Citizenship - Knowledge

718: 1562:" is the philosophy that citizens should work towards the betterment of their community through economic participation, public, volunteer work, and other such efforts to improve life for all citizens. In this vein, citizenship education is taught in schools, as an academic subject in some countries. By the time children reach secondary education there is an emphasis on such unconventional subjects to be included in an academic curriculum. While the diagram on citizenship to the right is rather facile and depthless, it is simplified to explain the general model of citizenship that is taught to many secondary school pupils. The idea behind this model within education is to instill in young pupils that their actions (i.e. their 1355: 1196:. According to this viewpoint, citizens are sovereign, morally autonomous beings with duties to pay taxes, obey the law, engage in business transactions, and defend the nation if it comes under attack, but are essentially passive politically, and their primary focus is on economic betterment. This idea began to appear around the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and became stronger over time, according to one view. According to this formulation, the state exists for the benefit of citizens and has an obligation to respect and protect the rights of citizens, including civil rights and political rights. It was later that so-called social rights became part of the obligation for the state. 905: 866:, people transitioned from being subjects of a king or queen to being citizens of a city and later to a nation. Each city had its own law, courts, and independent administration. And being a citizen often meant being subject to the city's law in addition to having power in some instances to help choose officials. City dwellers who had fought alongside nobles in battles to defend their cities were no longer content with having a subordinate social status but demanded a greater role in the form of citizenship. Membership in 1245:. Another is a question about what is the proper balance between political citizenship versus social citizenship. Some thinkers see benefits with people being absent from public affairs, since too much participation such as revolution can be destructive, yet too little participation such as total apathy can be problematic as well. Citizenship can be seen as a special elite status, and it can also be seen as a democratizing force and something that everybody has; the concept can include both senses. According to 771:, civic participation in government, and notions that "no one citizen should have too much power for too long", but Rome offered relatively generous terms to its captives, including chances for lesser forms of citizenship. If Greek citizenship was an "emancipation from the world of things", the Roman sense increasingly reflected the fact that citizens could act upon material things as well as other citizens, in the sense of buying or selling property, possessions, titles, goods. One historian explained: 1252:, citizenship is based on the extent that a person can control one's own destiny within the group in the sense of being able to influence the government of the group. One last distinction within citizenship is the so-called consent descent distinction, and this issue addresses whether citizenship is a fundamental matter determined by a person choosing to belong to a particular nation––by their consent––or is citizenship a matter of where a person was born––that is, by their descent. 4160: 408: 1480: 5514: 498: 4148: 1153:

elements but they vary considerably as well. As a bond, citizenship extends beyond basic kinship ties to unite people of different genetic backgrounds. It usually signifies membership in a political body. It is often based on or was a result of, some form of military service or expectation of future service. It usually involves some form of political participation, but this can vary from token acts to active service in government.

1206:. Citizenship means being active in government affairs. According to one view, most people today live as citizens according to the liberal-individualist conception but wished they lived more according to the civic-republican ideal. An ideal citizen is one who exhibits "good civic behavior". Free citizens and a republic government are "mutually interrelated." Citizenship suggested a commitment to "duty and civic virtue". 767:, citizenship expanded from small-scale communities to the entirety of the empire. Romans realized that granting citizenship to people from all over the empire legitimized Roman rule over conquered areas. Roman citizenship was no longer a status of political agency, as it had been reduced to a judicial safeguard and the expression of rule and law. Rome carried forth Greek ideas of citizenship such as the principles of 749:

had a strong affinity with the polis; their own destiny and the destiny of the community were strongly linked. Also, citizens of the polis saw obligations to the community as an opportunity to be virtuous, it was a source of honor and respect. In Athens, citizens were both rulers and ruled, important political and judicial offices were rotated and all citizens had the right to speak and vote in the political assembly.

4174: 1145:. In this sense, citizenship was described as "a bundle of rights -- primarily, political participation in the life of the community, the right to vote, and the right to receive certain protection from the community, as well as obligations." Citizenship is seen by most scholars as culture-specific, in the sense that the meaning of the term varies considerably from culture to culture, and over time. In 483:

centuries, it was typical for only a certain percentage of people who belonged to the state to be considered as full citizens. In the past, a number of people were excluded from citizenship on the basis of sex, socioeconomic class, ethnicity, religion, and other factors. However, they held a legal relationship with their government akin to the modern concept of nationality.

1065:, the German variant of twentieth-century fascism, classified inhabitants of the country into three main hierarchical categories, each of which would have different rights in relation to the state: citizens, subjects, and aliens. The first category, citizens, were to possess full civic rights and responsibilities. Citizenship was conferred only on males of 1042:, so long as they were "engaged in work and to the working class." It recognized "the equal rights of all citizens, irrespective of their racial or national connections" and declared oppression of any minority group or race "to be contrary to the fundamental laws of the Republic." The 1918 constitution also established the right to vote and be elected to 1181:, and patterns for how a person should behave in society. When there are many different groups within a nation, citizenship may be the only real bond that unites everybody as equals without discrimination—it is a "broad bond" linking "a person with the state" and gives people a universal identity as a legal member of a specific nation. 610:(1992), Article 41, obligates citizens to promote the prestige and good name of Ghana and respect the symbols of Ghana. Examples of national symbols includes the Ghanaian flag, coat of arms, money, and state sword. These national symbols must be treated with respect and high esteem by citizens since they best represent Ghanaians. 874:, according to one account, since independent citizens meant that kings had less power. Citizenship became an idealized, almost abstract, concept, and did not signify a submissive relation with a lord or count, but rather indicated the bond between a person and the state in the rather abstract sense of having 1084:

The second category, subjects, referred to all others who were born within the nation's boundaries who did not fit the racial criteria for citizenship. Subjects would have no voting rights, could not hold any position within the state, and possessed none of the other rights and civic responsibilities

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class. A citizen came to be understood as a person "free to act by law, free to ask and expect the law's protection, a citizen of such and such a legal community, of such and such a legal standing in that community". Citizenship meant having rights to have possessions, immunities, expectations, which

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famously expressed: "To take no part in the running of the community's affairs is to be either a beast or a god!" This form of citizenship was based on the obligations of citizens towards the community, rather than rights given to the citizens of the community. This was not a problem because they all

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faith in order to receive citizenship. The United States grants citizenship to those born as a result of reproductive technologies, and internationally adopted children born after February 27, 1983. Some exclusions still persist for internationally adopted children born before February 27, 1983, even

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Scholars suggest that the concept of citizenship contains many unresolved issues, sometimes called tensions, existing within the relation, that continue to reflect uncertainty about what citizenship is supposed to mean. Some unresolved issues regarding citizenship include questions about what is the

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that the racial and gender restrictions for naturalization were explicitly abolished. However, the act still contained restrictions regarding who was eligible for US citizenship and retained a national quota system which limited the number of visas given to immigrants based on their national origin,

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meant both the political assembly of the city-state as well as the entire society. Citizenship concept has generally been identified as a western phenomenon. There is a general view that citizenship in ancient times was a simpler relation than modern forms of citizenship, although this view has come

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It can be argued that this growth of slavery was what made Greeks particularly conscious of the value of freedom. After all, any Greek farmer might fall into debt and therefore might become a slave, at almost any time ... When the Greeks fought together, they fought in order to avoid being enslaved

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made reforms in the early Athenian state. Citizenship was also contingent on a variety of biopolitical assemblages, such as the bioethics of emerging Theo-Philosophical traditions. It was necessary to fit Aristotle's definition of the besouled (the animate) to obtain citizenship: neither the sacred

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Every citizen has obligations that are required by law and some responsibilities that benefit the community. Obeying the laws of a country and paying taxes are some of the obligations required of citizens by law. Voting and community services form part of responsibilities of a citizen that benefits

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It generally describes a person with legal rights within a given political order. It almost always has an element of exclusion, meaning that some people are not citizens and that this distinction can sometimes be very important, or not important, depending on a particular society. Citizenship as a

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times, in small-scale organic communities of the polis. The obligations of citizenship were deeply connected to one's everyday life in the polis. These small-scale organic communities were generally seen as a new development in world history, in contrast to the established ancient civilizations of

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or otherwise, which permit citizens to participate in the political life of that entity or to enjoy benefits provided by the government of that entity. But in such cases, those eligible are also sometimes seen as "citizens" of the relevant state, province, or region. An example of this is how the

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established certain minimal rights for European Union citizens. Article 12 of the amended EC Treaty guaranteed a general right of non-discrimination within the scope of the Treaty. Article 18 provided a limited right to free movement and residence in the Member States other than that of which the

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How citizenship is understood depends on the person making the determination. The relation of citizenship has never been fixed or static, but constantly changes within each society. While citizenship has varied considerably throughout history, and within societies over time, there are some common

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The person was defined and represented through his actions upon things; in the course of time, the term property came to mean, first, the defining characteristic of a human or other being; second, the relation which a person had with a thing; and third, the thing defined as the possession of some

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or Persia, or the hunter-gatherer bands elsewhere. From the viewpoint of the ancient Greeks, a person's public life could not be separated from their private life, and Greeks did not distinguish between the two worlds according to the modern western conception. The obligations of citizenship were

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The civic-republican or sometimes classical or civic humanist conception of citizenship emphasizes man's political nature and sees citizenship as an active process, not a passive state or legal marker. It is relatively more concerned that government will interfere with popular places to practice

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was excluded from the Commonwealth in 1949 because it declared itself a republic, Ireland is generally treated as if it were still a member. Legislation often specifically provides for equal treatment between Commonwealth countries and Ireland and refers to "Commonwealth countries and Ireland".

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Today the terms citizenship and nationality both refer to the national state. In a technical legal sense, while essentially the same concept, each term reflects a different legal framework. Both identify the legal status of an individual in terms of state membership. But citizenship is largely

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Historically, the most significant difference between a national and a citizen is that the citizen has the right to vote for elected officials, and the right to be elected. This distinction between full citizenship and other, lesser relationships goes back to antiquity. Until the 19th and 20th

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have extended the concept and terminology associated with citizenship to the international level, where it is applied to the totality of the citizens of their constituent countries combined. Citizenship at this level is a secondary concept, with rights deriving from national citizenship.

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and may impose their own obligations including the sovereign right of taxation and military service; each state maintains at least one military force subject to national militia transfer service, the state's national guard, and some states maintain a second military force not subject to

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under scrutiny. The relation of citizenship has not been a fixed or static relation but constantly changed within each society, and that according to one view, citizenship might "really have worked" only at select periods during certain times, such as when the Athenian politician

926:, the first law in U.S. history to establish rules for citizenship and naturalization, barred citizenship to all people who were not of European descent, stating that "any alien being a free white person, who shall have resided within the limits and under the jurisdiction of the 890:. Modern citizenship is much more passive; action is delegated to others; citizenship is often a constraint on acting, not an impetus to act. Nevertheless, citizens are usually aware of their obligations to authorities and are aware that these bonds often limit what they can do. 1690:

argued that "citizenship in Western liberal democracies is the modern equivalent of feudal privilege—an inherited status that greatly enhances one's life chances. Like feudal birthright privileges, restrictive citizenship is hard to justify when one thinks about it closely".

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were "available in many kinds and degrees, available or unavailable to many kinds of person for many kinds of reason". The law itself was a kind of bond uniting people. Roman citizenship was more impersonal, universal, multiform, having different degrees and applications.

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Violaine Hacker, "Citoyenneté culturelle et politique européenne des médias : entre compétitivité et promotion des valeurs", NATIONS, CULTURES ET ENTREPRISES EN EUROPE, sous la direction de Gilles Rouet, Collection Local et Global, L'Harmattan, Paris, pp.

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Excluded categories. In most countries, minors are not considered as full citizens. In the past, there have been exclusions on entitlement to citizenship on grounds such as skin color, ethnicity, sex, land ownership status, and free status (not being a

3451: 997:(1923), would later clarify the meaning of the phrase "free white persons," ruling that ethnically Japanese, Indian, and other non-European people were not "white persons", and were therefore ineligible for naturalization under U.S. law. 830:

denoted political affiliation and identity in relation to a particular locality, as well as membership in a mercantile or trading class; thus, individuals of respectable means and socioeconomic status were interchangeable with citizens.

954:, ratified on July 9, 1868, stated that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside." Two years later, the 1641:

schools, but is a cross-curricular strand of the Curriculum for Excellence. However they do teach a subject called "Modern Studies" which covers the social, political and economic study of local, national and international

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as an exam subject for the Junior Certificate. It is known as Civic, Social and Political Education (CSPE). A new Leaving Certificate exam subject with the working title 'Politics & Society' is being developed by the

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Apart from responsibilities, citizens also have rights. Some of the rights are the right to pursue life, liberty and happiness, the right to worship, right to run for elected office and right to express oneself.

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Conceptually citizenship and nationality are different dimensions of state membership. Citizenship is focused on the internal political life of the state and nationality is the dimension of state membership in

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Citizenship of the Union is hereby established. Every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall be additional to and not replace national

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Slavery permitted slave-owners to have substantial free time and enabled participation in public life. Polis citizenship was marked by exclusivity. Inequality of status was widespread; citizens (πολίτης

1366:. As with the EU, one holds Commonwealth citizenship only by being a citizen of a Commonwealth member state. This form of citizenship offers certain privileges within some Commonwealth countries: 721:

Geoffrey Hosking suggests that fear of being enslaved was a central motivating force for the development of the Greek sense of citizenship. Sculpture: a Greek woman being served by a slave-child.

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conferred on citizens. All women were to be conferred "subject" status upon birth, and could only obtain "citizen" status if they worked independently or if they married a German citizen (see

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to reflect a status under law rather than to indicate an individual orientation but has argued that the attribution on the part of the cxitizen to the state has increasingly become intended.

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for both men and women "irrespective of religion, nationality, domicile, etc. who shall have completed their eighteenth year by the day of the election." The later constitutions of the

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The modern idea of citizenship still respects the idea of political participation, but it is usually done through "elaborate systems of political representation at a distance" such as

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states that everyone has the right to nationality. As such nationality in international law can be called and understood as citizenship, or more generally as subject or belonging to a

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of citizens of other Commonwealth countries or allow some Commonwealth citizens to stay in the country for tourism purposes without a visa for longer than citizens of other countries.

1445:, automatically conferred upon most individuals born in Canada, with some exceptions, and defined the conditions under which one could become a naturalized citizen. The concept of 987: 1004:

in 1924. However, even well into the 1960s, some state laws prevented Native Americans from exercising their full rights as citizens, such as the right to vote. In 1962,

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and the UK's relations with the wider world, students participate in active citizenship, often involving a social action or social enterprise in their local community.

660:, although others see it as primarily a modern phenomenon dating back only a few hundred years and, for humanity, that the concept of citizenship arose with the first 1888: 3565: 2283: 1462: 2406:. Chapter 5 -- David Burchell -- Ancient Citizenship and its Inheritors; Chapter 6 -- Rogers M. Smith -- Modern Citizenship. London: Sage. pp. 89–104, 105. 914:

case at the Supreme Court of the United States, commissioned by a "group of Negro citizens" and presented to the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, in 1888

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concept is generally hard to isolate intellectually and compare with related political notions since it relates to many other aspects of society such as the

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by warfare, to avoid being defeated by those who might take them into slavery. And they also arranged their political institutions so as to remain free men.

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to be fixed "at a rate of one-sixth of one percent of each nationality's population in the United States in 1920". It was not until the passage of the

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In 2021, the German government passed a law that entitled victims of Nazi persecution and their descendants to become naturalised German citizens.

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Many theorists suggest that there are two opposing conceptions of citizenship: an economic one, and a political one. For further information, see

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was an indirect form of citizenship in that it helped their members succeed financially. The rise of citizenship was linked to the rise of

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explicitly denied naturalization rights to all people of Chinese origin, while subsequent acts passed by the US Congress, such as laws in

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confined to the national dimension, while nationality refers to the international legal dimension in the context of an interstate system.

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Umpierrez de Reguero, Sebastián; Finn, Victoria (2 July 2024). "Migrants' intention to vote in two countries, one country, or neither".

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system in which people are assigned dramatically different opportunities based on the accident of birth. It is also criticized by some

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The liberal-individualist or sometimes liberal conception of citizenship suggests that citizens should have entitlements necessary for

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Nationality. Nationality and citizenship are generally indissociable, citizenship being in most cases a consequence of nationality.

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would extend the right to become a naturalized citizen to include "aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent".

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In the United Kingdom, all Commonwealth citizens legally residing in the country can vote and stand for office at all elections.

6554: 5290: 4621: 4267: 3140: 3039:"Citizenship and Nationality in Democratic Systems: Approaches to Defining and Acquiring Membership in the Political Community" 1138: 1130: 1149:, for example, there is a cultural politics of citizenship which could be called "peopleship", argued by an academic article. 6542: 5285: 4046: 4018: 3999: 3925: 3906: 3862: 3839: 3812:

Beaven, Brad, and John Griffiths. "Creating the Exemplary Citizen: The Changing Notion of Citizenship in Britain 1870–1939,"

3791: 3767: 3622: 3601: 3184: 3150: 3093: 2655: 2569: 2514: 2484: 2411: 2344: 2207: 2081: 2035: 1995: 1846: 962: 458: 355:, while citizenship was a particular status which originated in the rights of urban populations, like the rights of the male 262: 4221: 2172: 2087: 2041: 5295: 2748: 2509:. chapters by Veronica Strong-Boag, Yvonne Hebert, Lori Wilkinson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 3, 4, 5. 1951: 1081:, and because of this law Jews and others who could not "prove German racial heritage" were stripped of their citizenship. 717: 3674: 1896: 1487:

Citizenship most usually relates to membership of the nation-state, but the term can also apply at the subnational level.

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The United States has a federal system in which a person is a citizen of their specific state of residence, such as

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used racial criteria to establish citizenship rights and regulate who was eligible to become a naturalized citizen.

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Under early U.S. laws, African Americans were not eligible for citizenship. In 1857, these laws were upheld in the

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must take note of in the interest of a common good. These responsibilities can be categorised into personal and

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deeply connected with everyday life. To be truly human, one had to be an active citizen to the community, which

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Canada departed from the principle of nationality being defined in terms of allegiance in 1921. In 1935 the

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in concord with the principles of non-discrimination laid out in the original 1918 constitution of Russia.

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The final category, aliens, referred to those who were citizens of another state, who also had no rights.

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Ochoa Espejo, Paulina (2018). "Why borders do matter morally: The role of place in immigrants' rights".

3338: 3082:. In Cairns, Alan C.; Courtney, John C.; MacKinnon, Peter; Michelmann, Hans J.; Smith, David E. (eds.). 2840: 1020:

that these immigration quota systems were drastically altered in favor of a less discriminatory system.

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The concept of "Commonwealth Citizenship" has been in place ever since the establishment of the

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European Union citizen is a national. Articles 18-21 and 225 provide certain political rights.

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Citizenship, and ethnicity: the growth and development of a democratic multiethnic institution

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Today, the concept of full citizenship encompasses not only active political rights, but full

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Culture, Citizenship, and Community: A Contextual Exploration of Justice as Evenhandedness

8: 7441: 7353: 7233: 7203: 7123: 6649: 6589: 5910: 5830: 4875: 4680: 4655: 4635: 4539: 3533:"Ending the passport apartheid. The alternative to citizenship is no citizenship—A reply" 1745: 1725: 1705: 1575: 1412: 1392:) is granted, except for certain specific positions, such as in the defense departments, 580:). Most of these exclusions no longer apply in most places. Modern examples include some 320: 216: 206: 144: 127: 6397: 588:

is known for granting citizenship to foreign athletes, but they all have to profess the

7365: 7360: 7343: 7338: 6807: 6315: 6252: 5032: 5014: 5009: 4997: 4831: 4650: 4630: 4600: 4382: 4354: 4086: 4078: 3758:. Chapter 2 -- The Ideal of Citizenship since Classical Times (originally published in 3719: 3112:

Xiao, Y (2013). "China's peopleship education: Conceptual issues and policy analysis".

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The concept of 'citizenship' has long acquired the connotation of a bundle of rights...

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in local and national elections and in some cases even the right to stand for election.

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Citizenship in Transnational Perspective: Australia, Canada, and Aotearoa New Zealand

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Imagining the People: Chinese Intellectuals and the Concept of Citizenship, 1890-1920

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citizens of other Commonwealth countries are entitled to political rights, e.g., the

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Citizenship is a compulsory subject of the National Curriculum in state schools in

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for all pupils aged 11–16. Some schools offer a qualification in this subject at

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in any of the Member States which predate the introduction of Union citizenship.

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Genealogies of Citizenship: Markets, Statelessness, and the Right to Have Rights

3236: 7380: 7288: 7278: 7007: 6882: 6867: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6777: 6752: 6707: 6687: 6549: 6520: 6495: 6450: 6430: 6392: 6347: 6227: 6217: 6074: 5905: 5718: 5183: 5127: 4966: 4923: 4851: 4595: 4566: 4491: 4445: 4387: 4344: 3653: 3055: 3038: 2476: 1596: 1583:(NCCA) and is expected to be introduced to the curriculum sometime after 2012. 1417: 1401: 1222: 1184:

Modern citizenship has often been looked at as two competing underlying ideas:

1000:

Native Americans were not granted full US citizenship until the passage of the

850:), though political upheavals and reforms, beginning most prominently with the 735: 695: 657: 581: 392: 332: 316: 201: 117: 49: 4228: 3964: 3821: 3263: 2259: 7425: 7313: 7143: 7053: 7002: 6972: 6962: 6892: 6887: 6877: 6737: 6727: 6717: 6692: 6559: 6537: 6455: 6362: 6335: 6320: 6262: 5945: 5024: 4821: 4610: 4480: 4470: 4428: 4402: 4397: 4334: 4294: 3894: 3827: 3684: 2244: 1968: 1687: 1428: 1389: 1382: 1203: 1189: 1111: 927: 871: 819: 572:. This type of citizenship is conferred to an individual as a sign of honour. 477: 466: 100: 75: 62: 3514: 3085:

Citizenship, Diversity, and Pluralism: Canadian and Comparative Perspectives

7293: 6977: 6967: 6957: 6822: 6817: 6757: 6732: 6702: 6697: 6604: 6599: 6445: 6325: 6059: 5995: 5865: 5855: 5850: 5769: 5759: 5703: 5593: 5057: 4984: 4763: 4753: 4672: 4422: 4329: 4279: 3596:. Chapter 3. Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota. pp. 43–49. 3549: 3532: 1837:. Elgar Studies in Legal Theory. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. pp. 1828: 1769: 1715: 1710: 1663: 1604: 1536: 1047: 764: 473: 465:, and not as ethnicity. This notwithstanding, around 10 million people are 376: 29: 3946: 3723: 930:

for the term of two years, maybe admitted to becoming a citizen thereof."

854:, abolished privileges and created an egalitarian concept of citizenship. 734:). The first form of citizenship was based on the way people lived in the 677:

An essential part of the framework of Greco-Roman ethics is the figure of

6992: 6987: 6922: 6917: 6767: 6639: 6594: 6584: 6377: 6372: 6310: 6247: 6030: 6005: 5930: 5890: 5860: 5835: 5815: 5794: 5774: 5754: 5744: 5713: 5221: 5052: 5042: 4992: 4974: 4885: 4846: 4640: 4534: 3801: 3211:. United States and Canada: Routledge. pp. 476 pages total, source: 3125: 1730: 1679: 1497: 1479: 1458: 863: 847: 827: 807: 384: 327:

in the polity, as well as identify with the polity, possibly acquiring a

305: 293: 179: 174: 165: 86: 4159: 3676:

Making Foreigners: Immigration and Citizenship Law in America, 1600-2000

2822: 407: 7375: 7183: 7083: 6932: 6852: 6624: 6515: 6357: 6300: 6277: 6242: 6191: 6181: 6149: 6094: 5920: 5900: 5825: 5789: 5693: 5678: 5603: 5528: 5067: 4407: 4082: 2877:"The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (The McCarran-Walter Act)" 1528: 1005: 679: 653: 522: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 348: 196: 40: 3992:

Stories of Peoplehood: The Politics and Morals of Political Membership

3762:

99, no. 1). Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota. p. 31.

3405: 7073: 7012: 6569: 6212: 6139: 6124: 6045: 5965: 5960: 5885: 5840: 5820: 5799: 5784: 5764: 5749: 5613: 5573: 5113: 5108: 5075: 5047: 4935: 4930: 4866: 4841: 4788: 4702: 4417: 4349: 4106:(Fall 2023 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Standford University. 4030:

Limits of Citizenship. Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe

3452:"Personal and Social Education Framework: Key Stages 1 to 4 in Wales" 3145:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. xi, xii, xiii, 4. 1675: 1600: 1307: 1246: 1178: 745: 4196: 3265:"The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy" 2995:"The Nuremberg Laws: The Reich Citizenship Law (September 15, 1935)" 2475:. Lecture 3: Ancient Greece. United Kingdom: The Modern Scholar via 1539:

may grant certain rights above and beyond what is granted under the

497: 7348: 6927: 6664: 6257: 6222: 6196: 6176: 6129: 5940: 5895: 5779: 5683: 5673: 5638: 5608: 5122: 5094: 5080: 4947: 4913: 4871: 4856: 4816: 4561: 4074: 3408:. British Government, Department for Children, Schools and Families 1638: 1563: 1454: 1388:

In some instances the right to work in any position (including the

1333: 1170: 1117: 843: 835: 364: 352: 328: 324: 122: 69: 3784:

The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy

3631:

Lawrance, Benjamin N.; Stevens, Jacqueline, eds. (February 2017).

1509: 1416:

Ireland's citizens are not classified as foreign nationals in the

7385: 7298: 6186: 6154: 6144: 5915: 5875: 5708: 5633: 5618: 5598: 5118: 5103: 5099: 4861: 4811: 4803: 4793: 4697: 4685: 4544: 4440: 4434: 4147: 3634:

Citizenship in Question: Evidentiary Birthright and Statelessness

3611:

Zarrow, Peter (1997), Fogel, Joshua A.; Zarrow, Peter G. (eds.),

3480: 2650:. United States and Canada: Routledge. pp. 476 pages total. 1740: 1620: 1612: 1513: 1226: 1066: 1038:

granted citizenship to any foreigners who were living within the

961:

Despite the gains made by African Americans after the Civil War,

589: 372: 221: 3205:

Oldfield, Adrian (1994). Turner, Bryan; Hamilton, Peter (eds.).

1649:

and most other schools in some forms from year 8 to 10 prior to

1512:

where the residents enjoy special provincial citizenship within

1050:

would grant universal Soviet citizenship to the citizens of all

810:, citizenship was usually associated with cities and towns (see 6134: 5935: 5723: 5698: 5688: 5658: 5643: 5090: 4903: 4836: 4776: 4771: 4578: 4245: 4173: 1671: 1242: 1238: 1174: 1158: 1142: 1062: 875: 789:

Roman citizenship reflected a struggle between the upper-class

388: 356: 315:

Generally citizenships have no expiration and allow persons to

33: 3899:

Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights

3705:

The Citizen and the Alien: Dilemmas of Contemporary Membership

3014:"Restoration of German citizenship (Article 116 II Basic Law)" 1919:

Nationality and Statelessness: A Handbook for Parliamentarians

793:

interests against the lower-order working groups known as the

550:

A person can be recognized as a citizen on a number of bases.

6164: 5653: 5588: 4898: 4826: 4377: 3871: 2644:

Taylor, David (1994). Turner, Bryan; Hamilton, Peter (eds.).

1926: 1667: 1650: 1627: 1483:

Diagram of relationship between; Citizens, Politicians + Laws

1358:

Citizenship ceremony on beach near Cooktown, Queensland. 2012

1146: 1070: 867: 794: 740: 731: 670: 652:, point to the concept of citizenship beginning in the early 631: 585: 577: 368: 2339:. Meridian: Crossing Aesthetics. Stanford University Press. 1952:"International Migration Law No. 34 - Glossary on Migration" 1834:

Allegiance, Citizenship and the Law: The Enigma of Belonging

563:

citizens residing outside of country of citizenship can vote

6159: 5583: 4908: 4450: 1645:

Citizenship is taught as a standalone subject in all state

1616: 814:), and applied mainly to middle-class folk. Titles such as 360: 4102:. In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri; et al. (eds.). 3938:

Citizenship in Dalit and Indigenous Australian Literatures

3708:. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. 2064:"17. Towards Post-National and Denationalized Citizenship" 2018:"17. Towards Post-National and Denationalized Citizenship" 1023: 5728: 5623: 4197:

The Life in the UK Citizenship Test Report by Thom Brooks

3429:. Welsh Assembly Government. 15 June 2003. Archived from 2803:. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. 1868 2562:

Epochs of European Civilization: Antiquity to Renaissance

2473:

Epochs of European Civilization: Antiquity to Renaissance

1984:"Citizenship and Nationality: Terms, Concepts and Rights" 1427:

was the first to introduce its own citizenship. However,

661: 2222: 2146: 2144: 2142: 1463:

British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948

950:

that African Americans were granted citizenship rights.

946:

It was not until the abolition of slavery following the

3737:. MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series. The MIT Press. 3295:"Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union" 2622: 2620: 2607: 2605: 1566:) affect collective citizenship and thus in turn them. 1008:

became the last state to enfranchise Native Americans.

3527: 2691: 2669: 2667: 908:

Portrait of Dred Scott, the plaintiff in the infamous

3215:, 1990 vol.61, pp. 177–187, in the book, pages 188+. 2139: 1316:

rights to move in order to exercise economic activity

2617: 2602: 2590: 2578: 2523: 2360: 2332: 640:

in his work extending the biopolitical framework of

584:

which rarely grant citizenship to non-Muslims, e.g.

2703: 2679: 2664: 2372: 2112: 2110: 2108: 1867:

Manual for Human Rights Education with Young people

1637:Citizenship is not taught as a discrete subject in 1079:

racial criteria for citizenship in the German Reich

3877:The Human Right to Citizenship: A Slippery Concept 3850: 3778: 2797:"Constitution of the United States: Amendment XIV" 2284:"ROLES, RIGHTS & RESPONSIBILITIES OF CITIZENS" 1798: 1796: 1221:Responsibility is an action that individuals of a 3679:. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. 3088:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 247–264. 1109:The primary principles of Israeli citizenship is 698:arose from an appreciation for the importance of 7423: 3752:Pocock, J. G. A. (1998). Shafir, Gershon (ed.). 2225:Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 2105: 597: 3630: 2400:Isin, Engin F.; Turner, Bryan S., eds. (2002). 1793: 593:though their parents meet citizenship criteria. 3826: 3200: 3198: 3196: 2161:. Berlin: De Gruyter Recht. pp. 547–548. 2066:. In Isin, Engin F.; Turner, Bryan S. (eds.). 2020:. In Isin, Engin F.; Turner, Bryan S. (eds.). 1603:, parliament, government, the justice system, 1581:National Council for Curriculum and Assessment 1500:citizenship is a citizenship of an individual 19:"Citizen" redirects here. For other uses, see 5544: 4261: 3974:Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays 1508:and of the Confederation. Another example is 694:lecture course suggested that citizenship in 674:olive tree nor spring would have any rights. 263: 6050: 5165: 4945: 3800: 3500: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2122:International Justice Resource Center (IJRC) 1666:advocates, who argue that it functions as a 1662:The concept of citizenship is criticized by 1121:(citizenship by place of birth) for others. 1040:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 446:Nationality § Nationality versus citizenship 5986: 3537:International Journal of Constitutional Law 3454:. Welsh Assembly Government. Archived from 3193: 2847:. University of Washington-Bothell Library. 2466: 2464: 2462: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 1370:Some such countries do not require tourist 1192:. It assumes people act for the purpose of 952:The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 918:From 1790 until the mid-twentieth century, 292:Though citizenship is often conflated with 5551: 5537: 4268: 4254: 3593:Citizenship in Ancient and Medieval Cities 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3080:"Citizenship. Human rights, and Diversity" 3030: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2498: 2496: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2399: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 1895:. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from 1593:General Certificate of Secondary Education 270: 256: 3934: 3806:Becoming British: UK Citizenship Examined 3548: 3054: 2548: 2336:Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life 2202:(in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. 2150: 1036:1918 constitution of revolutionary Russia 538:Learn how and when to remove this message 5558: 5153: 4098:Leydet, Dominique (September 5, 2023) . 3971: 3893: 3730: 3652:Mann, Jatinder, ed. (October 12, 2023). 3204: 3071: 2459: 2308:"Know your duties as a citizen of Ghana" 2257: 2158:European Fundamental Rights and Freedoms 1960:International Organization for Migration 1478: 1353: 903: 716: 7134:Reflections on the Revolution in France 3731:Kochenov, Dimitry (November 12, 2019). 3701: 3617:, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, p. 3, 3289: 3287: 3159: 3132: 2970:"1936 Constitution of the USSR, Part I" 2945:"1936 Constitution of the USSR, Part I" 2632: 2559: 2506:Citizenship in transformation in Canada 2493: 2470: 2420: 2384: 2333:Agamben, G.; Heller-Roazen, D. (1998). 2312:National Commission for Civic Education 2260:"TYPES OF CITIZENSHIP — Civic Keypoint" 1447:Commonwealth citizenship was introduced 1336:is granted to eligible citizens of the 1024:Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics 1018:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 1013:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 557:Place of residence. In some countries, 308:, these two notions being conceptually 7424: 4097: 4036: 4027: 4008: 3848: 3751: 3672: 3610: 3172: 3043:International Political Science Review 3036: 2709: 2643: 2626: 2611: 2596: 2584: 2529: 2502: 2453: 2378: 2366: 2153:"Part V: Citizenship Rights in Europe" 2061: 2015: 1827: 1802: 1599:. As well as teaching knowledge about 1569: 1504:, from which follows citizenship of a 1115:(citizenship by descent) for Jews and 487: 5532: 5152: 4509: 4249: 4055: 3989: 3702:Bosniak, Linda (September 28, 2023). 3673:Parker, Kunal M. (5 September 2015). 3589: 3563: 3138: 3077: 2920:"Article 4 (R.S.F.S.R. Constitution)" 2895:"Article 2 (R.S.F.S.R. Constitution)" 2777:. Cornell University Law School. 1857 2697: 2685: 2673: 2195: 2191: 2189: 1981: 1776:came to be employed as a synonym for 1595:(GCSE) course in many schools in the 1306:An agreement is known as the amended 459:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 3980: 3915: 3651: 3398: 3284: 3111: 2216: 1889:"Nationality, ethnicity in Slovakia" 1338:Southern Common Market member states 1011:It was not until the passage of the 520:adding citations to reliable sources 491: 402: 285:is a membership and allegiance to a 7244:The End of History and the Last Man 7154:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 4213:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4104:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3875:; Walton-Roberts, Margaret (2015). 1886: 1809:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1314:Union citizens have also extensive 1124: 296:in today's English-speaking world, 13: 4511: 4510: 4201: 3583: 3570:Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 2251: 2186: 14: 7458: 4111: 3114:Citizenship Teaching and Learning 2845:US Immigration Legislation Online 1990:, Brill Nijhoff, pp. 11–57, 1982:Rütte, Barbara von (2022-12-19), 1586: 1291:citizenship of the European Union 1281:Citizenship of the European Union 1274: 7214:The Open Society and Its Enemies 5513: 5512: 4275: 4172: 4158: 4146: 3351:from the original on 2010-12-18. 1803:Leydet, Dominique (2006-10-13). 1441:of 1946 provided for a distinct 1377:In some Commonwealth countries, 1255: 900:Citizenship of the United States 893: 834:During this era, members of the 496: 444:This section is an excerpt from 406: 6021:Family as a model for the state 4222:"Citizenship Laws of the World" 3557: 3529:Vladimirovich Kochenov, Dimitry 3521: 3494: 3469: 3444: 3419: 3367: 3355: 3331: 3321: 3312: 3281:Note: the consolidated version. 3275: 3253: 3229: 3105: 3049:(3). SAGE Publishing: 313–335. 3011: 3005: 2987: 2962: 2937: 2912: 2887: 2869: 2851: 2833: 2815: 2789: 2763: 2741: 2723:"A History of U.S. Citizenship" 2715: 2535: 2503:Hebert, Yvonne M., ed. (2002). 2403:Handbook of Citizenship Studies 2326: 2300: 2276: 2196:Koubi, Geneviève (1994-12-31). 2175:from the original on 2021-03-08 2128:from the original on 2022-01-19 2118:"CITIZENSHIP & NATIONALITY" 2090:from the original on 2021-09-30 2069:Handbook of Citizenship Studies 2055: 2044:from the original on 2021-09-30 2023:Handbook of Citizenship Studies 1554:Citizenship education (subject) 1457:adopted this principle such as 1343: 1268:intergovernmental organizations 1057: 881: 507:needs additional citations for 7371:Separation of church and state 7269:Collectivism and individualism 7224:The Origins of Totalitarianism 5154: 4032:. University of Chicago Press. 4013:. Cambridge University Press. 3994:. Cambridge University Press. 3853:A Brief History of Citizenship 3786:. Princeton University Press. 3208:Citizenship: Critical Concepts 3037:Safran, William (1997-07-01). 2647:Citizenship: Critical Concepts 2009: 1988:The Human Right to Citizenship 1975: 1944: 1910: 1880: 1821: 1763: 1468: 924:The Naturalization Act of 1790 857: 801: 752: 300:does not usually use the term 1: 7411:Category:Political philosophy 7284:Critique of political economy 4163:The dictionary definition of 4039:Citizenship and Social Theory 3976:. Cambridge University Press. 3318:Note: Articles 39, 43, 49 EC. 3237:"The Role of Civic Education" 2859:"Elections: Native Americans" 2237:10.1080/17457289.2023.2189727 2072:. SAGE Publications. p. 2026:. SAGE Publications. p. 1787: 1686:. In 1987, moral philosopher 1632:personal and social education 1137:theory, carries with it both 598:Responsibilities of a citizen 438: 16:Legal membership in a country 7309:Institutional discrimination 7304:History of political thought 6036:Negative and positive rights 4137:Resources in other libraries 3920:. Rowman & Littlefield. 3814:Contemporary British History 3477:"Modern Studies Association" 3380:. March 2010. Archived from 3173:Beiner, Ronald, ed. (1995). 2974:www.departments.bucknell.edu 2949:www.departments.bucknell.edu 2823:"Naturalization Act of 1870" 1657: 1591:Citizenship is offered as a 1547: 1533:citizen of the United States 1491:may impose requirements, of 1451:British Nationality Act 1948 1217:Responsibilities of citizens 1133:. Citizenship status, under 7: 7319:Justification for the state 7104:Two Treatises of Government 3901:. Oxford University Press. 3834:. Oxford University Press. 2883:. U.S. Department of State. 2881:The Office of the Historian 2775:Legal Information Institute 1694: 1647:schools in Northern Ireland 1328:Citizenship of the Mercosur 1321: 10: 7463: 5989:Bellum omnium contra omnes 4360:Weberian (three-component) 4185:BBC PSHE & Citizenship 3918:Creating European Citizens 3270:Princeton University Press 3056:10.1177/019251297018003006 2560:Hosking, Geoffrey (2005). 2479:. pp. 1, 2 (tracks). 2471:Hosking, Geoffrey (2005). 2151:Kadelbach, Stefan (2007). 1551: 1541:United States Constitution 1472: 1347: 1325: 1289:introduced the concept of 1278: 1259: 1209: 1102: 1027: 994:U.S. v. Bhagat Singh Thind 988:Ozawa v. the United States 956:Naturalization Act of 1870 897: 756: 629: 616: 443: 398: 312:of collective membership. 18: 7406: 7256: 7025: 6673: 6406: 6286: 6205: 6117: 6108: 5974: 5808: 5737: 5566: 5508: 5449: 5341: 5309: 5276: 5202: 5174: 5161: 5148: 5066: 5023: 4983: 4965: 4884: 4802: 4762: 4671: 4664: 4619: 4522: 4518: 4505: 4368: 4322: 4318: 4289: 4132:Resources in your library 4037:Turner, Bryan S. (1994). 4009:Somers, Margaret (2008). 3873:Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E. 3822:10.1080/13619460701189559 3637:. Duke University Press. 2751:. The Library of Congress 2155:. In Ehlers, Dirk (ed.). 1751:Transnational citizenship 1194:enlightened self-interest 1098: 55:Aboard aircraft and ships 7194:The Revolt of the Masses 5482:Pre-industrial East Asia 4028:Soysal, Yasemin (1994). 3935:Mukherjee, Riya (2024). 3816:(2008) 22#2 pp 203–225 3685:10.1017/CBO9781139343282 3078:Leary, Virginia (2000). 1772:has noted that the term 1756: 1438:Canadian Citizenship Act 1295:Treaty on European Union 1293:. Article 17 (1) of the 888:representative democracy 623: 393:extent of citizen rights 343:citizens have been made 21:Citizen (disambiguation) 7174:The Communist Manifesto 6100:Tyranny of the majority 6011:Consent of the governed 4530:Administrative detainee 3972:Marshall, T.H. (1950). 3755:The Citizenship Debates 3515:10.1111/1467-8675.12340 3213:The Political Quarterly 2801:The Charters of Freedom 2258:keypoint (2022-09-14). 2062:Sassen, Saskia (2002). 2016:Sassen, Saskia (2002). 1963:: 143–144. 2019-06-19. 1475:Subnational citizenship 1364:Commonwealth of Nations 1237:proper balance between 1105:Israeli citizenship law 6051: 6001:Clash of civilizations 5987: 4946: 4151:Quotations related to 3990:Smith, Rogers (2003). 3849:Heater, Derek (2004). 3564:Sacco, Steven (2022). 3176:Theorizing Citizenship 3139:Gross, Feliks (1999). 2999:Jewish Virtual Library 2841:"1917 Immigration Act" 1893:Slovak Studies Program 1484: 1431:were still treated as 1359: 1304: 1231:civic responsibilities 1131:History of citizenship 1030:Soviet nationality law 1002:Indian Citizenship Act 940:Dred Scott v. Sandford 915: 911:Dred Scott v. Sandford 787: 769:equality under the law 722: 715: 712:Geoffrey Hosking, 2005 636:Many thinkers such as 619:History of citizenship 351:of states were mostly 6016:Divine right of kings 5487:Pre-industrial Europe 3947:10.4324/9781003300892 3916:Maas, Willem (2007). 3406:"National curriculum" 2727:The Los Angeles Times 1736:Non-citizens (Latvia) 1496:fundamental basis of 1482: 1433:subjects of the Crown 1357: 1299: 1210:Further information: 1087:women in Nazi Germany 1075:Reich Citizenship Law 971:Chinese Exclusion Act 907: 773: 720: 704: 702:. Hosking explained: 608:Constitution of Ghana 559:non-citizens can vote 345:second-class citizens 192:Diplomatic protection 7164:Democracy in America 6543:political philosophy 6526:political philosophy 6341:political philosophy 6170:political philosophy 6080:Separation of powers 6041:Night-watchman state 6026:Monopoly on violence 5560:Political philosophy 5344: or countries 5155:By country or region 4393:Class discrimination 4181:at Wikimedia Commons 3981:Shue, Henry (1950). 3550:10.1093/icon/moaa108 3126:10.1386/ctl.8.1.21_1 2124:. 15 November 2012. 1721:Honorary citizenship 1574:It is taught in the 1489:Subnational entities 1443:Canadian Citizenship 1350:Commonwealth citizen 1077:of 1935 established 806:During the European 646:History of Sexuality 561:. In some countries 516:improve this article 457:. Article 15 of the 310:different dimensions 7354:Right-wing politics 7234:A Theory of Justice 7204:The Road to Serfdom 7124:The Social Contract 5831:Christian democracy 4876:Vanniar (Chieftain) 4202:Leydet, Dominique. 3590:Weber, Max (1998). 3433:on 23 November 2011 2863:Library of Congress 2771:"Scott v. Sandford" 1746:Spatial citizenship 1726:Loss of citizenship 1706:Citizenship Studies 1684:anarcho-capitalists 1576:Republic of Ireland 1570:Republic of Ireland 1332:Citizenship of the 1202:citizenship in the 570:honorary conferment 488:Determining factors 371:, giving rise to a 369:ancient city-states 217:Permanent residency 7366:Political violence 7361:Political theology 7344:Left-wing politics 7339:Political spectrum 5457:18th-century Spain 5311:Standard of living 5015:Upper middle class 5010:Lower middle class 4601:Political prisoner 4383:Chattering classes 4355:Spoon class theory 4190:2016-06-19 at the 4057:Young, Iris Marion 3780:Archibugi, Daniele 3012:Amt, Auswärtiges. 1701:Citizen's dividend 1630:the model used is 1560:Active citizenship 1485: 1360: 1262:Global citizenship 1250:Arthur Stinchcombe 1165:, the individual, 948:American Civil War 916: 723: 683:or the bare life. 418:. You can help by 395:remain contested. 237:Identity cleansing 7419: 7418: 7329:Philosophy of law 7274:Conflict theories 7114:The Spirit of Law 7021: 7020: 6070:Original position 5526: 5525: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5337: 5336: 5144: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5038:Lumpenproletariat 4540:illegal immigrant 4501: 4500: 4413:Classless society 4177:Media related to 4118:Library resources 4048:978-0-8039-8611-4 4020:978-0-521-79394-0 4001:978-0-521-52003-4 3927:978-0-7425-5486-3 3908:978-0-19-829091-9 3864:978-0-8147-3672-2 3841:978-0-19-829768-0 3793:978-1-4008-2976-7 3769:978-0-8166-2880-3 3760:Queen's Quarterly 3624:978-0-7656-0098-1 3603:978-0-8166-2880-3 3299:eur-lex.europa.eu 3272:, Princeton, 2008 3260:Daniele Archibugi 3186:978-0-7914-2335-6 3152:978-0-313-30932-8 3095:978-0-7735-1893-3 2700:, pp. 46–47. 2657:978-0-415-07036-2 2571:978-1-4025-8360-5 2543:Civis Romanus sum 2516:978-0-8020-0850-3 2486:978-1-4025-8360-5 2413:978-0-7619-6858-0 2346:978-0-8047-3218-5 2209:978-2-402-10208-7 2199:De la citoyenneté 2083:978-0-7619-6858-0 2037:978-0-7619-6858-0 1997:978-90-04-51752-3 1887:Votruba, Martin. 1848:978-1-83910-254-7 1544:nationalization. 1461:, by way of the 1287:Maastricht Treaty 920:United States law 852:French Revolution 759:Roman citizenship 548: 547: 540: 455:international law 436: 435: 331:. Though through 298:international law 280: 279: 227:Right to homeland 7454: 7334:Political ethics 7324:Machiavellianism 7264:Authoritarianism 7249: 7239: 7229: 7219: 7209: 7199: 7189: 7179: 7169: 7159: 7149: 7139: 7129: 7119: 7109: 7099: 7089: 7079: 7069: 7059: 7049: 7039: 6115: 6114: 6056: 5992: 5982:Balance of power 5956:Social democracy 5951:Social Darwinism 5926:Multiculturalism 5871:Environmentalism 5846:Communitarianism 5553: 5546: 5539: 5530: 5529: 5516: 5515: 5343: 5244:Mexican-American 5172: 5171: 5163: 5162: 5150: 5149: 4951: 4894:Business magnate 4784:Knowledge worker 4669: 4668: 4557:dual or multiple 4520: 4519: 4507: 4506: 4461:Social exclusion 4456:Social cleansing 4370: 4320: 4319: 4309:Economic classes 4270: 4263: 4256: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4233: 4226: 4217: 4208:Zalta, Edward N. 4176: 4162: 4150: 4107: 4094: 4052: 4033: 4024: 4005: 3986: 3977: 3968: 3931: 3912: 3890: 3868: 3856: 3845: 3809: 3797: 3773: 3748: 3727: 3698: 3669: 3648: 3627: 3607: 3578: 3577: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3543:(4): 1525–1530. 3525: 3519: 3518: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3479:. Archived from 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3463: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3438: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3413: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3386: 3379: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3343: 3335: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3291: 3282: 3279: 3273: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3202: 3191: 3190: 3170: 3157: 3156: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3058: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3024: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2924:www.marxists.org 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2899:www.marxists.org 2891: 2885: 2884: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2829:. U.S. Congress. 2819: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2662: 2661: 2641: 2630: 2624: 2615: 2609: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2557: 2546: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2500: 2491: 2490: 2468: 2457: 2451: 2418: 2417: 2397: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2288: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2270: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2193: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2180: 2148: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2133: 2114: 2103: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2049: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2005: 2004: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1956: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1924: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1904: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1874: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1800: 1781: 1767: 1425:Irish Free State 1394:Governor-General 1212:Civic engagement 1175:right, and wrong 1163:military service 1125:Different senses 1052:member republics 963:Native Americans 935:US Supreme Court 812:medieval commune 785: 713: 688:Geoffrey Hosking 543: 536: 532: 529: 523: 500: 492: 431: 428: 410: 403: 347:. Historically, 337:disfranchisement 272: 265: 258: 232:Voluntary return 145:Lost citizenship 26: 25: 7462: 7461: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7452: 7451: 7447:Immigration law 7437:Human migration 7422: 7421: 7420: 7415: 7402: 7391:Totalitarianism 7252: 7247: 7237: 7227: 7217: 7207: 7197: 7187: 7177: 7167: 7157: 7147: 7137: 7127: 7117: 7107: 7097: 7087: 7077: 7067: 7064:Treatise on Law 7057: 7047: 7037: 7017: 6675: 6669: 6408: 6402: 6288: 6282: 6201: 6104: 6090:State of nature 6085:Social contract 6065:Ordered liberty 6053:Noblesse oblige 5970: 5804: 5733: 5562: 5557: 5527: 5522: 5496: 5445: 5333: 5305: 5272: 5256:Underprivileged 5198: 5157: 5156: 5132: 5062: 5019: 4979: 4961: 4880: 4798: 4758: 4660: 4615: 4514: 4513: 4497: 4476:Social position 4466:Social mobility 4364: 4314: 4285: 4284: 4274: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4224: 4220: 4192:Wayback Machine 4143: 4142: 4141: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4049: 4021: 4002: 3957: 3928: 3909: 3887: 3865: 3842: 3794: 3770: 3745: 3716: 3695: 3666: 3645: 3625: 3604: 3586: 3584:Further reading 3581: 3562: 3558: 3526: 3522: 3499: 3495: 3486: 3484: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3461: 3459: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3436: 3434: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3411: 3409: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3362:Murray v Parkes 3360: 3356: 3348: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3293: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3258: 3254: 3245: 3243: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3203: 3194: 3187: 3171: 3160: 3153: 3137: 3133: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3076: 3072: 3035: 3031: 3022: 3020: 3010: 3006: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2928: 2926: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2732: 2730: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2665: 2658: 2642: 2633: 2625: 2618: 2610: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2501: 2494: 2487: 2469: 2460: 2452: 2421: 2414: 2398: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2331: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2268: 2266: 2256: 2252: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2194: 2187: 2178: 2176: 2169: 2149: 2140: 2131: 2129: 2116: 2115: 2106: 2093: 2091: 2084: 2060: 2056: 2047: 2045: 2038: 2014: 2010: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1980: 1976: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1936: 1934: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1902: 1900: 1885: 1881: 1872: 1870: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1849: 1826: 1822: 1813: 1811: 1801: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1784: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1697: 1660: 1589: 1572: 1556: 1550: 1531:, as well as a 1477: 1471: 1449:in 1948 in the 1352: 1346: 1330: 1324: 1283: 1277: 1264: 1258: 1214: 1135:social contract 1127: 1107: 1101: 1069:(or so-called " 1060: 1032: 1026: 902: 896: 884: 860: 838:had a range of 804: 786: 782:J. G. A. Pocock 780: 761: 755: 714: 711: 638:Giorgio Agamben 634: 628: 621: 603:the community. 600: 568:Citizenship by 544: 533: 527: 524: 513: 501: 490: 485: 484: 463:sovereign state 449: 441: 432: 426: 423: 416:needs expansion 401: 367:, particularly 287:sovereign state 276: 242:Right of return 187:Criminalization 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7460: 7450: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7413: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7381:Social justice 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7357: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7289:Egalitarianism 7286: 7281: 7279:Contractualism 7276: 7271: 7266: 7260: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7250: 7240: 7230: 7220: 7210: 7200: 7190: 7180: 7170: 7160: 7150: 7140: 7130: 7120: 7110: 7100: 7090: 7080: 7070: 7060: 7050: 7040: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6679: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6535: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6412: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6292: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6173: 6172: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6121: 6119: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6075:Overton window 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5984: 5978: 5976: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5906:Libertarianism 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5556: 5555: 5548: 5541: 5533: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5477:Ottoman Empire 5474: 5469: 5464: 5462:Ancient Greece 5459: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5436:United Kingdom 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5347: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5329:Home-ownership 5326: 5321: 5315: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5282: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5231: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5208: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5184:American Dream 5181: 5175: 5169: 5159: 5158: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5097: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4989: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4971: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4952: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4890: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4808: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4768: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4677: 4675: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4625: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4596:Migrant worker 4593: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4542: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4516: 4515: 4512:By demographic 4503: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4492:Status Anxiety 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4446:Ranked society 4443: 4438: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4388:Class conflict 4385: 4380: 4374: 4372: 4371: topics 4366: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4345:Mudsill theory 4342: 4337: 4332: 4326: 4324: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4265: 4258: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4218: 4199: 4194: 4182: 4170: 4156: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4112:External links 4110: 4109: 4108: 4095: 4075:10.1086/293065 4069:(2): 250–274. 4053: 4047: 4034: 4025: 4019: 4006: 4000: 3987: 3978: 3969: 3955: 3932: 3926: 3913: 3907: 3895:Kymlicka, Will 3891: 3885: 3869: 3863: 3846: 3840: 3828:Carens, Joseph 3824: 3810: 3798: 3792: 3775: 3774: 3768: 3749: 3743: 3728: 3714: 3699: 3693: 3670: 3664: 3649: 3643: 3628: 3623: 3608: 3602: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3556: 3520: 3503:Constellations 3493: 3468: 3443: 3418: 3397: 3366: 3354: 3330: 3320: 3311: 3283: 3274: 3252: 3228: 3221: 3192: 3185: 3158: 3151: 3131: 3104: 3094: 3070: 3029: 3004: 2986: 2961: 2936: 2911: 2886: 2868: 2850: 2832: 2814: 2788: 2762: 2740: 2729:. July 4, 1997 2714: 2702: 2690: 2678: 2663: 2656: 2631: 2616: 2601: 2589: 2577: 2570: 2547: 2534: 2522: 2515: 2492: 2485: 2477:Recorded Books 2458: 2419: 2412: 2383: 2371: 2359: 2345: 2325: 2299: 2275: 2250: 2231:(3): 466–489. 2215: 2208: 2185: 2167: 2138: 2104: 2082: 2054: 2036: 2008: 1996: 1974: 1943: 1909: 1879: 1854: 1847: 1820: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1761: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1696: 1693: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1643: 1635: 1624: 1597:United Kingdom 1588: 1587:United Kingdom 1585: 1571: 1568: 1552:Main article: 1549: 1546: 1473:Main article: 1470: 1467: 1429:Irish citizens 1418:United Kingdom 1409: 1408: 1405: 1402:Prime Minister 1386: 1375: 1348:Main article: 1345: 1342: 1326:Main article: 1323: 1320: 1279:Main article: 1276: 1275:European Union 1273: 1257: 1254: 1208: 1207: 1198: 1197: 1126: 1123: 1103:Main article: 1100: 1097: 1059: 1056: 1028:Main article: 1025: 1022: 898:Main article: 895: 892: 883: 880: 859: 856: 803: 800: 778: 757:Main article: 754: 751: 709: 696:ancient Greece 692:Modern Scholar 658:ancient Greece 630:Main article: 627: 622: 617:Main article: 599: 596: 595: 594: 582:Gulf countries 573: 566: 555: 546: 545: 504: 502: 495: 489: 486: 450: 442: 440: 437: 434: 433: 427:September 2024 413: 411: 400: 397: 333:discriminatory 278: 277: 275: 274: 267: 260: 252: 249: 248: 247: 246: 245: 244: 239: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 202:Foreign worker 199: 194: 189: 184: 183: 182: 169: 168: 162: 161: 160: 159: 158: 157: 152: 142: 137: 136: 135: 130: 125: 118:Naturalization 115: 114: 113: 108: 103: 90: 89: 83: 82: 81: 80: 79: 78: 66: 59: 58: 57: 44: 43: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7459: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7405: 7399: 7398: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7314:Jurisprudence 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7255: 7246: 7245: 7241: 7236: 7235: 7231: 7226: 7225: 7221: 7216: 7215: 7211: 7206: 7205: 7201: 7196: 7195: 7191: 7186: 7185: 7181: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7166: 7165: 7161: 7156: 7155: 7151: 7146: 7145: 7144:Rights of Man 7141: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7126: 7125: 7121: 7116: 7115: 7111: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7096: 7095: 7091: 7086: 7085: 7081: 7076: 7075: 7071: 7066: 7065: 7061: 7056: 7055: 7054:De re publica 7051: 7046: 7045: 7041: 7036: 7035: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7024: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6674:20th and 21st 6672: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6407:18th and 19th 6405: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6285: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6263:Nizam al-Mulk 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5946:Republicanism 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5549: 5547: 5542: 5540: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5519: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5441:United States 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5342:Other regions 5340: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5167:United States 5164: 5160: 5151: 5147: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4618: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4606:Socioeconomic 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4481:Social stigma 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4471:Social orphan 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4430: 4429:Nouveau riche 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4403:Class traitor 4401: 4399: 4398:Class society 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4335:Gilbert model 4333: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4288: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4271: 4266: 4264: 4259: 4257: 4252: 4251: 4248: 4234:on 2006-04-04 4230: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4204:"Citizenship" 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4169:at Wiktionary 4168: 4167: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4105: 4101: 4100:"Citizenship" 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3956:9781003300892 3952: 3948: 3944: 3941:. Routledge. 3940: 3939: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3886:9780812247176 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3857:. NYU Press. 3855: 3854: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3756: 3750: 3746: 3744:9780262537797 3740: 3736: 3735: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3715:9780691138282 3711: 3707: 3706: 3700: 3696: 3694:9781139343282 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3671: 3667: 3665:9783031343575 3661: 3657: 3656: 3650: 3646: 3644:9780822362913 3640: 3636: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3483:on 2007-09-11 3482: 3478: 3472: 3458:on 2011-05-04 3457: 3453: 3447: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3407: 3401: 3387:on 2013-09-28 3383: 3376: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3347: 3340: 3334: 3324: 3315: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3288: 3278: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3224: 3222:9780415102452 3218: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3188: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3154: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3019: 3015: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2750: 2744: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2711: 2706: 2699: 2694: 2688:, p. 46. 2687: 2682: 2676:, p. 44. 2675: 2670: 2668: 2659: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2629:, p. 38. 2628: 2623: 2621: 2614:, p. 37. 2613: 2608: 2606: 2599:, p. 36. 2598: 2593: 2587:, p. 35. 2586: 2581: 2573: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2544: 2538: 2532:, p. 33. 2531: 2526: 2518: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2499: 2497: 2488: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2415: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2380: 2375: 2369:, p. 32. 2368: 2363: 2348: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2329: 2314:. 5 July 2021 2313: 2309: 2303: 2285: 2279: 2265: 2261: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2219: 2211: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2192: 2190: 2174: 2170: 2168:9783110971965 2164: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2101: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2065: 2058: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2019: 2012: 1999: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1961: 1953: 1947: 1932: 1928: 1921: 1920: 1913: 1899:on 2014-09-25 1898: 1894: 1890: 1883: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1850: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1829:Irving, Helen 1824: 1810: 1806: 1805:"Citizenship" 1799: 1797: 1792: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1688:Joseph Carens 1685: 1682:, especially 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1584: 1582: 1577: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1555: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1537:constitutions 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1481: 1476: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1414: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1390:civil service 1387: 1384: 1383:right to vote 1380: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1365: 1356: 1351: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1329: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1309: 1303: 1298: 1297:stated that: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1282: 1272: 1269: 1263: 1256:International 1253: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1218: 1213: 1205: 1204:public sphere 1200: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1190:human dignity 1187: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1122: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1113: 1112:jus sanguinis 1106: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1031: 1021: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 995: 990: 989: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 959: 957: 953: 949: 944: 942: 941: 936: 931: 929: 928:United States 925: 921: 913: 912: 906: 901: 894:United States 891: 889: 879: 877: 873: 872:republicanism 869: 865: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 832: 829: 825: 821: 820:grand burgher 817: 813: 809: 799: 796: 792: 783: 777: 772: 770: 766: 760: 750: 747: 742: 737: 736:ancient Greek 733: 729: 719: 708: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 684: 682: 681: 675: 672: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 648:in the book, 647: 643: 639: 633: 626: 620: 615: 611: 609: 604: 591: 587: 583: 579: 574: 571: 567: 564: 560: 556: 553: 552: 551: 542: 539: 531: 528:November 2019 521: 517: 511: 510: 505:This section 503: 499: 494: 493: 481: 479: 478:social rights 475: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 447: 430: 421: 417: 414:This section 412: 409: 405: 404: 396: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 339:and outright 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 313: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 290: 288: 284: 273: 268: 266: 261: 259: 254: 253: 251: 250: 243: 240: 238: 235: 234: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 181: 178: 177: 176: 173: 172: 171: 170: 167: 164: 163: 156: 153: 151: 150:denaturalized 148: 147: 146: 143: 141: 138: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 120: 119: 116: 112: 111:transnational 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 98: 97: 94: 93: 92: 91: 88: 85: 84: 77: 76:Birth tourism 74: 73: 72: 71: 67: 65: 64: 63:Jus sanguinis 60: 56: 53: 52: 51: 48: 47: 46: 45: 42: 39: 38: 35: 31: 28: 27: 22: 7395: 7294:Elite theory 7242: 7232: 7222: 7212: 7202: 7192: 7182: 7172: 7162: 7152: 7142: 7132: 7122: 7112: 7102: 7092: 7082: 7072: 7062: 7052: 7042: 7032: 6331:Guicciardini 6287:Early modern 6110:Philosophers 6060:Open society 5996:Body politic 5866:Distributism 5856:Conservatism 5851:Confucianism 5770:Gerontocracy 5760:Dictatorship 5714:Sovereignty‎ 5704:Ruling class 5594:Emancipation 5579:Citizenship‎ 5578: 5492:Soviet Union 5467:Ancient Rome 5324:Homelessness 5249:Upper Middle 5121: / 5102: / 5093: / 5058:Working poor 4954: 4941:Robber baron 4764:Intellectual 4754:Royal family 4718:Ancient Rome 4572:second-class 4551: 4490: 4433: 4432: / 4427: 4423:High society 4330:Elite theory 4307: 4300: 4293: 4280:Social class 4236:. Retrieved 4229:the original 4211: 4165: 4155:at Wikiquote 4122: 4103: 4066: 4060: 4038: 4029: 4010: 3991: 3983:Basic Rights 3982: 3973: 3937: 3917: 3898: 3876: 3852: 3831: 3813: 3805: 3802:Brooks, Thom 3783: 3759: 3754: 3733: 3704: 3675: 3654: 3633: 3613: 3592: 3573: 3569: 3559: 3540: 3536: 3523: 3509:(1): 71–86. 3506: 3502: 3496: 3485:. Retrieved 3481:the original 3471: 3460:. Retrieved 3456:the original 3446: 3435:. Retrieved 3431:the original 3421: 3410:. Retrieved 3400: 3389:. Retrieved 3382:the original 3369: 3361: 3357: 3333: 3323: 3314: 3302:. Retrieved 3298: 3277: 3264: 3255: 3244:. Retrieved 3240: 3231: 3212: 3207: 3175: 3141: 3134: 3120:(1): 21–39. 3117: 3113: 3107: 3099: 3084: 3073: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3021:. Retrieved 3017: 3007: 2998: 2989: 2977:. Retrieved 2973: 2964: 2952:. Retrieved 2948: 2939: 2927:. Retrieved 2923: 2914: 2902:. Retrieved 2898: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2853: 2844: 2835: 2826: 2817: 2807:21 September 2805:. Retrieved 2800: 2791: 2781:21 September 2779:. 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Retrieved 1808: 1777: 1773: 1770:Helen Irving 1765: 1716:Credit score 1711:Civic virtue 1680:libertarians 1664:open borders 1661: 1605:human rights 1590: 1573: 1557: 1522: 1518:hembygdsrätt 1517: 1486: 1436: 1422: 1410: 1361: 1344:Commonwealth 1331: 1313: 1305: 1302:citizenship. 1300: 1284: 1265: 1235: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1183: 1155: 1151: 1128: 1116: 1110: 1108: 1094: 1091: 1083: 1061: 1058:Nazi Germany 1033: 1010: 999: 992: 986: 960: 945: 938: 932: 917: 909: 885: 882:Modern times 878:and duties. 861: 833: 823: 805: 788: 774: 765:Roman Empire 762: 727: 724: 705: 691: 690:in his 2005 685: 678: 676: 665: 649: 635: 624: 612: 605: 601: 549: 534: 525: 514:Please help 509:verification 506: 474:civil rights 471: 451: 424: 420:adding to it 415: 391:, while the 377:social class 314: 304:to refer to 301: 291: 282: 281: 95: 68: 61: 30:Legal status 7432:Citizenship 7168:(1835–1840) 7048:(c. 350 BC) 7038:(c. 375 BC) 6655:Tocqueville 6620:Saint-Simon 6585:Montesquieu 6436:Bolingbroke 6368:Machiavelli 6248:Ibn Khaldun 6213:Alpharabius 6206:Middle Ages 6031:Natural law 6006:Common good 5931:Nationalism 5891:Imperialism 5861:Corporatism 5836:Colonialism 5816:Agrarianism 5795:Technocracy 5775:Meritocracy 5755:Bureaucracy 5745:Aristocracy 5411:New Zealand 5128:Untouchable 5053:Proletariat 5043:Pea-pickers 4993:Bourgeoisie 4681:Aristocracy 4567:naturalized 4562:native-born 4179:Citizenship 4166:citizenship 4153:Citizenship 4123:Citizenship 3808:. 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