. The slow build up had brought Allied force levels up to a total of 54,000 British, 73,800 American and 7,000 French troops. A hasty intelligence review showed about 125,000 combat and 70,000 service troops, mostly Italian, in front of them. The main attack began the afternoon of 22 December. Despite rain and insufficient air cover, progress was made up the lower ridges of the 900-foot (270 m) Longstop Hill that controlled the river corridor from Medjez to Tebourba and thence to Tunis. After three days of to-and-fro fighting, with ammunition running low and Axis forces now holding adjacent high ground, the Longstop position became untenable and the Allies were forced to withdraw to Medjez, and by 26 December 1942 the Allies had withdrawn to the line they had set out from two weeks earlier, having suffered 20,743 casualties.
2126:("Courier I"). Elements of the 10th Panzer and 334th Infantry divisions attacked from Pont du Fahs to create more space in front of the Superga Division and forestall an Allied thrust east to the coast at Enfidaville, to cut Rommel's line of communication. The westward thrust against the right wing of the British V Corps at Bou Arada had little success but further south his attack against French positions around the "hinge" of the Western and Eastern Dorsals succeeded, advancing 56 km (35 mi) south to Ousseltia and 40 km (25 mi) south-west to Robaa. The poorly equipped defenders resisted well but were overwhelmed and the equivalent of seven infantry battalions were cut off in the mountains. Anderson sent the 36th Brigade to Robaa and requested Lloyd Fredendall to send Combat Command B from 1st Armored Division to Ousseltia, to come under Juin's orders on arrival. Fierce fighting lasted until 23 January but the front was stabilised.
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2792:, which counter-attacked several times over the next three days and was repulsed and the action at Takrouna also took place. The northward advance of Eighth Army had "pinched out" US II Corps' eastward facing front line, allowing the corps to be withdrawn and switched to the northern end of the Allied front. Arnim knew that an Allied offensive was imminent and launched a spoiling attack on the night of 20/21 April, between Medjez and Goubellat on the IX Corps front. The Hermann Göring Division supported by tanks from 10th Panzer Division penetrated up to 5 miles (8.0 km) at some points but could not force a general withdrawal and eventually returned to their lines. No serious disruption was caused to Allied plans, except that the first attack of the offensive, by IX Corps, was delayed by four hours from 4:00 a.m. on 22 April.
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2250:
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least 20 aeroplanes while the USAAF conducted 720 sorties for a loss of 16 aircraft. From 27 December 1942 to 17 January 1943 the RAF flew 3,160 sorties and lost 38 aircraft while the USAAF flew an estimated 3,200 sorties and lost 36 aeroplanes. From 18 January to 13 February the RAF flew 5,000 sorties, excluding those against shipping, for the loss of 34 aircraft while the USAAF flew an estimated 6,250 sorties for the loss of 85. During the remainder of
February to 28 March, 156 allied planes were lost. Between 29 March and 21 April, 203 Allied aircraft were destroyed. From 22 April to the end of the campaign, 45 bombers and 110 fighters were lost; 12 bombers and 47 fighters of the RAF, the USAAF losing 32 bombers and 63 fighters, while the French lost 1 bomber.
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how far east the Torch landings could be made because of the increasing proximity of Axis airfields in Sicily and
Sardinia which at the end of October held 298 German and 574 Italian aircraft. Algiers was accordingly chosen for the most easterly landings. This would ensure the success of the initial landings in spite of uncertainty as to how the incumbent French forces would react. Once Algiers was secured, a small force, the Eastern Task Force, would be projected as quickly as possible into Tunisia in a race to occupy Tunis, some 800 km (500 mi) distant along poor roads in difficult terrain during the winter rainy season, before the Axis could organise.
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force, retreated. Blade Force's attack caught
Nehring by surprise and he decided to withdraw from Medjez and strengthen Djedeida, only 30 km (19 mi) from Tunis. The 36th Brigade's delayed attack began on 26 November but they were ambushed with the leading battalion taking 149 casualties. Further attacks were driven back from cleverly planned interlocking defences. 1 Commando landed 23 km (14 mi) west of Bizerte on 30 November to outflank the Jefna position, but failed and rejoined 36th Brigade by 3 December. The position remained in German hands until the last days of fighting in Tunisia the following spring.
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repulsed, and the 10th Panzer
Division retired to GabĂšs. The US II Corps was unable to exploit the German failure and each attack was stopped by the 10th Panzer Division or 21st Panzer Division counter-attacks up the road from GabĂšs; co-ordination of Allied air and ground forces remained unsatisfactory. The Eighth Army and the US II Corps attacked for the next week and on 28 March, the Eighth Army captured El Hamma, forcing the Axis to abandon GabĂšs and retreat north towards the Fifth Panzer Army. The hills in front of the US forces were abandoned, allowing them to join the British forces in GabĂšs later that day. The
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same priorities articulated in
Alexander's orders dated 20 February. On 21 February, Alexander declared his objective to destroy all enemy forces in Tunisia by first advancing Eighth Army north of GabĂšs, while the First Army mounted attacks to draw off reserves which would otherwise be used against the Eighth Army. The armies would gain airfields for the Allied air forces. The co-ordinated land, sea and air power of the Allies would draw a net round the Axis forces in Tunisia by 30 April, to meet the timetable set at the Casablanca Conference to allow Sicily to be invaded during the favourable weather of August.
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2149:) he had facing the Western Dorsale. On 23 January 1943, the Eighth Army took Tripoli, by which point the army retreating through Libya was already well on its way to the Mareth position. Part of the II US Corps crossed into Tunisia through passes in the Atlas Mountains from Algeria, controlling the interior of the triangle formed by the mountains. Their position raised the possibility of a thrust eastwards towards Sfax on the coast, to cut off the First Italian Army at Mareth from Arnim's forces to the north around Tunis. Rommel could not allow this and formed a plan for a spoiling attack.
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2717:, the artillery of two divisions plus more from army resources. In four days, it succeeded in recapturing all lost ground and took 850 German and Italian prisoners. On 7 April, Anderson tasked the 78th Infantry Division with clearing the BĂ©ja-Medjez road. Supported by artillery and close air support, they methodically advanced 16 km (10 mi) through difficult mountain terrain over the next ten days, clearing a front 16 km (10 mi) wide. The 4th Infantry Division joined the fighting, taking position on the left of the 78th Division and pushing toward Sidi Nsir.
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409:
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1819:, was afraid to support the Allies or oppose the Axis. He did not close airfields to either side; the Germans moved first and by 9 November, there were reports of 40 German aircraft arriving at Tunis and by 10 November, aerial reconnaissance reported 100 aircraft. Two days later, an airlift began that carried over 15,000 men and 581 long tons (590 t) of supplies and ships brought 176 tanks, 131 artillery pieces, 1,152 vehicles and 13,000 long tons (13,000 t) of supplies. By the end of the month, three German divisions, including the
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plan was for the main attack to be in the centre of the V Corps front at Medjez, confronting main Axis defences. However, IX Corps on the right would first attack north-east with, by speed of movement, the intention of getting in behind the Medjez position and disrupting their armoured reserves. II US Corps would make a double thrust: one to capture the high ground on V Corps' left flank and a second toward
Bizerte. French XIX Corps would be held back until IX Corps and Eighth Army had drawn in the opposition and then advance toward Pont du Fahs.
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Playfair wrote that the Allies took 238,243 unwounded prisoners; 101,784 German, 89,442 Italian and 47,017 others. In 2004, Rick
Atkinson wrote that a quarter of a million prisoners is a reasonable estimate. Playfair wrote that G. F. Howe, the American official historian, recorded the capture of 275,000 Axis soldiers, an 18th Army Group calculation of 244,500 prisoners (including 157,000 Germans), that Rommel estimated 130,000 Germans were taken prisoner and Arnim estimated 100,000 German and 200,000 Italian prisoners of war.
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would necessarily be delayed. Plans were thus a compromise and the Allies realised that an attempt to reach
Bizerte and Tunis overland before the Axis could establish themselves represented a gamble which depended on the ability of the navy and air force to delay the Axis build-up. The Allies, although they had provided for the possibility of strong Vichy opposition to their landings both in terms of infantry and air force allocations, seriously underestimated the Axis appetite for and speed of intervention in Tunisia.
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of tanks from 1st
Armored Division and after desperate resistance, the under-equipped French defenders were overrun. Several counterattacks were organised, including a belated attack by Combat Command B of the US 1st Armored Division but all of these were beaten off with ease by Arnim's forces which by this time had created strong defensive positions. After three days, the Allied forces had been forced to pull back and were withdrawn into the interior plains to make a new forward defensive line at the small town of
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2516:) drove around the Matmata Hills, capturing the Tebaga Gap and the town of El Hamma at the northern extreme of the line in "Operation Supercharge II", making the Mareth Line untenable. The following day anti-tank guns from German and Italian units checked the advance of X Corps, to gain time for a withdrawal. In the next 48 hours the Axis defenders pulled out of the Mareth Line, establishing a new defensive position 60 kilometres (37 mi) to the north-west at Wadi Akarit near GabĂšs.
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substantial air and sea forces but Tunis and Bizerte were only 190 km (120 mi) from the ports and airfields of western Sicily, 290 km (180 mi) from Palermo and 480 km (300 mi) from Naples, making it very difficult to intercept Axis transports which had the benefit of substantial air cover. From mid-November 1942 to January 1943, 243,000 men and 856,000 long tons (870,000 t) of supplies and equipment arrived in Tunisia by sea and air.
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on 22 February with Kesselring, Rommel argued that faced with stiffening defences and the news that the Eighth Army's lead elements had finally reached Medenine, only a few kilometres from the Mareth Line, he should call off the attack and withdraw to support the Mareth defences, hoping that the Kasserine attack had caused enough damage to deter any offensive action from the west. Kesselring was keen for the offensive to continue but finally agreed that evening, and
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2859:, had made a preliminary attack on 5 May, to capture high ground and secure the left flank of IX Corps. The 4th British and 4th Indian Divisions, concentrated on a narrow front and supported by heavy artillery concentrations, broke a hole in the defences for the 6th and 7th Armoured divisions to pass through. On 7 May, British armour entered Tunis and American infantry from II Corps, which had continued its advance in the north, entered Bizerte.
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2282:, a composite force from British 6th Armoured Division with tanks from the 2nd Lothians and Border Horse of the 26th Armoured Brigade with extra infantry and artillery (which Anderson had ordered the previous day to leave the Kesra area to bolster the Thala defences) to prepare defensive positions further up the road. Meanwhile, Fredendall had sent 1st Armored Division's CCB to meet the threat to TĂ©bessa.
3300:) and 200+ operational tanks (mostly German) lost in actions after March 9. Mitcham also notes that a very large number of tanks were not operational at the time due to previous mechanical issues; for instance, by April 22, only 45% of German tanks were operational, with the rest confined to workshops. Therefore the actual number of tanks lost after March 9 is possibly around 450 rather than 200.
2800:, in which the hill was captured, which opened the way to Bizerte. In grim hand-to hand fighting against the Hermann Göring Division, 334th Infantry and 15th Panzer Divisions, it took V Corps with the 1st, 4th and 78th Infantry Divisions, supported by army tanks and heavy artillery concentrations, eight days to penetrate 9.7 km (6 mi) and capture most of the Axis defensive positions.
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which halted their progress. The battle had drawn the Axis reserves of armour south, away from the central front. Seeing that no further progress was likely, Anderson withdrew the 6th Armoured Division and most of the 46th Infantry Division into army reserve. The V Corps attack began on the evening of 22 April and the US II Corps launched their offensive in the early hours of 23 April in the
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strength. 11th Brigade tried to regain the initiative in the early hours of 28 November, attacking toward Djedeida airfield with the help of US armour, but failed. On 29 November, Combat Command B of US 1st Armored Division had concentrated forward for an attack in conjunction with Blade Force planned for 2 December. They were forestalled by an Axis counter-attack, led by Major-General
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Barré's, joined the Allies. But the attitude of Vichy forces remained uncertain until on 22 November, when the "Darlan Deal" placed French North Africa on the Allied side. This allowed US and British forces that had been securing Algeria to go to the front. By this time, the Axis had deployed a corps in Tunisia and outnumbered the Allies there in almost all ways.
2424:, an attack southward in the direction of Medenine, the northernmost British strong point. The Axis attack was repulsed with massed artillery fire; 55 Axis tanks were knocked out. With the failure of Capri, Rommel decided that the only way to save the Axis armies would be to abandon the campaign, and on 9 March he travelled to Italy for discussions with
1870:, happy to have local air superiority while Allied planes had to fly from relatively distant bases in Algeria, harassed them all the way. On 17 November, the same day Nehring arrived, the leading elements of the British 36th Brigade on the northern road met a mixed force of 17 tanks and 400 paratroops with self-propelled guns at Djebel Abiod. The
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the command of Anderson, confirmed by Giraud the next day but with forces spread over a 320 km (200 mi) front and poor communication (Anderson motored over 1,600 km (1,000 mi) in four days to speak to the corps commanders) the practical difficulties remained. Eisenhower appointed an air support commander, Brigadier General
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on their left flank vacating the Eastern Dorsal to conform with them. By the afternoon of 17 February, Rommel's troops had occupied Feriana and Thelepte (roughly 24 km (15 mi) southwest of Kasserine) forcing the evacuation on the morning of 18 February of Thelepte airfield, the main air base in British First Army's southern sector.
1675:) and then to thrust east to take the Axis forces in the Western Desert in their rear. An Allied occupation of the whole of the North African coast would open the Mediterranean to Allied shipping, releasing the huge capacity required to maintain supplies around the circuitous route via the Cape of Good Hope. On 8 November,
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Had the Allies been able to get a tighter stranglehold on the Axis communications immediately after the 'Torch' landings, they might have won the gamble of the Tunisian Campaign by the end of 1942 and victory in Africa as a whole might have been close. Conversely, the Axis might have staved off for a
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and what remained of the 5th Panzer Army, which surrendered before noon. At least 12,000 Germans surrendered in Major-General Fritz Krause's sector (of the initial batch of 25,000 prisoners, fewer than 400 were Italian). Around 22,000 Germans in the mountainous Zaghouan sector also ceased fighting on
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Alexander planned that while II US Corps would attack on the north towards Bizerte, First Army would attack towards Tunis while Eighth Army attacked north from Enfidaville. Anderson would co-ordinate the actions of First Army and II US Corps, issuing the appropriate orders to achieve this. Anderson's
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batlegroup to a halt. Before they could continue, infantry had to be sent up into the high ground seeking to eliminate the artillery threat. A battlegroup under Hans-Georg Hildebrand including tanks from 21st Panzer were advancing north from Sbeitla toward the Sbiba Gap. In front of the hills east of
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had advanced toward Gafsa at dusk on 15 February to find the town deserted, part of a withdrawal to shorten the Allied front to facilitate a reorganisation involving the withdrawal of French XIX Corps in order to re-equip. II US Corps withdrew to the line of Dernaia-Kasserine-Gap-Sbiba with XIX Corps
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On 30 January 1943, the German 21st Panzer and three Italian divisions from the 5th Panzer Army met elements of the French forces near FaĂŻd, the main pass from the eastern arm of the mountains into the coastal plains. Fredendall did not respond to the French request to send reinforcements in the form
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The obvious lack of Allied co-ordination led Eisenhower to change the command structure. On 21 January Anderson was made responsible for the co-ordination of the whole front, and on 24 January his responsibilities were extended to include "the employment of American troops". That night, Juin accepted
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The Allied force initially withdrew roughly 9.7 km (6 mi) to the high positions of Longstop Hill (Djebel el Ahmera) and Bou Aoukaz on each side of the river. Concern over the vulnerability to flanking attacks prompted a further withdrawal west. By the end of 10 December, Allied units held a
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which run from the Atlantic coast of Morocco, 1,900 kilometres (1,200 mi) east to Tunis. This portion of the border is easily defensible at the small number of passes through the two northâsouth lines of the mountains. In the south a lower range of mountains limit the approaches to a narrow gap,
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vowing to fight on; at 7:55 p.m. that evening, after the German collapse, Mussolini ordered Messe to surrender. Next day, the 1st Army was still holding opposite Enfidaville but the remaining 80,000 men were surrounded; the RAF and artillery continued their bombardment and around noon, the 1st
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The redeployments were complete by the night of 5 May; Anderson had arranged for a dummy concentration of tanks near Bou Arada on the IX Corps front, to deflect attention from the arrival of the 7th Armoured Division in the Medjez sector and achieved a considerable measure of surprise as to the size
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The salient at Medjez had been relieved and lateral roads in the V Corps area cleared so that Anderson was able to turn his full attention to the orders he had received on 12 April from Alexander to prepare the large-scale attack, scheduled for 22 April, to gain Tunis. By this stage, Allied aircraft
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and supporting artillery delayed the Axis advance. Withdrawals of French battalions in the Medjez area to join XIX Corps, left little opposition to the German occupation of the high ground dominating the town, which was left in a dangerous salient. As a result, Sedjenane was abandoned by the British
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battlegroup on the road to TĂ©bessa had been halted on 21 February by CCB's armour and artillery dug in on the slopes of Djebel Hamra. An attempt to outflank them during the night of 21 February was a costly failure. A further attack early on 23 February was again beaten back. In a dispirited meeting
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Having rolled through the Kasserine Pass on the afternoon of 20 February, units of the Centauro Division headed west toward TĂ©bessa, meeting little or no resistance. Following them came the von Broich battlegroup from 10th Panzer, which forked right onto the road to Thala where they were slowed by a
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and lost at least 45 aircraft. The USAAF flew 180 sorties and lost at least 7 aeroplanes. From 1 to 12 December, the RAF flew 2,225 sorties and lost a minimum of 37 aircraft. The USAAF flew 523 sorties and lost another 17 aircraft. From 13 to 26 December, the RAF flew 1,940 sorties for a loss of at
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On the morning of 22 April, the 46th Division attacked on the IX Corps front, creating a gap for the 6th Armoured Division to pass through by nightfall, followed by 1st Armoured Division, striking east for the next two days but not quick enough to forestall the creation of a strong anti-tank screen
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and more artillery, prepared for another attack through the pass, once it had been joined by a 10th Panzer Division battle group from Sbeitla. The morning attack made slow progress but the intense pressure applied during the renewed attack that afternoon triggered a collapse in the Allied defences.
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had made plans for forces retreating through Libya to dig-in in front of the defunct French fortifications of the Mareth Line. The Axis forces would control the two natural entrances into Tunisia in the north and south, with only the easily defensible mountain passes between them. In January, those
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Because of the nearness of Sicily to Tunisia, the Allies expected that the Axis would move to occupy the country as soon as they heard of the Torch landings. To forestall this, it would be necessary to occupy Tunisia as quickly as possible after the landings were made. However, there was a limit to
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Coningham found that the air organisation in Tunisia was that of the Western Desert in 1941 when he had first assumed command of the Desert Air Force. The lessons of the Desert Campaign had not been used in planning for Torch, which constrained the ability of the air arm, already short of aircraft
1940:
had just arrived in Tunisia. By the evening of 2 December, Blade Force had been withdrawn, leaving 11th Brigade and Combat Command B to deal with the Axis attack. The attack threatened to cut off 11th Brigade and break through into the Allied rear, but desperate fighting over four days delayed the
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and a small Italian scouting Force, around 15 tanks all told. Frontal attacks by the GMCs and Stuarts were ineffective losing 12 tanks, but allowed a rear attack by B Squadron firing into the weaker rear armour of the German tanks. The German commander, believing he had encountered a much stronger
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Only in the north was the terrain favourable to attack; here the Atlas Mountains stopped near the eastern coast, leaving a large area on the north-west coast unprotected. Defensive lines in the north could deal with approaching forces, while the Mareth Line made the south secure. In between, there
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was reformed in Malta with three cruisers and four destroyers and Force Q formed in BĂŽne with three cruisers and two destroyers. No Axis ships sailing to Tunis were sunk in November but the Allied naval forces had some success in early December sinking seven Axis transports. However, this came too
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However, planners had to assume the worst case regarding the extent of Vichy opposition at Algiers and the invasion convoys were assault-loaded with a preponderance of infantry to meet heavy ground opposition. This meant that at Algiers the disembarkation of mobile forces for an advance to Tunisia
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but very few Axis ships even attempted passage. By 18 April, after attacks by Eighth Army from the south and flanking attacks by IX Corps and French XIX Corps, the Axis forces had been pushed into a defensive line on the north-east coast of Tunis, attempting to protect their supply lines but with
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Fighting lasted until 5 March and in terrible weather conditions the operation was called off by Arnim. The failure had cost the Axis grievous losses in infantry as well as tanks, particularly the loss of many of the heavy Tiger Tanks. Ochsenkopf was to be the last major Axis offensive by the 5th
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and was critical of Anderson although this was later felt to be a little unfair. Once he had been given control of the whole front at the end of January, Anderson's aim had been to reorganise the front into consolidated national sectors and create reserves with which to regain the initiative, the
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Action then abated for a time and both sides studied the results of recent battles. Rommel remained convinced that US forces posed little threat, while the British and Commonwealth troops were his equal. He held this opinion for far too long, and it would prove very costly. The Americans likewise
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had taken a heavy beating and did not expect to be able to hold out the next day. However, during the night a further 48 artillery pieces from US 9th Infantry Division arrived after a 1,300 km (800 mi) trip from Morocco on poor roads and in bad weather. On the morning of 22 February, as
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issued orders on 19 February for Rommel to attack through the Kasserine and Sbiba passes toward Thala and Le Kef to threaten First Army's flank. Rommel's original proposal was for a limited but concentrated attack through Kasserine to confront II Corps' strength at TĂ©bessa and gain vital supplies
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The northern attack did not take place because torrential rain had slowed the build-up. In the south 11th Brigade were halted by stiff resistance at Medjez. Blade Force passed through Sidi Nsir to reach the Chouigui Pass, north of Terbourba part of B Squadron Stuart's from Blade Force infiltrated
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There were two roads eastwards into Tunisia from Algeria. The Allied plan was to advance along the two roads and take Bizerte and Tunis. On 11 November, the British 36th Infantry Brigade had landed unopposed at Bougie but supply shortages delayed their arrival at Djedjelli until 13 November. BĂŽne
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Allied casualties of 76,020 include the losses incurred by the First Army from 8 November 1942 and the Eighth Army from 9 February 1943. British and Commonwealth casualties amounted to 38,360 men; 6,233 were killed, 21,528 were wounded and 10,599 reported missing. The Free French suffered 19,439
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as assistant Corps Commander. Commanders were reminded that large units should be kept concentrated to ensure mass on the battlefield, rather than widely dispersed as Fredendall had deployed them. This had the intended side effect of improving the fire control of the already-strong US artillery.
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On 19 February 1943, Rommel, having now been given formal control of the 10th and 21st Panzer Divisions, the Afrika Korps battlegroup as well as General Messe's forces on the Mareth defences (renamed Italian First Army), launched what would become the Battle of Kasserine Pass. Hoping to take the
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The Axis armies suffered casualties of 290,000 to 362,000 men; the losses are uncertain but it is estimated that the German army suffered 8,500 men killed during the campaign and the Italians 3,700 men killed; another 40,000 to 50,000 Axis soldiers were wounded. In the British official history,
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The Axis gamble failed, and at the cost of heavy losses in men and materiel had only slowed the inevitable. The Allied gains were considerable; control of the North African littoral, and the Mediterranean open to traffic. Even the US defeat at Kasserine may have been paradoxically advantageous;
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By 1pm on 21 February, Battlegroup von Broich was in contact with the dug-in tanks of B Squadron 2nd Lothians and Border Horse of the 26th Armoured Brigade on the Thala road and making slow progress. Rommel took direct control of the attack and forced the defences by 4pm. However, 26th Armoured
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plans to send 10,000 German troops to Tunis , but the decision was never made due to the lack of Italian naval resources. Aside from Kesselring's unfulfilled promises. Ambrosio knew that even with the German support, the Italian defence would be unable to sustain. After further discussion, the
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On 19 November Nehring demanded passage for his forces across the bridge at Medjez and was refused by Barré. The Germans attacked twice and were repulsed, but the French defensive success was costly, and lacking armour and artillery, the French had to withdraw. Some Vichy French forces, such as
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seizing the port on 12 November. Advanced guards of the 36th Infantry Brigade reached Tebarka on 15 November and Djebel Abiod on 18 November, where they met Axis forces. Further south, on 15 November, a US parachute battalion made an unopposed drop at Youks-les-Bains, capturing the airfield and
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The decision to reinforce North Africa was one of the worst of Hitler's blunders: admittedly, it kept the Mediterranean closed for six more months, with a negative impact on the Allied shipping situation but it placed some of Germany's best troops in an indefensible position from which, like
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on 23 March. The German tanks rolling up lead units of the US forces ran into a minefield, and US artillery and anti-tank units opened fire. The 10th Panzer Division rapidly lost 30 tanks and retreated out of the minefield. A second attack supported by infantry in the late afternoon was also
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in the Bizerte area, the 10th Panzer Division in the centre before Tunis and the 1st Infantry Division "Superga" on the southern flank, but Hitler had told Arnim that the army would grow to three mechanised and three motorised divisions. The Allies had tried to prevent the Axis build up with
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Early on 26 November, as the Germans withdrew, 11 Brigade were able to enter Medjez unopposed and by late in the day had taken positions in and around Tebourba, which had also been evacuated by the Germans, preparatory to advancing on Djedeida. However, on 27 November the Germans attacked in
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Division had already arrived. To counter the surface threat, Axis convoys were switched to daylight when they could be protected by air cover, simultaneously denying the Allies the advantage of using radar in night surface combat. Night convoys resumed on completion of the extension of Axis
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Once operations had commenced, despite clear intelligence reports regarding the Axis reaction, the Allies were slow to respond. It was not until nearly two weeks after the landings that air and naval plans were made to interdict Axis sea transport to Tunis. At the end of November, naval
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as Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Allied forces in French North Africa. This came into effect on 20 February and at the same time, in order better to co-ordinate the activities of his two armies in Tunisia, Eisenhower at AFHQ brought First and Eighth Armies under a new headquarters,
1807:, which had been the floating reserve for the Algiers landing, eastward by sea to occupy the Algerian ports of Bougie, Philippeville, and BĂŽne and the airfield at Djedjelli, preliminary to advancing into Tunisia. The Combined Chiefs of Staff had decided that with the forces available,
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behind Axis lines to the newly activated airbase at Djedeida in the afternoon and destroyed more than 20 Axis planes but lacking infantry support, withdrew to Chouigui. The understrength tank Squadrons and three M3 GMC French 75s were to hold the pass. A mixed unit of
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to sink more Italian supply ships. Large quantities of supplies became available to the British from the United States and the supply situation of the Eighth Army eventually resolved. With the Eighth Army no longer constrained, the Axis were driven westwards from
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A Victory March was held in Tunis on May 20, 1943, in which units of the First and Eighth Armies and representative detachments of the American and French forces marched past, with bands playing and generals Eisenhower, Alexander and Giraud taking the salute.
2241:, a brigade group made up of US and French units, was responsible for the defence of the pass. It had not had time to organise properly but was able to direct heavy artillery fire from the surrounding heights which brought the leading mechanised units of the
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was contested by the British and Italian navies, which were equally matched and exerted a reciprocal constraint supply through Alexandria, Tripoli, Benghazi and Tobruk, although the British could supply Egypt via the long route through the Atlantic around the
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before they could be overcome. This delay was critical and as a result the British force was able to prepare a significant killing field at Hunts Gap (an area between Medjez and about 24 km (15 mi) north-east of BĂ©ja). In the Southern attack
2996:
Rommel and the Axis were lulled into a false impression of US capabilities, while the Americans learned valuable lessons, and made positive changes in their command structure and tactics. With North Africa in Allied hands, plans quickly turned to the
2286:
Brigade were able to withdraw in reasonable order to the next, final, defensive line in front of Thala. Fighting at this position started at 7pm and continued at close quarters for three hours with neither side able to gain a decisive advantage.
1739:
Tunisia is said to be shaped like a pregnant woman, with its northern and much of its eastern boundary (the head and belly) on the Mediterranean coast. Most of the inland western border with Algeria (the back) is astride the eastern line of the
2819:, it had become clear to both Montgomery and Alexander that an Eighth Army attack north from Enfidaville, into strongly-held and difficult terrain, would not succeed. General Alexander gave Montgomery a holding task and transferred the British
2419:
The Eighth Army had been consolidating in front of the Mareth defences since 17 February, and launched probes westward on 26 February. On 6 March 1943, three German armoured divisions, two light divisions and nine Italian divisions launched
1811:
would not include landings close to Tunisia. Anderson needed to get his limited force east quickly, before the Axis could reinforce Tunisia, but the Allies had only two brigade groups and some additional armour and artillery for the attack.
3402:
Churchill, Winston. "The Hinges of Fate: The Second World War, Volume IV". Houghton Mifflin Company, 1950. Page 697, quoting a telegram from General Alexander on 12 May 1943: "It appears that we have taken over 1,000 guns, of which 180 are
2595:(which was some 40 km (25 mi) west of Medjez) and the third group pushing west 25 miles (40 km) south of Medjez. The northern flank of Weber's corps was to be protected by the Manteuffel Division advancing west (Operation
2311:
2092:(although the 34th Division was attached to the British IX Corps to the north). Giraud refused to have the French XIX Corps under the command of the British First Army and so they, along with the US II Corps, remained under command of
1994:(CFLN) was formed under the joint chairmanship of Giraud and de Gaulle. De Gaulle quickly eclipsed Giraud, who openly disliked political responsibility and more or less willingly from then on deferred to the Leader of the Free French.
1827:
took command of the new XC Corps on 12 November and arrived on 17 November. The French military commander in Tunisia, General Barré, moved troops into the western mountains of Tunisia and formed a defensive line from Tebersouk through
2485:-held line and established a small bridgehead west of Zarat on 20/21 March. The terrain and rain however prevented the deployment of tanks, aircraft and anti-tank guns, which left the infantry isolated. A determined counter-attack by
2096:(AFHQ). New forward airfields were built to improve air support. The Americans also began bases in Algeria and Tunisia, to form a large forward base at Maknassy, on the eastern edge of the Atlas Mountains, well placed to cut off the
1679:
landed Allied forces in Algeria (at Oran and Algiers) and Morocco (at Casablanca) with the intention that once Vichy forces in Algeria had capitulated, an advance would be made to Tunis some 800 km (500 mi) to the east.
2320:
studied the battle and relieved several senior commanders while issuing several "lessons learned" publications to improve future performance. Most important, on 6 March 1943 command of the II US Corps passed from Fredendall to
9730:
3313:
was lost before it started. Eisenhower, when accepting the Combined Chiefs' ruling, pointed out that the decision not to land east of Algiers removed the early capture of Tunis "from the realm of the probable to the remotely
2395:
The Axis also created a combined command for their two armies. Hitler and the German General Staff (OKH) believed that Arnim should assume command but Kesselring argued for Rommel. Rommel was appointed to command the new
2233:
from the US dumps there. Although he was to have 10th and 21st Panzer Divisions transferred to his command, Rommel was concerned that the new plan would dilute his force concentration and expose his flanks to threat.
1548:
in 1940, advanced 97 km (60 mi) into Egypt and more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) in a straight line from Tripoli, 600 km (370 mi) from Benghazi and 320 km (200 mi) from Tobruk. The
2246:
Sbiba they were brought to a halt by 1st Guards Brigade and 18th Regimental Combat Team which had strong field and anti-tank artillery support and were joined by two infantry regiments from 34th Infantry Division.
1882:
forced US paratroopers to abandon Gafsa. The two Allied columns concentrated at Djebel Abiod and BĂ©ja, preparing for an assault on 24 November. The 36th Brigade was to advance from Djebel Abiod toward Mateur and
1745:
facing Libya to the east, between the Matmata Hills and the coast. The French had earlier constructed a 20 kilometres (12 mi) wide and 30 kilometres (19 mi) deep series of defensive works known as the
2749:) and large numbers of German transport aircraft were shot down between Sicily and Tunis. British destroyers operating from Malta prevented marine supply, reinforcement or evacuation of Tunisia by sea (
2121:
During the first half of January, Anderson had with mixed results kept constant pressure through limited attacks and reconnaissance in strength. Arnim did the same and on 18 January, launched Operation
2018:
General Eisenhower transferred further units from Morocco and Algeria eastward into Tunisia. In the north, the British First Army, over the next three months, received three more British divisions, the
2436:, to try to convince him to abandon Tunisia and return the Axis armies to Europe. Hitler refused and Rommel was placed, in strict secrecy, on sick leave. Arnim became commander of Army Group Africa.
1393:
1986:
had displayed considerable willingness to make a deal with Darlan and the Vichyists. Consequently, Darlan's death appeared to present an opportunity to bring together the French in North Africa and
1990:'s Free French. De Gaulle and Giraud met in late January but little progress was made in reconciling their differences or the constituencies they represented. It was not until June 1943 that the
1631:
2392:
and supplies, to provide tactical support to the army during the Run for Tunis. Coningham unified the British and American operational commands and trained them in new operational practices.
1907:
self-propelled anti-tank guns, was to strike across country on minor roads in the gap between the two infantry brigades towards Sidi Nsir and make flanking attacks on Terbourba and Djedeida.
8511:
1765:. Ships could deliver supplies at night, safe from RAF patrols and return the next night, while Libya was a full-day trip, making supply operations vulnerable to daylight air attacks. In
2291:
Broich prepared to launch his attack, his front was hit by a devastating artillery barrage. Rommel told Broich to regroup and assume a defensive posture, so surrendering the initiative.
1557:, a raid and counter-attack into Libya. The 10th Army was destroyed and the WDF occupied El Agheila, some 970 km (600 mi) from Alexandria. With the arrival of the German
5046:. Vol. VIII, The Eastern Front 1943â1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts. Translated by Barry Smerin; Barbara Wilson. Clarendon Press. pp. 1100â1163.
3067:
quotes 74,500 Germans captured in May 1943. There seems to be a distinction between the entire campaign and the last few weeks when the majority of the Axis forces were captured.
3160:
2352:...I am frankly shocked at the whole situation as I have found it...Real fault has been the lack of direction from above from very beginning resulting in no policy and no plan.
2002:
Nehring, considered by most to be an excellent commander, had continually infuriated his superiors with outspoken critiques. He was "replaced" when the command was renamed the
2587:("Spring Wind"). Weber's force was to advance in three groups: a central group moving west toward Medjez el Bab; a second to the north advancing south-west, on the route from
2780:
1540:
The chronic difficulty in the supply of military forces in the desert led to several indecisive victories by both sides and long fruitless advances along the coast. The
6990:
6735:
1659:, the main landings in 1943), but agreed that these operations were impractical and should be deferred. Instead it was agreed that landings would be made to secure the
6336:
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6352:
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2701:
Panzer Army. On 25 March, Alexander ordered a counter-attack on the V Corps front and on 28 March, Anderson attacked with the 46th Infantry Division, with the
2505:
around the inland end of the line. This would coincide with the wide left hook manoeuvre Montgomery was planning with a new operation called "Supercharge II".
2571:
On 26 February, Arnim, in the mistaken belief that the Kasserine battles had forced the Allies to weaken the north to reinforce the south, launched Operation
9679:
9441:
8570:
7302:
6665:
5967:
5592:
2315:
General Alexander, Deputy Commander in Chief Allied Forces in North Africa, discussing operations for Tunisia with the Supreme Commander, General Eisenhower
9382:
6308:
6254:
5440:
2689:
shot up an entire German transport column at a place called 'Steamroller' Farm. The final attack by Lang's battered force was stopped at Hunt's Gap by the
2867:
Six days after the fall of Tunis and Bizerte, the last Axis resistance in Africa ended with the surrender of over 230,000 Germans and Italians who became
6772:
6261:
5877:
3134:
aeroplanes were destroyed and 46 "operational aircraft and almost their entire remaining air transport fleet" was lost. From 22 April until the end, the
1878:, knocked out 11 tanks but their advance was halted while the fight at Djebel Abiod continued for nine days. On 22 November, tanks from the Italian
9327:
5287:
3155:
3038:
casualties; 2,156 killed, 10,276 wounded and 7,007 missing. American casualties amounted to 18,221 men; 2,715 killed, 8,978 wounded and 6,528 missing.
567:
8546:
6658:
6098:
5974:
3170:
3165:
3098:
flew 1,000 sorties and lost 37 aircraft, including nine on the ground, while the Italians recorded the loss of ten more. From 13 to 26 December, the
2731:
1147:
2851:
of the armoured force when the attack began. The final assault was launched at 3:30 a.m. on 6 May by IX Corps, commanded by Lieutenant-General
8704:
5951:
5331:
4534:
2482:
2237:
inexperienced defenders by surprise, he sent the light armour of the 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion racing into the pass. Colonel Alexander Stark's
6388:
5700:
3284:
Mitcham lists the following tank losses with no upper limit and no noted losses to mechanical breakdowns. 34 (20 German, 14 Italian) lost in the
2807:, Longstop was captured, which opened the way to Tunis and Anderson felt a breakthrough was imminent. On 30 April, after a failed attempt by the
9658:
8726:
8479:
6207:
5509:
3175:
2775:
2619:
2607:
1492:
were characterized by chronic supply shortages and transport problems. The North African coast has few natural harbors and the British base at
1448:
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1369:
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5352:
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on 4 March and the 139th Infantry Brigade was pushed slowly back over the next three weeks some 24 km (15 mi) toward Djebel Abiod.
2368:
The Casablanca Conference had agreed to reorganise the air forces in the Mediterranean to integrate them more closely; Air Chief Marshal Sir
2340:
6721:
2911:, had surrendered unconditionally to the 2nd New Zealand Division, after threatening to fight till the last round. Arnim surrendered to the
1887:
was to move down the valley of the River Merjerda to take Majaz al Bab (shown on Allied maps as Medjez el Bab or just 'Medjez') and then to
7099:
6955:
6939:
6911:
6152:
5359:
4961:
2534:
The reorganised US II Corps advanced from the passes again and got behind the Axis lines; the 10th Panzer Division counter-attacked at the
8796:
7863:
6923:
6835:
6779:
6742:
6017:
1003:
2887:, reported that German resistance in the American sector ceased on 6 May and German troops started surrendering en masse. On 8 May, the
2831:
from the Eighth Army to the First Army, joining the British 1st Armoured Division which had been transferred before the main offensive.
2559:
6828:
5553:
4559:
790:
3309:
After the event, Anderson and Cunningham, the naval commander, expressed the view that without landings east of Algiers, the race for
2360:
8341:
6962:
5345:
5303:
5128:
2903:
British and Commonwealth forces reported 150,000 Axis POWs taken in the German-held sector from 5 May â 12 June. Major-General Count
2575:("Ox Head") against V Corps, across a wide front and commanded by General Weber. The main attacks were by Corps Weber which had the
8855:
8190:
5995:
5769:
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5398:
5209:
2908:
2843:
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writes that "it seems no exaggeration to say thatâin purely quantitative termsâTunisia was a second Stalingrad for the invaders".
9000:
7078:
6875:
6527:
5905:
5405:
5317:
5253:
4599:
2891:
surrendered to the British forces between Mateur and Tebourba. At 10:00 a.m. on 9 May, the US II Corps, under Major General
2690:
2036:
2028:
1991:
1800:
383:
3122:
lost another 100 aircraft but Italian losses are unknown. From 14 February to 28 March, 136 German aeroplanes were lost and the
2788:
The Allied forces had reorganised and during the night of 19/20 April, the Eighth Army captured Enfidaville against the Italian
2384:
had succeeded Kuter at the Allied Air Support Command, which became Northwest African Tactical Air Force under Spaatz, with the
2372:
was made commander of Mediterranean Air Command, responsible for all Allied air activity in the Mediterranean and Major General
8990:
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6793:
5636:
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2945:
2820:
2706:
2544:
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2032:
2024:
1884:
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1804:
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996:
560:
1243:
9623:
7884:
7789:
7309:
7055:
6930:
6009:
5983:
5840:
5546:
5463:
5079:
5060:
4861:
4797:
4740:
4504:
2876:
2702:
2478:
2081:
1140:
721:
711:
286:
9075:
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6807:
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2044:
9123:
4604:"Official despatch by Kenneth Anderson, GOC-in-C First Army covering events in NW Africa, 8 November 1942 â 13 May 1943"
9577:
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8241:
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7988:
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6538:
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5622:
5470:
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4778:
2486:
2011:
630:
4925:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. IV. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press.
3104:
flew 1,030 sorties and lost 17 aircraft, while the Italians lost three. From 27 December 1942 to 17 January 1943, the
2693:
of the 46th Infantry Division with substantial artillery, RAF air cover and two squadrons of Churchill tanks from the
2261:
By the morning of 20 February, the bitter hand-to-hand fighting in the hills above Kasserine was continuing while the
9005:
8357:
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6603:
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4823:
4759:
4721:
4702:
4683:
4664:
4645:
4577:
3146:
observation aircraft and the Italians recorded the loss of 17 aeroplanes; 600+ aircraft were captured by the Allies.
840:
553:
9610:
8773:
8768:
8734:
5498:
1693:
1565:
and in April 1941 reached the limit of their supply capacity at the Egyptian border but failed to recapture Tobruk.
9710:
8957:
8640:
8394:
7545:
7482:
6617:
6446:
5569:
5042:
2610:. This attack by the Manteuffel Division made good progress across the French-held, lightly defended hills between
1941:
Axis advance and permitted a controlled withdrawal to the high ground on each side of the river west of Terbourba.
1937:
1133:
847:
17:
8763:
8591:
6123:
9715:
9567:
8831:
8758:
8645:
7918:
7759:
7748:
7577:
7336:
7295:
7188:
7126:
6506:
5776:
5645:
5613:
3001:
2855:
who had taken over from Lieutenant-General John Crocker, who had been wounded. V Corps, under Lieutenant-General
2812:
2329:
Close air support had also been weak (although this had been hampered by the generally poor weather conditions).
1983:
6293:
5861:
9523:
9429:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8304:
8276:
8154:
7947:
7177:
6628:
6554:
6343:
5714:
5433:
5338:
5223:
2804:
2381:
1081:
97:
2599:) and forcing the Allies out of their advanced positions opposite Green Hill and the Axis-held Jefna Station.
103:
9582:
8845:
8826:
8712:
8619:
8465:
8364:
8297:
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8179:
8004:
7503:
7454:
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6814:
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5412:
2985:
to fight a battle of attrition under unfavourable conditions and it suffered losses that it could not afford.
2925:
2824:
2494:
2348:, which Alexander was to command. Shortly after taking up his new appointment, Alexander reported to London,
2074:
1456:
2745:
had been moved forward to airfields in Tunisia to prevent the aerial supply of Axis troops in North Africa (
1910:
1753:
were only a few easily defended passes through the Atlas Mountains. Tunisia has two big deep water ports at
9674:
9669:
8614:
8457:
8438:
8334:
7709:
7663:
6582:
6410:
6395:
6322:
6301:
6119:
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5583:
5576:
5560:
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3185:
2750:
2646:
2377:
1569:
1105:
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968:
954:
84:
9640:
2303:
formally terminated the operation. The Axis forces from Kasserine reached the Mareth line on 25 February.
9528:
9419:
8839:
8401:
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7670:
7288:
7260:
7113:
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5790:
5280:
4918:
4603:
4550:
3205:
2641:
1820:
1796:
1614:
1459:
forces but the massive supply interdiction efforts led to the decisive defeat of the Axis. Over 260,000
811:
2664:
Lang attacking in the northern sector were held up by a small force of artillery and a battalion of the
2141:
parts of the German-Italian Panzer Army on the Mareth defences were renamed First Italian Army (General
9720:
9230:
9059:
8962:
8199:
7688:
7607:
7552:
7440:
7396:
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6368:
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6233:
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5123:
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2547:
pursued the Germans 225 km (140 mi) northwards into defensive positions in the hills west of
2470:
1585:
1580:
and again reached El Agheila. The Eighth Army was soon pushed back to Gazala west of Tobruk and at the
1440:
1333:
1190:
861:
750:
8557:
2784:
Hawker Hurricanes Mark IIDs on a Tunisian airfield, preparing for a ground attack mission, April 1943.
2580:
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8888:
8101:
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7803:
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7461:
7366:
7156:
6589:
5656:
5310:
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2997:
2466:
2445:
2380:
under Tedder, with responsibility for all air operations in Tunisia. By 23 February, Air Marshal Sir
2093:
2040:
1879:
1541:
1345:
1236:
1066:
929:
598:
5854:
3074:
lost 2,422+ aircraft in the Mediterranean theatre from November 1942 â May 1943 (41 per cent of the
2190:("morning air"), an Italian First Army battlegroup made up of the remains of the Afrika Korps under
9689:
9464:
8861:
7840:
7817:
7062:
6863:
6856:
6513:
6173:
6145:
6138:
5525:
5147:
4914:
4693:
Ceva, Lucio (1990). "The North African Campaign 1940â43: A Reconsideration". In Gooch, John (ed.).
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3248:
2904:
2665:
2540:
2509:
2337:
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2051:
2010:
arrived in Tunis unannounced on 8 December, to assume command. The Army consisted of the composite
1656:
1328:
1044:
912:
214:
5870:
5847:
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The Bloody Road to Tunis: Destruction of the Axis Forces in North Africa, November 1942 â May 1943
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2007:
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recovered, helped by the short supply distance from Alexandria to the front line and launched
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US troops with abandoned German equipment including a captured American M3 halftrack May 1943
2912:
2529:
2333:
1562:
1076:
939:
728:
652:
9261:
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6049:
4583:
2058:) in commanding the expanded army. On their right flank, the basis of a two-division French
1253:
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1974:
While the battles wound down, factionalism among the French again erupted. On 24 December,
1601:
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The Irish Brigade: 38th (Irish) Brigade at Bou Arada and Medjez el-Bab, JanuaryâApril 1943
2834:
1357:
8:
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7510:
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1516:
were 1,050 km (650 mi) and 640 km (400 mi) west of Alexandria on the
1309:
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Murray, Williamson A. (1995). "The World at War, 1939â45". In Parker, Geoffrey (ed.).
4812:
British Intelligence in the Second World War, Its influence on Strategy and Operations
2962:
long time their defeat in May 1943 had their forces received the supplies they needed.
1975:
9634:
9408:
9403:
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9142:
8947:
8927:
8917:
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6700:
6225:
5686:
5665:
5375:
5138:
5097:
5075:
5056:
5033:
5019:
5000:
4971:
4949:
4926:
4895:
4876:
4857:
4838:
4819:
4793:
4774:
4755:
4736:
4717:
4698:
4679:
4660:
4641:
4611:
4573:
4542:
3017:
2973:
2954:
2896:
2694:
2397:
2218:
2131:
1987:
1963:
1554:
1526:
1520:(Via Balbia) running along a narrow corridor along the coast. Control of the central
1362:
1316:
1297:
1292:
795:
774:
704:
676:
669:
647:
615:
603:
425:
413:
281:
1553:(WDF) fought a delaying action as it fell back to Mersa Matruh (Matruh), then began
9517:
9493:
9459:
9413:
9307:
9302:
8967:
8952:
8290:
8283:
8227:
7891:
7649:
7635:
7538:
7475:
7426:
7239:
7092:
7039:
6849:
6800:
6714:
5937:
5914:
5447:
5142:
4854:
Churchill's Lions: A Biographical Guide to the Key British Generals of World War II
3272:
3180:
2880:
2385:
2321:
2077:
1933:
1871:
1581:
1500:
delta was some 2,100 km (1,300 mi) by road from the main Italian port at
1282:
1231:
1197:
1112:
1091:
781:
767:
733:
642:
625:
359:
61:
47:
8898:
5456:
2191:
1864:
Two Allied brigade groups advanced toward Djebel Abiod and BĂ©ja respectively. The
472:
454:
9271:
9210:
9094:
9040:
8670:
8667:
8663:
8313:
8025:
7940:
7898:
7796:
7739:
7600:
7382:
7373:
6902:
6477:
6453:
5707:
4676:
The Plain Cook and the Great Showman: The First and Eighth Armies in North Africa
4250:
3407:, 250 tanks and many thousands of motor vehicles, most of which are operational".
3086:
flew 1,084 sorties losing 63 aircraft, including 21 destroyed on the ground. The
3054:
3005:
2872:
2868:
2757:, Eisenhower's Naval Task Force commander, issued Nelsonian orders to his ships:
2710:
2705:, 128th Infantry Brigade in reserve and reinforced by the 36th Infantry Brigade,
2345:
2223:
2003:
1958:
1824:
1741:
1676:
1636:
1626:
1605:
1577:
1517:
1468:
1212:
1185:
1180:
1175:
831:
659:
8425:
4792:. The American Military Experience. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press.
2685:
force, Y Division was able to repel the Southern attack; particularly after two
2294:
The 21st Panzer battlegroup at Sbiba was making no progress. Further south, the
2278:). Their tanks outgunned, Gore Force sustained heavy losses but bought time for
55:
9485:
9220:
9134:
9115:
9086:
9051:
9032:
8579:
8320:
7856:
7782:
5820:
5679:
5089:
4923:
The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa
2852:
2746:
2686:
2623:
2513:
2142:
1982:
succeeded him as High Commissioner. To the frustration of the Free French, the
1841:
1769:'s view, Tunisia could be held indefinitely, upsetting Allied plans in Europe.
1672:
1668:
1664:
1501:
1436:
1098:
961:
664:
467:
378:
366:
354:
184:
9731:
Campaigns, operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
9533:
9313:
5117:
9704:
9469:
8585:
8131:
6042:
5891:
5730:
4975:
4953:
4807:
4615:
4546:
3080:). At least 1,045 aircraft were destroyed; from 22 to 30 November 1942, the
2498:
2369:
2063:
1778:
1521:
1444:
1340:
1258:
1207:
1034:
902:
816:
462:
408:
342:
306:
231:
118:
105:
80:
8487:
4733:
Monty's Marauders: The 4th and 8th Armoured Brigades in the Second World War
1723:
minefields which severely restricted the activities of Force K and Force Q.
9499:
9424:
8937:
8686:
8563:
8430:
8234:
6520:
6425:
6056:
5419:
5183:
3362:
2892:
2429:
2428:
in Rome. Finding no support for his ideas, he travelled on 10 March to see
2325:
2137:
2047:
1979:
1967:
1829:
1766:
1660:
1593:
1558:
1530:
1472:
1452:
1424:
610:
444:
437:
432:
420:
395:
321:
5038:"The End of the North African Campaign and the War in Italy, 1943 to 1945"
2736:
2163:
1783:
1718:
late to affect the fighting on land because the armoured elements of 10th
9684:
9617:
8922:
8737:
8497:
8069:
8055:
7717:
6379:
6200:
6185:
5539:
4565:
3064:
2839:
2548:
2458:
1746:
1428:
1157:
545:
390:
244:
199:
1125:
8692:
7417:
7170:
7149:
6035:
5368:
5296:
3140:
lost 273 aircraft; 42 bombers, 166 fighters, 52 transport aircraft, 13
2611:
2564:
2490:
2209:
1920:
1589:
1493:
4940:
Roche, Jean P. (2006). "Question 19/05: French Surrender of Tunisia".
2489:
and the Giovani Fascisti Division on 22 March, recaptured much of the
7680:
7085:
6882:
6693:
6484:
6439:
2981:
Stalingrad, there would be no escape. Moreover, Hitler committed the
2928:
formally surrendered to British and New Zealand forces under General
2669:
2615:
2364:
Hans-JĂŒrgen von Arnim (right) Commander-in-Chief of Army Group Africa
1924:
1900:
1866:
1460:
1435:
forces from 17 November 1942 to 13 May 1943. The Allies consisted of
258:
5960:
4735:(Pen and Sword Military, Barnsley ed.). Brighton: Tom Donovan.
3323:
Previously von Broich battlegroup, renamed after a change of command
2949:
Churchill tank moves through Tunis during the liberation, 8 May 1943
988:
5944:
5672:
3229:
2/3 of the combat troops and 1/3 of the support troops were Germans
2681:
Audorff made some progress west toward Medjez el Bab but a British
2618:. Costly counter-attacks on February 27 and 2 March by part of the
2583:
and the part of the 10th Panzer Division not involved in Operation
2254:
1892:
1888:
1749:
along the plain, to defend against an Italian invasion from Libya.
1731:
1509:
5055:. Stackpole Military History. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.
3042:
2714:
2433:
2173:
2113:
1758:
1714:
1697:
1534:
1416:
5133:
4773:. Modern War Studies. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
2900:
11 May and surrendered with their equipment to the Free French.
2592:
2493:. XXX Corps prepared a new attack towards Tallouf, in which the
2100:
in the south from Tunis and the Fifth Panzer Army in the north.
1795:
landings had ceased, creating a military vacuum in Tunisia. The
8489:
6561:
5152:
5119:
The last phases of the Tunisian campaign in an Italian newsreel
4482:
4480:
3161:
List of equipment of the United States Army during World War II
2682:
2588:
1904:
1857:
1762:
1596:
were still disputing the Mediterranean but the British hold on
1588:, only 160 km (100 mi) from Alexandria. In 1942, the
1513:
4917:; Molony, C. J. C.; Flynn, F. C. & Gleave, T. P. (2004) .
6749:
3310:
2816:
1754:
1610:
1597:
1505:
65:
4477:
2606:("Outward thrust") was to gain control of the vital town of
1852:
1836:
airfield was occupied following a parachute drop by British
5129:
The Green Howards Regimental History, â Bill Cheall's Story
4815:
4790:
Dogface Soldier: The Life of General Lucian K. Truscott, Jr
4467:
4465:
4452:
4450:
4437:
4435:
4422:
4420:
4407:
4405:
4392:
4390:
4377:
4375:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4041:
3515:
2457:
troops evacuate an injured soldier during an attack on the
1787:
Tunisia campaign operations 25 November to 10 December 1942
1497:
4873:
Blitzkrieg No Longer: The German Wehrmacht in Battle, 1943
4309:
4307:
4305:
2469:
against the Mareth Line on the night of 19/20 March 1943.
4810:; Thomas, E. E.; Ransom, C. F. G.; Knight, R. C. (1981).
4806:
4319:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4088:
4086:
3008:
wrote that it was on the same scale as the defeat in the
2650:
2145:), separate from the units (including the remains of the
1899:, an armoured regimental group made up of 37 mm gun
4511:
4462:
4447:
4432:
4417:
4402:
4387:
4372:
4360:
4343:
4260:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3116:
losses are unknown. From 18 January to 13 February, the
2919:, held the line north of Takrouna and on 12 May, cabled
1978:
was assassinated by an anti-Vichy French monarchist and
1761:, only a few hundred miles from Italian supply bases in
149:
Expulsion of German and Italian forces from North Africa
27:
Series of battles in Tunisia during the Second World War
4331:
4302:
3595:
3527:
3503:
2388:
supporting Eighth Army, under its operational control.
1845:
advanced to take the airfield at Gafsa on 17 November.
5814:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
4492:
4225:
4213:
4192:
4180:
4154:
4137:
4083:
3092:
recorded the loss of four. From 1 to 12 December, the
2924:
Army surrendered to the Eighth Army. Messe along with
2274:
regimental armoured group from 26th Armoured Brigade (
1584:
in May 1942, the Axis pushed them all the way back to
4966:. American Forces in Action Series. Washington D.C.:
4281:
3878:
3876:
3859:
Mussolini Warlord: Failed Dreams of Empire, 1940-1943
3830:
3762:
3750:
3607:
3539:
4963:
To Bizerte with the II Corps 23 April to 13 May 1943
4771:
When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler
2740:
Tunisia Campaign operations, 20 April to 13 May 1943
4640:. Liberation Trilogy. Vol. I. London: Abacus.
4638:
An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942â1943
1874:, with Luftwaffe and Italian fire support from the
1735:
Sketch map of Tunisia during the 1942â1943 campaign
4908:TORCH: North Africa and the Allied Path to Victory
4631:(Supplement). 5 November 1946. pp. 5449â5464.
3873:
3156:List of British military equipment of World War II
1914:Crusader Mk III tanks in Tunisia, 31 December 1942
1823:, and two Italian infantry divisions had arrived.
1451:. The campaign opened with initial success by the
5148:The 166th (Newfoundland) Field Artillery Regiment
3171:List of German military equipment of World War II
3166:List of French military equipment of World War II
2732:British First Army order of battle, 20 April 1943
2551:, which were held until the end of the campaign.
2213:American troops moving through the Kasserine Pass
1635:American troops land on an Algerian beach during
9702:
4244:I Was There! - How Von Arnim Surrendered at Last
3041:From 22 to 30 November 1942, the RAF flew 1,710
2759:"Sink, burn, capture, destroy. Let nothing pass"
2167:8th Army operations, 30 January to 10 April 1943
2815:, which had just arrived over 3,300 miles from
2762:little hope of continuing the battle for long.
4076:
4074:
3980:
3978:
3469:
3467:
3176:List of Italian Army equipment in World War II
2776:British First Army order of battle, 4 May 1943
205:
9726:Military history of Italy during World War II
8720:
8473:
5168:
4968:United States Army Center of Military History
4570:United States Army Center of Military History
3191:Military history of Italy during World War II
3128:lost 22 more. From 29 March to 21 April, 270
3123:
3111:
3087:
2838:German troops surrender to British crew of a
1415:) was a series of battles that took place in
1141:
1004:
561:
264:
88:(5 months, 3 weeks and 5 days)
3296:, 71 (all German) lost in Operation Oxhead (
3141:
3135:
3129:
3117:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3081:
3075:
2803:The fighting was mutually costly but in the
2439:
5053:Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942â43
4997:Last Stand: Famous Battles Against The Odds
4714:Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings
4204:
4071:
4053:
3987:
3975:
3823:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3588:
3586:
3464:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
2198:
249:
8727:
8713:
8480:
8466:
5175:
5161:
5069:
4910:Naval Institute Press ISBN 978-1612518237
4835:Eagle in Flames: The Fall of the Luftwaffe
4695:Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War
4231:
4112:
4110:
4098:
2483:136th Armoured Division "Giovani Fascisti"
1148:
1134:
1011:
997:
575:
568:
554:
529:290,000â362,000 (238,000-300,000 captured)
5032:
4894:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4730:
4655:Bauer, Eddy (2000) . Young, Peter (ed.).
4532:
4503:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMosier2010 (
4325:
4266:
3288:, 55 (40 German, 15 Italian) lost in the
3016:was coined for the defeat. The historian
2152:
1791:By 10 November, French opposition to the
1155:
312:
4913:
4892:Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare
4673:
4635:
4598:
4557:
4535:"Battle of Sidi Nsir a Personal Account"
4486:
4471:
4456:
4441:
4426:
4411:
4396:
4381:
4366:
4354:
4337:
4313:
4198:
4186:
4165:
4148:
4092:
4047:
3836:
3818:
3806:
3773:
3756:
3618:
3601:
3583:
3550:
3533:
3521:
3509:
3369:
3053:
2953:In 1966, the British Official Historian
2944:
2833:
2779:
2735:
2640:
2558:
2449:
2359:
2310:
2248:
2208:
2162:
2112:
1957:
1909:
1851:
1782:
1730:
1692:
1651:to land in northern France during 1942 (
1630:
161:Tunisia returns to French administration
9001:French Committee of National Liberation
5088:
4994:
4875:. Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books.
4870:
4787:
4711:
4561:Tunisia 17 November 1942 to 13 May 1943
4219:
4128:
4107:
3342:
3275:and several more lost in minor battles.
2630:
2473:of the Eighth Army commenced Operation
1992:French Committee of National Liberation
297:
190:
14:
9703:
8991:French Civil and Military High Command
7029:
7007:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
5050:
4889:
4832:
4768:
4517:
4498:
4287:
1860:tank at Souk el Arba, 23 November 1942
1803:) was immediately ordered to send the
8708:
8461:
7885:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
7310:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
6956:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
6912:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
6010:Rape during the occupation of Germany
5156:
4939:
4654:
2567:tanks advance through a Tunisian town
2479:50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division
2408:
2134:, for the whole front on 21 January.
1129:
1018:
992:
549:
9736:Military campaigns involving Germany
9076:Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
7000:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
6025:Rape during the liberation of France
5013:
4851:
4749:
4692:
4837:. London: Arms & Armour Press.
24:
8897:
8671:Luang Prabang and Champasak (Laos)
8664:Battambang and Sisophon (Cambodia)
7226:German invasion of the Netherlands
5499:Weather events during World War II
5094:Luftwaffe Airborne and Field Units
2554:
2267:131st Armoured Division "Centauro"
2050:) had arrived to join the British
1997:
1953:
1620:
25:
9747:
9006:Provisional Consultative Assembly
8512:Military Administration in France
7864:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
5111:
4564:. WWII Campaigns. CMH Pub 72-12.
3292:, 45 (mostly German) lost in the
2862:
2790:16th Motorized Division "Pistoia"
2725:
2720:
2649:firing on targets spotted by the
2403:
2336:, it had been decided to appoint
1700:tank in a Tunisian village, 1943.
1647:discussed relatively small-scale
1483:
8736:
8424:
5182:
5043:Germany and the Second World War
4659:(rev. ed.). London: Orbis.
4539:Royal Hampshire Regiment Journal
2579:, newly arrived elements of the
2501:) was to make a night attack on
2221:, the new Chief-of-Staff of the
1970:saluting at Tunis, Tunisia, 1943
1815:The French governor in Tunisia,
1772:
471:
461:
453:
443:
431:
419:
407:
389:
377:
365:
353:
341:
314:
299:
280:
266:
251:
237:
224:
207:
192:
177:
54:
4978:. CMH Pub 100-6. Archived from
4293:
4272:
4237:
4171:
4119:
4062:
4032:
4023:
4014:
4005:
3996:
3966:
3957:
3948:
3939:
3930:
3921:
3912:
3903:
3894:
3885:
3864:
3851:
3842:
3797:
3788:
3779:
3741:
3732:
3723:
3714:
3705:
3696:
3687:
3678:
3669:
3660:
3651:
3642:
3633:
3624:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3494:
3485:
3476:
3455:
3446:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3410:
3317:
3303:
3259:, 16 lost in Operation Oxhead (
2813:56th (London) Infantry Division
1876:1st Infantry Division "Superga"
1688:
1561:, the Axis counter-attacked in
8111:Vietnamese famine of 1944â1945
5807:Territorial changes of Germany
5715:Indonesian National Revolution
3396:
3387:
3355:
3349:Newfoundland Heritage Web Site
3336:
3278:
3241:
3232:
3223:
2935:
2306:
2117:Italian General Giovanni Messe
1655:, which was the forerunner of
13:
1:
9680:Mediterranean and Middle East
9583:End of World War II in Europe
8846:French Forces of the Interior
7504:Japanese invasion of Thailand
7455:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
7219:German invasion of Luxembourg
5593:Mediterranean and Middle East
5051:Watson, Bruce Allen (2007) .
4600:Anderson, Lt.-General Kenneth
4558:Anderson, Charles R. (1993).
4526:
3027:
2926:Kurt Freiherr von Liebenstein
2709:and French units including a
1478:
8534:Belgium and Northern France
7411:Invasion of the Soviet Union
7100:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
6411:Independent State of Croatia
4769:Glantz, David (1995). "10".
4731:Delaforce, Patrick (2008) .
4541:. Winchester: The Regiment.
3330:
3216:
3186:List of World War II Battles
2825:4th Indian Infantry Division
2495:4th Indian Infantry Division
2378:Northwest African Air Forces
2108:
2103:
2039:. By late March the British
1948:
540:Thousands of trucks captured
7:
8840:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
8402:End of World War II in Asia
8242:Western invasion of Germany
7749:Chinese famine of 1942â1943
7726:Second Battle of El Alamein
7289:Hundred Regiments Offensive
7261:Battle of the Mediterranean
7114:Italian invasion of Albania
5281:Air warfare of World War II
5070:Williamson, Gordon (2012).
4788:Heefner, Wilson A. (2010).
4657:The History of World War II
4533:Abramides, John A. (2011).
4038:Watson (2007), pp. 121, 123
3263:), at least 51 lost in the
3206:US Naval Bases North Africa
3149:
2972:In 1995 American historian
2940:
2186:To the south, in Operation
1903:light tanks and 75 mm
1805:36th Infantry Brigade Group
1615:Second Battle of El Alamein
1488:The first two years of the
10:
9752:
9231:Oradour-sur-Glane massacre
8963:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny
8856:French Expeditionary Corps
8328:Naval bombardment of Japan
7689:First Battle of El Alamein
7608:Battle of Christmas Island
7553:Japanese invasion of Burma
7317:Italian invasion of Greece
7233:German invasion of Belgium
7205:German invasion of Denmark
7178:1939â1940 Winter Offensive
7047:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
5304:Comparative military ranks
4716:. New York: Enigma Books.
4674:Blaxland, Gregory (1977).
4299:Westrate (1944), pp. 91â92
4029:Watson (2007), pp. 110â111
3963:Watson (2007), pp. 109â110
3954:Watson (2007), pp. 106â107
2915:. Messe, commander of the
2829:201st Guards Motor Brigade
2773:
2729:
2634:
2622:, 46th Infantry Division,
2523:
2443:
2412:
2202:
2156:
1776:
1726:
1683:
1624:
9654:
9624:1946 legislative election
9553:
9510:
9483:
9450:
9391:
9280:
9254:
9188:
9172:
9156:
9132:
9113:
9084:
9068:
9049:
9030:
9019:
8996:French National Committee
8976:
8908:
8895:
8889:French Forces of the West
8782:
8749:
8679:
8656:
8633:
8607:
8504:
8417:
8249:BratislavaâBrno offensive
8189:
8180:Dutch famine of 1944â1945
7917:
7804:Allied invasion of Sicily
7758:
7657:Aleutian Islands campaign
7629:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
7576:
7567:Greek famine of 1941â1944
7462:Second Battle of Changsha
7367:German invasion of Greece
7335:
7212:Battle of ZaoyangâYichang
7187:
7125:
7020:
6901:
6627:
6537:
6378:
6081:
6072:
5830:
5655:
5547:North and Central Pacific
5508:
5270:
5263:
5190:
5074:. Elite. Oxford: Osprey.
3265:Battle of the Mareth Line
3032:
2895:, cornered Major-General
2769:
2660:led to fierce fighting -
2446:Battle of the Mareth Line
2440:Battle of the Mareth Line
2265:and a battalion from the
2094:Allied Force Headquarters
1840:and this was followed by
1542:Italian invasion of Egypt
1382:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1166:
1030:
587:
531:2,422+ aircraft destroyed
515:
482:
331:
169:
72:
53:
41:
36:
9641:Trial of Philippe PĂ©tain
9568:1945 municipal elections
9465:Liberation of Strasbourg
7841:Allied invasion of Italy
7818:Solomon Islands campaign
7560:Third Battle of Changsha
7157:First Battle of Changsha
7063:Second Sino-Japanese War
5996:German military brothels
5862:United States war crimes
4871:Mitcham, Samuel (2010).
4814:. Vol. II. London:
4636:Atkinson, Rick (2004) .
4104:Perrett (2012) pp 139-40
3909:Watson (2007), pp. 89â93
3900:Watson (2007), pp. 86â87
3870:Watson (2007), pp. 80â81
3702:Watson (2007), pp. 62â63
3286:Battle of Kasserine Pass
3249:Battle of Kasserine Pass
3211:
2877:US 3rd Infantry Division
2811:of the recently arrived
2614:and the railway town of
2541:2nd New Zealand Division
2519:
2376:became commander of the
2263:Afrika Korps Kampfgruppe
2205:Battle of Kasserine Pass
2199:Battle of Kasserine Pass
1600:, and intelligence from
1471:, including most of the
9711:Tunisia in World War II
9358:Liberation of Marseille
8538:Military Administration
8263:Second Guangxi campaign
8118:Philippines (1944â1945)
7615:Battle of the Coral Sea
7518:Fall of the Philippines
7164:Battle of South Guangxi
7070:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
6469:Italian Social Republic
4995:Perrett, Bryan (2012).
4833:Hooton, E. R. (1999) .
4712:Corvaja, Santi (2001).
3343:Higgins, Jenny (2007).
3049:
2885:US 1st Armored Division
2805:Battle of Longstop Hill
2713:of specialist mountain
2581:Hermann Göring Division
2577:334th Infantry Division
2432:at his headquarters in
2086:34th Infantry Divisions
2037:78th Infantry Divisions
2029:46th Infantry Divisions
1838:3rd Parachute Battalion
1437:British Imperial Forces
592:Western Desert campaign
9716:North African campaign
9598:Provisional Government
9262:Liberation of Saint-LĂŽ
9236:Maquis de Saint-Marcel
9216:Liberation of Limousin
9180:Battle of Mont Mouchet
9164:Liberation of Limousin
9060:SyriaâLebanon campaign
9011:Provisional Government
8986:Empire Defense Council
8902:
8851:French Liberation Army
7848:Armistice of Cassibile
7643:Battle of Dutch Harbor
7594:Battle of the Java Sea
7497:Attack on Pearl Harbor
7397:SyriaâLebanon campaign
7390:Battle of South Shanxi
7360:Invasion of Yugoslavia
7143:Battle of the Atlantic
6757:Korean Liberation Army
6463:(until September 1943)
6420:(until September 1944)
6398:(until September 1944)
4906:O'Hara, Vince (2015).
4856:. Stroud: Spellmount.
4852:Mead, Richard (2007).
3794:Playfair, pp. 278â279.
3747:Playfair, pp. 258â259.
3720:Ford (1999), pp. 53â54
3693:Ford (1999), pp. 37â38
3657:Ford (1999), pp. 23â25
3639:Ford (1999), pp. 19â22
3452:Playfair, pp. 117â118.
3434:Playfair, pp. 151â152.
3393:Mitcham, pp. 56 to 84.
3238:Operational tanks only
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3059:
2993:
2970:
2950:
2871:(POWs). Major General
2857:Charles Walter Allfrey
2847:
2809:169th Infantry Brigade
2785:
2741:
2703:138th Infantry Brigade
2691:128th Infantry Brigade
2653:
2620:139th Infantry Brigade
2568:
2481:. They penetrated the
2462:
2455:Indian Medical Service
2365:
2354:
2316:
2258:
2214:
2168:
2159:Battle of Sidi Bou Zid
2153:Battle of Sidi Bou Zid
2118:
2012:von Broich battlegroup
1971:
1915:
1861:
1788:
1736:
1701:
1653:Operation Sledgehammer
1640:
1421:North African campaign
1170:Africa and Middle East
579:North African campaign
534:600+ aircraft captured
523:849 aircraft destroyed
332:Commanders and leaders
145:North African campaign
64:following the fall of
44:North African campaign
9588:Victory in Europe Day
9267:Battle of Mont Gargan
9124:Liberation of Corsica
8901:
8877:4th Moroccan Mountain
8872:3rd Algerian Infantry
8867:2nd Moroccan Infantry
8012:Second Battle of Guam
7908:Bengal famine of 1943
7878:Second Battle of Kiev
7834:Battle of the Dnieper
7703:Kokoda Track campaign
7532:Battle of Wake Island
7404:East African campaign
7346:Battle of South Henan
6991:atrocities by Germans
6764:Korean Volunteer Army
5738:Occupation of Germany
5492:Music in World War II
4942:Warship International
4697:. London: Routledge.
4116:Rolf (2001) pp 152-53
4020:Playfair, pp. 307â311
4002:Playfair, pp. 315â316
3945:Watson (2007), p. 105
3936:Watson (2007), p. 104
3927:Watson (2007), p. 103
3918:Watson (2007), p. 102
3269:Battle of Wadi Akarit
3201:Italian Service Units
3057:
2978:
2959:
2948:
2913:Royal Sussex Regiment
2837:
2821:7th Armoured Division
2783:
2751:Operation Retribution
2739:
2707:1st Parachute Brigade
2644:
2635:Further information:
2602:The aim of Operation
2562:
2545:1st Armoured Division
2530:Battle of Wadi Akarit
2524:Further information:
2453:
2363:
2350:
2334:Casablanca Conference
2314:
2252:
2212:
2166:
2157:Further information:
2116:
2080:), consisting of the
2069:In the south was the
2008:Hans-JĂŒrgen von Arnim
1961:
1913:
1855:
1786:
1734:
1696:
1649:amphibious operations
1634:
1568:In November 1941 the
1563:Operation Sonnenblume
1467:troops were taken as
1352:Indian Ocean and Asia
516:Casualties and losses
511:Thousands of aircraft
498:Thousands of aircraft
9573:Advance to the Rhine
9378:Battle of Montélimar
9373:Liberation of Guéret
9353:Liberation of Toulon
9226:Liberation of Guéret
8943:Dwight D. Eisenhower
8743:Liberation of France
8298:Surrender of Germany
7776:Battle of West Hubei
7733:Guadalcanal campaign
7696:Battle of Stalingrad
7622:Battle of Madagascar
6389:Albania protectorate
6176:(formerly Swaziland)
5885:Wehrmacht war crimes
5701:Expulsion of Germans
5485:Art and World War II
5383:British contribution
5332:Governments in exile
5014:Rolf, David (2001).
4586:on 17 September 2017
3891:Watson (2007), p. 84
3882:Watson (2007), p. 82
3815:Watson (2007), p. 68
3785:Watson (2007), p. 67
3738:Watson (2007), p. 64
3592:Watson (2007), p. 60
3500:Hinsley, pp. 495â496
3461:Hinsley, pp. 472â473
3298:Operation Ochsenkopf
3294:Battle of El Guettar
3261:Operation Ochsenkopf
3257:Battle of El Guettar
3110:lost 47 aeroplanes;
3010:Battle of Stalingrad
2656:The main offensive,
2637:Operation Ochsenkopf
2631:Operation Ochsenkopf
2536:Battle of El Guettar
2526:Battle of El Guettar
2512:(Lieutenant-General
2487:15th Panzer Division
2465:Montgomery launched
2341:Sir Harold Alexander
2090:1st Armored Division
2054:(Lieutenant-General
2006:and Colonel-General
1938:10th Panzer Division
1821:10th Panzer Division
1799:(Lieutenant-General
1551:Western Desert Force
538:1,000+ guns captured
9578:Invasion of Germany
9442:Battle of Meximieux
9437:Battle of Arracourt
9399:Liberation of Nancy
9363:Liberation of Paris
9343:Battle of La Ciotat
9338:Battle of Port Cros
9303:Liberation of Brest
9288:Battle for Brittany
9206:Battle of Cherbourg
8634:Japanese occupation
8571:Reichsgau Oberrhein
8388:Potsdam Declaration
8277:Italy (Spring 1945)
8040:Liberation of Paris
7490:Siege of Sevastopol
6501:(until August 1944)
6404:Wang Jingwei regime
6226:from September 1943
6186:from September 1944
6124:from September 1944
5984:Romanian war crimes
5975:Persecution of Jews
5961:Croatian war crimes
5931:Japanese war crimes
5745:Occupation of Japan
5694:First Indochina War
5406:Military production
5318:Declarations of war
5072:Afrikakorps 1941â43
5018:. Greenhill Books.
4489:, pp. 460â461.
4255:The War Illustrated
4050:, pp. 337â342.
3827:Watson (2007), p.77
3524:, pp. 117â119.
3363:"Tunisian Campaign"
2976:was more critical:
2909:90th Light Division
2907:, commander of the
2905:Theodor von Sponeck
2883:, commander of the
2875:, commander of the
2668:for a whole day at
2647:4.5 inch medium gun
1872:German paratroopers
1570:British Eighth Army
1508:. Smaller ports at
1490:war in North Africa
1411:(also known as the
717:Battle of Point 175
348:Dwight D Eisenhower
115: /
60:German and Italian
9646:Klaus Barbie trial
9383:Liberation of Nice
9201:Battle of Carentan
9196:Operation Overlord
8933:Bernard Montgomery
8903:
8608:Italian occupation
8547:Reichskommissariat
8381:Surrender of Japan
8214:Battle of Iwo Jima
8063:Belgrade offensive
7469:Siege of Leningrad
7353:Battle of Shanggao
7282:British Somaliland
7247:Dunkirk evacuation
7198:Norwegian campaign
7136:Invasion of Poland
6963:Japanese prisoners
5924:Italian war crimes
5855:British war crimes
5770:Soviet occupations
5554:South-West Pacific
5441:Allied cooperation
5399:Military equipment
5034:Schreiber, Gerhard
4915:Playfair, I. S. O.
4754:. Stroud: Sutton.
4752:Battleaxe Division
4750:Ford, Ken (1999).
4678:. London: Kimber.
4628:The London Gazette
4568:, Washington, DC:
4249:2009-01-06 at the
3857:H. James Burgwyn,
3711:Ford (1999), p. 50
3684:Ford (1999), p. 40
3648:Ford (1999), p. 23
3630:Ford (1999), p. 17
3290:Battle of Medenine
3253:Battle of Medenine
3196:Panzer Army Africa
3060:
2998:invasion of Sicily
2951:
2879:and Major General
2848:
2798:Battle of Hill 609
2786:
2742:
2666:Hampshire Regiment
2654:
2569:
2467:Operation Pugilist
2463:
2415:Battle of Medenine
2409:Battle of Medenine
2366:
2317:
2259:
2215:
2169:
2119:
2066:) was assembling.
2045:Lieutenant-General
1972:
1916:
1862:
1789:
1737:
1702:
1643:In July 1942, the
1641:
1617:in November 1942.
1574:Operation Crusader
372:Bernard Montgomery
9721:Tunisian campaign
9698:
9697:
9635:Trente Glorieuses
9611:Ăpuration sauvage
9549:
9548:
9409:Operation Undergo
9404:Operation Astonia
9348:Provence landings
9148:Battle of GliĂšres
9143:Battle of Vercors
9105:Battle of RĂ©union
9100:Tunisian campaign
8948:Raymond O. Barton
8928:Winston Churchill
8918:Charles de Gaulle
8702:
8701:
8517:zone occupée/nord
8505:German occupation
8455:
8454:
8413:
8412:
8256:Battle of Okinawa
8155:Burma (1944â1945)
7989:Mariana and Palau
7769:Tunisian campaign
7587:Fall of Singapore
7511:Fall of Hong Kong
7254:Battle of Britain
7107:Operation Himmler
7016:
7015:
6680:Dutch East Indies
6316:Southern Rhodesia
6068:
6067:
5968:Genocide of Serbs
5871:German war crimes
5848:Soviet war crimes
5841:Allied war crimes
5687:Division of Korea
5666:Chinese Civil War
5464:Strategic bombing
5376:Manhattan Project
5139:Tunisian campaign
5081:978-1-78096-982-4
5062:978-0-8117-3381-6
4863:978-1-86227-431-0
4799:978-0-82621-882-7
4742:978-1-84415-630-6
4080:Playfair, p. 327.
4068:Playfair, p. 306.
4059:Playfair, p. 326.
3993:Playfair, p. 305.
3729:Playfair, p. 266.
3675:Ford (1999), p.28
3666:Ford (1999), p.25
3580:Playfair, p. 152.
3571:Eisenhower, p. 90
3473:Playfair, p. 239.
3443:Playfair, p. 116.
3425:Playfair, p. 114.
3416:Playfair, p. 111.
3345:"Royal Artillery"
3267:, 32 lost in the
3255:, 40 lost in the
3125:Regia Aeronautica
3113:Regia Aeronautica
3089:Regia Aeronautica
3018:Gerhard Schreiber
2990:Williamson Murray
2974:Williamson Murray
2955:I. S. O. Playfair
2897:Gustav von Vaerst
2695:North Irish Horse
2398:Army Group Africa
2219:Vittorio Ambrosio
2132:Laurence S. Kuter
1988:Charles de Gaulle
1964:Charles de Gaulle
1880:L Special Brigade
1832:(Medjez el Bab).
1663:in North Africa (
1661:Vichy territories
1657:Operation Roundup
1555:Operation Compass
1527:Cape of Good Hope
1413:Battle of Tunisia
1409:Tunisian campaign
1402:
1401:
1394:Wallis and Futuna
1123:
1122:
1022:Tunisian campaign
986:
985:
599:Invasion of Egypt
544:
543:
509:1,000+ field guns
496:1,200+ field guns
426:Albert Kesselring
414:Vittorio Ambrosio
165:
164:
37:Tunisian campaign
16:(Redirected from
9743:
9604:Ăpuration lĂ©gale
9556:
9518:Atlantic pockets
9494:Atlantic pockets
9460:Battle of Alsace
9414:Atlantic pockets
9308:Atlantic pockets
9246:Battle of Ushant
9241:Maquis de Saffré
9028:
9027:
8979:
8968:Philippe Kieffer
8958:Philippe Leclerc
8953:George S. Patton
8911:
8797:Commando Kieffer
8785:
8741:
8740:
8729:
8722:
8715:
8706:
8705:
8641:French Indochina
8552:
8542:
8529:
8521:
8482:
8475:
8468:
8459:
8458:
8448:
8441:
8434:
8431:World portal
8429:
8428:
8404:
8397:
8390:
8383:
8374:
8367:
8360:
8351:
8344:
8337:
8330:
8323:
8316:
8307:
8300:
8293:
8291:Prague offensive
8286:
8284:Battle of Berlin
8279:
8272:
8265:
8258:
8251:
8244:
8237:
8230:
8228:Vienna offensive
8223:
8216:
8209:
8207:Battle of Manila
8202:
8182:
8173:
8164:
8157:
8148:
8141:
8134:
8127:
8120:
8113:
8106:
8097:
8088:
8081:
8072:
8065:
8058:
8051:
8042:
8035:
8028:
8021:
8014:
8007:
8000:
7991:
7984:
7975:
7966:
7957:
7950:
7948:KorsunâCherkassy
7943:
7932:
7910:
7901:
7894:
7887:
7880:
7873:
7866:
7859:
7850:
7843:
7836:
7829:
7820:
7813:
7806:
7799:
7792:
7790:Bombing of Gorky
7785:
7778:
7771:
7751:
7744:
7735:
7728:
7721:
7712:
7705:
7698:
7691:
7684:
7673:
7666:
7659:
7652:
7650:Battle of Midway
7645:
7638:
7636:Battle of Gazala
7631:
7624:
7617:
7610:
7603:
7596:
7589:
7569:
7562:
7555:
7548:
7546:Battle of Borneo
7541:
7539:Malayan campaign
7534:
7527:
7520:
7513:
7506:
7499:
7492:
7485:
7483:Bombing of Gorky
7478:
7476:Battle of Moscow
7471:
7464:
7457:
7450:
7443:
7436:
7420:
7413:
7406:
7399:
7392:
7385:
7376:
7369:
7362:
7355:
7348:
7328:
7319:
7312:
7305:
7298:
7291:
7284:
7277:
7270:
7263:
7256:
7249:
7242:
7240:Battle of France
7235:
7228:
7221:
7214:
7207:
7200:
7180:
7173:
7166:
7159:
7152:
7145:
7138:
7116:
7109:
7102:
7095:
7093:Munich Agreement
7088:
7081:
7072:
7065:
7058:
7049:
7042:
7027:
7026:
7009:
7002:
6993:
6986:
6979:
6978:Soviet prisoners
6972:
6965:
6958:
6949:
6942:
6933:
6926:
6919:
6918:German prisoners
6914:
6894:
6885:
6878:
6871:
6866:
6859:
6852:
6845:
6838:
6831:
6824:
6817:
6810:
6803:
6796:
6789:
6782:
6775:
6766:
6759:
6752:
6745:
6738:
6731:
6724:
6717:
6710:
6703:
6696:
6689:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6647:
6640:
6620:
6613:
6606:
6599:
6592:
6585:
6578:
6571:
6564:
6557:
6550:
6530:
6523:
6516:
6509:
6502:
6494:
6487:
6480:
6471:
6464:
6456:
6449:
6447:French Indochina
6442:
6435:
6428:
6421:
6413:
6406:
6399:
6391:
6371:
6362:
6355:
6346:
6339:
6332:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6294:from August 1944
6285:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6229:
6217:
6210:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6177:
6169:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6141:
6134:
6127:
6115:
6108:
6101:
6094:
6079:
6078:
6059:
6052:
6045:
6038:
6031:
6020:
6005:
5998:
5991:
5986:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5954:
5947:
5940:
5938:Nanjing Massacre
5933:
5926:
5917:
5915:Nuremberg trials
5908:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5843:
5823:
5816:
5809:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5756:
5747:
5740:
5733:
5726:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5648:
5639:
5632:
5625:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5595:
5586:
5579:
5572:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5542:
5535:
5528:
5521:
5519:Asia and Pacific
5501:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5450:
5448:Mulberry harbour
5443:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5290:
5283:
5268:
5267:
5256:
5249:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5154:
5153:
5143:Internet Archive
5120:
5107:
5085:
5066:
5047:
5029:
5010:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4957:
4936:
4919:Butler, J. R. M.
4905:
4886:
4867:
4848:
4829:
4803:
4784:
4765:
4746:
4727:
4708:
4689:
4670:
4651:
4632:
4619:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4582:. Archived from
4554:
4549:. Archived from
4521:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4475:
4469:
4460:
4454:
4445:
4439:
4430:
4424:
4415:
4409:
4400:
4394:
4385:
4379:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4300:
4297:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4278:Playfair, p. 419
4276:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4257:, June 11, 1943.
4241:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4169:
4163:
4152:
4146:
4135:
4132:
4126:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4105:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4081:
4078:
4069:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4012:
4011:Playfair, p. 271
4009:
4003:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3985:
3984:Playfair, p. 304
3982:
3973:
3972:Playfair, p. 303
3970:
3964:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3946:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3871:
3868:
3862:
3855:
3849:
3848:Playfair, p. 294
3846:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3816:
3813:
3804:
3803:Playfair, p. 279
3801:
3795:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3581:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3408:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3367:
3366:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3340:
3324:
3321:
3315:
3307:
3301:
3282:
3276:
3273:Operation Vulcan
3251:, 6 lost in the
3247:183 lost in the
3245:
3239:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3181:Tunisian Victory
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
2991:
2968:
2930:Bernard Freyberg
2881:Ernest N. Harmon
2869:prisoners of war
2504:
2400:on 23 February.
2386:Desert Air Force
2382:Arthur Coningham
2322:George S. Patton
2253:Germans fire an
2078:Lloyd Fredendall
1934:Wolfgang Fischer
1801:Kenneth Anderson
1582:Battle of Gazala
1576:, relieving the
1469:prisoners of war
1441:Greek contingent
1425:Second World War
1161:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1025:
1023:
1013:
1006:
999:
990:
989:
582:
580:
570:
563:
556:
547:
546:
475:
466:
465:
457:
448:
447:
436:
435:
424:
423:
412:
411:
394:
393:
384:Kenneth Anderson
382:
381:
370:
369:
360:Harold Alexander
358:
357:
346:
345:
324:
320:
318:
317:
309:
305:
303:
302:
285:
284:
276:
272:
270:
269:
261:
257:
255:
254:
243:
241:
240:
230:
228:
227:
217:
213:
211:
210:
202:
198:
196:
195:
183:
181:
180:
130:
129:
127:
126:
125:
120:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
81:17 November 1942
74:
73:
62:prisoners of war
58:
48:Second World War
34:
33:
21:
18:Tunisia campaign
9751:
9750:
9746:
9745:
9744:
9742:
9741:
9740:
9701:
9700:
9699:
9694:
9650:
9629:Fourth Republic
9554:
9545:
9506:
9479:
9452:
9446:
9387:
9368:Maillé massacre
9276:
9272:Operation Cobra
9250:
9211:Battle for Caen
9184:
9168:
9152:
9128:
9109:
9095:Operation Torch
9080:
9064:
9045:
9041:Battle of Gabon
9022:
9015:
8977:
8972:
8909:
8904:
8893:
8862:1st Free French
8783:
8778:
8745:
8735:
8733:
8703:
8698:
8675:
8657:Thai occupation
8652:
8629:
8615:Mainland France
8603:
8592:settlement zone
8558:Alsace-Lorraine
8550:
8540:
8527:
8519:
8500:
8486:
8456:
8451:
8444:
8437:
8423:
8421:
8409:
8400:
8393:
8386:
8379:
8370:
8363:
8356:
8347:
8342:Atomic bombings
8340:
8333:
8326:
8319:
8312:
8303:
8296:
8289:
8282:
8275:
8268:
8261:
8254:
8247:
8240:
8233:
8226:
8219:
8212:
8205:
8198:
8185:
8178:
8167:
8160:
8153:
8144:
8137:
8130:
8123:
8116:
8109:
8100:
8091:
8084:
8075:
8068:
8061:
8054:
8045:
8038:
8033:Eastern Romania
8031:
8026:Warsaw Uprising
8024:
8019:Tannenberg Line
8017:
8010:
8005:Western Ukraine
8003:
7994:
7987:
7978:
7969:
7960:
7953:
7946:
7935:
7926:
7913:
7906:
7897:
7890:
7883:
7876:
7869:
7862:
7855:
7846:
7839:
7832:
7823:
7816:
7809:
7802:
7797:Battle of Kursk
7795:
7788:
7781:
7774:
7767:
7754:
7747:
7738:
7731:
7724:
7715:
7708:
7701:
7694:
7687:
7678:
7669:
7662:
7655:
7648:
7641:
7634:
7627:
7620:
7613:
7606:
7601:St Nazaire Raid
7599:
7592:
7585:
7572:
7565:
7558:
7551:
7544:
7537:
7530:
7523:
7516:
7509:
7502:
7495:
7488:
7481:
7474:
7467:
7460:
7453:
7446:
7439:
7425:
7416:
7409:
7402:
7395:
7388:
7383:Anglo-Iraqi War
7381:
7374:Battle of Crete
7372:
7365:
7358:
7351:
7344:
7331:
7322:
7315:
7308:
7303:Eastern Romania
7301:
7294:
7287:
7280:
7273:
7266:
7259:
7252:
7245:
7238:
7231:
7224:
7217:
7210:
7203:
7196:
7183:
7176:
7169:
7162:
7155:
7148:
7141:
7134:
7121:
7112:
7105:
7098:
7091:
7084:
7077:
7068:
7061:
7054:
7045:
7038:
7012:
7005:
6998:
6989:
6982:
6977:
6968:
6961:
6954:
6945:
6938:
6929:
6922:
6917:
6910:
6897:
6890:
6881:
6874:
6869:
6864:Western Ukraine
6862:
6855:
6848:
6841:
6834:
6827:
6820:
6813:
6808:Northeast China
6806:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6762:
6755:
6748:
6741:
6734:
6727:
6720:
6713:
6706:
6699:
6692:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6657:
6650:
6643:
6636:
6623:
6616:
6609:
6602:
6595:
6588:
6581:
6574:
6567:
6560:
6553:
6546:
6533:
6526:
6519:
6512:
6507:Slovak Republic
6505:
6497:
6490:
6483:
6478:Empire of Japan
6476:
6467:
6459:
6452:
6445:
6438:
6431:
6424:
6416:
6409:
6402:
6394:
6387:
6374:
6367:
6358:
6351:
6342:
6335:
6328:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6288:
6281:
6274:
6267:
6260:
6253:
6246:
6239:
6232:
6220:
6213:
6206:
6199:
6192:
6180:
6172:
6165:
6158:
6151:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6118:
6111:
6104:
6097:
6090:
6064:
6055:
6048:
6041:
6034:
6023:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5990:Sexual violence
5989:
5982:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5950:
5943:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5913:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5839:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5805:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5775:
5768:
5759:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5729:
5720:
5713:
5708:Greek Civil War
5706:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5651:
5644:
5635:
5628:
5621:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5559:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5533:South-East Asia
5531:
5524:
5517:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5446:
5439:
5432:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5392:Military awards
5390:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5302:
5295:
5286:
5279:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5217:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5186:
5181:
5118:
5114:
5104:
5090:Windrow, Martin
5082:
5063:
5026:
5007:
4985:
4983:
4982:on 26 July 2012
4960:
4933:
4902:
4883:
4864:
4845:
4826:
4800:
4781:
4762:
4743:
4724:
4705:
4686:
4667:
4648:
4621:
4589:
4587:
4580:
4529:
4524:
4516:
4512:
4502:
4497:
4493:
4485:
4478:
4470:
4463:
4455:
4448:
4440:
4433:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4403:
4395:
4388:
4380:
4373:
4365:
4361:
4353:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4328:, p. 1109.
4324:
4320:
4312:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4251:Wayback Machine
4242:
4238:
4232:Williamson 2012
4230:
4226:
4218:
4214:
4210:Playfair, p.460
4209:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4164:
4155:
4147:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4091:
4084:
4079:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3819:
3814:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3617:
3608:
3604:, pp. 4â6.
3600:
3596:
3591:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3562:Hinsley, p. 492
3561:
3557:
3549:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3520:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3491:Hinsley, p. 493
3490:
3486:
3482:Hinsley, p. 487
3481:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3370:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3304:
3283:
3279:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3152:
3052:
3035:
3030:
3006:Joseph Goebbels
2992:
2989:
2969:
2966:
2943:
2938:
2921:Comando Supremo
2873:Lucian Truscott
2865:
2778:
2772:
2734:
2728:
2723:
2697:under command.
2687:Churchill tanks
2639:
2633:
2557:
2555:Northern sector
2532:
2522:
2502:
2497:(Major-General
2477:along with the
2448:
2442:
2426:Comando Supremo
2422:Operation Capri
2417:
2411:
2406:
2346:18th Army Group
2309:
2301:Comando Supremo
2230:Comando Supremo
2224:Comando Supremo
2207:
2201:
2161:
2155:
2111:
2106:
2056:Charles Allfrey
2004:5th Panzer Army
2000:
1998:Command changes
1976:François Darlan
1956:
1954:French politics
1951:
1825:Walther Nehring
1781:
1775:
1742:Atlas Mountains
1729:
1691:
1686:
1677:Operation Torch
1637:Operation Torch
1629:
1627:Operation Torch
1623:
1621:Operation Torch
1606:Royal Air Force
1578:Siege of Tobruk
1518:Litoranea Balbo
1486:
1481:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1124:
1119:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1017:
987:
982:
899:
892:
837:
828:
722:2nd Bir el Gubi
712:1st Bir el Gubi
595:
583:
578:
576:
574:
539:
537:
536:450+ tanks lost
535:
532:
530:
525:340+ tanks lost
524:
522:
510:
508:
506:
504:
497:
495:
493:
491:
478:
460:
450:H. J. von Arnim
442:
430:
418:
406:
400:
388:
376:
364:
352:
340:
327:
315:
313:
300:
298:
291:
279:
267:
265:
252:
250:
238:
236:
225:
223:
208:
206:
193:
191:
178:
176:
157:
139:Allied victory
123:
121:
117:
114:
109:
106:
104:
102:
101:
100:
87:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9749:
9739:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9696:
9695:
9693:
9692:
9687:
9682:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9659:WW II theatres
9655:
9652:
9651:
9649:
9648:
9643:
9638:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9614:
9607:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9559:
9557:
9551:
9550:
9547:
9546:
9544:
9543:
9542:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9514:
9512:
9508:
9507:
9505:
9504:
9503:
9502:
9490:
9488:
9481:
9480:
9478:
9477:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9456:
9454:
9448:
9447:
9445:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9433:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9395:
9393:
9389:
9388:
9386:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9324:
9323:
9322:
9321:
9316:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9284:
9282:
9278:
9277:
9275:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9258:
9256:
9252:
9251:
9249:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9221:Tulle massacre
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9192:
9190:
9186:
9185:
9183:
9182:
9176:
9174:
9170:
9169:
9167:
9166:
9160:
9158:
9154:
9153:
9151:
9150:
9145:
9139:
9137:
9130:
9129:
9127:
9126:
9120:
9118:
9111:
9110:
9108:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9091:
9089:
9082:
9081:
9079:
9078:
9072:
9070:
9066:
9065:
9063:
9062:
9056:
9054:
9047:
9046:
9044:
9043:
9037:
9035:
9025:
9017:
9016:
9014:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8982:
8980:
8978:Administration
8974:
8973:
8971:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8914:
8912:
8906:
8905:
8896:
8894:
8892:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8880:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8836:
8835:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8812:3rd Army Corps
8809:
8799:
8794:
8792:Army of Africa
8788:
8786:
8780:
8779:
8777:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8750:
8747:
8746:
8732:
8731:
8724:
8717:
8709:
8700:
8699:
8697:
8696:
8689:
8683:
8681:
8677:
8676:
8674:
8673:
8666:
8660:
8658:
8654:
8653:
8651:
8650:
8649:
8648:
8637:
8635:
8631:
8630:
8628:
8627:
8625:French Tunisia
8622:
8617:
8611:
8609:
8605:
8604:
8602:
8601:
8599:French Tunisia
8596:
8595:
8594:
8589:
8580:Zone interdite
8576:
8575:
8574:
8567:
8555:
8554:
8553:
8543:
8532:
8531:
8530:
8522:
8508:
8506:
8502:
8501:
8488:Occupation of
8485:
8484:
8477:
8470:
8462:
8453:
8452:
8450:
8449:
8442:
8435:
8418:
8415:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8408:
8407:
8406:
8405:
8398:
8391:
8377:
8376:
8375:
8361:
8358:South Sakhalin
8354:
8353:
8352:
8338:
8331:
8324:
8317:
8310:
8309:
8308:
8294:
8287:
8280:
8273:
8266:
8259:
8252:
8245:
8238:
8231:
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7783:Battle of Attu
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5680:Decolonization
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5112:External links
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4830:
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4808:Hinsley, F. H.
4804:
4798:
4785:
4780:0-7006-071-7-X
4779:
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4633:
4608:London Gazette
4596:
4578:
4555:
4553:on 2013-05-09.
4528:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4510:
4501:, p. 208.
4491:
4476:
4474:, p. 401.
4461:
4459:, p. 355.
4446:
4444:, p. 284.
4431:
4429:, p. 278.
4416:
4414:, p. 189.
4401:
4399:, p. 186.
4386:
4384:, p. 179.
4371:
4369:, p. 536.
4359:
4357:, p. 460.
4342:
4340:, p. 461.
4330:
4326:Schreiber 2017
4318:
4316:, p. 537.
4301:
4292:
4290:, p. 322.
4280:
4271:
4269:, p. 133.
4267:Delaforce 2008
4259:
4236:
4224:
4222:, p. 101.
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3538:
3536:, p. 171.
3526:
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3384:Mitcham, p. 78
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2889:334th Division
2864:
2863:Axis surrender
2861:
2853:Brian Horrocks
2771:
2768:
2747:Operation Flax
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:Allied victory
2719:
2674:Hampshire Farm
2632:
2629:
2624:No. 1 Commando
2556:
2553:
2521:
2518:
2514:Brian Horrocks
2444:Main article:
2441:
2438:
2413:Main article:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:Southern front
2402:
2308:
2305:
2203:Main article:
2200:
2197:
2154:
2151:
2143:Giovanni Messe
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2031:, joining the
1999:
1996:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1856:US crew of an
1842:No. 6 Commando
1817:Admiral Esteva
1777:Main article:
1774:
1771:
1728:
1725:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1625:Main article:
1622:
1619:
1613:following the
1604:, allowed the
1485:
1484:Western Desert
1482:
1480:
1477:
1439:, including a
1400:
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1045:Kasserine Pass
1042:
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1016:
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913:Kasserine Pass
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665:Raid on Bardia
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517:
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512:
505:350,000 troops
499:
492:500,000 troops
485:
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479:
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468:Giovanni Messe
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98:French Tunisia
96:
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68:on 12 May 1943
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8832:32nd Infantry
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8807:Cavalry Corps
8805:
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8586:Atlantic Wall
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8365:Kuril Islands
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8243:
8239:
8236:
8232:
8229:
8225:
8222:
8218:
8215:
8211:
8208:
8204:
8201:
8197:
8196:
8194:
8192:
8188:
8181:
8177:
8172:
8171:
8166:
8165:
8163:
8159:
8156:
8152:
8147:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8136:
8133:
8132:Syrmian Front
8129:
8126:
8122:
8119:
8115:
8112:
8108:
8105:
8104:
8099:
8096:
8095:
8090:
8087:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8078:Market Garden
8074:
8071:
8067:
8064:
8060:
8057:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8044:
8041:
8037:
8034:
8030:
8027:
8023:
8020:
8016:
8013:
8009:
8006:
8002:
7999:
7998:
7993:
7990:
7986:
7983:
7982:
7977:
7974:
7973:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7959:
7956:
7952:
7949:
7945:
7942:
7938:
7937:Monte Cassino
7934:
7931:
7930:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7920:
7916:
7909:
7905:
7900:
7896:
7893:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7882:
7879:
7875:
7872:
7868:
7865:
7861:
7858:
7854:
7849:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7838:
7835:
7831:
7828:
7827:
7822:
7819:
7815:
7812:
7808:
7805:
7801:
7798:
7794:
7791:
7787:
7784:
7780:
7777:
7773:
7770:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7761:
7757:
7750:
7746:
7743:
7742:
7737:
7734:
7730:
7727:
7723:
7720:
7719:
7714:
7711:
7707:
7704:
7700:
7697:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7668:
7665:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7654:
7651:
7647:
7644:
7640:
7637:
7633:
7630:
7626:
7623:
7619:
7616:
7612:
7609:
7605:
7602:
7598:
7595:
7591:
7588:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7575:
7568:
7564:
7561:
7557:
7554:
7550:
7547:
7543:
7540:
7536:
7533:
7529:
7526:
7522:
7519:
7515:
7512:
7508:
7505:
7501:
7498:
7494:
7491:
7487:
7484:
7480:
7477:
7473:
7470:
7466:
7463:
7459:
7456:
7452:
7449:
7445:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7433:
7428:
7424:
7419:
7415:
7414:
7412:
7408:
7405:
7401:
7398:
7394:
7391:
7387:
7384:
7380:
7375:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7364:
7361:
7357:
7354:
7350:
7347:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7338:
7334:
7327:
7326:
7321:
7318:
7314:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7300:
7297:
7296:Baltic states
7293:
7290:
7286:
7283:
7279:
7276:
7272:
7269:
7265:
7262:
7258:
7255:
7251:
7248:
7244:
7241:
7237:
7234:
7230:
7227:
7223:
7220:
7216:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7202:
7199:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7186:
7179:
7175:
7172:
7168:
7165:
7161:
7158:
7154:
7151:
7147:
7144:
7140:
7137:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7124:
7115:
7111:
7108:
7104:
7101:
7097:
7094:
7090:
7087:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7076:
7071:
7067:
7064:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7053:
7048:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7032:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7019:
7008:
7004:
7001:
6997:
6992:
6988:
6985:
6981:
6980:
6976:
6971:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6960:
6957:
6953:
6948:
6944:
6941:
6940:United States
6937:
6932:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6921:
6920:
6916:
6913:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6904:
6900:
6893:
6889:
6884:
6880:
6877:
6876:Quá»c dĂąn ÄáșŁng
6873:
6872:
6868:
6865:
6861:
6858:
6854:
6851:
6847:
6844:
6840:
6837:
6833:
6830:
6826:
6823:
6819:
6816:
6812:
6809:
6805:
6802:
6798:
6795:
6791:
6788:
6784:
6781:
6777:
6774:
6770:
6765:
6761:
6758:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6747:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6733:
6730:
6726:
6723:
6719:
6716:
6712:
6709:
6705:
6702:
6698:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6684:
6681:
6677:
6674:
6670:
6667:
6663:
6660:
6656:
6653:
6649:
6646:
6642:
6639:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6630:
6626:
6619:
6615:
6612:
6608:
6605:
6601:
6598:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6580:
6577:
6576:Liechtenstein
6573:
6570:
6566:
6563:
6559:
6556:
6552:
6549:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6529:
6528:Collaboration
6525:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6511:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6493:
6489:
6486:
6482:
6479:
6475:
6470:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6448:
6444:
6441:
6437:
6434:
6430:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6412:
6408:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6370:
6366:
6361:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6353:United States
6350:
6345:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6327:
6324:
6320:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6306:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6284:
6280:
6277:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6252:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6216:
6212:
6209:
6205:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6168:
6164:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6150:
6147:
6143:
6140:
6136:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6110:
6107:
6103:
6100:
6096:
6093:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6058:
6054:
6051:
6047:
6044:
6043:Comfort women
6040:
6037:
6033:
6030:
6027: /
6026:
6022:
6019:
6016: /
6015:
6012: /
6011:
6007:
6004:
6003:Camp brothels
6000:
5997:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5925:
5921:
5916:
5912:
5907:
5903:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:The Holocaust
5889:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5878:forced labour
5875:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5863:
5859:
5856:
5852:
5849:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5822:
5818:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5804:
5799:
5795:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5746:
5742:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5731:Marshall Plan
5728:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5716:
5712:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5654:
5647:
5643:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5585:
5584:Eastern Front
5581:
5578:
5577:Western Front
5574:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5471:Puppet states
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5413:Naval history
5410:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5389:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5366:
5361:
5360:United States
5357:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5178:
5173:
5171:
5166:
5164:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141: at the
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5116:
5115:
5105:
5103:9780850451146
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5054:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5025:9781853674457
5021:
5017:
5012:
5008:
5006:9781780225265
5002:
4998:
4993:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4932:1-84574-068-8
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4903:
4901:0-521-79431-5
4897:
4893:
4888:
4884:
4882:9780811742061
4878:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4855:
4850:
4846:
4844:1-86019-995-X
4840:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4825:0-11-630934-2
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4761:0-7509-1893-4
4757:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4725:
4723:1-92963-100-6
4719:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4704:0-7146-3369-0
4700:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4685:0-7183-0185-4
4681:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4666:1-85605-552-3
4662:
4658:
4653:
4649:
4647:0-349-11636-9
4643:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4620:published in
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4585:
4581:
4579:0-16-038106-1
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4531:
4530:
4519:
4514:
4506:
4500:
4495:
4488:
4487:Playfair 2004
4483:
4481:
4473:
4472:Playfair 2004
4468:
4466:
4458:
4457:Playfair 2004
4453:
4451:
4443:
4442:Playfair 2004
4438:
4436:
4428:
4427:Playfair 2004
4423:
4421:
4413:
4412:Playfair 2004
4408:
4406:
4398:
4397:Playfair 2004
4393:
4391:
4383:
4382:Playfair 2004
4378:
4376:
4368:
4367:Atkinson 2004
4363:
4356:
4355:Playfair 2004
4351:
4349:
4347:
4339:
4338:Playfair 2004
4334:
4327:
4322:
4315:
4314:Atkinson 2004
4310:
4308:
4306:
4296:
4289:
4284:
4275:
4268:
4263:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4240:
4233:
4228:
4221:
4216:
4207:
4201:, p. 14.
4200:
4199:Anderson 1946
4195:
4189:, p. 13.
4188:
4187:Anderson 1946
4183:
4174:
4168:, p. 12.
4167:
4166:Anderson 1946
4162:
4160:
4158:
4151:, p. 11.
4150:
4149:Anderson 1946
4145:
4143:
4141:
4131:
4122:
4113:
4111:
4101:
4095:, p. 10.
4094:
4093:Anderson 1946
4089:
4087:
4077:
4075:
4065:
4056:
4049:
4048:Playfair 2004
4044:
4035:
4026:
4017:
4008:
3999:
3990:
3981:
3979:
3969:
3960:
3951:
3942:
3933:
3924:
3915:
3906:
3897:
3888:
3879:
3877:
3867:
3860:
3854:
3845:
3838:
3837:Anderson 1946
3833:
3824:
3822:
3812:
3810:
3800:
3791:
3782:
3775:
3774:Anderson 1946
3770:
3768:
3766:
3758:
3757:Anderson 1946
3753:
3744:
3735:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3681:
3672:
3663:
3654:
3645:
3636:
3627:
3620:
3619:Anderson 1946
3615:
3613:
3611:
3603:
3602:Anderson 1946
3598:
3589:
3587:
3577:
3568:
3559:
3552:
3551:Anderson 1946
3547:
3545:
3543:
3535:
3534:Playfair 2004
3530:
3523:
3522:Playfair 2004
3518:
3511:
3510:Playfair 2004
3506:
3497:
3488:
3479:
3470:
3468:
3458:
3449:
3440:
3431:
3422:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3390:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3364:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3335:
3320:
3312:
3306:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3274:
3271:, 12 lost in
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3235:
3226:
3222:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3056:
3047:
3044:
3039:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2986:
2984:
2977:
2975:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2947:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2846:, 6 May 1943.
2845:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2782:
2777:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2733:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2585:FrĂŒhlingswind
2582:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2561:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2508:On 26 March,
2506:
2500:
2499:Francis Tuker
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2370:Arthur Tedder
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2211:
2206:
2196:
2193:
2192:Karl BĂŒlowius
2189:
2184:
2182:
2181:FrĂŒhlingswind
2179:In Operation
2177:
2175:
2165:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2115:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2075:Major General
2072:
2067:
2065:
2064:Alphonse Juin
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:US government
1981:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1908:
1906:
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1886:
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1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1806:
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1798:
1794:
1785:
1780:
1779:Run for Tunis
1773:Run for Tunis
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1750:
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1556:
1552:
1547:
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1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1522:Mediterranean
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
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1418:
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1395:
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1391:
1387:
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1380:
1379:
1376:North America
1375:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:Colmar Pocket
1339:
1337:
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1332:
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1327:
1323:
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1311:
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1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:Monte Cassino
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1232:Eastern Front
1230:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1208:Run for Tunis
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
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1189:
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1184:
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1128:
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1111:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1082:Longstop Hill
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1035:Run for Tunis
1033:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1014:
1009:
1007:
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1000:
995:
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979:
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972:
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965:
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948:
946:
945:Longstop Hill
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
920:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
903:Run for Tunis
901:
900:
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884:
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879:
877:
876:
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870:
869:
865:
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850:
846:
844:
843:
839:
838:
836:
835:
834:
825:
822:
818:
817:Outpost Snipe
815:
814:
813:
810:
808:
807:
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799:
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789:
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723:
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619:
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559:
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551:
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519:
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481:
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469:
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459:
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446:
441:
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429:
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417:
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410:
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397:
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368:
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296:
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283:
278:
275:
263:
260:
248:
246:
235:
233:
232:United States
222:
221:
216:
204:
201:
189:
188:
187:
186:
174:
173:
168:
160:
155:
154:
148:
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134:
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128:
99:
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86:
82:
79:
76:
75:
71:
67:
63:
57:
52:
49:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
9633:
9616:
9609:
9602:
9563:End of Vichy
9099:
8938:Henri Giraud
8838:
8691:
8687:Vichy France
8624:
8598:
8588:coastal zone
8578:
8569:
8564:Gau Westmark
8562:
8545:
8524:
8516:
8494:its colonies
8439:Bibliography
8422:
8235:Project Hula
8200:VistulaâOder
8169:
8102:
8093:
8077:
8047:
7996:
7980:
7971:
7962:
7928:
7825:
7768:
7740:
7716:
7679:
7430:
7323:
7268:North Africa
6970:Soviet Union
6924:Soviet Union
6850:Soviet Union
6618:Vatican City
6521:Vichy France
6426:German Reich
6323:Soviet Union
6309:South Africa
6302:Sierra Leone
6255:Newfoundland
6074:Participants
6057:Marocchinate
5761:
5752:
5722:
5600:North Africa
5561:Indian Ocean
5420:Nazi plunder
5311:Cryptography
5184:World War II
5093:
5071:
5052:
5041:
5015:
4999:. Hachette.
4996:
4984:. Retrieved
4980:the original
4962:
4945:
4941:
4922:
4907:
4891:
4872:
4853:
4834:
4811:
4789:
4770:
4751:
4732:
4713:
4694:
4675:
4656:
4637:
4626:
4607:
4588:. Retrieved
4584:the original
4560:
4551:the original
4538:
4513:
4494:
4362:
4333:
4321:
4295:
4283:
4274:
4262:
4239:
4227:
4220:Heefner 2010
4215:
4206:
4194:
4182:
4173:
4134:Windrow p 23
4130:
4125:Watson p 113
4121:
4100:
4064:
4055:
4043:
4034:
4025:
4016:
4007:
3998:
3989:
3968:
3959:
3950:
3941:
3932:
3923:
3914:
3905:
3896:
3887:
3866:
3858:
3853:
3844:
3839:, p. 9.
3832:
3799:
3790:
3781:
3776:, p. 8.
3759:, p. 7.
3752:
3743:
3734:
3725:
3716:
3707:
3698:
3689:
3680:
3671:
3662:
3653:
3644:
3635:
3626:
3621:, p. 6.
3597:
3576:
3567:
3558:
3553:, p. 2.
3529:
3517:
3505:
3496:
3487:
3478:
3457:
3448:
3439:
3430:
3421:
3412:
3398:
3389:
3357:
3348:
3338:
3319:
3305:
3280:
3243:
3234:
3225:
3071:
3069:
3061:
3040:
3036:
3022:
3013:
2994:
2982:
2979:
2971:
2960:
2952:
2920:
2902:
2893:Omar Bradley
2866:
2849:
2802:
2794:
2787:
2764:
2758:
2743:
2726:Allied plans
2699:
2678:
2673:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2608:Djebel Abiod
2603:
2601:
2596:
2584:
2572:
2570:
2533:
2507:
2503:23/24 March,
2474:
2464:
2425:
2418:
2394:
2390:
2367:
2355:
2351:
2331:
2326:Omar Bradley
2318:
2300:
2296:Afrika Korps
2295:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2243:Afrika Korps
2242:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2222:
2216:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2170:
2147:Afrika Korps
2146:
2138:Erwin Rommel
2136:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2097:
2068:
2048:John Crocker
2033:6th Armoured
2017:
2001:
1980:Henri Giraud
1973:
1968:Charles Mast
1966:and General
1943:
1930:
1917:
1896:
1885:11th Brigade
1865:
1863:
1847:
1834:
1830:Majaz al Bab
1814:
1808:
1792:
1790:
1751:
1738:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1689:Allied plans
1642:
1594:Italian Navy
1567:
1559:Afrika Korps
1539:
1531:Indian Ocean
1487:
1473:Afrika Korps
1449:French corps
1412:
1408:
1406:
1363:
1334:
1298:
1288:Saint-Marcel
1269:
1264:Mont Mouchet
1237:
1219:
1213:
1191:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1055:
1040:Sidi Bou Zid
1020:
976:
969:
962:
955:
918:
908:Sidi Bou Zid
895:
894:
886:
881:Port Lyautey
874:
867:
855:
848:
841:
832:
830:
805:
796:
782:
775:
768:
761:
746:Mersa Matruh
705:
698:
691:
684:
677:
670:Twin Pimples
653:
621:Sidi Barrani
611:Fort Capuzzo
604:
590:
528:
501:
494:1,800+ tanks
488:
438:Erwin Rommel
396:Henri Giraud
215:Newfoundland
175:
170:Belligerents
138:
42:Part of the
29:
9618:Tripartisme
9593:Victory Day
9529:La Rochelle
9420:La Rochelle
8923:Jean Moulin
8884:Second Army
8858:Divisions:
8827:1st Armored
8769:Netherlands
8498:Axis powers
8170:Bodenplatte
8056:Gothic Line
7275:West Africa
6822:Philippines
6801:Netherlands
6666:Czech lands
6604:Switzerland
6548:Afghanistan
6492:Philippines
6360:Puerto Rico
6276:Philippines
6262:New Zealand
6248:Netherlands
6201:Free France
5952:Prosecution
5753:Osoaviakhim
5623:West Africa
5607:East Africa
5254:Conferences
4623:"No. 37779"
4566:Fort McNair
4518:Glantz 1995
4499:Mosier 2010
4288:Murray 1995
4177:Mead, p. 44
3065:John Mosier
2957:wrote that
2840:Stuart tank
2753:). Admiral
2679:Kampfgruppe
2662:Kampfgruppe
2549:Enfidaville
2459:Mareth Line
2374:Carl Spaatz
2239:Stark Force
2098:Panzerarmee
2071:US II Corps
1897:Blade Force
1895:and Tunis.
1747:Mareth Line
1529:and by the
1419:during the
1158:Free French
1107:Retribution
1077:Wadi Akarit
1067:Mareth Line
970:Retribution
940:Wadi Akarit
930:Mareth Line
812:2nd Alamein
751:1st Alamein
654:Sonnenblume
274:New Zealand
245:Free France
156:Territorial
143:End of the
122: /
85:13 May 1943
9705:Categories
9453:March 1945
9451:Nov 1944 -
9298:Saint-Malo
9157:March 1944
8802:First Army
8764:Luxembourg
8693:Zone libre
8270:West Hunan
8103:Pointblank
7432:Silver Fox
7418:Summer War
7171:Winter War
7150:Phoney War
6931:Azerbaijan
6892:Yugoslavia
6787:Luxembourg
6629:Resistance
6369:Yugoslavia
6234:Luxembourg
6036:Sook Ching
5832:War crimes
5434:Technology
5427:Opposition
5369:Lend-Lease
5346:Australian
5339:Home front
5297:Blitzkrieg
5247:Casualties
5238:Commanders
5210:Operations
5096:. Osprey.
4610:. London.
4527:References
3314:possible".
3028:Casualties
2774:See also:
2755:Cunningham
2730:See also:
2658:Ochsenkopf
2645:A British
2612:Cap Serrat
2573:Ochsenkopf
2565:Panzer III
2491:bridgehead
2288:Nick Force
2280:Nick Force
2276:Gore Force
2257:in Tunisia
2188:Morgenluft
1925:Panzer IVs
1921:Panzer III
1797:First Army
1590:Royal Navy
1586:El Alamein
1494:Alexandria
1479:Background
1427:, between
1329:Strasbourg
1310:Marseilles
1203:Bir Hakeim
1072:El Guettar
1056:Ochsenkopf
935:El Guettar
919:Ochsenkopf
862:Casablanca
856:Blackstone
824:El Agheila
791:Camouflage
756:Alam Halfa
739:Bir Hakeim
507:200+ tanks
9555:Aftermath
9392:Sept 1944
9255:July 1944
8335:Manchuria
8221:Indochina
7997:Bagration
7441:Lithuania
7086:Anschluss
6883:Viet Minh
6780:Lithuania
6722:Hong Kong
6485:Manchukuo
6440:Azad Hind
6099:Australia
5899:Aftermath
5762:Paperclip
5657:Aftermath
5457:Total war
5325:Diplomacy
5288:In Europe
4976:835824109
4970:. 1990 .
4954:0043-0374
4616:0374-3721
4547:221485318
3331:Citations
3217:Footnotes
3137:Luftwaffe
3131:Luftwaffe
3119:Luftwaffe
3107:Luftwaffe
3101:Luftwaffe
3095:Luftwaffe
3083:Luftwaffe
3077:Luftwaffe
3072:Luftwaffe
3014:Tunisgrad
2983:Luftwaffe
2936:Aftermath
2670:Sidi Nsir
2616:Sedjenane
2604:Ausladung
2597:Ausladung
2471:XXX Corps
2307:Aftermath
2124:Eilbote I
2104:Kasserine
2062:(General
2060:XIX Corps
1949:Aftermath
1901:M3 Stuart
1867:Luftwaffe
1546:10th Army
1533:into the
1370:Indochina
1160:campaigns
1050:Sedjenane
887:Brushwood
868:Reservist
762:Agreement
729:Fort Lamy
692:Battleaxe
636:Beda Fomm
259:Australia
9665:Atlantic
9511:May 1945
9333:Ăgletons
9281:Aug 1944
9189:Jun 1944
9173:May 1944
9069:Dec 1941
9023:campaign
8680:See also
8646:Cambodia
8541:(1940â4)
8528:(1942â4)
8525:zone sud
8520:(1940â4)
8446:Category
8395:document
8305:document
8162:Ardennes
8146:Budapest
8094:Crossbow
7972:Overlord
7811:Smolensk
7022:Timeline
6857:Slovakia
6843:Thailand
6694:Ethiopia
6659:Bulgaria
6583:Portugal
6514:Thailand
6396:Bulgaria
6174:Eswatini
6167:Ethiopia
6120:Bulgaria
5945:Unit 731
5906:Response
5723:Keelhaul
5673:Cold War
5646:Americas
5637:timeline
5630:Atlantic
5510:Theaters
5092:(1972).
5036:(2017).
4602:(1946).
4520:, ch 10.
4247:Archived
3150:See also
2988:â
2967:Playfair
2965:â
2941:Analysis
2917:1st Army
2827:and the
2715:Goumiers
2475:Pugilist
2255:88mm gun
2217:General
2088:and the
2041:IX Corps
1962:General
1936:, whose
1893:Djedeida
1889:Tebourba
1510:Benghazi
1445:American
1335:Nordwind
1322:Dompaire
1317:Lorraine
1270:Overlord
1192:Exporter
1087:Hill 609
1062:Medenine
950:Hill 609
925:Medenine
875:Terminal
842:Flagpole
806:Braganza
699:Crusader
685:Skorpion
648:Giarabub
483:Strength
119:34°N 9°E
93:Location
9685:Pacific
9534:Lorient
9524:Dunkirk
9430:Dunkirk
9314:Lorient
8910:Leaders
8754:Belgium
8620:Corsica
8496:by the
8372:Shumshu
8139:Hungary
8086:Estonia
8070:Lapland
8048:Dragoon
7981:Neptune
7963:Ichi-Go
7929:Tempest
7871:Changde
7826:Cottage
7718:Jubilee
7427:Finland
7325:Compass
7031:Prelude
6984:Finland
6870:Vietnam
6836:Romania
6708:Germany
6687:Estonia
6673:Denmark
6652:Belgium
6645:Austria
6638:Albania
6569:Ireland
6555:Andorra
6539:Neutral
6499:Romania
6433:Hungary
6418:Finland
6290:Romania
6182:Finland
6160:Denmark
6106:Belgium
6092:Algeria
5798:Romania
5784:Hungary
5540:Pacific
5264:General
5218:Leaders
5203:Battles
5196:Outline
5124:YouTube
4986:13 July
4921:(ed.).
4590:14 June
3861:, p.277
3043:sorties
2563:German
2510:X Corps
2434:Ukraine
2338:General
2332:At the
2324:, with
2174:Sbeitla
2109:Prelude
2052:V Corps
1759:Bizerte
1727:Tunisia
1715:Force K
1684:Prelude
1673:Tunisia
1669:Algeria
1665:Morocco
1544:by the
1535:Red Sea
1502:Tripoli
1496:on the
1465:Italian
1457:Italian
1443:, with
1423:of the
1417:Tunisia
1388:Oceania
1364:Crimson
1358:RĂ©union
1299:Dragoon
1293:Vercors
1254:GliĂšres
1244:Corsica
1220:Tunisia
896:Tunisia
849:Kingpin
797:Bertram
776:Caravan
706:Flipper
678:Brevity
631:Mechili
616:Nibeiwa
605:Compass
322:Germany
158:changes
46:of the
9475:Bitche
9328:Lioran
9293:Rennes
9021:French
8784:Forces
8774:Norway
8551:(1944)
8490:France
8349:Debate
8321:Taipei
8314:Borneo
7892:Tarawa
7079:Europe
7040:Africa
6829:Poland
6815:Norway
6794:Malaya
6773:Latvia
6715:Greece
6701:France
6597:Sweden
6562:Bhutan
6283:Poland
6269:Norway
6241:Mexico
6208:Greece
6194:France
6132:Canada
6113:Brazil
6083:Allies
6029:Serbia
6018:Poland
5791:Poland
5777:Baltic
5570:Europe
5272:Topics
5224:Allied
5100:
5078:
5059:
5022:
5003:
4974:
4952:
4929:
4898:
4879:
4860:
4841:
4822:
4796:
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2823:, the
2770:Battle
2683:ad hoc
2589:Mateur
2430:Hitler
2027:, and
1905:M3 GMC
1858:M3 Lee
1767:Hitler
1763:Sicily
1720:Panzer
1645:Allies
1514:Tobruk
1461:German
1453:German
1433:Allied
1305:Toulon
1226:Europe
1114:Strike
1093:Vulcan
977:Strike
956:Vulcan
783:Nicety
769:Bigamy
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7857:Burma
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7664:Kiska
6750:Korea
6736:Japan
6729:Italy
6611:Tibet
6590:Spain
6461:Italy
6222:Italy
6215:India
6139:China
6014:Japan
5614:Italy
5526:China
5478:Women
4946:XLIII
3405:88-mm
3311:Tunis
3212:Notes
3002:Italy
2842:near
2817:Syria
2711:tabor
2520:GabĂšs
1809:Torch
1793:Torch
1755:Tunis
1698:Tiger
1611:Egypt
1602:Ultra
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1506:Libya
1276:Paris
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1198:Kufra
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1181:Gabon
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833:Torch
643:Kufra
307:Italy
200:India
124:34; 9
66:Tunis
9486:1945
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9135:1944
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9087:1942
9085:Nov
9052:1941
9050:Jun
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8492:and
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7681:Blue
7671:Attu
7578:1942
7337:1941
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6743:Jews
6454:Iraq
6380:Axis
6330:Tuva
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5098:ISBN
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4972:OCLC
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4612:ISSN
4592:2010
4574:ISBN
4543:OCLC
4505:help
3070:The
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3000:and
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2593:BĂ©ja
2543:and
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2084:and
2043:HQ (
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1429:Axis
1407:The
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1100:Flax
963:Flax
110:09°E
107:34°N
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8817:4th
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