627:
jurisdiction. On 8 November 1921, the bey issued a decree that anyone born in
Tunisia whose parent was also born in Tunisia and who was not a citizen, subject, or national of "the protecting power" was Tunisian. France simultaneously issued a decree proclaiming that those who were born in Tunisia to a parent born in Tunisia who were subject to French legal jurisdiction in the protectorate were French. A French decree issued in 1923 maintained that those born in Tunisia who were not Tunisians under the 1921 law were French, but provided an option that any child who had acquired French nationality from birth in Tunisia to a parent also born there could renounce their French nationality, unless their parent had become French under the same rule. The 1923 Decree also provided that a person who renounced their French nationality had to prove that they had obtained other nationality; that foreigners who had reached majority and had resided continuously in Tunisia for three years could naturalize as French; that Tunisians could become French nationals after having completed military service, having earned higher education certificates or degrees, having married a French woman, or having performed service of benefit to France; and that a woman whose husband naturalized as French was automatically French, as was a woman who married a French national.
562:
monarchical powers, it provided that the bey was owed the loyalty of his subjects as long as he ruled following the principles enshrined in law. Although the constitution did not specifically state how one acquired
Tunisian nationality, it did provide in Article 92 that even if a Tunisian left the country and acquired another nationality, upon return to Tunisia, they would be again Tunisian. This did not mean that a subject could voluntarily renounce Tunisian nationality, as the government interpretation was that expatriation was not allowed, because under Islamic law allegiance was perpetual. Article 94 also provided that Tunisian nationality was not reliant upon religion, thus conversion would not change whether or not a subject was Tunisian. In 1863, new Ottoman regulations upon protégés restricted the privileges they received in the empire and clarifying who were thereafter considered to be Ottoman subjects and who were foreigners. In 1864, civil unrest in Tunisia resulted in the suspension of the constitution.
658:
2002â4) to stipulate that if the father was absent, deceased or legally incapacitated, the declaration of the mother alone was sufficient to confer nationality to a child born abroad. In 1997, a new
Tunisian Constitution established equality between men and women, but the nationality code retained discrimination in the procedures to acquire nationality. The amendment of 2010 (Loi 2010â55) eliminated discriminatory requirements in acquiring nationality after its effective date for children born to a Tunisian mother in the same way that they could from a Tunisian father.
654:
but limited nationality for children born abroad to those with
Tunisian fathers, unless the mother was Tunisian and the father was a foreigner. An administrative reform in 1971 (Loi No.71-12) established procedures for delivery of a certificate of nationality; an amendment in 1975 (Loi 75â79) allowed dual nationality, unless foreign nationality was acquired after naturalization, in which case it could lead to loss of Tunisian nationality; and an amendment of 1984 (Law 84-84) made serving in the government or military of a foreign state grounds for denaturalization.
764:. The court advised that based upon treaties, France did not have the right to impose its nationality on British subjects. Based on that decision, diplomats came to an agreement in the Anglo-French Convention of 1923 that British nationals in Tunisia could choose to obtain French nationality, but that their offspring born in Tunisia after 1921 would be French nationals. Because of the terms of an 1896 treaty with Italy, Italian nationals in Tunis were exempt from French nationality until a new agreement between France and Italy was promulgated in 1935.
177:, the customs and traditions of Tunisia, and are integrated into the society. General provisions are that applicants have good character and morals; have no criminal convictions which resulted in sentencing in excess of one year; are in sufficient mental and physical health to avoid becoming a dependent of the state; and have a principal interest in the development of Tunisia. Applicants must typically have resided in the country for five years. Besides foreigners meeting the criteria, other persons who may be naturalized include:
607:, France agreed to pay off the debts of the country, abolishing the need for the financial commission, in exchange for the ability to enact administrative reform. In effect, the agreement allowed the bey to continue to reign but removed his authority to rule. France began negotiating with states to cede their authority under the Capitulations with the promise that France would provide legal protection for all foreigners and Europeans in the jurisdiction, while the natives would be protected by the local legal system.
611:
other
European powers. To regain their authority, France began devising a scheme to confer nationality upon all European subjects in Tunisia and define nationality for the subjects of the bey. On 19 June 1914, the bey issued a decree defining Tunisians as anyone residing within its territory before or after the decree was issued, who was not a French or foreign national or subject, and anyone who was born anywhere to a Tunisian father, or a Tunisian mother, if the father was not known. Following the end of
28:
386:. Increasingly, the Hafsids found themselves caught between the Ottoman and Spanish rivalry. In 1534, the Ottomans captured Tunis and were able to hold it for a year, before a combined force of Hafsids and Spanish recaptured the city. In return, the Hafsid dynasty became a vassal of Spain. The Ottoman forces retook Tunis in 1569, but it was freed by Spain in 1573, before finally being conquered by the Ottomans in 1574 and ending the Hafsid rule and Spanish claims to the area.
5058:
571:
births were unregistered, were all considered to be
Ottoman. Foreign women acquired Ottoman nationality through marriage, but could return to their original nationality upon the death of their spouse. Nationality could also be granted based on special contribution or service to the nation. Dual nationality was permitted, but was discouraged, as the government could choose not to recognize naturalization of an Ottoman subject by another state.
640:
nationalists became even more insistent on
Tunisians being given meaningful power to govern. Despite the pressure, French administrators were unwilling to carry out broad reforms and insisted on continued co-sovereignty. By 1954, the nationalist movement had turned militant and begun a guerrilla campaign against the French. In 1955, the French agreed to grant internal autonomy to Tunisia and full independence the following year.
566:
rights of citizenship. It described who was a subject, owing allegiance, and made provisions for wives, children, emigrants and immigrants. Under its terms, children derived nationality from their fathers, foreigners born in the territory could acquire nationality at majority, and foreigners born elsewhere could obtain nationality after five years residency within the imperial realm. Specific provisions included that
705:, had to determine which laws were applicable. The case was important in the development of private law because in the period the centrality of nationality to international law and legal identity was just developing. While it was clear that nationals within their own country were subject to national law, it was less clear what law should be followed for
623:, having obtained a university degree, having rendered service to the nation, having attained the rank of an officer or received a medal from the French army, who had married a Frenchwoman and established a one-year residency; or who had resided for more than ten years in a French colony other than their country of origin.
553:. In 1857, after the Tunisian bey had executed a Jewish man for blasphemy, pressure from British and French diplomats led to enactment of the "Pact of Security" (Êżahd al-amÄn, or pacte fondamental) on 10 September. Though not a full constitution, or bill of rights, it contained eleven principles for
662:, an expert on African nationality law, has noted that jus soli provisions Tunisia still apply only to children who have a father and paternal grandfather also born in Tunisia and that Tunisian women cannot transmit their nationality to their husbands. Though Tunisia removed its reservations to the
653:
and promulgated a new constitution in 1959. It adopted a new law on
Tunisian nationality on 28 February 1963 (Decrét-Loi 6/1963), which was converted in April (Loi No. 63-7) to the Tunisian Nationality Code. The 1963 Code allowed a child born in Tunisia to acquire nationality through either parent,
648:
On 26 January 1956, Tunisia adopted a
Nationality Code (Order 2/1956) and on 20 March 1956, gained its independence. The 1956 code provided that nationality was transmitted to a child through its father unless the father was unknown, had unknown nationality, or was stateless. Children who were born
565:
To further define subjects of the
Ottoman Empire, new nationality legislation was passed in 1869 (tĂąbiiyet-i osmaniye kanunnamesi, Ottoman Nationality Law). The law specified terms for the acquisition and loss of who was within the sovereignty of the empire, rather than the domestic obligations and
55:
Décret-Loi no. 63-6 du 28 février 1963 portant refonte du Code de la nationalité tunisienne, ratifié par la Loi no. 637 du 22 avril 1963 (modifiée par la loi no. 7112 du 9 mars 1971, la loi no. 75-79 du 14 novembre 1979, la loi no. 84-81 du 30 novembre 1984, la loi no. 2002-4 du 21 janvier 2002, et
630:
From 1920, Tunisians pressed for a constitutional government and in the 1930s supported nationalist movements across Africa. In 1942, Germany occupied both France and Tunisia, and renewed opposition to Tunisia's status as a protectorate began. Refusing to side with Germany, the bey appointed a new
610:
To accomplish protection, the French declared anyone in Tunisia who was not a native Tunisian was subject to French law. By 1910, natives who wished to avoid either adhering to local laws or French legal norms, used jurisdictional politics to claim nationality by birth in territories controlled by
561:
On 26 April 1861, the Tunisian bey promulgated a full constitution, known as the Law of the Tunisian State (QÄnĆ«n al-dawla al-tĆ«nisiyya). Laying out an executive and legislative system, it established the principles for regulating society on the basis of law. Granting the head of state traditional
260:
incorporated their territory, the Berbers refused to assimilate with these outside rulers. In the seventh century, Arabs began a conquest of the area, bringing Islam to the region. Though initially opposing and revolting against Arab rule, the Berbers over several centuries began to integrate into
657:
The Nationality Code was amended again in 1993 (Loi 93â62) to allow a child born abroad to a Tunisian mother and foreign father to acquire nationality either by its own declaration at majority or by a joint declaration of its parents while in its minority. This provision was modified in 2002 (Loi
578:
because of pressure from European merchants, led eventually to the bankruptcy of the country in 1869. An international financial commission, established to oversee the finances led to disagreements with European powers over how policy should be implemented. Despite protest from the Ottoman Empire
437:
Within the Ottoman Empire (1299â1922) for six centuries, there was an internal organization that defined government functions for subjects by balancing religious and communal ties, weighing aptitudes and occupations without a centralized national ideology. Ottoman subjecthood was strongly tied to
219:
in Tunisia for working for a foreign state or military without permission of Tunisian authorities; disloyalty to the state; committing crimes against the state or state security; for ordinary serious crimes; or for fraud, misrepresentation, or concealment in a naturalization petition. Naturalized
570:
discovered within the territory; stateless persons living in the empire; Muslim women, who despite the ban on such marriages, had married Persian men and the children of such a union; unregistered persons who had not been counted in the Ottoman census, either because no census was taken or their
639:
ended and the French returned to power, Tunisians joined with Algerian and Moroccan nationalists in 1947 to found the Bureau du Maghreb Aribe. The following year, they formed the ComitĂ© de LibĂ©ration dâAfrique du Nord. In 1949, when the United Nations backed independence for Libya, Tunisian
626:
The final stage in abolishing the Capitulation System was to adopt a parallel legal system (législations parallÚles), similar to what France had adopted in Morocco, basically issuing decrees on the same day applying to those governed under French law and those governed according to local
525:), and demands from foreign powers for protection to extend from individuals to entire communities. The influence on Ottoman subjects by European powers changed the perception of these minority groups in the empire, meaning that they were increasingly seen not as Ottoman subjects, but as
532:
To curb the disruptive effects of Europeans in the empire, from 1806, the Ottoman government began sending communiques to the foreign embassies demanding compliance with the terms of their agreements. Failing to achieve success diplomatically, in 1839, the Ottoman government issued the
579:
that the Europeans were ignoring their authority in Tunisia, rivals Britain, France, and Italy made agreements directly with the Tunisian bey, each striving for control of the area. France persuaded Germany and Britain to accept its establishment of a protectorate over Tunisia at the
454:, in exchange for paying taxes, the sultan allowed these subjects freedom of religion and guaranteed their lives, property, and rights with an understanding that they were legally entitled to less status than Muslim subjects. The pact was agreed to by the leaders of the
599:. The treaty provided that in exchange for providing protection for the bey and his dynasty, France would occupy the areas necessary to bring order and security to the territory. The treaty specifically recognized the Capitulation agreements which gave other nations
742:
noted that the inclusion of both national and subject in the decree was intentional. Subject was included to allow natives from Libya who had arrived in Tunisia prior to 28 October 1912, the date France recognized Italy's sovereignty over Libya, to acquire Tunisian
717:
through united culture, as opposed to sovereign territorial boundaries established legal nationhood. Between 1851 and 1873, debate ensued between politicians and scholars, with many countries adopting policies that nationality, rather than territorial boundaries or
557:
and equal protection for foreigners in the areas of commerce, criminal prosecution, military service, property rights, religious freedom, and taxation. The Pact made clear that it was between the bey and his subjects and made no mention of Ottoman sovereignty.
124:, i.e. by birth in Tunisia or abroad to parents with Tunisian nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalization.
120:. Nationality describes the relationship of an individual to the state under international law, whereas citizenship is the domestic relationship of an individual within the nation. Tunisian nationality is typically obtained under the principal of
261:
Arab society. From the middle of the eighth century the duty and responsibility of the caliph, or figure of authority, was to provide care and protection to his subjects (raÊżÄyÄ), who were his dependents and paid taxes. From 800 to 909 AD, the
700:
The situation of Tunisian nationals was complicated in the developing field of international law. Despite being a semi-autonomous province of the Ottoman empire, courts called to settle legal disputes of multi-nationals, as in the case of
112:, as amended; the Tunisian Nationality Code, and its revisions; and various international agreements to which the country is a signatory. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of Tunisia. The legal means to acquire
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206:
their nationality. There is a conflict of laws since passage of the 2014 Constitution which in Article 25 states that no Tunisian can be deprived of their nationality, exiled, extradited, or prevented from returning to Tunisia.
354:(aka GerĂłnimo Vianelli), a Venetian mariner, was sent to evaluate the possibilities for capturing sites on the African coast. Muslim states in North Africa, facing the possibility of Christian invasion appealed to the
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in 2014, Article 16 provides that if a marriage with a Tunisian husband is annulled the wife loses her nationality, regardless of whether she can repatriate to her former nationality or will become stateless.
3616:
619:, or Tunisia and who had established domicile in a French territory to acquire full French citizenship, including the naturalization of their wives and minor children, by having received the cross of the
663:
426:, to establish military rule. Having disbanded the divan, the deys laid the foundation for dynastic rule and within a few decades, their power was eclipsed by the bey, with the creation of the
190:
The wife of a Tunisian national upon marriage may acquire Tunisian nationality after a two-year residency, or immediately if she is or will become stateless because of the marriage; or
312:, which also overthrew the Zirid dynasty in the twelfth century. The Almohads established Tunis as their capital of Ifriqiya and in 1207, assigned the governorship of Ifriqiya to the
3585:
320:. After administrating the territory for the Almohads for over two decades, in 1229, the dynasty proclaimed its independence and would remain in power for the next three centuries.
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over their subjects in Tunisia. Recognizing the destabilizing effect of granting other powers authority to act in civilian matters in the territory, in 1883 under the terms of the
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to a Tunisian mother had an option to acquire her nationality upon reaching majority. Upon marriage, a wife acquired nationality through her husband. Tunisia became a
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of tĂąbiiyet includes associations with allegiance, nationality, and subjecthood, or an affiliation to a sovereign, but does not translate as citizenship.
3164:
422:(council) made up of local dignitaries and army officers. After a revolt by the Janissary in 1591, the pasha was forced by military officers, known as
3267:
2623:
2589:
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537:, in an effort to end bribery and corruption, and to create fair tax schemes and institutions to protect the basic rights of Ottoman subjects. The
116:, formal legal membership in a nation, differ from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as
631:
Tunisian government from across the political spectrum of prominent Tunisians, ignoring the French settler population. Ousted from power by the
4083:
3364:
2974:
549:) categorized subjects by whether they were Muslim or non-Muslim, granting different civil statuses to each, but establishing the principal of
213:"Il est interdit de dĂ©choir de sa nationalitĂ© tunisienne tout citoyen, de lâexiler, de lâextrader ou de lâempĂȘcher de retourner dans son pays".
35:
4827:
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184:
Children can be automatically naturalized when their father acquires nationality, or if their mother is a widow and becomes naturalized;
4128:
3687:
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with France, the Ottoman Empire granted France control of certain Ottoman Christians, Austria control of some Ottoman Roman Catholics,
2541:
173:
Naturalization can be granted to persons who have resided in the territory for a sufficient period of time to confirm they understand
2522:"Modernisation in the Tanzimat Period and the Ottoman Empire: An Analysis of the Tanzimat Edict within the Scope of the Modern State"
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3280:"2. AymÄq in 16th Century Persian Sources from Central Asia with a Document of Tax Exemption for the Descendants of Ahmad YasavÄ«"
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4015:
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3543:
2902:"Geographies of Power: The Tunisian Civic Order, Jurisdictional Politics, and Imperial Rivalry in the Mediterranean, 1881â1935"
313:
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Children legally adopted by a Tunisian parent automatically acquire nationality at the time of completion of a legal adoption;
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France passed a law on 25 March 1915 that allowed subjects or protected persons who were non-citizen nationals of Algeria,
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and its Berber allies in 909. The Fatimid capital was relocated to Egypt in 973, leaving Ifriqiya in charge of its
635:, operating from Algeria, the bey abdicated in favor of his cousin, but the nationalist movement continued. After
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513:. Over time, abuses of the system led to a virtual monopoly of foreign trade by protégés, clandestine sales of
3359:[Identity and Transmission of National Links in the Maghreb: Comparative Study of Nationality Codes].
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was founded to create cooperation among those involved in the field for the development of international law.
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600:
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4353:
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538:
493:. Under the terms of these treaties, foreign powers could recruit Ottoman subjects to serve their needs as
339:
2625:
A Collection of Nationality Laws of Various Countries as Contained in Constitutions, Statutes and Treaties
2591:
A Collection of Nationality Laws of Various Countries as Contained in Constitutions, Statutes and Treaties
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3607:[Law No. 71-12 of March 9, 1971, Modifying Articles 63 and 65 of the Tunisian Nationality Code]
3306:
458:, who managed the adherents and their internal organization under the religious law of their community.
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Persons who have performed exceptional service to the nation may naturalize without a residency period.
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583:. The rivalry with Italy continued until 1881, when France crossed into the country from neighboring
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3605:"Loi N° 71-12 du 9 mars 1971, modifiant les articles 63 et.65 du Code de la Nationalité Tunisienne"
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In 1922, Britain challenged France's ability to confer French nationality on its subjects with the
684:
3357:"Identité et transmission du lien national au Maghreb: étude comparée des codes de la nationalité"
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From the Khan's Oven: Studies on the History of Central Asian Religions in Honor of Devin DeWeese
3089:"Islamic Constitutionalism before Sovereignty: Two Defenses of the Tunisian Constitution of 1861"
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109:
3615:(in French). No. 5. Tunis, Tunisia: Government of Tunisia. 9 March 1971. pp. 240â241.
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and began its occupation under the guise of assisting the bey in quelling internal rebellion.
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persons may also lose their nationality for failure to complete military service in Tunisia.
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Persons born in Tunisia may opt for nationality without completing a residency requirement;
8:
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Children born in Tunisia who have a father and paternal grandfather also born in Tunisia;
132:
Nationality can be acquired in Tunisia at birth or later in life through naturalization.
2222:
534:
477:, protected persons). Signing treaties with European powers, from the 1673 signing of a
147:
Children born anywhere to a Tunisian father or mother acquire nationality automatically;
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465:, managed the affairs of their respective religious communities and developed into the
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Décret du 26 janvier 1956 portant promulgation du Code de la nationalité tunisienne,
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Décret-loi du 28 février 1963 portant refonte du Code de la nationalité tunisienne,
2484:(2). Paris: MinistĂšre des affaires sociales et de la solidaritĂ© nationale: 113â135.
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On 12 May 1881, a French protectorate was extended over Tunisia by the terms of the
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A History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco from the Arab Conquest to 1830
2770:
Julien, Charles-André (1970). Le Tourneau, Roger; Stewart, Charles Cameron (eds.).
2719:
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518:
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262:
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216:
3336:. African Historical Dictionaries. Vol. 45 (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland:
2586:"Algeria Part I: Provisions in Constitutions and Statutes Relating to Nationality"
418:, internal administrator and tax collector, and who consulted in governing with a
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3696:
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2723:
2476:[National Identities Put to the Test from Decolonization and Migration].
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101:
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88:
2620:"Tunis Part I: Provisions in Constitutions and Statutes Relating to Nationality"
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2747:
2474:"Les identités nationales à l'épreuve de la décolonisation et de la migration"
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2420:(4). London: British Institute of International and Comparative Law: 596â605.
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The earliest populations known in the territory of what is now Tunisia were
150:
Children born in Tunisia with unknown nationality or who would be otherwise
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253:
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3151:"Nationality on Trial: International Private Law across the Mediterranean"
2489:
2101:
664:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
292:
the Fatimid defeated the Zirid forces and restored the vassalage. In 1087
27:
5001:
4959:
3482:
3405:
714:
632:
612:
554:
379:
366:
to come to their aid. Between 1505 and 1510, Spain captured and occupied
330:
117:
113:
3498:
3460:
3221:
Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism
288:
The Zirid-Fatimid relationship broke in 1049, but with the help of Arab
3029:
2643:
2609:
485:
status to British and Dutch traders, as well as specific rights to the
403:
359:
46:
3521:
Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, Babuddin D. (2011).
3331:
2874:
2846:
2441:
2407:
2682:
761:
719:
688:
446:, could benefit from being subjects by agreeing to pay a tax to the
395:
249:
3410:"Nationality and Citizenship in a Changing European and World Order"
4969:
4935:
3665:
2926:
650:
343:
305:
266:
2041:
1929:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1753:
1726:
1453:
1451:
616:
584:
461:
By the eighteenth century a political organization, known as the
398:, military forces, were left in Tunis to assist in governance of
383:
289:
245:
161:
85:
2526:
Maarif Mektepleri Uluslararası Sosyal ve BeĆerĂź Bilimler Dergisi
2369:"Report on Citizenship: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA)"
232:
in most cases since 1975. Dual nationality is forbidden for the
3551:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
3542:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (November 2011).
1285:
1283:
1184:
510:
447:
293:
3573:
Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review (9 July 2012).
1900:
1448:
3246:
Citizenship in the Arab World: Kin, Religion and Nation-state
1917:
419:
411:
297:
1801:
1765:
1280:
509:
from prosecution and privileges of trade, including lowered
323:
215:) Terms of the Nationality Code provide that persons may be
2563:
782:
371:
301:
3165:Ăditions de l'Ăcole des Hautes Ă©tudes en sciences sociales
2718:
for the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association: 277â298.
1714:
1579:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1146:
382:, and made treaties for trading with other ports, such as
1876:
1690:
1618:
1567:
1555:
1492:
1490:
1307:
1249:
996:
574:
A gradual economic downturn fueled by the curtailment of
423:
415:
273:
routes in the area. The Aghlabids were overthrown by the
3065:(3rd ed.). Cape Town, South Africa: African Minds.
2212:
2210:
2017:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1888:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1825:
1813:
1789:
1777:
1743:
1741:
1702:
1608:
1606:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1385:
1319:
1295:
3544:
Compilation Report - Universal Periodic Review: Tunisia
3365:Ăditions l'Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2113:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2053:
1983:
1981:
1941:
1426:
1424:
1397:
1375:
1373:
1360:
1358:
1143:
1020:
984:
864:
862:
265:
consolidated rule over the territory which they called
3282:. In Tasar, Eren; Frank, Allen J.; Eden, Jeff (eds.).
2707:
Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association
2559:"FSU Eyes Candidates to Replace Thrasher as President"
2160:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
1993:
1487:
1237:
1201:
1095:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
936:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
903:
901:
835:
801:
799:
797:
394:
In 1574, with the defeat of the Hafsid dynasty, 4,000
2618:
Flournoy, Richard W. Jr.; Hudson, Manley O. (1929b).
2584:
Flournoy, Richard W. Jr.; Hudson, Manley O. (1929a).
2276:
2207:
2125:
1953:
1849:
1738:
1678:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1630:
1603:
1538:
1526:
1475:
1343:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1119:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
886:
709:. Also unclear was whether religious affiliation and
3440:(1976 reprint ed.). Cambridge, Cambridgeshire:
3416:. Turku, Finland: Turku Law School. pp. 30â60.
2237:
2195:
2172:
2029:
1978:
1837:
1436:
1421:
1409:
1370:
1355:
1172:
1107:
1083:
1008:
972:
859:
811:
442:(People of the Book), meaning Jewish, Christian, or
2979:
Annuaire International de Justice Constitutionnelle
2408:"How the Natives of Algeria Became French Citizens"
2256:
Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review 2012
2137:
2005:
1331:
1213:
960:
948:
913:
898:
794:
643:
2776:. Translated by Petrie, John. New York, New York:
2567:. Jacksonville, Florida. News Service of Florida.
2271:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 2011
1591:
1514:
1502:
1463:
1261:
1225:
1131:
1032:
874:
847:
823:
590:
2796:Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492â1763
342:, a plan was formulated to establish a series of
5076:
3603:
3520:
2824:The Ottoman State and Its Place in World History
2228:
1195:
358:to intervene. The emperor, busy trying to quell
140:Those who acquire nationality at birth include:
3437:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
2674:
2617:
2583:
2532:(2). Ankara, Turkey: Maarif Mektepleri: 14â24.
2047:
1935:
1911:
1457:
308:troops. The Normans were ousted in 1159 by the
722:should regulate applicable laws. In 1873, the
3681:
3527:. New Delhi, India: Vij Books India Pvt Ltd.
2799:(1st American ed.). New York, New York:
2675:Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr.; Boum, Aomar (2018).
2656:(3rd ed.). Haywards Heath, West Sussex:
127:
4828:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
3659:Journal officiel de la RĂ©publique tunisienne
3613:Journal Officiel de la RĂ©publique Tunisienne
3031:Citizenship in Africa: The Law of Belonging
2413:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
2305:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, Cambridgeshire:
389:
3688:
3674:
3461:"The Protégé System in the Ottoman Empire"
3101:International Institute of Islamic Thought
2702:"What Ottoman Nationality Was and Was Not"
26:
3372:
3108:
3093:The American Journal of Islam and Society
2298:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1759:
1325:
1301:
1289:
328:After Spain completed the centuries-long
324:Spanish and Ottoman conflicts (1492â1574)
2972:
2651:
2405:
2366:
1947:
990:
942:
892:
868:
817:
3329:
3304:
3242:
3217:
3148:
2166:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2059:
1972:
1858:
1747:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1561:
1549:
1496:
1391:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1089:
438:religion and non-Muslims, if they were
56:la loi no. 2010-55 du 1 décembre 2010)
5077:
3458:
3354:
2987:Presses universitaires d'Aix-Marseille
2817:
2769:
2699:
2556:
2519:
2323:
2154:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1597:
1585:
1573:
1481:
1442:
1430:
1415:
1403:
1379:
1364:
1349:
1337:
1313:
1255:
1077:
430:(1613â1705) which was followed by the
314:Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs
296:was occupied by Italian mariners from
197:
3669:
3404:
3273:from the original on 19 January 2022.
3086:
3052:
3024:
2896:
2844:
2792:
2681:(11th ed.). New York, New York:
2478:Revue française des affaires sociales
2471:
2393:from the original on 27 December 2021
2282:
2243:
2216:
2201:
2189:
2131:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1923:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1469:
1274:
1243:
1219:
1207:
1026:
1014:
1002:
978:
966:
954:
930:
907:
880:
853:
841:
829:
805:
788:
3695:
3622:from the original on 20 January 2022
3591:from the original on 22 January 2021
3430:
3277:
3156:Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales
2678:A Concise History of the Middle East
2350:10.1093/acref/9780195337709.001.0001
1231:
1137:
683:Will Hanley, a history professor at
248:. Though various empires, including
168:
3582:United Nations Human Rights Council
2851:Transactions of the Grotius Society
756:and the matter was referred to the
738:, a professor of French history at
223:
97:
13:
3355:Perrin, Delphine (November 2007).
3149:Marglin, Jessica M. (March 2018).
3082:from the original on 26 June 2021.
2654:Fransman's British Nationality Law
2110:, pp. 111, 118â119, 121, 125.
434:and remained in power until 1957.
14:
5106:
3643:Code de la nationalité tunisienne
3636:
2985:(2016). Aix-en-Provence, France:
2960:from the original on 23 July 2018
2544:from the original on 26 June 2021
2367:Albarazi, Zahra (November 2017).
106:Code de la nationalité tunisienne
5057:
5056:
3778:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3560:from the original on 2 July 2021
3333:Historical Dictionary of Tunisia
3243:Parolin, Gianluca Paolo (2009).
2847:"The Anglo-French Tunis Dispute"
2571:from the original on 14 May 2021
2472:Bruno, Anne-Sophie (June 2007).
2406:Bousquet, G. H. (October 1953).
644:Post-independence (1956âpresent)
4923:Birth aboard aircraft and ships
3580:(Report). Geneva, Switzerland:
3549:(Report). Geneva, Switzerland:
3163:(1) (English ed.). Paris:
2291:
746:
729:
694:
677:
591:French protectorate (1881â1956)
505:, and extend to these protégés
4760:Federated States of Micronesia
4124:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
3414:Law Under Exogenous Influences
2700:Hanley, Will (November 2016).
1196:Syed, Akhtar & Usmani 2011
758:International Court of Justice
724:Institute of International Law
1:
3224:. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire:
3087:March, Andrew F. (May 2020).
2973:Mahfoudh, Haykel Ben (2017).
2910:The Journal of Modern History
2822:. In Karpat, Kemal H. (ed.).
2384:European University Institute
771:
5095:Foreign relations of Tunisia
5041:British Overseas Territories
3330:Perkins, Kenneth J. (1997).
3305:Perkins, Kenneth J. (2004).
2740:10.2979/jottturstuass.3.2.05
2724:10.2979/jottturstuass.3.2.05
2557:Dailey, Ryan (14 May 2021).
2299:Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1975).
776:
539:Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856
304:, and in 1148, was taken by
164:, whose parents are unknown.
36:National Assembly of Tunisia
7:
4911:Renunciation of citizenship
3308:A History of Modern Tunisia
2919:University of Chicago Press
2714:(2). Bloomington, Indiana:
2048:Flournoy & Hudson 1929b
1936:Flournoy & Hudson 1929a
1912:Flournoy & Hudson 1929b
1458:Goldschmidt & Boum 2018
202:Tunisian nationals may not
135:
10:
5111:
3524:A Concise History of Islam
3466:Journal of Islamic Studies
3459:Sonyel, Salahi R. (1991).
3442:Cambridge University Press
3412:. In Suksi, Markku (ed.).
3313:Cambridge University Press
3254:Amsterdam University Press
3252:. Amsterdam, Netherlands:
3226:Cambridge University Press
3099:(1â2). Herndon, Virginia:
2307:Cambridge University Press
1735:, pp. 92â94, 108â109.
601:extraterritorial authority
239:
128:Acquisition of nationality
5036:
5010:
4952:
4893:
4846:
4747:
4637:
4464:
4457:
4226:
4151:
4008:
4001:
3710:
3703:
3650:Journal officiel tunisien
3110:10.35632/ajis.v37i1-2.609
3059:Citizenship Law in Africa
2818:Karpat, Kemal H. (1974).
2652:Fransman, Laurie (2011).
2426:10.1017/S0020589300100028
707:nationals who were abroad
414:(governor) assisted by a
228:Tunisian law has allowed
74:
64:
41:
34:
25:
21:Tunisian nationality code
20:
3758:Central African Republic
3374:10.4000/anneemaghreb.394
3363:(in French) (3). Paris:
2917:(4). Chicago, Illinois:
2716:Indiana University Press
2302:A History of the Maghrib
1926:, pp. 822, 826â827.
1762:, pp. 259, 265â267.
685:Florida State University
670:
450:. Under a pact known as
390:Ottoman rule (1574â1881)
4856:Commonwealth of Nations
3475:Oxford University Press
3286:. Leiden, Netherlands:
3218:Masters, Bruce (2004).
3213:(subscription required)
2845:Latey, William (1923).
2826:. Leiden, Netherlands:
2658:Bloomsbury Professional
2647:(subscription required)
2630:Oxford University Press
2613:(subscription required)
2596:Oxford University Press
2342:Oxford University Press
2340:. Oxford, Oxfordshire:
2324:Aguiar, Marian (2010).
791:, pp. 36, 45, 136.
605:Conventions of La Marsa
581:1878 Congress of Berlin
110:Constitution of Tunisia
4670:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3311:. New York, New York:
3208: â via
2995:10.3406/aijc.2017.2535
2642: â via
2628:. New York, New York:
2608: â via
2594:. New York, New York:
2520:Ăiftçi, Yusuf (2019).
2338:Encyclopedia of Africa
2330:Gates Jr., Henry Louis
551:equality under the law
546:
522:
474:
456:confessional community
212:
108:) is regulated by the
5053:Partially recognized.
3918:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3584:. Report A/HRC/21/5.
3278:Paul, JĂŒrgen (2021).
3173:10.1017/ahsse.2020.12
3036:Bloomsbury Publishing
2793:Kamen, Henry (2003).
2490:10.3917/rfas.072.0113
2334:Appiah, Kwame Anthony
98:Ù
ŰŹÙŰ© ۧÙŰŹÙŰłÙŰ© ۧÙŰȘÙÙŰłÙŰ©
69:Government of Tunisia
4992:Second-class citizen
4965:Multiple citizenship
4434:United Arab Emirates
4068:(Kingdom of Denmark)
2898:Lewis, Mary Dewhurst
2632:. pp. 293â297.
2598:. pp. 269â274.
1885:, pp. 797, 827.
1588:, pp. 277, 285.
1005:, pp. 105, 111.
483:most favoured nation
269:and established the
234:President of Tunisia
4982:Permanent residency
4901:Loss of citizenship
4876:Caribbean Community
4129:Trinidad and Tobago
4114:St. Kitts and Nevis
4016:Antigua and Barbuda
3575:UPR Report: Tunisia
2977:[Tunisia].
2234:, pp. 240â241.
2050:, pp. 294â295.
2026:, pp. 828â829.
1938:, pp. 270â271.
1897:, pp. 825â826.
1873:, pp. 794â795.
1834:, pp. 793â794.
1822:, pp. 791â792.
1810:, pp. 277â279.
1774:, pp. 269â271.
1723:, pp. 107â108.
1627:, pp. 277â278.
1576:, pp. 284â285.
1316:, pp. 304â305.
1292:, pp. 177â178.
1258:, pp. 275â276.
1169:, pp. xiii, 7.
507:diplomatic immunity
406:over the area, the
346:in ports along the
334:of taking back the
271:Trans-Saharan trade
198:Loss of nationality
78:Current legislation
4056:Dominican Republic
3483:10.1093/jis/2.1.56
3361:L'Année du Maghreb
3290:. pp. 51â76.
2778:Praeger Publishers
1699:, pp. 85, 91.
1564:, pp. 99â100.
1029:, pp. 74, 79.
844:, pp. 52, 56.
740:Harvard University
713:as an ideology of
487:Republic of Venice
5072:
5071:
5046:Open border with
4889:
4888:
4743:
4742:
4222:
4221:
4142:US Virgin Islands
4069:
3793:Equatorial Guinea
3652:, 27 janvier 1956
3534:978-93-82573-47-0
3432:Shaw, Stanford J.
3423:978-951-29-0284-2
3347:978-0-8108-3286-2
3297:978-90-04-47117-7
3263:978-90-8964-045-1
3235:978-0-521-00582-1
3072:978-1-928331-08-7
3045:978-1-5099-2078-5
2900:(December 2008).
2830:. pp. 1â14.
2692:978-0-429-97515-8
2667:978-1-84592-095-1
2359:978-0-19-533770-9
2002:, pp. 49â50.
1711:, pp. 92â93.
1406:, pp. 57â58.
1394:, pp. 61â62.
1246:, pp. 30â33.
1210:, pp. 30â31.
754:League of Nations
687:, notes that the
495:commercial agents
352:JerĂłnimo Vianello
336:Iberian Peninsula
316:, founder of the
310:Almohad Caliphate
275:Fatimid Caliphate
169:By naturalization
82:
81:
5102:
5060:
5059:
4906:Denaturalization
4795:Papua New Guinea
4780:Marshall Islands
4462:
4461:
4067:
4006:
4005:
3708:
3707:
3697:Nationality laws
3690:
3683:
3676:
3667:
3666:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3621:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3590:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3548:
3538:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3455:
3427:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3376:
3351:
3326:
3301:
3288:Brill Publishing
3274:
3272:
3251:
3239:
3214:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3112:
3083:
3081:
3064:
3049:
3021:
3019:
3017:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2906:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2841:
2828:Brill Publishers
2814:
2789:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2696:
2671:
2648:
2641:
2614:
2607:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2373:
2363:
2320:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2230:Journal Officiel
2226:
2220:
2214:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1976:
1970:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1536:
1535:, pp. 8â10.
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1368:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
911:
905:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
792:
786:
765:
750:
744:
733:
727:
698:
692:
681:
535:Edict of GĂŒlhane
432:Husainid dynasty
350:coast. In 1495,
263:Aghlabid Dynasty
230:dual nationality
224:Dual nationality
99:
30:
18:
17:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5085:Nationality law
5075:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5032:
5006:
4987:Right of return
4948:
4885:
4848:
4842:
4805:Solomon Islands
4739:
4705:Northern Cyprus
4700:North Macedonia
4633:
4468:
4453:
4218:
4147:
3997:
3699:
3694:
3639:
3634:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3608:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3577:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3546:
3535:
3511:
3509:
3452:
3424:
3395:
3393:
3348:
3338:Scarecrow Press
3323:
3298:
3270:
3264:
3249:
3236:
3212:
3201:
3199:
3139:
3137:
3079:
3073:
3062:
3046:
3015:
3013:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2904:
2887:
2885:
2859:Grotius Society
2838:
2811:
2760:
2758:
2693:
2668:
2646:
2612:
2574:
2572:
2547:
2545:
2510:
2508:
2462:
2460:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2380:Badia Fiesolana
2371:
2360:
2317:
2294:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2153:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1157:, p. xiii.
1153:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1104:, pp. 2â3.
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
977:
973:
965:
961:
953:
949:
941:
937:
929:
914:
906:
899:
891:
887:
879:
875:
867:
860:
852:
848:
840:
836:
828:
824:
816:
812:
808:, pp. 6â7.
804:
795:
787:
783:
779:
774:
769:
768:
751:
747:
734:
730:
699:
695:
682:
678:
673:
646:
621:Legion of Honor
597:Treaty of Bardo
593:
576:corsair raiding
547:Islùhat Fermùnı
527:resident aliens
511:customs tariffs
428:Muradid dynasty
402:. Establishing
400:Ottoman Tunisia
392:
360:Cem's rebellion
326:
242:
226:
200:
171:
138:
130:
89:nationality law
65:Enacted by
60:
57:
51:
50:
12:
11:
5:
5108:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5090:Law of Tunisia
5087:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5054:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4967:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4918:Naturalization
4915:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4871:Nordic Council
4868:
4863:
4861:European Union
4858:
4852:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4824:American Samoa
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4735:United Kingdom
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4638:Rest of Europe
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4504:Czech Republic
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4466:European Union
4459:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3983:Western Sahara
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3773:Congo Republic
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3654:
3645:
3638:
3637:External links
3635:
3633:
3632:
3601:
3570:
3539:
3533:
3518:
3456:
3450:
3428:
3422:
3402:
3352:
3346:
3327:
3321:
3302:
3296:
3275:
3262:
3240:
3234:
3215:
3210:Cambridge Core
3146:
3084:
3071:
3054:Manby, Bronwen
3050:
3044:
3026:Manby, Bronwen
3022:
2970:
2927:10.1086/591111
2894:
2842:
2836:
2820:"Introduction"
2815:
2809:
2790:
2767:
2697:
2691:
2672:
2666:
2649:
2615:
2581:
2554:
2517:
2469:
2403:
2364:
2358:
2321:
2315:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2285:, p. 106.
2275:
2260:
2248:
2236:
2221:
2219:, p. 381.
2206:
2194:
2171:
2159:
2136:
2134:, p. 115.
2124:
2122:, p. 125.
2112:
2100:
2098:, p. 118.
2088:
2086:, p. 110.
2076:
2074:, p. 107.
2064:
2062:, p. 105.
2052:
2040:
2038:, p. 828.
2028:
2016:
2004:
1992:
1990:, p. 827.
1977:
1952:
1950:, p. 602.
1940:
1928:
1916:
1914:, p. 293.
1899:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1848:
1846:, p. 794.
1836:
1824:
1812:
1808:Abun-Nasr 1975
1800:
1798:, p. 276.
1796:Abun-Nasr 1975
1788:
1786:, p. 271.
1784:Abun-Nasr 1975
1776:
1772:Abun-Nasr 1975
1764:
1760:Abun-Nasr 1975
1752:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1687:, p. 295.
1677:
1675:, p. 292.
1665:
1663:, p. 294.
1653:
1651:, p. 291.
1641:
1639:, p. 283.
1629:
1617:
1615:, p. 278.
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1537:
1525:
1513:
1501:
1499:, p. 105.
1486:
1484:, p. 284.
1474:
1462:
1460:, p. 165.
1447:
1435:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1369:
1354:
1352:, p. 280.
1342:
1330:
1328:, p. 180.
1326:Abun-Nasr 1975
1318:
1306:
1304:, p. 178.
1302:Abun-Nasr 1975
1294:
1290:Abun-Nasr 1975
1279:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1198:, p. 147.
1183:
1171:
1159:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1031:
1019:
1017:, p. 107.
1007:
995:
993:, p. 513.
983:
981:, p. 115.
971:
959:
947:
935:
912:
897:
885:
873:
858:
846:
834:
822:
810:
793:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
767:
766:
745:
728:
703:Nassim Shamama
693:
675:
674:
672:
669:
645:
642:
592:
589:
515:letters patent
491:Russian Empire
467:protégé system
391:
388:
356:Ottoman Empire
325:
322:
318:Hafsid dynasty
246:Berber peoples
241:
238:
225:
222:
199:
196:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
170:
167:
166:
165:
155:
148:
145:
137:
134:
129:
126:
80:
79:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
59:
58:
54:
44:
43:
42:
39:
38:
32:
31:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5107:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5065:
5064:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5048:Schengen Area
5045:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4997:Statelessness
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4929:Ius sanguinis
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4882:
4881:African Union
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4849:organizations
4847:International
4845:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4820:United States
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4564:Liechtenstein
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4471:Schengen Area
4467:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4134:United States
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3833:Guinea-Bissau
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3679:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3662:
3661:, 5 mars 1963
3660:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3618:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3571:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3519:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3473:(1). Oxford:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3451:0-521-21280-4
3447:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3322:0-521-81124-4
3318:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3216:
3211:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2981:(in French).
2980:
2976:
2971:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2837:90-04-03945-7
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2810:0-06-019476-6
2806:
2802:
2801:HarperCollins
2798:
2797:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2768:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2480:(in French).
2479:
2475:
2470:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2376:cadmus.eui.eu
2370:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2316:0-521-20703-7
2312:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2258:, p. 12.
2257:
2252:
2246:, p. 79.
2245:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2204:, p. 88.
2203:
2198:
2192:, p. 70.
2191:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2169:, p. xv.
2168:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2014:, p. 59.
2013:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1975:, p. 93.
1974:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1949:
1948:Bousquet 1953
1944:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1861:, p. 40.
1860:
1855:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1750:, p. 94.
1749:
1744:
1742:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1552:, p. 97.
1551:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1445:, p. 18.
1444:
1439:
1433:, p. 59.
1432:
1427:
1425:
1418:, p. 58.
1417:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1382:, p. 57.
1381:
1376:
1374:
1367:, p. 56.
1366:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1234:, p. 76.
1233:
1228:
1222:, p. 32.
1221:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1180:
1175:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1140:, p. 64.
1139:
1134:
1128:, p. 24.
1127:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1091:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1011:
1004:
999:
992:
991:Mahfoudh 2017
987:
980:
975:
969:, p. 68.
968:
963:
957:, p. 57.
956:
951:
945:, p. 13.
944:
943:Albarazi 2017
939:
933:, p. 95.
932:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
910:, p. 52.
909:
904:
902:
895:, p. 11.
894:
893:Albarazi 2017
889:
883:, p. 56.
882:
877:
870:
869:Albarazi 2017
865:
863:
856:, p. 48.
855:
850:
843:
838:
832:, p. 34.
831:
826:
819:
818:Fransman 2011
814:
807:
802:
800:
798:
790:
785:
781:
763:
759:
755:
749:
741:
737:
736:Mary D. Lewis
732:
725:
721:
716:
712:
711:religious law
708:
704:
697:
690:
686:
680:
676:
668:
665:
661:
660:Bronwen Manby
655:
652:
641:
638:
634:
628:
624:
622:
618:
614:
608:
606:
602:
598:
588:
586:
582:
577:
572:
569:
563:
559:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:Sublime Porte
405:
401:
397:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:Mers-el-Kebir
365:
362:, authorized
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:North African
345:
341:
337:
333:
332:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
283:Zirid dynasty
281:ruled by the
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
255:
251:
247:
237:
235:
231:
221:
218:
217:denaturalized
214:
210:
205:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
178:
176:
163:
159:
156:
153:
149:
146:
143:
142:
141:
133:
125:
123:
122:jus sanguinis
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
95:
91:
90:
87:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
53:
52:
49:
48:
40:
37:
33:
29:
24:
19:
16:
5062:
5028:Soviet Union
5023:Ancient Rome
5018:Nazi Germany
4944:Repatriation
4934:
4927:
4894:By procedure
4429:Turkmenistan
4384:Saudi Arabia
3972:
3948:South Africa
3933:Sierra Leone
3738:Burkina Faso
3704:By continent
3658:
3649:
3624:. Retrieved
3612:
3593:. Retrieved
3562:. Retrieved
3523:
3510:. Retrieved
3470:
3464:
3436:
3413:
3406:Rosas, Allan
3394:. Retrieved
3360:
3332:
3307:
3283:
3245:
3220:
3200:. Retrieved
3160:
3154:
3138:. Retrieved
3096:
3092:
3058:
3030:
3014:. Retrieved
2982:
2978:
2962:. Retrieved
2914:
2908:
2886:. Retrieved
2854:
2850:
2823:
2795:
2772:
2759:. Retrieved
2711:
2705:
2677:
2653:
2624:
2590:
2573:. Retrieved
2562:
2546:. Retrieved
2529:
2525:
2509:. Retrieved
2481:
2477:
2461:. Retrieved
2417:
2411:
2395:. Retrieved
2375:
2337:
2301:
2292:Bibliography
2278:
2273:, p. 3.
2251:
2239:
2229:
2224:
2197:
2167:Perkins 1997
2162:
2127:
2120:Perkins 2004
2115:
2108:Perkins 2004
2103:
2096:Perkins 2004
2091:
2084:Perkins 2004
2079:
2072:Perkins 2004
2067:
2060:Perkins 2004
2055:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1995:
1973:Parolin 2009
1943:
1931:
1919:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1859:Perkins 2004
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1748:Marglin 2018
1733:Marglin 2018
1728:
1721:Marglin 2018
1716:
1709:Marglin 2018
1704:
1697:Marglin 2018
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1562:Marglin 2018
1557:
1550:Marglin 2018
1528:
1523:, p. 7.
1516:
1511:, p. 6.
1504:
1497:Marglin 2018
1477:
1472:, p. 2.
1465:
1438:
1411:
1399:
1392:Masters 2004
1387:
1345:
1340:, p. 2.
1333:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1277:, p. 4.
1251:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1181:, p. 7.
1179:Perkins 1997
1174:
1167:Perkins 1997
1162:
1155:Perkins 1997
1133:
1126:Parolin 2009
1121:
1116:, p. 3.
1114:Perkins 1997
1109:
1102:Perkins 1997
1097:
1092:, p. 2.
1090:Perkins 1997
1085:
1022:
1010:
998:
986:
974:
962:
950:
938:
888:
876:
871:, p. 3.
849:
837:
825:
820:, p. 4.
813:
784:
748:
743:nationality.
731:
696:
679:
656:
647:
637:World War II
629:
625:
609:
594:
573:
564:
560:
531:
503:interpreters
479:Capitulation
466:
460:
451:
440:ahl al-KitÄb
439:
436:
410:appointed a
393:
329:
327:
287:
279:vassal state
243:
227:
201:
172:
139:
131:
105:
84:
83:
75:
45:
15:
5002:Travel visa
4960:Citizenship
4785:New Zealand
4629:Switzerland
4584:Netherlands
4394:South Korea
4374:Philippines
4354:North Korea
4234:Afghanistan
4138:Puerto Rico
4061:El Salvador
3953:South Sudan
3838:Ivory Coast
3367:: 479â497.
2989:: 501â515.
2921:: 791â830.
2155:Perrin 2007
1685:Hanley 2016
1673:Hanley 2016
1661:Hanley 2016
1649:Hanley 2016
1637:Hanley 2016
1625:Hanley 2016
1613:Hanley 2016
1598:Dailey 2021
1586:Hanley 2016
1574:Hanley 2016
1482:Hanley 2016
1443:Ăiftçi 2019
1431:Sonyel 1991
1416:Sonyel 1991
1404:Sonyel 1991
1380:Sonyel 1991
1365:Sonyel 1991
1350:Hanley 2016
1338:Karpat 1974
1314:Julien 1970
1256:Julien 1970
1078:Aguiar 2010
715:nationalism
633:Free French
613:World War I
555:due process
444:Zoroastrian
340:Muslim rule
331:reconquista
118:citizenship
114:nationality
5079:Categories
4715:San Marino
4695:Montenegro
4660:Azerbaijan
4574:Luxembourg
4439:Uzbekistan
4409:Tajikistan
4314:Kyrgyzstan
4309:Kazakhstan
4269:East Timor
4244:Bangladesh
4066:Greenland
4041:Costa Rica
3943:Somaliland
3928:Seychelles
3893:Mozambique
3878:Mauritania
3863:Madagascar
3818:The Gambia
3753:Cape Verde
3626:20 January
3595:20 January
3564:20 January
3507:4644014241
3396:20 January
3202:19 January
3189:8937961391
3167:: 81â113.
3140:19 January
3127:8592950801
3034:. Oxford:
3016:21 January
3011:7756907180
2964:20 January
2943:5556678628
2888:20 January
2883:5544674304
2857:. London:
2748:6883463202
2644:HeinOnline
2610:HeinOnline
2564:News 4 Jax
2511:20 January
2450:8271467775
2397:17 January
2283:Manby 2018
2244:Manby 2016
2217:Manby 2018
2202:Manby 2018
2190:Manby 2016
2132:Bruno 2007
2036:Lewis 2008
2024:Lewis 2008
2012:Latey 1923
2000:Latey 1923
1988:Lewis 2008
1924:Lewis 2008
1895:Lewis 2008
1883:Lewis 2008
1871:Lewis 2008
1844:Lewis 2008
1832:Lewis 2008
1820:Lewis 2008
1533:March 2020
1521:March 2020
1509:March 2020
1470:March 2020
1275:March 2020
1244:Kamen 2003
1220:Kamen 2003
1208:Kamen 2003
1027:Manby 2016
1015:Manby 2016
1003:Manby 2016
979:Manby 2016
967:Manby 2016
955:Manby 2016
931:Manby 2016
908:Manby 2016
881:Manby 2016
854:Manby 2016
842:Manby 2016
830:Rosas 1994
806:Manby 2016
789:Manby 2016
772:References
568:foundlings
475:beratlılar
404:suzerainty
364:sea ghazis
158:Foundlings
47:Long title
4953:By result
4755:Australia
4569:Lithuania
4399:Sri Lanka
4389:Singapore
4369:Palestine
4279:Indonesia
4214:Venezuela
4159:Argentina
4119:St. Lucia
4104:Nicaragua
4079:Guatemala
3883:Mauritius
3491:0955-2340
3477:: 56â66.
3391:949255423
3383:1952-8108
3197:232136307
3181:2398-5682
3135:234749310
3119:2690-3733
3003:0995-3817
2975:"Tunisie"
2951:154072074
2935:0022-2801
2867:1479-1234
2861:: 49â60.
2786:925664528
2756:157099264
2732:2376-0699
2683:Routledge
2638:875321407
2604:875321407
2538:2619-9300
2506:669849398
2498:0035-2985
2458:248996031
2434:0020-5893
2326:"Tunisia"
1232:Shaw 2000
1138:Paul 2021
777:Citations
762:The Hague
720:ethnicity
689:etymology
396:Janissary
344:presidios
258:Byzantium
250:Phoenicia
152:stateless
5063:Category
4975:Internal
4970:Passport
4936:Ius soli
4866:Mercosur
4775:Kiribati
4614:Slovenia
4609:Slovakia
4599:Portugal
4489:Bulgaria
4419:Thailand
4364:Pakistan
4339:Mongolia
4334:Malaysia
4259:Cambodia
4204:Suriname
4194:Paraguay
4179:Colombia
4089:Honduras
4051:Dominica
4026:Barbados
4002:Americas
3993:Zimbabwe
3963:Tanzania
3808:Ethiopia
3803:Eswatini
3783:Djibouti
3748:Cameroon
3733:Botswana
3617:Archived
3586:Archived
3555:Archived
3499:26195448
3434:(2000).
3408:(1994).
3268:Archived
3103:: 1â40.
3077:Archived
3056:(2016).
3028:(2018).
2955:Archived
2569:Archived
2542:Archived
2388:Archived
2336:(eds.).
651:republic
290:Bedouins
267:Ifriqiya
204:renounce
136:By birth
86:Tunisian
5011:Defunct
4838:Vanuatu
4748:Oceania
4730:Ukraine
4685:Moldova
4675:Georgia
4665:Belarus
4655:Andorra
4650:Armenia
4645:Albania
4604:Romania
4549:Ireland
4544:Iceland
4539:Hungary
4529:Germany
4519:Finland
4514:Estonia
4509:Denmark
4494:Croatia
4484:Belgium
4479:Austria
4444:Vietnam
4344:Myanmar
4329:Lebanon
4239:Bahrain
4209:Uruguay
4184:Ecuador
4164:Bolivia
4094:Jamaica
4074:Grenada
4021:Bahamas
3973:Tunisia
3938:Somalia
3923:Senegal
3908:Nigeria
3898:Namibia
3888:Morocco
3853:Liberia
3848:Lesotho
3798:Eritrea
3768:Comoros
3743:Burundi
3718:Algeria
3512:27 June
2761:26 June
2575:27 June
2548:26 June
2463:29 June
617:Morocco
585:Algeria
543:Turkish
519:Turkish
499:consuls
471:Turkish
384:Algiers
376:Tripoli
240:History
162:orphans
76:Status:
4815:Tuvalu
4725:Turkey
4720:Serbia
4710:Russia
4690:Monaco
4680:Kosovo
4624:Sweden
4594:Poland
4589:Norway
4559:Latvia
4534:Greece
4524:France
4499:Cyprus
4458:Europe
4424:Turkey
4414:Taiwan
4319:Kuwait
4304:Jordan
4294:Israel
4254:Brunei
4249:Bhutan
4189:Guyana
4169:Brazil
4109:Panama
4099:Mexico
4036:Canada
4031:Belize
3988:Zambia
3978:Uganda
3913:Rwanda
3868:Malawi
3828:Guinea
3723:Angola
3711:Africa
3531:
3505:
3497:
3489:
3448:
3420:
3389:
3381:
3344:
3319:
3294:
3260:
3232:
3195:
3187:
3179:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3069:
3042:
3009:
3001:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2881:
2875:742959
2873:
2865:
2834:
2807:
2784:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2689:
2664:
2636:
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