1997:, over-policing in areas populated by minorities and in-group bias may result in disproportionately high numbers of racial minorities among crime suspects. Research also suggests that there may be possible discrimination by the judicial system, which contributes to a higher number of convictions for racial minorities. A 2012 study found that "(i) juries formed from all-white jury pools convict black defendants significantly (16 percentage points) more often than white defendants, and (ii) this gap in conviction rates is entirely eliminated when the jury pool includes at least one black member." Research has found evidence of in-group bias, where "black (white) juveniles who are randomly assigned to black (white) judges are more likely to get incarcerated (as opposed to being placed on probation), and they receive longer sentences." In-group bias has also been observed when it comes to traffic citations, as black and white cops are more likely to cite out-groups.
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II showed that the forced German migrants did far worse economically than their native West-German counterparts decades later. Second-generation forced German migrants also did worse in economic terms than their native counterparts. A study of refugees to the United States found that "refugees that enter the U.S. before age 14 graduate high school and enter college at the same rate as natives. Refugees that enter as older teenagers have lower attainment with much of the difference attributable to language barriers and because many in this group are not accompanied by a parent to the U.S." Refugees that entered the U.S. at ages 18â45, have "much lower levels of education and poorer language skills than natives and outcomes are initially poor with low employment, high welfare use and low earnings." But the authors of the study find that "outcomes improve considerably as refugees age."
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increasing unemployment of native low-skilled workers. Legalization, instead, decreases the unemployment rate of low-skilled natives and increases income per native." Studies show that legalization of undocumented immigrants could boost the U.S. economy; a 2013 study found that granting legal status to undocumented immigrants could raise their incomes by a quarter (increasing U.S. GDP by approximately $ 1.4 trillion over a ten-year period), and a 2016 study found that "legalization would increase the economic contribution of the unauthorized population by about 20%, to 3.6% of private-sector GDP." A 2018 National Bureau of
Economic Research paper found that undocumented immigrants to the United States "generate higher surplus for US firms relative to natives, hence restricting their entry has a depressing effect on job creation and, in turn, on native labor markets."
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where immigrant are more prevalent in the United States have substantially more innovation (as measured by patenting and citations). Immigrants to the United States create businesses at higher rates than natives. A 2010 study showed "that a 1 percentage point increase in immigrant college graduates' population share increases patents per capita by 9â18 percent." Mass migration can also boost innovation and growth, as shown by the Jewish, Huguenot and
Bohemian diasporas in Berlin and Prussia, German Jewish ĂmigrĂ©s in the US, the Mariel boatlift, the exodus of Soviet Jews to Israel in the 1990s, European migration to Argentina during the Age of Mass Migration (1850â1914), west-east migration in the wake of German reunification, German migration to Russian Empire, and Polish immigration to Germany after joining the EU. A 2018 study in the
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University economist Marie-Anne
Valfort argue "fear-based policies that target groups of people according to their religion or region of origin are counter-productive. Our own research, which explains the failed integration of Muslim immigrants in France, suggests that such policies can feed into a vicious cycle that damages national security. French Islamophobiaâa response to cultural differenceâhas encouraged Muslim immigrants to withdraw from French society, which then feeds back into French Islamophobia, thus further exacerbating Muslims' alienation, and so on. Indeed, the failure of French security in 2015 was likely due to police tactics that intimidated rather than welcomed the children of immigrantsâan approach that makes it hard to obtain crucial information from community members about potential threats."
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attrition", which refers to when descendants of migrants cease to self-identify with the nationality or ethnicity of their ancestors. This means that successful cases of assimilation will be underestimated. Research shows that ethnic attrition is sizable in
Hispanic and Asian immigrant groups in the United States. By taking account of ethnic attrition, the assimilation rate of Hispanics in the United States improves significantly. A 2016 paper challenges the view that cultural differences are necessarily an obstacle to long-run economic performance of migrants. It finds that "first generation migrants seem to be less likely to success the more culturally distant they are, but this effect vanishes as time spent in the US increases."
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According to one study, "this acculturation process is almost completed within one generational succession: The gender attitudes of second generation immigrants are difficult to distinguish from the attitudes of members of mainstream society. This holds also for children born to immigrants from very gender traditional cultures and for children born to less well integrated immigrant families." Similar results are found on a study of
Turkish migrants to Western Europe. The assimilation on gender attitudes has been observed in education, as one study finds "that the female advantage in education observed among the majority population is usually present among second-generation immigrants."
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The DDA scheme at face value granted liberty on administrative grounds by considering immigrant merits, nature of their work, their financial means, and other factors that would then determine how much free legal aid detainees were granted. Recent research by the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), demonstrates that marginalized groups have been barred from legal assistance in detention centers. The barriers immigrants face in order to access justice through the DDA disproportionately impacted underrepresented groups of immigrants, and the language barrier and lack of interpreters led to further hurdles that detainees were unable to jump through.
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less-educated men and those with irregular legal status, display a much higher propensity to commit crimes than those with documented status. These factors would seem to suggest a positive link between immigration and crime. On the other side, studies designed to measure the effect of immigration inflow effects on local crime rates do not, in general, find any detectable causal effect of immigration on local crime rates. For example, all previous studies relying on the shift-share instrumental variable approach estimate crime elasticities close to zero in various countries, and we further confirm this result on new data across
European countries and regions.
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87) of these companies." One analysis found that immigrant-owned firms had a higher innovation rate (on most measures of innovation) than firms owned by U.S.-born entrepreneurs. Research also shows that labor migration increases human capital. Foreign doctoral students are a major source of innovation in the
American economy. In the United States, immigrant workers hold a disproportionate share of jobs in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM): "In 2013, foreign-born workers accounted for 19.2 percent of STEM workers with a bachelor's degree, 40.7 percent of those with a master's degree, and more than halfâ54.5 percentâof those with a PhD"
1042:, Christian Dustmann, and Ian Preston, "most existing studies of the economic impacts of immigration suggest these impacts are small, and on average benefit the native population". In a survey of the existing literature, Ărn B Bodvarsson and Hendrik Van den Berg write, "a comparison of the evidence from all the studies... makes it clear that, with very few exceptions, there is no strong statistical support for the view held by many members of the public, mainly that immigration has an adverse effect on native-born workers in the destination country." Research also suggests that diversity and immigration have a net positive effect on
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Human Rights state that immigrants can only be detained for 'legitimate aims' of the state. It also notes that vulnerable people should be protected from unreasonable punishment and lengthy detention. International law outlines requirements for due process and suitable conditions. However, nations are sovereign, and the protocols of international law cannot be enforced upon them. Nations have the freedom to handle immigrants as they choose, and to structure how any legal aid is distributed. Human rights organizations strongly criticize individual nation-states for the limitations of their immigration policies and practices.
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likely to be pro-immigration than employees, provided that immigrants are thought to compete with employees who are already in the country. Or else, when immigrants are thought to compete with employers rather than employees, employers are more likely to be anti-immigration than employees." A 2011 study examining the voting of US representatives on migration policy suggests that "representatives from more skilled labor abundant districts are more likely to support an open immigration policy towards the unskilled, whereas the opposite is true for representatives from more unskilled labor abundant districts."
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and increases by 31% the number of employees at domestic recipients of FDI from that country. The size of these effects increases with the ethnic diversity of the local population, the geographic distance to the origin country, and the ethno-linguistic fractionalization of the origin country." A 2017 study found that "immigrants' genetic diversity is significantly positively correlated with measures of U.S. counties' economic development . There exists also a significant positive relationship between immigrants' genetic diversity in 1870 and contemporaneous measures of U.S. counties' average income."
1854:
1050:. A study found that the Age of Mass Migration (1850â1920) contributed to "higher incomes, higher productivity, more innovation, and more industrialization" in the short-run and "higher incomes, less poverty, less unemployment, higher rates of urbanization, and greater educational attainment" in the long-run for the United States. Research also shows that migration to Latin America during the Age of Mass Migration had a positive impact on long-run economic development. A 2016 paper by University of Southern Denmark and University of Copenhagen economists found that the
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OECD countries between 1990 and 2015 finds that there is extensive racial discrimination in hiring decisions in Europe and North-America. These correspondence tests showed that equivalent minority candidates need to send around 50% more applications to be invited for an interview than majority candidates. A study that examine the job applications of actual people provided with identical résumés and similar interview training showed that
African-American applicants with no criminal record were offered jobs at a rate as low as white applicants who had criminal records.
1946:, over-policing in areas populated by minorities and in-group bias may result in disproportionately high numbers of racial minorities among crime suspects in Sweden, Italy, and England and Wales. Research also suggests that there may be possible discrimination by the judicial system, which contributes to a higher number of convictions for racial minorities in Sweden, the Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Denmark and France. A 2018 study found that the Dutch are less likely to reciprocate in games played with immigrants than the native Dutch.
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shows that it led to a slight increase in wages for high- and medium-skilled workers for remaining Poles. A 2013 study finds that emigration from
Eastern Europe after the 2004 EU enlargement increased the wages of remaining young workers in the country of origin by 6%, while it had no effect on the wages of old workers. The wages of Lithuanian men increased as a result of post-EU enlargement emigration. Return migration is associated with greater household firm revenues. Emigration leads to boosts in
685:
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665:
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countries with large incoming remittances". A study of equivalent workers in the United States and 42 developing countries found that "median wage gap for a male, unskilled (9 years of schooling), 35-year-old, urban formal sector worker born and educated in a developing country is P$ 15,400 per year at purchasing power parity". A 2014 survey of the existing literature on emigration finds that a 10 percent emigrant supply shock would increase wages in the sending country by 2â5.5%.
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the United Kingdom gained permission to acquire welfare benefits in 2014 that it had no discernible impact on the immigrants' use of welfare benefits. A paper by a group of French economists found that over the period 1980â2015, "international migration had a positive impact on the economic and fiscal performance of OECD countries." A 2023 study in the Netherlands found both large positive and large negative fiscal impact depending on previous education and income of immigrant.
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1900:, which were key immigration policies of the Spanish government. The plan of the Catalan parliament aimed to create a shared Catalan identity which included both the native Catalan population and immigrant communities. This meant that immigrants were encouraged to relate as part of the Catalan community but also encouraged to retain their own culture and traditions. In this way assimilation of immigrant cultures in Catalonia was avoided.
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most firms or individuals to leave Miami. Another natural experiment followed a group of Czech workers who, shortly after the fall of the Berlin wall, were suddenly able to work in Germany though they continued to live in Czechia. It found significant declines in native wages and employment as a result. It is argued migrants must also spend their wages in the employing country in order to stimulate the economy and offset their impacts.
1209:, "Over the past two decades, most efforts to estimate the fiscal impact of immigration in the United States have concluded that, in aggregate and over the long term, tax revenues of all types generated by immigrantsâboth legal and unauthorizedâexceed the cost of the services they use." A 2022 study found that the sharp reduction in refugee admissions adversely affected public coffers at all levels of government in the United States.
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students to Italy was associated with "small negative average effects on maths test scores that are larger for low ability native students, strongly non-linear and only observable in classes with a high (top 20%) immigrant concentration. These outcomes are driven by classes with a high average linguistic distance between immigrants and natives, with no apparent additional role played by ethnic diversity."
2029:. Minority applicants for housing needed to make many more enquiries to view properties. Geographical steering of African-Americans in US housing remained significant. A 2003 study finds "evidence that agents interpret an initial housing request as an indication of a customer's preferences, but also are more likely to withhold a house from all customers when it is in an integrated suburban neighborhood (
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5.1%." A 2019 study found that foreign college workers in STEM occupations did not displace native college workers in STEM occupations, but instead had a positive impact on the latter group's wages. A 2021 study similarly found that highly educated immigrants to Switzerland caused wages to increase for highly educated Swiss natives. A 2019 study found that greater immigration led to less
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1246:, the existing literature suggests that there are no economic reasons why the American labor market could not easily absorb 100,000 Syrian refugees in a year. A 2017 paper looking at the long-term impact of refugees on the American labor market over the period 1980â2010 found "that there is no adverse long-run impact of refugees on the U.S. labor market." A 2022 study by economist
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refugees' impact on native welfare are scant but the existing literature shows mixed results (negative, positive and no significant effects). According to economist Michael Clemens, "when economists have studied past influxes of refugees and migrants they have found the labor market effects, while varied, are very limited, and can in fact be positive." A 2018 study in the
1511:, has generally disappeared, but priority is usually given to the educated, skilled, and wealthy. Less privileged individuals, including the mass of poor people in low-income countries, cannot avail themselves of the legal and protected immigration opportunities offered by wealthy states. This inequality has also been criticized as conflicting with the principle of
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one generation. These impacts on trust and voting are also significant across Europe." A 2019 study found that "humans are inclined to react negatively to threats to homogeneity... in the short term. However, these negative outcomes are compensated in the long term by the beneficial influence of intergroup contact, which alleviates initial negative influences."
912:. "It is one of the ironies of post-war European history that, once the freedom to travel for Europeans living under communist regimes, which had long been demanded by the West, was finally granted in 1989/90, travel was very soon afterwards made much more difficult by the West itself, and new barriers were erected to replace the Iron Curtain." âAnita Böcker
1337:. Greater emigration of skilled workers consequently leads to greater economic growth and welfare improvements in the long-run. The negative effects of high-skill emigration remain largely unfounded. According to economist Michael Clemens, it has not been shown that restrictions on high-skill emigration reduce shortages in the countries of origin.
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1196:(which allowed almost half a million Mexican workers to do seasonal farm labor in the United States) did not have any adverse impact on the labor market outcomes of American-born farm workers. A 2019 study by economic historians found that immigration restrictions implemented in the 1920s had an adverse impact on US-born workers' earnings.
560:(9 million) and the United Arab Emirates (8 million). In most parts of the world, migration occurs between countries that are located within the same major area. Between 2000 and 2015, Asia added more international migrants than any other major area in the world, gaining 26 million. Europe added the second largest with about 20 million.
2037:); and the houses agents show are more likely to deviate from the initial request when the customer is black than when the customer is white. These three findings are consistent with the possibility that agents act upon the belief that some types of transactions are relatively unlikely for black customers (statistical discrimination)."
1139:"continue to earn almost 300 percent more than non-migrants, have better mental health, live in households with more than 250 percent higher expenditure, own more vehicles, and have more durable assets". A conservative estimate of their lifetime gain to migration is NZ$ 315,000 in net present value terms (approximately US$ 237,000).
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higher employment rates, longer working hours and more stable jobs. Immigrants also invest more in host country-specific skills like language and vocational training. Faster access to citizenship seems a powerful policy instrument to boost economic integration in countries with traditionally restrictive citizenship policies."
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separate study of Switzerland found that naturalization improved the economic integration of immigrants: "winning Swiss citizenship in the referendum increased annual earnings by an average of approximately 5,000 U.S. dollars over the subsequent 15 years. This effect is concentrated among more marginalized immigrants."
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attention to this influx of immigrants. However, Catalan politicians began discussing how the increase in immigrants would effect Catalan identity. Members of the Catalan parliament petitioned for a plan to integrate these immigrants into Catalan society. Crucially, the plan did not include policies regarding
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Previous studies about the effect of immigration on crime show mixed results. Part of the literature finds the effects of immigration on crime in host countries to be close to zero in general ... Other studies tend to conclude that immigration increases crime under certain circumstances, particularly
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Borderless Welfare State, The Consequences of Immigration for Public Finances, Jan H. van de Beek, Hans, Roodenburg, Joop Hartog, Gerri W. Kreffer, 2023, Demo-Demo publisher, Zeist, Netherlands, ISBN 978908333482, Statistical data by Project Agreement 8290 Budgetary consequences of immigration in the
1984:
A 2014 meta-analysis of racial discrimination in product markets found extensive evidence of minority applicants being quoted higher prices for products. A 1995 study found that car dealers "quoted significantly lower prices to white males than to black or female test buyers using identical, scripted
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A 2016 study found that immigration in the period 1940â2010 in the United States increased the high school completion of natives: "An increase of one percentage point in the share of immigrants in the population aged 11â64 increases the probability that natives aged 11â17 eventually complete 12 years
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Research suggests that emigration causes an increase in the wages of those who remain in the country of origin. A 2014 survey of the existing literature on emigration finds that a 10 percent emigrant supply shock would increase wages in the sending country by 2â5.5%. A study of emigration from Poland
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and credentials during the asylum procedure. Refugees tend to do worse in economic terms than natives, even when they have the same skills and language proficiencies of natives. For instance, a 2013 study of Germans in West-Germany who had been displaced from Eastern Europe during and after World War
1204:
A 2011 literature review of the economic impacts of immigration found that the net fiscal impact of migrants varies across studies but that the most credible analyses typically find small and positive fiscal effects on average. According to the authors, "the net social impact of an immigrant over his
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in the developing world than any remaining trade liberalization. Studies show that the elimination of barriers to migration could have profound effects on world GDP, with estimates of gains ranging between 67 and 147.3%. Research also finds that migration leads to greater trade in goods and services,
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for less immigration for their own group and more immigration for other groups since they see effects of immigration, such as increased labor competition, as detrimental when affecting their own group but beneficial when impacting other groups. A 2010 European study suggested that "employers are more
13676:
Fleischmann, Fenella; Kristen, Cornelia; Contributions, With; Research, Including the Provision of Data and Analyses Instrumental to The; by; Heath, Anthony F.; Brinbaum, Yaël; Deboosere, Patrick; Granato, Nadia (1 July 2014). "Gender Inequalities in the Education of the Second Generation in Western
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In Canada immigrant detainees face barriers to justice due to a lack of international enforcement. Canada's immigration detention system has significant legal and normative problems, and the rubric of 'access to justice' that is presented by international law fails to identify these faults. There is
1949:
Several meta-analyses find extensive evidence of ethnic and racial discrimination in hiring in the North-American and European labor markets. A 2016 meta-analysis of 738 correspondence tests in 43 separate studies conducted in OECD countries between 1990 and 2015 finds that there is extensive racial
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Research shows that country of origin matters for speed and depth of immigrant assimilation but that there is considerable assimilation overall. Research finds that first generation immigrants from countries with less egalitarian gender cultures adopt gender values more similar to natives over time.
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found that "individuals whose ancestors migrated from countries with higher autocracy levels are less likely to trust others and to vote in presidential elections in the U.S. The impact of autocratic culture on trust can last for at least three generations while the impact on voting disappears after
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where in return for investing into the local economy, foreign investors are awarded citizenship. Such programs encourage innovation and entrepreneurship from foreign investors and high net worth individuals who as new citizens in the country can offer unique perspectives. St. Kitts and Nevis was the
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A 2017 survey of the existing economic literature found that "high-skilled migrants boost innovation and productivity outcomes." According to a 2013 survey of the existing economic literature, "much of the existing research points towards positive net contributions by immigrant entrepreneurs." Areas
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A 2017 paper by Evans and Fitzgerald found that refugees to the United States pay "$ 21,000 more in taxes than they receive in benefits over their first 20 years in the U.S." An internal study by the Department of Health and Human Services under the Trump administration, which was suppressed and not
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found that asylum seekers entering Western Europe in the period 1985â2015 had a positive macroeconomic and fiscal impact. A 2019 study found that the mass influx of 1.3 million Syrian refugees to Jordan (total population: 6.6 million) did not have harm the labor market outcomes of native Jordanians.
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A 2017 survey of leading economists found that 34% of economists agreed with the statement "The influx of refugees into Germany beginning in the summer of 2015 will generate net economic benefits for German citizens over the succeeding decade", whereas 38% were uncertain and 6% disagreed. Studies of
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A 2018 study found that inflows of asylum seekers into Western Europe from 1985 to 2015 had a net positive fiscal impact. Research has shown that EU immigrants made a net positive fiscal contribution to Denmark and the United Kingdom. A 2017 study found that when Romanian and Bulgarian immigrants to
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are common. If the value of wages in the new country surpasses the value of wages in one's native country, he or she may choose to migrate, as long as the costs are not too high. Particularly in the 19th century, economic expansion of the US increased immigrant flow, and nearly 15% of the population
1961:
Since 2010, the United Kingdom's policies surrounding immigrant detention have come under fire for insufficiently protecting vulnerable groups. In the early 2000s, the United Kingdom adopted the Detention Duty Advice (DDA) scheme in order to provide free, government-funded, legal aid to immigrants.
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A 2018 study found that immigration to the United Kingdom "reduced waiting times for outpatient referrals and did not have significant effects on waiting times in accident and emergency departments (A&E) and elective care." The study also found "evidence that immigration increased waiting times
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from developing countries by developed countries. There may however also be a "brain gain" to emigration, as migration opportunities lead to greater investments in education in developing countries. Overall, research suggests that migration is beneficial both to the receiving and sending countries.
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Using 130 years of data on historical migrations to the United States, one study finds "that a doubling of the number of residents with ancestry from a given foreign country relative to the mean increases by 4.2 percentage points the probability that at least one local firm invests in that country,
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But the Marielitos chose Miami simply because it was near Cuba rather than for lucrative wages. Preceding studies were also limited in that firms and natives may respond to migration and its effects by moving to more lucrative areas. However, the six-month period of this migration was too brief for
435:
is the movement by people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movements over long distances and from one country or region to another. The number of people involved in every
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On one side, in most countriesâwith the notable exception of the United Statesâimmigrants exhibit a disproportionate involvement in criminal activity compared to natives, as measured by the relative incarceration rate of the two groups. In addition, certain kinds of immigrants, including young and
1880:
Studies on programs that randomly allocate refugee immigrants across municipalities find that the assignment of neighborhood impacts immigrant crime propensity, education and earnings. A 2019 study found that refugees who resettled in areas with many conationals were more likely to be economically
1833:
A 2018 study found that Chinese nationals in the United States who received permanent residency permits from the US government amid the Tiananmen Square protests (and subsequent Chinese government clampdown) experienced significant employment and earnings gains relative to similar immigrant groups
1829:
found that within racial groups, most immigrants to the United States had fully assimilated within a span of 20 years. Immigrants arriving in the United States after 1994 assimilate more rapidly than immigrants who arrived in previous periods. Measuring assimilation can be difficult due to "ethnic
1605:
Studies have found that non-native speakers of English in the UK have no causal impact on the performance of other pupils, immigrant children have no significant impact on the test scores of Dutch children, no effect on grade repetition among native students exposed to migrant students in Austrian
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Immigrants have been linked to greater invention and innovation. According to one report, "immigrants have started more than half (44 of 87) of America's startup companies valued at $ 1 billion dollars or more and are key members of management or product development teams in over 70 percent (62 of
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As for economic effects, research suggests that migration is beneficial both to the receiving and sending countries. Research, with few exceptions, finds that immigration on average has positive economic effects on the native population, but is mixed as to whether low-skilled immigration adversely
2052:
Several meta-analyses find extensive evidence of ethnic and racial discrimination in hiring in the American labor market. A 2016 meta-analysis of 738 correspondence testsâtests where identical CVs for stereotypically black and white names were sent to employersâin 43 separate studies conducted in
1887:
Research suggests that a vicious cycle of bigotry and isolation could reduce assimilation and increase bigotry towards immigrants in the long-term. For instance, University of California, San Diego political scientist Claire Adida, Stanford University political scientist David Laitin and Sorbonne
1555:
argued that the British American colonies without slavery adopted better democratic institutions in order to attract migrant workers to their colonies. A 2018 study fails to find evidence that immigration to the United States weakens economic freedom. A 2019 study of Jordan found that the massive
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Legislation regarding the protection of rights of immigrants and equal access to justice differs per nation. International law â the product of the United Nations and other multinational organizations â creates protocols governing immigrant rights. International law and the European Convention of
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Research on a migration lottery allowing Tongans to move to New Zealand found that the lottery winners saw a 263% increase in income from migrating (after only one year in New Zealand) relative to the unsuccessful lottery entrants. A longer-term study on the Tongan lottery winners finds that they
892:
Barriers to immigration come not only in legal form or political form; natural and social barriers to immigration can also be very powerful. Immigrants when leaving their country also leave everything familiar: their family, friends, support network, and culture. They also need to liquidate their
563:
In 2015, the number of international migrants below the age of 20 reached 37 million, while 177 million are between the ages of 20 and 64. International migrants living in Africa were the youngest, with a median age of 29, followed by Asia (35 years), and Latin America/Caribbean (36 years), while
2005:
A 2015 study using correspondence tests "found that when considering requests from prospective students seeking mentoring in the future, faculty were significantly more responsive to White males than to all other categories of students, collectively, particularly in higher-paying disciplines and
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In the US the Immigration Reform and Control Act was passed to help remove the illegal aliens. They were trying to do this by granting legal status or by imposing penalties against the employers who would knowingly work illegal immigrants. However, IRCA did not address the reality or price which
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found that "the influx of foreign-born computer scientists since the early 1990s... increased the size of the US IT sector... benefited consumers via lower prices and more efficient products... raised overall worker incomes by 0.2 to 0.3% but decreased wages of U.S. computer scientists by 2.6 to
1164:
A survey of leading economists shows a consensus behind the view that high-skilled immigration makes the average American better off. A survey of the same economists also shows support behind the notion that low-skilled immigration makes the average American better off and makes many low-skilled
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A 2017 study of Mexican immigrant households in the United States found that by virtue of moving to the United States, the households increase their incomes more than fivefold immediately. The study also found that the "average gains accruing to migrants surpass those of even the most successful
1895:
examined the Catalan Government's policy towards the integration of immigrants during the start of the 1990s. At this time the Spanish region of Catalonia was experiencing a large influx in the number of immigrants from Northern Africa, Latin America and Asia. The Spanish government paid little
1872:
A study on Germany found that foreign-born parents are more likely to integrate if their children are entitled to German citizenship at birth. A 2017 study found that "faster access to citizenship improves the economic situation of immigrant women, especially their labour market attachment with
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Some scholars argue that data of crime rates among immigrants is often inflated because it includes imprisonment for migration offenses or due to racial and ethnic discrimination by police and the judicial system, which can result in higher conviction rates for immigrants relative to the actual
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and the phenomenon of immigration. Most studies show that immigration has either no or minimal impact on crime, while other studies have found it increases crime under certain conditions. Immigrants are disproportionately represented in the prison populations of many Western countries, with the
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A 2018 study found no evidence that apprehensions of undocumented immigrants in districts in the United States improved the labor market outcomes for American natives. A 2020 study found that immigration enforcement in the US leads to declining production in the US dairy industry and that dairy
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The view that economic impact on the average native tends to be only small and positive is disputed by some studies, such as a 2023 statistical analysis of historical immigration data in Netherlands which found economic effects with both larger positive and negative net contributions per capita
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A 2017 study of Switzerland found that naturalization strongly improves long-term social integration of immigrants: "The integration returns to naturalization are larger for more marginalized immigrant groups and when naturalization occurs earlier, rather than later in the residency period." A
1548:
A 2015 study finds "some evidence that larger immigrant population shares (or inflows) yield positive impacts on institutional quality. At a minimum, our results indicate that no negative impact on economic freedom is associated with more immigration." Another study, looking at the increase in
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Research also suggests that emigration, remittances and return migration can have a positive impact on political institutions and democratization in the country of origin. According to Abel EscribĂ -Folch, Joseph Wright, and Covadonga Meseguer, remittances "provide resources that make political
1317:
Research suggests that migration is beneficial both to the receiving and sending countries. According to one study, welfare increases in both types of countries: "welfare impact of observed levels of migration is substantial, at about 5% to 10% for the main receiving countries and about 10% in
1291:
A paper by Spanish economists found that upon legalizing the undocumented immigrant population in Spain, the fiscal revenues increased by around âŹ4,189 per newly legalized immigrant. The paper found that the wages of the newly legalized immigrants increased after legalization, some low-skilled
1274:
Research on the economic effects of undocumented immigrants is scant but existing studies suggests that the effects are positive for the native population, and public coffers. A 2015 study shows that "increasing deportation rates and tightening border control weakens low-skilled labor markets,
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Studies show more mixed results for low-skilled natives, but whether the effects are positive or negative, they tend to be small either way. Research indicates immigrants are more likely to work in risky jobs than U.S.-born workers, partly due to differences in average characteristics, such as
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A 2018 study found that the "presence of immigrant students who have been in the country for some time is found to have no effect on natives. However, a small negative effect of recent immigrants on natives' language scores is reported." Another 2018 study found that the presence of immigrant
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Some proponents of immigration argue that the freedom of movement both within and between countries is a basic human right, and that the restrictive immigration policies, typical of nation-states, violate this human right of freedom of movement. Such arguments are common among ideologies like
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Remittances increase living standards in the country of origin. Remittances are a large share of the GDP of many developing countries. A study on remittances to Mexico found that remittances lead to a substantial increase in the availability of public services in Mexico, surpassing government
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First-generation immigrants tend to hold less accepting views of homosexuality but opposition weakens with longer stays. Second-generation immigrants are overall more accepting of homosexuality, but the acculturation effect is weaker for Muslims and to some extent, Eastern Orthodox migrants.
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Another contributing factor may be lobbying by earlier immigrants. The chairman for the US Irish Lobby for Immigration Reformâwhich lobby for more permissive rules for immigrants, as well as special arrangements just for Irish peopleâhas stated that "the Irish Lobby will push for any special
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Research however also challenges the notion that ethnic heterogeneity reduces public goods provision. Studies that find a negative relationship between ethnic diversity and public goods provision often fail to take into account that strong states were better at assimilating minorities, thus
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on immigrant assimilation in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain concluded "we find an overall pattern of intergenerational assimilation in terms of socioeconomic attainment, social relations, and cultural beliefs."
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decreasing diversity in the long run. Ethnically diverse states today consequently tend to be weaker states. Because most of the evidence on fractionalization comes from sub-Saharan Africa and the United States, the generalizability of the findings is questionable. A 2018 study in the
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that immigration either has no impact on the crime rate or that it reduces the crime rate. Research shows that country of origin matters for speed and depth of immigrant assimilation, but that there is considerable assimilation overall for both first- and second-generation immigrants.
1146:
A 2017 study of European migrant workers in the UK shows that upon accession to the EU, the migrant workers see a substantial positive impact on their earnings. The data indicate that acquiring EU status raises earnings for the workers by giving them the right to freely change jobs.
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A 2015 report by the National Institute of Demographic Studies finds that an overwhelming majority of second-generation immigrants of all origins in France feel French, despite the persistent discrimination in education, housing and employment that many of the minorities face.
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immigrants' lower English language ability and educational attainment. According to a 2017 survey of the existing economic literature, studies on high-skilled migrants "rarely find adverse wage and employment consequences, and longer time horizons tend to show greater gains".
709:, referring to the economic, political, and social influences by which people migrate from or to specific countries. Immigrants are motivated to leave their former countries of citizenship, or habitual residence, for a variety of reasons, including: a lack of local access to
2012:
A 2018 National Bureau of Economic Research paper found that math teachers discriminate against the children of immigrants. When the teachers were informed about negative stereotypes towards the children of immigrants, they gave higher grades to the children of immigrants.
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Americans have long believed that immigrants are more likely than natives to commit crimes and that rising immigration leads to rising crime... This belief is remarkably resilient to the contrary evidence that immigrants are in fact much less likely than natives to commit
782:
As transportation technology improved, travel time, and costs decreased dramatically between the 18th and early 20th century. Travel across the Atlantic used to take up to 5 weeks in the 18th century, but around the time of the 20th century it took a mere 8 days. When the
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Immigration, Panel on the Economic and Fiscal Consequences of; Statistics, Committee on National; Education, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and; Sciences, National Academies of; Engineering; Medicine, and (2017). Blau, Francine D; MacKie, Christopher (eds.).
1456:
1037:
A survey of European economists shows a consensus that freer movement of people to live and work across borders within Europe makes the average European better off, and strong support behind the notion that it has not made low-skilled Europeans worse off. According to
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A 2017 study found that the 0.5 million Portuguese who returned to Portugal from Mozambique and Angola in the mid-1970s lowered labor productivity and wages. A 2018 paper found that the areas in Greece that took on a larger share of Greek Orthodox refugees from the
885:) is a personal motivation. This type of emigration and immigration is not normally legal, if a crime is internationally recognized, although criminals may disguise their identities or find other loopholes to evade detection. For example, there have been reports of
1971:
a lack of access to legal aid for immigrants in detention, as well as inhumane treatment in detention centers. Research has demonstrated irreparable psychological, physical, and social damage to immigrants, and the international community ignores these injustices.
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schools, that the presence of Latin American children in schools had no significant negative effects on peers, but that students with limited English skills had slight negative effects on peers, and that the influx of Haitians to Florida public schools after the
1549:
Israel's population in the 1990s due to the unrestricted immigration of Jews from the Soviet Union, finds that the mass immigration did not undermine political institutions, and substantially increased the quality of economic institutions. A 2017 study in the
1332:
One study finds that sending countries benefit indirectly in the long-run on the emigration of skilled workers because those skilled workers are able to innovate more in developed countries, which the sending countries are able to benefit on as a positive
2016:
As of 2020, 2 percent of all students enrolled in U.S. higher education. That comes out to about 454,000 students. Fewer than half of the undocumented are eligible for the DACA program. DACA is formally known as Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals.
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Immigration policies which selectively grant freedom of movement to targeted individuals are intended to produce a net economic gain for the host country. They can also mean net loss for a poor donor country through the loss of the educated minorityâa
1001:
The term economic migrant refers to someone who has travelled from one region to another region for the purposes of seeking employment and an improvement in quality of life and access to resources. An economic migrant is distinct from someone who is a
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depending on different factors including previous education and income of the immigrant. Effects may vary due to factors like the migrants' age, education, reason for migration, the strength of the economy, and how long ago the migration took place.
358:
argue that reducing barriers to labor mobility between developing countries and developed countries would be one of the most efficient tools of poverty reduction. Positive net immigration can soften the demographic dilemma in the aging global North.
1721:. There is little evidence that migration unconditionally leads to more terrorist activity, especially in Western countries, and the effectiveness of stopping migration on preventing terrorism is rather limited. Research on the relationship between
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1117:
anti-poverty program, for instance, helps poor people make in a year what is the equivalent of working one day in the developed world. A slight reduction in the barriers to labor mobility between the developing and developed world could do more to
1928:
A 2020 paper on reforms of refugee policy in Denmark found that language training boosted the economic and social integration of refugees, whereas cuts to refugees' welfare benefits had no impact, except to temporarily increase property crimes.
799:
can amplify poverty-driven migration flows. Research shows that for middle-income countries, higher temperatures increase emigration rates to urban areas and to other countries. For low-income countries, higher temperatures reduce emigration.
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number of crimes committed. Research suggests that people overestimate the impact of immigration on crime, in part due to sensational media coverage or narratives pushed by politicians. This fear of crime can lead to increases in
13092:
Although most research shows immigration has either no impact or a minimal impact on crime, many people seem to believe the connection exists. It seems hostility against immigrants isn't crime itself but false perceptions about
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opposition possible, and they decrease government dependency, undermining the patronage strategies underpinning authoritarianism." Research also shows that remittances can lower the risk of civil war in the country of origin.
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assets, and they incur the expense of moving. When they arrive in a new country, this is often with many uncertainties including finding work, where to live, new laws, new cultural norms, language or accent issues, possible
651:
In recent decades, immigration to nearly every Western country has risen sharply. The slopes of the tops of the differently-colored columns show the rate of percent increase in foreign-born people living in the respective
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1) there is little evidence that more migration unconditionally leads to more terrorist activity, especially in Western countries... (3) the effectiveness of stricter migration policies in deterring terrorism is rather
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In many countries there is a lack of prosecution of this crimes, since these countries obtain benefits and taxes paid by these companies that benefit the economies and also because of the current shortage of workers.
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17394:
17299:
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HĂ€llsten, Martin; Szulkin, Ryszard; Sarnecki, Jerzy (1 May 2013). "Crime as a Price of Inequality? The Gap in Registered Crime between Childhood Immigrants, Children of Immigrants and Children of Native Swedes".
1454:
Treatment of migrants in host countries, both by governments, employers, and original population, is a topic of continual debate and criticism, and the violation of migrant human rights is an ongoing crisis. The
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found that "a 10% increase in immigration from exporters of a given product is associated with a 2% increase in the likelihood that the host country starts exporting that good 'from scratch' in the next decade."
1113:, "permitting people to move from low-productivity places to high-productivity places appears to be by far the most efficient generalized policy tool, at the margin, for poverty reduction". A successful two-year
873:). Recent research has found gender, age, and cross-cultural differences in the ownership of the idea to immigrate. In a few cases, an individual may wish to immigrate to a new country in a form of transferred
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has written, "Treating human beings differently, simply because they were born on the opposite side of a national boundary, is hard to justify under any mainstream philosophical, religious or ethical theory."
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Research suggests that immigration has positive effects on native workers' health. As immigration rises, native workers are pushed into less demanding jobs, which improves native workers' health outcomes.
14947:
Wermink, Hilde; Johnson, Brian D.; Nieuwbeerta, Paul; Keijser, Jan W. de (1 November 2015). "Expanding the scope of sentencing research: Determinants of juvenile and adult punishment in the Netherlands".
9263:
Mahmoud, Omar; Toman; Rapoport, Hillel; Steinmayr, Andreas; Trebesch, Christoph (18 September 2013). "The Effect of Labor Migration on the Diffusion of Democracy: Evidence from a Former Soviet Republic".
1459:, has been ratified by 48 states, most of which are heavy exporters of cheap labor. Major migrant-receiving countries and regionsâincluding Western Europe, North America, Pacific Asia, Australia, and the
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found that Vietnamese refugees to the United States had a positive impact on American exports, as exports to Vietnam grew most in US states with larger Vietnamese populations. A 2018 study in the journal
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In USA there were in 2023 1,197,254 immigration applications initial receipts, 523,477 immigration cases completed, and 2,464,021 immigration cases pending according to the U.S. Department of Justice.
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1130:, country of residency is by far the most important determinant of global income inequality, which suggests that the reduction in labor barriers could significantly reduce global income inequality.
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is associated with large and persistent wage gains for the naturalized citizens in most countries. One study of Denmark found that providing immigrants with voting rights reduced their crime rate.
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1950:
discrimination in hiring decisions in Europe and North-America. Equivalent minority candidates need to send around 50% more applications to be invited for an interview than majority candidates.
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1633:. One study, for instance, found that "larger increases in US states' Mexican population shares correspond to larger decreases in social capital over the period" 1986â2004. A 2017 study in the
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4338:
Bahar, Dany; Hauptmann, Andreas; ĂzgĂŒzel, Cem; Rapoport, Hillel (2022). "Migration and Knowledge Diffusion: The Effect of Returning Refugees on Export Performance in the Former Yugoslavia".
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Research finds that emigration and low migration barriers has net positive effects on human capital formation in the sending countries. This means that there is a "brain gain" instead of a "
1250:
found that the sharp reduction in refugee admissions in the United States since 2017 had cost the U.S. economy over $ 9.1 billion per year and cost public coffers over $ 2 billion per year.
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or her lifetime depends substantially and in predictable ways on the immigrant's age at arrival, education, reason for migration, and similar". According to a 2007 literature review by the
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after a sudden relaxation in emigration rules. It lacked the limitations of previous studies, including that migrants often choose high-wage cities, so increases in wages could simply be a
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2033:). Moreover, agents' marketing efforts increase with asking price for white, but not for black, customers; blacks are more likely than whites to see houses in suburban, integrated areas (
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and Walter Ewing. "The Myth of Immigrant Criminality and the Paradox of Assimilation: Incarceration Rates among Native and Foreign-Born Men." The Immigration Policy Center, Spring 2007.
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As of 2015, the number of international migrants has reached 244 million worldwide, which reflects a 41% increase since 2000. The largest number of international migrants live in the
354:, with estimates of gains ranging between 67 and 147 percent for the scenarios in which 37 to 53 percent of the developing countries' workers migrate to the developed countries. Some
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Void of the voiceless: An analysis of residents with a language barrier in Germany, France, and the United Kingdom (Chapter 6) in The Essential Role of Language in Survey Research
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Stuen, Eric T.; Mobarak, Ahmed Mushfiq; Maskus, Keith E. (1 December 2012). "Skilled Immigration and Innovation: Evidence from Enrollment Fluctuations in US Doctoral Programmes".
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and Russia host 12 million migrants each, taking the second and third place in countries with the most migrants worldwide. Saudi Arabia hosts 10 million migrants, followed by the
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Many countries have immigration and visa restrictions that prohibit a person entering the country for the purposes of gaining work without a valid work visa. As a violation of a
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Nearly half (43%) of all international migrants originate in Asia, and Europe was the birthplace of the second largest number of migrants (25%), followed by Latin America (15%).
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9143:
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Drouhot, Lucas G.; Nee, Victor (2019). "Assimilation and the Second Generation in Europe and America: Blending and Segregating Social Dynamics Between Immigrants and Natives".
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Abubakar, Ibrahim; Friedland, Jon S.; Tollman, Stephen; Miranda, J. Jaime; Hargreaves, Sally; Burns, Rachel; Patel, Parth; Barr, Anna Louise; Bartlett, Sean (5 December 2018).
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Abramitzky, Ran; Ager, Philipp; Boustan, Leah Platt; Cohen, Elior; Hansen, Casper W (2019). The Effects of Immigration on the Economy: Lessons from the 1920s Border Closure.
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1519:. The contradictory nature of this policyâwhich specifically disadvantages the unskilled immigrants while exploiting their laborâhas also been criticized on ethical grounds.
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Battisti, Michele; Felbermayr, Gabriel; Peri, Giovanni; Poutvaara, Panu (1 May 2014). Immigration, Search, and Redistribution: A Quantitative Assessment of Native Welfare.
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tend to have poor living conditions and are migrants. Inferences about their demographic, attitudinal, or behavioral traits cannot be made because the ability to speak the
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Karakayali, Nedim (2005). "Duality and Diversity in the Lives of Immigrant Children: Rethinking the 'Problem of Second Generation' in Light of Immigrant Autobiographies".
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Daudistel, Howard C.; Hosch, Harmon M.; Holmes, Malcolm D.; Graves, Joseph B. (1 February 1999). "Effects of Defendant Ethnicity on Juries' Dispositions of Felony Cases".
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Hamilton, B.; Whalley, J. (1 February 1984). "Efficiency and distributional implications of global restrictions on labour mobility: calculations and policy implications".
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Dimmock, Stephen G; Huang, Jiekun; Weisbenner, Scott J (2019). Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor, Your High-Skilled Labor: H-1B Lottery Outcomes and Entrepreneurial Success.
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Iranian companies faced a mass exodus of youth and skilled labor out of the country in recent years. In June 2023 Iranian parliament illegalized immigration ads online.
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and rogue recruitment agencies make fake promises of better opportunities, education, income, some of the abuses and crimes experienced by immigrants are the followed:
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18239:
17675:
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8112:
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Dunlevy, James A.; Hutchinson, William K. (December 1999). "The Impact of Immigration on American Import Trade in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries".
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Longhi, Simonetta; Nijkamp, Peter; Poot, Jacques (1 October 2010). "Meta-Analyses of Labour-Market Impacts of Immigration: Key Conclusions and Policy Implications".
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against foreign-born and minority populations in criminal justice, business, the economy, housing, health care, media, and politics in the United States and Europe.
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bargaining strategies." A 2013 study found that eBay sellers of iPods received 21 percent more offers if a white hand held the iPod in the photo than a black hand.
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Edin, Per-Anders; Fredriksson, Peter; Ă
slund, Olof (1 February 2003). "Ethnic Enclaves and the Economic Success of ImmigrantsâEvidence from a Natural Experiment".
13407:"Achieving the American Dream: Cultural Distance, Cultural Diversity and Economic Performance | Oxford Economic and Social History Working Papers | Working Papers"
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where the department sent African-Americans and whites to look at apartments found that African-Americans were shown fewer apartments to rent and houses for sale.
1515:. The fact that the door is closed for the unskilled, while at the same time many developed countries have a huge demand for unskilled labor, is a major factor in
15768:
Bertrand, Marianne; Mullainathan, Sendhil (2004). "Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination".
15602:
Espenshade, T.J. and Radford, A.W.: No Longer Separate, Not Yet Equal: Race and Class in Elite College Admission and Campus Life. (eBook, Paperback and Hardcover)
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Overall immigration was found to account for a relatively small share of the rise of native wage inequality, but low-skill immigration has been linked to greater
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Charlton, Diane; Kostandini, Genti (2020). "Can Technology Compensate for a Labor Shortage? Effects of 287(g) Immigration Policies on the U.S. Dairy Industry".
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Fletcher, Jason; Kim, Jinho; Nobles, Jenna; Ross, Stephen; Shaorshadze, Irina (2019). The Effects of Foreign-Born Peers in US High Schools and Middle Schools.
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1869:
A study of Bangladeshi migrants in East London found they shifted towards the thinking styles of the wider non-migrant population in just a single generation.
1725:
migration and crime is ambiguous, and does not increase crime in resettlement programs like that of the United States, which screen-out high-risk individuals.
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shown to the public, found that refugees to the United States brought in $ 63 billion more in government revenues than they cost the government. According to
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Arendt, Jacob Nielsen; Bolvig, Iben; Foged, Mette; Hasager, Linea; Peri, Giovanni (2020). Integrating Refugees: Language Training or Work-First Incentives?.
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first country to offer economic citizenship back in 1984 creating a new market for citizenship and by the early 2000s other Caribbean countries joined them.
15193:
Warren, Patricia Y.; Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald (1 May 2009). "Racial profiling and searches: Did the politics of racial profiling change police behavior?".
8633:
Adida, Claire L.; Girod, Desha M. (1 January 2011). "Do Migrants Improve Their Hometowns? Remittances and Access to Public Services in Mexico, 1995â2000".
3443:
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The Evolution of New York City's Multiculturalism: Melting Pot or Salad Bowl: Immigrants in New York from the 19th Century until the End of the Gilded Age
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found that more intense immigration enforcement increased the likelihood that US-born children with undocumented immigrant parents would live in poverty.
15742:
8023:
Bauer, Thomas K.; Braun, Sebastian; Kvasnicka, Michael (1 September 2013). "The Economic Integration of Forced Migrants: Evidence for Post-War Germany".
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of schooling by 0.3 percentage point." A 2019 NBER paper found little evidence that exposure to foreign-born students had an impact on US-born students.
11579:
Wimmer, Andreas (28 July 2015). "Is Diversity Detrimental? Ethnic Fractionalization, Public Goods Provision, and the Historical Legacies of Stateness".
9964:
1329:" to emigration. Emigration has also been linked to innovation in cases where the migrants return to their home country after developing skills abroad.
1266:"have today higher earnings, higher levels of household wealth, greater educational attainment, as well as larger financial and manufacturing sectors."
16087:
14270:
Jones, Will; Teytelboym, Alexander (2017). "The Local Refugee Match: Aligning Refugees' Preferences with the Capacities and Priorities of Localities".
2009:
According to an analysis of the National Study of College Experience, elite colleges may favor minority applicants due to affirmative action policies.
1718:
410:, 'wanderer') from the perspective of the destination country. In contrast, from the perspective of the country from which they leave, they are called
12915:
The principal findings suggest, in most European countries, a significantly higher rate of foreign citizens held in prison compared to nonâimmigrants.
11173:
Padilla, Alexandre; Cachanosky, NicolĂĄs (5 February 2018). "The Grecian horse: does immigration lead to the deterioration of American institutions?".
1535:
that provided the motivation for the individual to migrate in the first place. One example of competition for skilled labour is active recruitment of
1352:
Some research shows that the remittance effect is not strong enough to make the remaining natives in countries with high emigration flows better off.
13811:
Röder, Antje (1 December 2015). "Immigrants' Attitudes toward Homosexuality: Socialization, Religion, and Acculturation in European Host Societies".
13076:
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Cohn, Ellen G.; Coccia, Mario; Kakar, Suman (2024). "Disparate incarceration rates of foreign citizens in Europe compared to Anglo-Saxon countries".
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Droller, Federico (1 March 2017). "Migration, Population Composition, and Long Run Economic Development: Evidence from Settlements in the Pampas".
5034:...the presence of immigration can account for a relatively small share (4â6 percent) of the rise in overall wage inequality over the past 25 years
2394:
1156:
found that immigrants from middle- and low-income countries to the United States increased their wages by a factor of two to three upon migration.
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involves expansion of sedentary populations into previously only sparsely settled territories or territories with no permanent settlements. In the
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Avitabile, Ciro; Clots-Figueras, Irma; Masella, Paolo (1 August 2013). "The Effect of Birthright Citizenship on Parental Integration Outcomes".
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By increasing overall demand, immigrants could push natives out of low-skilled manual labor into better paying occupations. A 2018 study in the
14832:
Holmberg, Lars; Kyvsgaard, Britta (2003). "Are Immigrants and Their Descendants Discriminated against in the Danish Criminal Justice System?".
13544:
7425:
Taylor, J. Edward; Filipski, Mateusz J.; Alloush, Mohamad; Gupta, Anubhab; Valdes, Ruben Irvin Rojas; Gonzalez-Estrada, Ernesto (5 July 2016).
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During the Age of Mass Migration, infant arrivals to the United States had greater economic success over their lifetime than teenage arrivals.
1618:
10827:
7605:"What are the impacts of Syrian refugees on host community welfare in Turkey ? a subnational poverty analysis (English) | The World Bank"
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The great majority of those visaed in the skill program are professionals, an increasing share of whom hold occupations that are oversupplied.
1676:
High immigration can cause higher stress on highly regulated sectors such as healthcare, education, and housing, leading to negative effects.
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Burchardi, Konrad B; Chaney, Thomas; Hassan, Tarek Alexander; Tarquinio, Lisa; Terry, Stephen J (2020). Immigration, Innovation, and Growth.
8681:
Shrestha, Slesh A. (1 April 2016). "No Man Left Behind: Effects of Emigration Prospects on Educational and Labour Outcomes of Non-migrants".
7773:
Evans, William N.; Fitzgerald, Daniel (June 2017). The Economic and Social Outcomes of Refugees in the United States: Evidence from the ACS.
1817:
Return migration from countries with liberal gender norms has been associated with the transfer of liberal gender norms to the home country.
933:
850:, and social marginalization. Political motives traditionally motivate refugee flows; for instance, people may emigrate in order to escape a
14038:
Slotwinski, Michaela; Stutzer, Alois; Gorinas, CĂ©dric (27 February 2017). "Democratic Involvement and Immigrants' Compliance with the Law".
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3346:
Enos, Ryan D. (1 January 2016). "What the Demolition of Public Housing Teaches Us about the Impact of Racial Threat on Political Behavior".
2944:
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Alesina, Alberto; Carlana, Michela; Ferrara, Eliana La; Pinotti, Paolo (2018). Revealing Stereotypes: Evidence from Immigrants in Schools.
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Doyle, Matthew, Mikal Skuterud, and Christopher Worswick. The economics of Canadian immigration levels. No. 58. Working Paper Series, 2023.
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Brown, J. David; Earle, John S; Kim, Mee Jung; Lee, Kyung Min (2019). Immigrant Entrepreneurs and Innovation in the U.S. High-Tech Sector.
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Basso, Gaetano; Peri, Giovanni; Rahman, Ahmed (October 2017). Computerization and Immigration: Theory and Evidence from the United States.
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15554:"What happens before? A field experiment exploring how pay and representation differentially shape bias on the pathway into organizations"
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13856:"How Do People Become W.E.I.R.D.? Migration Reveals the Cultural Transmission Mechanisms Underlying Variation in Psychological Processes"
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Egger, Peter H.; Erhardt, Katharina; Lassmann, Andrea (2018). "Immigration and Firms' Integration in International Production Networks".
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Pending Cases, New Cases and Total Completions, Executive Office For Immigration Review, Adjuction Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice
3381:
2026:
1917:
A 2020 study using data from large-scale comparative surveys in Germany, France, and United Kingdom found that sampled households with a
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found that given the opportunity, 640 million adults would migrate to another country, with 23% of these would-be immigrant choosing the
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Lange, Martin; Sommerfeld, Katrin (2024). "Do refugees impact crime? Causal evidence from large-scale refugee immigration to Germany".
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A 2014 meta-analysis found extensive evidence of racial and ethnic discrimination in the housing market of several European countries.
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Measuring the national impact of immigration on the change of total GDP or on the change of GDP per capita can have distinct results.
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Duncan, Brian; Trejo, Stephen J (2011). "Tracking Intergenerational Progress for Immigrant Groups: The Problem of Ethnic Attrition".
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7259:"The effects of EU migration on Britain in 5 charts: Did migrants really force down wages and are they a drain on the UK exchequer?"
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affects underprivileged natives. Studies suggest that the elimination of barriers to migration would have profound effects on world
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Refugees integrate more slowly into host countries' labor markets than labor migrants, in part due to the loss and depreciation of
823:", and their conditions of employment are typically equal to or better than those applying in the host country (for similar work).
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8364:
Chassamboulli, Andri; Peri, Giovanni (2018). The Economic Effect of Immigration Policies: Analyzing and Simulating the U.S. Case.
3795:""It Wasn't My Idea to Come Here!": Young Women Lack Ownership of the Idea to Immigrate â Mark Rubin's Social Psychology Research"
3614:
17862:
17730:
17705:
15376:
Mustard, David B. (1 April 2001). "Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in Sentencing: Evidence from the U.S. Federal Courts".
14478:
Ferwerda, Jeremy; Finseraas, Henning; Bergh, Johannes (2018). "Voting Rights and Immigrant Incorporation: Evidence from Norway".
13628:"Gender Equality Attitudes among Turks in Western Europe and Turkey: The Interrelated Impact of Migration and Parents' Attitudes"
9571:
9210:
Batista, Catia; Vicente, Pedro C. (1 January 2011). "Do Migrants Improve Governance at Home? Evidence from a Voting Experiment".
8139:
6108:
Hendricks, Lutz; Schoellman, Todd (2017). "Human Capital and Development Accounting: New Evidence from Wage Gains at Migration".
6063:"The Impact of Acquiring EU Status on the Earnings of East European Migrants in the UK: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment"
2217:
1649:
1488:
1126:
Greater openness to low-skilled immigration in wealthy countries could drastically reduce global income inequality. According to
669:
10669:
7630:
Tumen, Semih (1 May 2016). "The Economic Impact of Syrian Refugees on Host Countries: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Turkey".
6168:
6143:
2730:
Milanovic, Branko (7 January 2014). "Global Inequality of Opportunity: How Much of Our Income Is Determined by Where We Live?".
2547:
2522:
18212:
18084:
16608:
10582:
Ager, Philipp; Brueckner, Markus (2017). "Immigrants' Genes: Genetic Diversity and Economic Development in the United States".
8314:
3945:
16493:, Karthala, Maison MĂ©diterranĂ©enne des sciences de l'homme, Ecole française d'AthĂšnes, Paris â Aix-en-Provence â Athens, 2010.
13304:
Alba, Richard; Islam, Tariqul (1 January 2009). "The Case of the Disappearing Mexican Americans: An Ethnic-Identity Mystery".
3919:
3411:
2577:"Efficiency Gains from the Elimination of Global Restrictions on Labour Mobility: An Analysis using a Multiregional CGE Model"
16557:
16538:
16508:
16426:
16377:
16346:
16325:
16306:
16280:
16258:
16185:
16141:
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16023:
15610:
14888:
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14593:
12788:
11496:
11414:
10889:
10706:
10279:
9916:
9646:
9010:
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8899:
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6388:
4314:
3058:
3025:
2900:
2805:
2470:
2290:
1472:
909:
299:
11767:
Kustov, Alexander; Pardelli, Giuliana (2018). "Ethnoracial Homogeneity and Public Outcomes: The (Non)effects of Diversity".
7673:
Clemens, Michael A.; Hunt, Jennifer (May 2017). The Labor Market Effects of Refugee Waves: Reconciling Conflicting Results.
7183:
5308:
Dustmann, C; Schonberg, U; Stuhler, J (2017). "Labor Supply Shocks, Native Wages, and the Adjustment of Local Employment'".
4169:
Facchini, G.; Steinhardt, M. F. (2011). "What drives U.S. Immigration policy? Evidence from congressional roll call votes".
767:(or attraction factors) refer to one's motivations behind or the encouragement towards immigrating to a particular country.
18484:
17457:
13349:"The Complexity of Immigrant Generations: Implications for Assessing the Socioeconomic Integration of Hispanics and Asians"
12933:
7699:"What the Mariel Boatlift of Cuban Refugees Can Teach Us about the Economics of Immigration: An Explainer and a Revelation"
2239:
1684:
Immigration tends to increase both local rents and house prices, but this dependency varies depending on factors including
1551:
8339:
Edwards, Ryan; Ortega, Francesc (November 2016). The Economic Contribution of Unauthorized Workers: An Industry Analysis.
5975:
5874:
544:
The global population of immigrants has grown since 1990 but has remained constant at around 3% of the world's population.
18886:
17131:
15982:
13127:
7929:
1659:
for outpatient referrals in more deprived areas outside of London" but that this increase disappears after 3 to 4 years.
1556:
influx of refugees into Jordan during the Gulf War had long-lasting positive effects on Jordanian economic institutions.
1445:
9144:"Can emigration lead to political change in poor countries? It did in 19th century Sweden: Guest Post by Mounir Karadja"
6312:
Dustmann, Christian; Glitz, Albrecht; Frattini, Tommaso (21 September 2008). "The labour market impact of immigration".
3533:
1463:âhave not ratified the convention, even though they are host to the majority of international migrant workers. Although
647:
18956:
12282:"The Social Effects of Ethnic Diversity at the Local Level: A Natural Experiment with Exogenous Residential Allocation"
12266:
8943:
1385:
Some research suggests that immigration can offset some of the adverse effects of automation on native labor outcomes.
375:
14904:
Light, Michael T. (1 March 2016). "The Punishment Consequences of Lacking National Membership in Germany, 1998â2010".
12679:
11930:
4094:
18778:
18451:
18349:
18162:
17169:
17023:
14740:
Colombo, Asher (1 November 2013). "Foreigners and immigrants in Italy's penal and administrative detention systems".
13580:
Röder, Antje; MĂŒhlau, Peter (1 March 2014). "Are They Acculturating? Europe's Immigrants and Gender Egalitarianism".
10210:. Special Issue: Cities and Entrepreneurship â Sponsored by the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation (www.kauffman.org).
4055:
3867:
3728:
3558:
3499:
1621:(PISA) 15-year-old school pupils' educational evaluations in Sweden the Swedish PISA scores significantly decreased.
1586:
1263:
14174:
Damm, Anna Piil (1 April 2009). "Ethnic Enclaves and Immigrant Labor Market Outcomes: Quasi-Experimental Evidence".
4249:
1479:(1966), the freedom only applies to movement within national borders and the ability to return to one's home state.
1305:
found that undocumented immigrants had beneficial effects on the employment and wages of American natives. Stricter
749:, and other short-term stays in a destination country do not fall under the definition of immigration or migration;
342:, and other short-term stays in a destination country do not fall under the definition of immigration or migration;
18532:
17309:
8478:"Do Apprehensions of Undocumented Immigrants Reduce Crime and Create Jobs? Evidence from U.S. Districts, 2000â2015"
8076:
MÀkelÀ, Erik (1 September 2017). "The effect of mass influx on labor markets: Portuguese 1974 evidence revisited".
3688:
2131:
1635:
940:. Because of all these associations, immigration has become an emotional political issue in many European nations.
549:
292:
14142:"Neighborhood quality and labor market outcomes: Evidence from quasi-random neighborhood assignment of immigrants"
13966:
Gathmann, Christina; Keller, Nicolas (2017). "Access to Citizenship and the Economic Assimilation of Immigrants".
7291:"The Impact of Acquiring Unrestricted Work Authorization on Romanian and Bulgarian Migrants in the United Kingdom"
6394:
552:, with 19% of the world's total. One third of the world's international migrants are living in just 20 countries.
18927:
18861:
4914:
3267:"What Do Field Experiments of Discrimination in Markets Tell Us? A Meta Analysis of Studies Conducted since 2000"
1593:
Research finds that Americans' attitudes towards immigration influence their attitudes towards welfare spending.
1239:
91:
12327:
Levy, Morris (1 December 2015). "The Effect of Immigration from Mexico on Social Capital in the United States".
3973:"The Relationship Between Nature and Immigrants' Integration, Wellbeing and Physical Activity: A Scoping Review"
1907:
found that immigrants in Norway became more politically engaged the earlier that they were given voting rights.
1507:
accounted for approximately two-thirds of legal immigration to the US every year. Ethnic selection, such as the
967:
Several countries have been accused of encouraging immigration to other countries in order to create divisions.
900:
18876:
18269:
17650:
16297:
Massey, Douglas S.; Arango, JoaquĂn; Graeme, Hugo; Kouaouci, Ali; Adela, Pellegrino; Taylor, J. Edward (2005).
14373:
12097:
10723:"International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families"
6702:"The Abolition of Immigration Restrictions and the Performance of Firms and Workers: Evidence from Switzerland"
5753:
4893:
Ager, Philipp; Hansen, Casper Worm (8 November 2016). "National Immigration Quotas and Local Economic Growth".
3266:
2169:
1152:
812:
15150:
Doleac, Jennifer L.; Stein, Luke C.D. (1 November 2013). "The Visible Hand: Race and Online Market Outcomes".
14400:
12098:"Gender and Racial Differences in Peer Effects of Limited English Students: A Story of Language or Ethnicity?"
8477:
6018:
Gove, Michael (18 April 2017). "Migration as Development: Household Survey Evidence on Migrants' Wage Gains".
5504:
3476:
1457:
United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
16996:
14443:
Coversi; et al. (2017). "Despite the crisis: The resilience of intercultural nationalism in Catalonia".
10557:
Burchardi, Konrad B.; Chaney, Thomas; Hassan, Tarek A. (January 2016). Migrants, Ancestors, and Investments.
9971:
2071:
1884:
Research suggests that bilingual schooling reduces barriers between speakers from two different communities.
603:
as their desired future residence, while 7% of respondents, representing 45 million people, would choose the
14089:
7547:"The impact of Syrian refugees on the labor market in neighboring countries: empirical evidence from Jordan"
7184:"The fiscal impact of EU immigration on the tax-financed welfare state: Testing the 'welfare burden' thesis"
17185:
17162:
17016:
16580:
15510:
13106:"Forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking (Forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking)"
12167:"The Effect of Immigration on Natives' School Performance: Does Length of Stay in the Host Country Matter?"
11675:
Kymlicka, Will; Banting, Keith (1 September 2006). "Immigration, Multiculturalism, and the Welfare State".
7992:
5915:"How Important is Selection? Experimental VS. Non-Experimental Measures of the Income Gains from Migration"
4067:
2377:"Global migration revisited: short-term pains, long-term gains, and the potential of south-south migration"
223:
52:
15694:"Now You See It, Now You Don't: Why Do Real Estate Agents Withhold Available Houses from Black Customers?"
14010:
11041:
10079:
9371:
Regan, Patrick M.; Frank, Richard W. (1 November 2014). "Migrant remittances and the onset of civil war".
7021:"The Economic and Fiscal Effects on the United States from Reduced Numbers of Refugees and Asylum Seekers"
2835:
1296:
operators respond to immigration enforcement by automating their operations (rather than hire new labor).
18901:
18891:
18804:
18710:
17855:
17665:
16854:
12692:
10966:
Stilwell, Barbara; Diallo, Khassoum; Zurn, Pascal; Vujicic, Marko; Adams, Orvill; Dal Poz, Mario (2004).
10513:
8439:
7290:
6062:
2788:
Mishra, Prachi (2014). "Emigration and wages in source countries: A survey of the empirical literature".
2126:
1284:
1206:
1013:
immigration laws a person who is declared to be an economic migrant can be refused entry into a country.
986:
191:
16013:
13627:
11218:"How Mass Immigration Affects Countries with Weak Economic Institutions: A Natural Experiment in Jordan"
10080:"Skilled immigrants and technology adoption: Evidence from the German settlements in the Russian Empire"
9848:
Hornung, Erik (2018). "Diasporas, Diversity, and Economic Activity: Evidence from 18th-century Berlin".
3971:
Charles Rodriguez, U.; Venegas de la Torre, M. D. L. P.; Hecker, V.; Laing, R. A.; Larouche, R. (2022).
2597:
Clemens, Michael A (1 August 2011). "Economics and Emigration: Trillion-Dollar Bills on the Sidewalk?".
1784:
Offering fake immigrant visas in order to make it impossible for employees to return to their countries.
18773:
18334:
18077:
17915:
17590:
17585:
16601:
12166:
11850:
9597:"Refugees and foreign investment: Quasi-experimental evidence from the US Refugee Resettlement Program"
8968:
8243:
7073:"Macroeconomic evidence suggests that asylum seekers are not a "burden" for Western European countries"
6657:
Lin, Gary C. (18 June 2019). "High-skilled immigration and native task specialization in U.S. cities".
4751:
1804:
1685:
1398:
858:
808:
425:
42:
35:
16440:(3 (Special Silver Anniversary Issue: International Migration an Assessment for the 90's )): 606â630.
15257:
11357:"Racism and redistribution in the United States: A solution to the problem of American exceptionalism"
10032:
18683:
18507:
18244:
18127:
17490:
17224:
16919:
15035:
Riach, P. A.; Rich, J. (1 November 2002). "Field Experiments of Discrimination in the Market Place".
14575:
14555:"The effect of language training on immigrants' economic integration: Empirical evidence from France"
14523:"The effect of language training on immigrants' economic integration: Empirical evidence from France"
13105:
13039:
12209:
11356:
7882:
6866:"Immigration Restrictions as Active Labor Market Policy: Evidence from the Mexican Bracero Exclusion"
6244:
Okkerse, Liesbet (1 February 2008). "How to Measure Labour Market Effects of Immigration: A Review".
5531:
4215:
2101:
1564:
Some research has found that as immigration and ethnic heterogeneity increase, government funding of
1460:
1346:
1301:
1292:
natives had worse labor market outcomes and high-skilled natives had improved labor market outcomes.
937:
889:
disguising themselves as victims of war or conflict and then pursuing asylum in a different country.
760:
147:
15782:
15049:
14418:
13365:
11525:
11292:
10968:"Migration of health-care workers from developing countries: strategic approaches to its management"
10474:
10220:
6326:
5727:
5588:
Foley, C. Fritz; Kerr, William R. (2013). "Ethnic Innovation and U.S. Multinational Firm Activity".
5004:
4183:
2929:
18688:
18477:
17885:
17796:
17670:
17550:
17472:
17450:
17279:
17254:
17108:
17053:
17045:
16427:"Contemporary Immigration: Theoretical Perspectives on Its Determinants and Modes of Incorporation"
16177:
16069:
10243:
Khanna, Gaurav; Lee, Munseob (2018). High-Skill Immigration, Innovation, and Creative Destruction.
10206:
Kerr, William R. (1 January 2010). "Breakthrough inventions and migrating clusters of innovation".
7856:
6480:
3750:
Borjas, George J. (1 April 1982). "The Earnings of Male Hispanic Immigrants in the United States".
1043:
759:(or determinant factors) refer primarily to the motive for leaving one's country of origin (either
390:
was coined in the 17th century, referring to non-warlike population movements between the emerging
16498:
12281:
9472:
7258:
5602:
3389:
1572:
may be an explanation for this phenomenon. Other possible explanations include theories regarding
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18314:
18289:
18147:
17645:
17615:
17515:
17264:
17209:
17088:
17073:
16644:
16102:
15903:"ŰŹÙŰ§Ù Ű§Û۱ۧÙÛ ÙÛÚ ŰŻÙÛÙÛ ŰšŰ±Ű§Û Ù
ۧÙŰŻÙ ŰŻŰ± Ú©ŰŽÙ۱ Ùۯۧ۱ۯ / Ù
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ÙÙŰąÙŰ±Û â ŰȘۏۧ۱ŰȘâÙÛÙŰČ"
13123:
11005:
10922:
1306:
1051:
791:(personal or for relatives staying behind) is a traditional push factor, and the availability of
596:
482:
16210:
13730:"Catalyst or Crown: Does Naturalization Promote the Long-Term Social Integration of Immigrants?"
12831:
if immigrants have poor prospects on the labor market or if they face labor market restrictions.
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15777:
15044:
13360:
12624:"Global patterns of mortality in international migrants: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
10778:
10469:
10215:
8204:
6475:
6321:
5597:
5337:"Relaxing the Restrictions on the Temporary Movement of Natural Persons: A Simulation Analysis"
5048:"Immigration and the Canadian Earnings Distribution in the First Half of the Twentieth Century"
4999:
4178:
4018:
DjajiÄ, Slobodan (1 September 2013). "Barriers to immigration and the dynamics of emigration".
3894:"Sweden: Syrian asylum seeker suspected of war crimes under Assad regime arrested in Stockholm"
3723:
Chiswick, Barry (March 2000). "The Earnings of Male Hispanic Immigrants in the United States".
3639:
1670:
1508:
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866:
564:
migrants were older in Northern America (42 years), Europe (43 years), and Oceania (44 years).
553:
460:
351:
16117:
15955:
15128:
14043:
11995:
9269:
8891:
The Peregrine Profession: Transnational Mobility of Nordic Engineers and Architects, 1880â1930
7336:
4898:
4686:
3278:
3197:"Ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions: a meta-analysis of correspondence tests 1990â2015"
1234:
A 2020 study found that Syrian refugees to Turkey improved the productivity of Turkish firms.
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14880:
14796:
14723:
13494:
13168:
13024:
12125:"Unwelcome Guests? The Effects of Refugees on the Educational Outcomes of Incumbent Students"
11931:"Non-native Speakers of English in the Classroom: What Are the Effects on Pupil Performance?"
10033:"The workforce of pioneer plants: The role of worker mobility in the diffusion of industries"
9900:
9893:
8794:"The Long Run Effects of Labor Migration on Human Capital Formation in Communities of Origin"
8440:"Immigration enforcement and economic resources of children with likely unauthorized parents"
8113:"Mass Refugee Inflow and Long-Run Prosperity: Lessons from the Greek Population Resettlement"
7496:
5914:
5457:
5143:
Glen Weyl, E. (17 January 2018). "The Openness-equality Trade-off in Global Redistribution".
3736:
2892:
2116:
1709:
1702:
1607:
1093:
730:
705:
500:
447:, i.e. migration to world regions where there was previously no human habitation, during the
444:
440:
363:
355:
228:
16422:
10752:
9596:
9595:
Mayda, Anna Maria; Parsons, Christopher; Pham, Han; VĂ©zina, Pierre-Louis (20 January 2020).
7376:
6598:
Bound, John; Khanna, Gaurav; Morales, Nicolas (19 May 2017). "Reservoir of foreign talent".
6543:
4953:
Devlin, Ciaran; Bolt, Olivia; Patel, Dhiren; Harding, David; Hussain, Ishtiaq (March 2014).
4776:
Qian, Nancy; Nunn, Nathan; Sequeira, Sandra (2019). "Immigrants and the Making of America".
3132:
2704:
2687:
2497:
1747:
Employees are forced to work in activities that were not included in their contracts, where
1590:
cast doubts on findings that ethnoracial homogeneity led to greater public goods provision.
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18671:
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17068:
16734:
15667:"Report estimates that more than 450,000 undocumented immigrants are enrolled in higher ed"
14318:
14090:"Peers, Neighborhoods, and Immigrant Student Achievement: Evidence from a Placement Policy"
13867:
13438:"Chinese Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market: Effects of Post-Tiananmen Immigration Policy"
12426:
10853:
9026:
Docquier, Frédéric; Lodigiani, Elisabetta; Rapoport, Hillel; Schiff, Maurice (1 May 2016).
7546:
7438:
7084:
6607:
6202:
4281:
2121:
1748:
1689:
1504:
1374:
916:
The politics of immigration have become increasingly associated with other issues, such as
862:
722:
636:
142:
12483:
Giuntella, Osea; Mazzonna, Fabrizio; Nicodemo, Catia; Vargas-Silva, Carlos (1 July 2019).
10996:
Clark, J.R.; Lawson, Robert; Nowrasteh, Alex; Powell, Benjamin; Murphy, Ryan (June 2015).
10967:
9807:
8542:
8308:"The Economic Effects of Granting Legal Status and Citizenship to Undocumented Immigrants"
7974:
6701:
5198:
803:
Emigration and immigration are sometimes mandatory in a contract of employment: religious
737:, escape from prejudice, conflict or natural disaster, or simply the wish to change one's
8:
18993:
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14141:
12413:
Hewstone, Miles; Massey, Douglas S.; Bennett, Matthew R.; Ramos, Miguel R. (9 May 2019).
11438:
Habyarimana, James; Humphreys, Macartan; Posner, Daniel N.; Weinstein, Jeremy M. (2007).
11081:"Destined for Democracy? Labour Markets and Political Change in Colonial British America"
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5426:
2281:
1914:
found that language training improved the economic assimilation of immigrants in France.
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1853:
1778:
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1464:
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331:
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24:
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16387:
15090:"Everyday Injustices: Barriers to Access to Justice for Immigration Detainees in Canada"
14522:
14322:
13871:
12430:
7442:
7350:
7088:
6611:
6206:
4636:"Multiculturalism and Growth: Skill-Specific Evidence from the Post-World War II Period"
2191:
1176:
in that profession, but increase wages for other natives; for instance, a 2017 study in
1127:
59:
per 1,000 people in 2023. On net people travel from redder countries to bluer countries.
18871:
18809:
18597:
18586:
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18559:
18548:
16449:
16231:
16174:
Culling the Masses: The Democratic Origins of Racist Immigration Policy in the Americas
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Kerr, Sari Pekkala; Kerr, William R. (July 2016). Immigrant Entrepreneurship (Report).
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JiĆĂ, Mazurek. "On some issues concerning definition of an economic recession." (2012).
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3157:
3105:
3080:
2917:
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2811:
2765:
2622:
2443:
2354:
2081:
1081:
994:
816:
718:
512:
478:
273:
56:
16500:
The Environment of Insecurity in Turkey and the Emigration of Turkish Kurds to Germany
15693:
13217:
13194:
12765:
12639:
9965:"The Mariel Boatlift â A Natural Experiment in Low-Skilled Immigration and Innovation"
9721:
8916:
8178:
7724:
6839:
6527:
4589:
2576:
699:
children outnumbered white British children by about 3 to 2 in government-run schools.
18846:
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12344:
12301:
12240:
12228:
12194:
12182:
12151:
12018:
11953:
11915:
11878:
11831:
11812:"Immigration Attitudes and Support for the Welfare State in the American Mass Public"
11796:
11784:
11753:
11741:
11704:
11692:
11688:
11658:
11646:
11596:
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9865:
9694:
9656:
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9556:
9544:
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9388:
9353:
9316:
9304:
9265:
9237:
9092:
9006:
8922:
8895:
8761:
8749:
8731:"Brain Drain and Human Capital Formation in Developing Countries: Winners and Losers"
8730:
8710:
8698:
8662:
8650:
8574:
8562:
8527:
8515:
8463:
8420:
8383:
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7830:
7647:
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7531:
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7474:
7456:
7322:
7310:
7218:
7206:
7168:
7156:
7140:
7118:
7100:
7050:
6995:"The Impact of Unauthorized Immigrants on the Budgets of State and Local Governments"
6948:
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6893:
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6721:
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6674:
6643:
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1733:
1713:
1119:
1062:
929:
917:
796:
750:
448:
343:
263:
16299:
Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium
15283:
15074:
14256:
14203:
14126:
13952:
13714:
13290:
13077:"Migrants don't cause crime rates to increase â but false perceptions endure anyway"
12750:
12313:
12252:
12082:
12030:
11965:
11383:
11112:
11026:
10698:
Transnational Migration and Human Security: The Migration-Development-Security Nexus
10499:
10365:
10322:"How migration helps countries become competitive at innovating in new technologies"
10192:
10017:
9877:
9792:
9706:
9104:
9054:
8773:
8293:
7750:
6840:"The impact of immigration on wage distributions in the era of technical automation"
6793:
6273:
5957:
5225:
5172:
4955:"Impacts of migration on UK native employment: An analytical review of the evidence"
4797:
4621:
4459:
4148:
3779:
3367:
3236:
3161:
2769:
2626:
1076:
David Card's 1990 work is considered a landmark study in the topic. It followed the
1024:
totaled $ 420 billion in 2009, of which $ 317 billion went to developing countries.
18922:
18917:
18703:
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12847:
12813:
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11776:
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11371:
11319:
11240:
11232:
11182:
11147:
11143:
11139:
11092:
11053:
11014:
10877:
10785:. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 16 December 1966
10641:
10591:
10562:
10479:
10411:
10401:
10351:
10300:
10248:
10225:
10172:
10164:
10091:
10044:
9997:
9945:
9904:
9857:
9830:
9822:
9772:
9734:
9686:
9634:
9622:
9534:
9526:
9495:
9487:
9457:
9435:
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9380:
9343:
9296:
9249:
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9219:
9170:
9084:
9042:
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8874:
8860:
8852:
8820:
8808:
8753:
8745:
8690:
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8554:
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8451:
8410:
8369:
8344:
8281:
8219:
8154:
8085:
8040:
8032:
8000:
7894:
7822:
7818:
7814:
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7639:
7589:
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7032:
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6885:
6877:
6815:
6771:
6763:
6713:
6666:
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6539:
6493:
6485:
6428:
6376:
6368:
6331:
6292:
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6210:
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6074:
6027:
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5987:
5937:
5929:
5811:
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5768:
5703:
5695:
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5619:
5607:
5574:
5554:
5546:
5469:
5438:
5389:
5348:
5317:
5274:
5213:
5152:
5106:
5059:
5009:
4834:
4824:
4785:
4727:
4670:
4665:
4653:
4601:
4562:
4523:
4489:
4439:
4397:
4347:
4200:
4188:
4128:
4027:
3984:
3810:
3806:
3759:
3705:
3697:
3355:
3332:
3312:
3216:
3208:
3147:
3100:
3092:
3013:
2888:
2847:
2793:
2747:
2739:
2699:
2652:
2606:
2427:
2358:
2338:
2330:
2276:
2106:
2096:
1994:
1943:
1918:
1740:
1229:
976:
878:
870:
839:
784:
676:, also known as "Little Hanoi". In 2009, there were about 70,000 Vietnamese in the
584:
580:
524:
486:
268:
186:
169:
16491:
La raison du mouvement : territoires et réseaux de migrants albanais en GrÚce
16465:
14585:
13728:
Hainmueller, Jens; Hangartner, Dominik; Pietrantuono, Giuseppe (1 February 2017).
13218:"Return migration and the transfer of gender norms: Evidence from the Middle East"
12976:"Does Halting Refugee Resettlement Reduce Crime? Evidence from the US Refugee Ban"
12046:"Immigrant concentration in schools: Consequences for native and migrant students"
11375:
11042:"Does mass immigration destroy institutions? 1990s Israel as a natural experiment"
9491:
9046:
8856:
8455:
8062:
7964:"The Labor Market Impact of Refugees: Evidence from the U.S. Resettlement Program"
7898:
7799:
7565:
7515:
4566:
4192:
3701:
3212:
2851:
2271:, in Valerie Cerra; Barry Eichengreen; Asmaa El-Ganainy; Martin Schindler (eds.),
18932:
18693:
16336:
16293:. Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Law Foundation, September 2005.
16152:
Division and Dislocation: Regulating Immigration through Local Housing Ordinances
16094:
16034:
13880:
13646:
12817:
12780:
12178:
12064:
11996:"How Immigrant Children Affect the Academic Achievement of Native Dutch Children"
11866:
11736:
11719:
10997:
10941:
10696:
10048:
9000:
7962:
Mayda, Anna Maria; Parsons, Chris; Peri, Giovanni; Wagner, Mathis (August 2017).
5974:
Gibson, John; Mckenzie, David J.; Rohorua, Halahingano; Stillman, Steven (2017).
4270:
4045:
4031:
3618:
3563:
3300:
3046:
2076:
2034:
1754:
Workers are forced to work more than 20 hours a day with low wages or no payment,
1406:
1247:
1193:
1173:
1106:
1077:
1046:
and economic prosperity. Immigration has also been associated with reductions in
738:
576:
490:
432:
278:
248:
176:
16198:. Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Law Foundation, November 2005.
14374:"Bilingual Schooling and Earnings: Evidence from a Language-in-Education Reform"
13155:"This Modern Day Slavery": Sex Trafficking and Moral Panic in the United Kingdom
12045:
11811:
11406:
10152:
8590:"The Place Premium: Wage Differences for Identical Workers Across the US Border"
7883:"Blessing or burden? Impacts of refugees on businesses and the informal economy"
5681:"Migrant Networks and Trade: The Vietnamese Boat People as a Natural Experiment"
4547:
3412:"United Nations Population Division | Department of Economic and Social Affairs"
3081:"Immigrants' Economic Assimilation: Evidence from Longitudinal Earnings Records"
2975:"World population in 2100 could be 2 billion below UN forecasts, study suggests"
2797:
1165:
American workers substantially worse off unless they are compensated by others.
997:
along the 4,000 kilometer border with Bangladesh to prevent illegal immigration.
567:
19:
For the practice of checking travellers' documents when entering a country, see
18937:
17154:
17008:
16483:
16369:
Immigrants and Boomers: Forging a New Social Contract for the Future of America
16206:
15822:
15743:"Housing Discrimination against Racial and Ethnic Minorities 2012: Full Report"
15712:
15549:
13753:
11057:
10881:
10873:
10440:"Skilled Emigration and Skill Creation: A quasi-experiment â Working Paper 152"
10271:
The Gift of Global Talent: How Migration Shapes Business, Economy & Society
9808:"Immigration and the Diffusion of Technology: The Huguenot Diaspora in Prussia"
9118:
8616:
Migration and Development Brief âMigration and Remittances Unit, the World Bank
8269:
8223:
7742:
7152:
6526:
Kerr, Sari Pekkala; Kerr, William; Ăzden, ĂaÄlar; Parsons, Christopher (2017).
5816:
5353:
5336:
5217:
5095:"Imported Inequality? Immigration and Income Inequality in the American States"
3988:
3970:
3763:
3007:
2375:
Andreas, Willenbockel, Dirk; Sia, Go, Delfin; Amer, Ahmed, S. (11 April 2016).
2314:
di Giovanni, Julian; Levchenko, Andrei A.; Ortega, Francesc (1 February 2015).
1897:
1874:
1774:
1630:
1528:
1496:
1441:
1110:
1010:
684:
677:
604:
238:
154:
86:
20:
16:
Movement of people into another country or region to which they are not native
16417:. Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Law Foundation, Summer 2006.
16161:, Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Law Foundation, Spring 2006.
16154:. Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Law Foundation, Summer 2007.
15600:
15553:
15307:
14845:
14491:
14230:
14160:
14059:"Does Growing Up in a High Crime Neighborhood Affect Youth Criminal Behavior?"
13745:
13513:
13317:
13236:
13132:
12992:
12975:
12947:
12928:
12501:
12484:
12383:
11780:
11642:
11455:
11186:
11096:
11018:
10229:
10095:
9861:
9530:
9348:
9331:
8285:
8158:
6031:
5646:
5550:
5530:
Bratti, Massimiliano; Benedictis, Luca De; Santoni, Gianluca (18 April 2014).
5094:
5063:
4916:
Netherlands (University of Amsterdam and CBS Microdata Services, 19 June 2018)
4605:
4518:
Razin, Assaf (February 2018). Israel's Immigration Story: Winners and Losers.
3152:
2315:
1666:
found that migrants generally have better health than the general population.
1393:
1123:
and increases in financial flows between the sending and receiving countries.
770:
In the case of economic migration (usually labor migration), differentials in
18982:
18676:
18625:
17819:
15956:"«کۧÙŰŽ ŰłÙ Ù
Ùۧۏ۱ŰȘ» ۯ۱ ۧÛ۱ۧÙŰ ÚŻŰČۧ۱ێâÙۧ ۧŰČ Ù
Ùۧۏ۱ŰȘ ۯۧÙŰŽâŰąÙ
ÙŰČŰ§Ù ŰšÙ Ú©Ű§Ùۧۯۧ Ù ŰȘ۱کÛÙ"
15830:
15791:
15720:
15577:
15484:
15449:
15397:
15354:
15214:
15171:
15113:
15066:
15018:
14969:
14961:
14925:
14761:
14753:
14697:
14520:
14499:
14340:
14248:
14195:
13987:
13944:
13832:
13761:
13706:
13690:
13654:
13601:
13556:
13521:
13471:
13374:
13244:
13001:
12956:
12910:
12871:
12825:
12742:
12647:
12600:
12548:
12510:
12448:
12391:
12348:
12305:
12244:
12186:
12022:
11957:
11882:
11835:
11788:
11745:
11696:
11650:
11600:
11592:
11463:
11333:
11324:
11307:
11194:
11104:
11065:
10907:
10857:
10655:
10646:
10603:
10491:
10184:
10103:
10056:
10009:
9908:
9869:
9698:
9548:
9449:
9392:
9384:
9357:
9308:
9241:
9096:
9068:
EscribĂ -Folch, Abel; Meseguer, Covadonga; Wright, Joseph (1 September 2015).
8765:
8702:
8654:
8646:
8566:
8543:"The Labor Market Impact of Immigration: Job Creation versus Job Competition"
8519:
8424:
8166:
8054:
7941:
7906:
7834:
7651:
7581:
7523:
7460:
7314:
7306:
7210:
7202:
7160:
7104:
7054:
6897:
6785:
6725:
6700:
Beerli, Andreas; Ruffner, Jan; Siegenthaler, Michael; Peri, Giovanni (2021).
6678:
6627:
6440:
6343:
6265:
6222:
6086:
6039:
5949:
5887:
5825:
5715:
5654:
5566:
5481:
5403:
5376:
Clemens, Michael A.; Montenegro, Claudio; Pritchett, Lant (2 November 2018).
5286:
5278:
5164:
5118:
5110:
5071:
5021:
4846:
4739:
4711:
Boubtane, Ekrame; Dumont, Jean-Christophe; Rault, Christophe (1 April 2016).
4613:
4451:
4409:
4359:
4324:
4282:
Remittance Prices Worldwide MAKING MARKETS MORE TRANSPARENT (28 April 2014).
4140:
3972:
3818:
3771:
3324:
3228:
3096:
2986:
2859:
2761:
2713:
2664:
2618:
2480:
2439:
2350:
2253:
1536:
1420:
1254:
1243:
886:
696:
692:
600:
474:
362:
The academic literature provides mixed findings for the relationship between
137:
112:
99:
15058:
14331:
14088:Ă
slund, Olof; Edin, Per-Anders; Fredriksson, Peter; Grönqvist, Hans (2011).
13153:
12439:
11439:
10269:
9949:
8950:
8438:
Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina; Arenas-Arroyo, Esther; Sevilla, Almudena (2018).
7451:
7036:
6619:
5848:"How Do Migration and Remittances Affect Inequality? A Case Study of Mexico"
4789:
664:
489:, either controlled (legal immigration) or uncontrolled and in violation of
18725:
16461:
16363:
15848:
15585:
15545:
15329:
Abrams, David S.; Bertrand, Marianne; Mullainathan, Sendhil (1 June 2012).
14399:
Adida, Claire L.; Laitin, David D.; Valfort, Marie-Anne (1 February 2017).
14358:
14074:
13899:
13392:
12665:
12608:
12466:
11969:
11552:
10849:
9283:
EscribĂ -Folch, Abel; Meseguer, Covadonga; Wright, Joseph (18 August 2018).
7478:
7122:
7096:
6915:
6635:
6507:
6335:
5976:"The long-term impacts of international migration: evidence from a lottery"
5611:
4548:"Immigration, Trade and Productivity in Services: Evidence from U.K. Firms"
3996:
3114:
2970:
2672:
2111:
1770:
981:
905:
851:
776:
616:
520:
391:
66:
16291:
Beyond the Border Buildup: Towards a New Approach to Mexico-U.S. Migration
13282:
11236:
9690:
9223:
7643:
5991:
5772:
819:
expect, by definition, to work "overseas". They are often referred to as "
18608:
17840:
17829:
16159:
Border Insecurity: U.S. Border-Enforcement Policies and National Security
15440:
15423:
15105:
14689:
14574:
Heck-Grossek, Nicholas; Dardha, Sonia (30 April 2020). Sha, Mandy (ed.).
14283:
13784:"Citizenship Increases the Long-Term Earnings of Marginalized Immigrants"
12863:
11539:
Freeman, G. P. (2009). "Immigration, Diversity, and Welfare Chauvinism".
10153:"Migration, Knowledge Diffusion and the Comparative Advantage of Nations"
9826:
8812:
8558:
7395:
7377:"Immigrants' Effect on Native Workers: New Analysis on Longitudinal Data"
6881:
6767:
6717:
6121:
5442:
5394:
5377:
5321:
5185:
4731:
4443:
4401:
4351:
4283:
4132:
2743:
1524:
1492:
1468:
1334:
1326:
827:
820:
508:
470:
455:, most migrations (except for the peopling of remote regions such as the
327:
216:
211:
132:
123:
18062:
16586:
16389:
Estimates of the Size and Characteristics of the Undocumented Population
15928:
15502:
15089:
14917:
14785:"Ethnicities, Racism, and Crime in England and Wales â Oxford Handbooks"
14023:
13593:
13325:
12527:
Gunadi, Christian (2020). "Immigration and the Health of U.S. Natives".
12124:
12073:
11151:
10416:
10176:
9784:
9757:
9671:
8981:
8793:
8415:
8398:
8005:
7930:"Trump Administration Rejects Study Showing Positive Impact of Refugees"
7826:
7573:
7403:
7071:
d'Albis, Hippolyte; Boubtane, Ekrame; Coulibaly, Dramane (1 June 2018).
7045:
7020:
6994:
6889:
5707:
5558:
5378:"The Place Premium: Bounding the Price Equivalent of Migration Barriers"
5362:
5294:
5258:
4588:
Alesina, Alberto; Harnoss, Johann; Rapoport, Hillel (17 February 2016).
4474:
4424:
4382:
3840:
3709:
3680:
3220:
2610:
2412:
1629:
There is some research that suggests that immigration adversely affects
955:
arrangement it can getâ'as will every other ethnic group in the country.
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15569:
15163:
15009:
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14456:
14239:
14117:
14108:
14058:
13979:
13824:
13698:
13675:
13462:
12902:
12733:
12724:
12573:
Giuntella, Osea; Nicodemo, Catia; Vargas-Silva, Carlos (1 March 2018).
12540:
12340:
12236:
12014:
11949:
11874:
11827:
11244:
10595:
10168:
10001:
9834:
9776:
9539:
9499:
9440:
9431:
9300:
9232:
9088:
8865:
8757:
8694:
8511:
8270:"The labor market effects of reducing the number of illegal immigrants"
8045:
8036:
6489:
6432:
6380:
6078:
6000:
5780:
5699:
5473:
5156:
5013:
4838:
3359:
2752:
2688:"Free Movement, Open Borders, and the Global Gains from Labor Mobility"
2342:
2334:
2267:
Koczan, Zsoka; Peri, Giovanni; Pinat, Magali; Rozhkov, Dmitriy (2021),
2141:
1729:
1503:
Where immigration is permitted, it is typically selective. As of 2003,
1431:
1182:
1047:
1039:
1021:
1017:
874:
835:
804:
792:
726:
714:
579:
has the largest diaspora in the world (16 million people), followed by
412:
233:
77:
31:
17435:
15256:(Working paper). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from
14305:
Hangartner, Dominik; Hainmueller, Jens; Martén, Linna (24 July 2019).
13935:
11127:
11080:
10533:"Future of the Citizenship-by-Investment Market: Predictions for 2027"
9415:
9197:"Migration, Political Institutions, and Social Networks in Mozambique"
6776:
6419:
Edo, Anthony (2018). "The Impact of Immigration on the Labor Market".
6356:
5941:
4829:
4812:
4425:"The Effect of Immigration on Productivity: Evidence From U.S. States"
691:
has become multiethnic as a result of immigration. In London in 2008,
18663:
16338:
Fit to Be Citizens?: Public Health and Race in Los Angeles, 1879â1939
12482:
11929:
Geay, Charlotte; McNally, Sandra; Telhaj, Shqiponja (1 August 2013).
10630:"'Hit and Miss'? Access to Legal Assistance in Immigration Detention"
9169:
Tuccio, Michele; Wahba, Jackline; Hamdouch, Bachir (1 January 2016).
8889:
8841:"Testing the 'brain gain' hypothesis: Micro evidence from Cape Verde"
8839:
Batista, Catia; Lacuesta, Aitor; Vicente, Pedro C. (1 January 2012).
4546:
Ottaviano, Gianmarco I. P.; Perie, Giovanni; Wright, Greg C. (2018).
2030:
1484:
1172:
Competition from immigrants in a particular profession may aggravate
921:
771:
742:
710:
620:
465:
452:
436:
wave of immigration differs depending on the specific circumstances.
335:
16445:
16166:
What are they Doing Here? A Critical Guide to Asylum and Immigration
12370:
Xu, Xu; Jin, Xin (2018). "The autocratic roots of social distrust".
11851:"The Impact of Immigration on the Educational Attainment of Natives"
9414:
Dustmann, Christian; Frattini, Tommaso; Rosso, Anna (1 April 2015).
8729:
Beine, Michel; Docquier, Fréderic; Rapoport, Hillel (1 April 2008).
6214:
3196:
1925:(s) of the country is one of the criteria for survey participation.
1444:
issued to a citizen of Germany by Indian immigration authorities at
1094:
result of the economic success of the city rather than the migrants.
18735:
18658:
18619:
16550:
A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America
15876:
15643:
15523:
15389:
15346:
15299:
14834:
Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention
14619:
14187:
13926:
13729:
13017:
Immigration, Crime, and Criminalization in Italy â Oxford Handbooks
12297:
12143:
11906:
11437:
11040:
Powell, Benjamin; Clark, J.R.; Nowrasteh, Alex (1 September 2017).
10567:
10406:
10356:
10305:
10253:
9739:
9515:"Does emigration benefit the stayers? Evidence from EU enlargement"
9332:"From Islamists to Muslim Democrats: The Case of Tunisia's Ennahda"
8437:
8374:
8349:
8242:
Monras, Joan; VĂĄzquez-Grenno, Javier; Elias, Ferran (15 May 2018).
7783:
7683:
6939:
6820:
6567:"Australia's Skilled Migration Program: Scarce Skills Not Required"
6372:
6297:
5047:
4528:
4383:"The economic value of cultural diversity: evidence from US cities"
4271:
Migrant crisis: Russia and Syria 'weaponising' migration, BBC, 2016
4120:
3946:"The 7 biggest challenges facing refugees and immigrants in the US"
3608:
3316:
3044:
3017:
3012:. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015.
1573:
1569:
947:
843:
831:
528:
326:
of which they are not usual residents or where they do not possess
159:
106:
16196:
Economic Growth & Immigration: Bridging the Demographic Divide
16103:"Impact of Immigration on the Distribution of American Well-Being"
13495:"Age at Arrival and Assimilation During the Age of Mass Migration"
10899:
10320:
Bahar, Dany; Choudhury, Raj; Rapoport, Hillel (28 February 2020).
9933:
9284:
8431:
2411:
Card, David; Dustmann, Christian; Preston, Ian (1 February 2012).
1610:
had no effects on the educational outcomes of incumbent students.
15863:"20 ÙÚ©ŰȘÙ ŰŻŰ±ŰšŰ§Ű±Û ŰąÙ
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15805:
Pager, Devah; Western, Bruce; Bonikowski, Bart (1 October 2009).
15422:
Anwar, Shamena; Bayer, Patrick; Hjalmarsson, Randi (1 May 2012).
14867:
Roché, Sebastian; Gordon, Mirta B.; Depuiset, Marie-Aude (2013).
14307:"Ethnic networks can foster the economic integration of refugees"
13854:
Mesoudi, Alex; Magid, Kesson; Hussain, Delwar (13 January 2016).
13727:
13137:
11810:
Garand, James C.; Xu, Ping; Davis, Belinda C. (1 December 2015).
9171:"International Migration: Driver of Political and Social Change?"
8999:
EscribĂ -Folch, Abel; Wright, Joseph; Meseguer, Covadonga (2022).
8244:"Understanding the effects of legalising undocumented immigrants"
8205:"On the macroeconomic and welfare effects of illegal immigration"
6838:
Basso, Gaetano; Peri, Giovanni; Rahman, Ahmed (12 January 2018).
5503:
Aner, Emilie; Graneli, Anna; Lodefolk, Magnus (14 October 2015).
4713:"Immigration and economic growth in the OECD countries 1986â2006"
4473:
Mitaritonna, Cristina; Orefice, Gianluca; Peri, Giovanni (2017).
2836:"The New Economic Case for Migration Restrictions: An Assessment"
1732:
against immigrants, as well as harsher immigration policies like
1722:
1565:
1114:
1003:
897:, and other exclusionary behavior towards them and their family.
788:
746:
624:
516:
339:
323:
258:
14946:
14521:
Alexia Lochmann; Hillel Rapoport; Biagio Speciale (April 2019).
9756:
Hunt, Jennifer; Gauthier-Loiselle, Marjolaine (1 January 2010).
9572:"The effects of return migration on Egyptian household revenues"
9002:
Migration and Democracy: How Remittances Undermine Dictatorships
7495:
Fallah, Belal; Krafft, Caroline; Wahba, Jackline (1 June 2019).
7182:
Martinsen, Dorte Sindbjerg; Pons Rotger, Gabriel (5 July 2017).
6864:
Clemens, Michael A.; Lewis, Ethan G.; Postel, Hannah M. (2018).
18640:
16575:
12621:
11306:
Schmidt-Catran, Alexander W.; Spies, Dennis C. (4 March 2016).
9025:
7928:
Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Sengupta, Somini (18 September 2017).
6286:
5913:
McKenzie, David; Stillman, Steven; Gibson, John (1 June 2010).
2884:
The Economics of International Wage Differentials and Migration
936:
as examples of the value conflicts arising from immigration of
928:
as a new major religion. Those with security concerns cite the
894:
882:
787:
is lower, the immigration rates tend to be higher. Escape from
688:
673:
639:
made up the rest of the top ten desired destination countries.
612:
608:
395:
70:
15807:"Discrimination in a Low-Wage Labor Market A Field Experiment"
14087:
13912:
11128:"Suffrage, labour markets and coalitions in colonial Virginia"
10345:
8967:
Clemens, Michael; Development, Center for Global; USA (2015).
571:
The number of migrants and migrant workers per country in 2015
18462:
15692:
Ondrich, Jan; Ross, Stephen; Yinger, John (1 November 2003).
12841:
12839:
12572:
11440:"Why Does Ethnic Diversity Undermine Public Goods Provision?"
11216:
Blondin, Cole; Forrester, Andrew C.; Nowrasteh, Alex (2019).
9262:
7725:"The Impact of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami Labor Market"
6699:
5973:
5199:"The Impact of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami Labor Market"
4381:
Ottaviano, Gianmarco I. P.; Peri, Giovanni (1 January 2006).
4337:
1309:
adversely affected employment and wages of American natives.
1089:
990:
925:
734:
632:
628:
16415:
Immigrant Women in the United States: A Demographic Portrait
15632:
15129:"Race and Gender Discrimination in Bargaining for a New Car"
13906:
12280:
Algan, Yann; HĂ©met, Camille; Laitin, David D. (4 May 2016).
11399:
Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe: A World of Difference
11260:
Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe: A World of Difference
10729:. New York: United Nations. 18 December 1990. Archived from
7070:
3047:"Immigration reduces crime: an emerging scholarly consensus"
2790:
International Handbook on Migration and Economic Development
2240:"International Migration Law No. 34 â Glossary on Migration"
1673:
for migrants is being tested in the new REHEALTH 2 project.
477:, human migration has primarily taken the form of migration
15186:
15088:
Silverman, Stephanie J.; Molnar, Petra (29 February 2016).
14304:
13545:"Study Finds Children of Immigrants Embracing 'Frenchness'"
13436:
Orrenius, Pia; Zavodny, Madeline; Kerr, Emily (June 2012).
13068:
12882:
12797:
9932:
Moser, Petra; Voena, Alessandra; Waldinger, Fabian (2014).
9282:
9067:
8998:
8918:
Small States and Shelter Theory: Iceland's External Affairs
5093:
Xu, Ping; Garand, James C.; Zhu, Ling (23 September 2015).
1085:
540:
16296:
15599:
Espenshade, Thomas J.; Radford, Alexandria Walton (2009).
15462:
15328:
15282:
Donohue III, John J.; Levitt, Steven D. (1 January 2001).
15229:
Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2008/09
13721:
13008:
12967:
12920:
12836:
12412:
10995:
9749:
9670:
Ufuk, Akcigit; John, Grigsby; Tom, Nicholas (1 May 2017).
9276:
9061:
7497:"The impact of refugees on employment and wages in Jordan"
7424:
6928:
5752:
Kugler, Maurice; Levintal, Oren; Rapoport, Hillel (2017).
5375:
4990:
Card, David (1 April 2009). "Immigration and Inequality".
3074:
3072:
3070:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
779:, thus making up a significant amount of the labor force.
16012:
Bartram, David; Poros, Maritsa; Monforte, Pierre (2014).
15761:
12568:
12566:
12096:
Diette, Timothy M.; Uwaifo Oyelere, Ruth (January 2016).
11215:
10965:
8787:
8785:
8783:
8241:
847:
463:), were predominantly warlike, consisting of conquest or
322:
is the international movement of people to a destination
14873:
The Oxford Handbook of Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration
14789:
The Oxford Handbook of Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration
14608:
14037:
11720:"Ethnic divisions and public goods provision, revisited"
11299:
9629:. Handbook of the Economics of International Migration.
7175:
6101:
5875:"There is a trade-off between citizenship and migration"
5335:
Walmsley, Terrie L.; Winters, L. Alan (1 January 2005).
5307:
4869:"One Sure Way to Hurt the U.S. Economy? Cut Immigration"
3455:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
2092:
List of countries and dependencies by population density
1279:
caused an issue in the accomplishing of the objectives.
16341:. American Crossroads. University of California Press.
14674:
14372:
Cappellari, Lorenzo; Di Paolo, Antonio (October 2015).
13669:
13158:(PhD dissertation). University of California, Berkeley.
12485:"Immigration and the reallocation of work health risks"
11670:
11668:
8834:
8832:
8830:
8268:
Chassamboulli, Andri; Peri, Giovanni (1 October 2015).
7991:
Bevelander, Pieter; Malmö, University of (1 May 2016).
7768:
7766:
7764:
7762:
7760:
7337:"Immigration and Government Spending in OECD Countries"
6280:
5529:
4239:
3477:"150 Million Adults Worldwide Would Migrate to the U.S"
3133:"Immigrants and Gender Roles: Assimilation vs. Culture"
3067:
2298:
659:
18857:
International Conference on Population and Development
15804:
15275:
15192:
14825:
14477:
14471:
12563:
12210:"The effect of immigrant peers in vocational schools#"
11166:
11126:
Nikolova, Elena; Nikolova, Milena (1 September 2017).
10914:
10779:"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"
10319:
10294:
9627:
Handbook on the Economics of International Immigration
9594:
9416:"The Effect of Emigration from Poland on Polish Wages"
9019:
8838:
8780:
8357:
8261:
7961:
6461:
5912:
5751:
5523:
4952:
4587:
4475:"Immigrants and Firms' Outcomes: Evidence from France"
4472:
4466:
4304:
4162:
3079:
Villarreal, Andrés; Tamborini, Christopher R. (2018).
2686:
Dustmann, Christian; Preston, Ian P. (2 August 2019).
2638:
2636:
2460:
2266:
16171:
16036:
Labor Movement: How Migration Regulates Labor Markets
15421:
14216:
12848:"Immigration and Crime: An International Perspective"
12208:
Frattini, Tommaso; Meschi, Elena (25 December 2018).
11895:
11119:
10556:
9755:
9726:
Harvard Business School Working Paper Series # 17-011
9473:"Emigration and wages: The EU enlargement experiment"
9413:
9407:
8966:
8728:
8724:
8722:
8720:
7289:
Ruhs, Martin; Wadsworth, Jonathan (10 October 2017).
7066:
7064:
6311:
5906:
5626:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
924:, especially in western Europe, with the presence of
16172:
Fitzgerald, David Scott; Cook-Martin, David (2014).
16088:"Increasing the Supply of Labor Through Immigration"
16011:
15983:"ÙÙۧÙÛÙ ŰŹŰŻÛŰŻ ŰšŰ±Ű§Û Ű§ÛÙÙÙÙŰŠÙ۳۱Ùۧ: ŰȘŰšÙÛŰș Ù
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15798:
15767:
14984:
14668:
14263:
14210:
13847:
12775:. Footprints of Regional Science. pp. 269â292.
12095:
11987:
11665:
11039:
10812:
10670:"Amnesty International State of the World 2015â2016"
10550:
9895:
The Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600â1750
8827:
7757:
7181:
6749:"The Impact of Immigration on Firm-Level Offshoring"
6747:
Olney, William W.; Pozzoli, Dario (21 August 2019).
6525:
5793:
5674:
5672:
4545:
4541:
4539:
3868:"Refugees in Germany reporting dozens of war crimes"
3534:"Crisis Strands Vietnamese Workers in a Czech Limbo"
2027:
racial discrimination in the American housing market
1477:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
1397:
UNHCR tents at a refugee camp following episodes of
1269:
16398:
Growing Share of Immigrants Choosing Naturalization
15544:
15538:
15456:
15322:
14940:
14866:
13959:
13853:
13575:
13573:
13435:
13264:
13262:
13133:"Landmark Forced Labour Protocol enters into force"
11760:
11305:
10806:
Open Borders: The Case Against Immigration Controls
10623:
10621:
10126:"Polish immigrants stimulate innovation in Germany"
9931:
9663:
9203:
9168:
8022:
7418:
6361:
The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration
6107:
5745:
5679:Parsons, Christopher; VĂ©zina, Pierre-Louis (2018).
5505:"Cross-border movement of persons stimulates trade"
5502:
5328:
4710:
3681:"The Migration Response to Increasing Temperatures"
3078:
3009:
The Integration of Immigrants into American Society
2633:
2410:
1857:
Share of migrants in all countries. Data from 2015.
1617:After immigrant children's scores were included in
1054:enacted in the United States impaired the economy.
857:Some migration is for personal reasons, based on a
16526:
16407:Rise, Peak and Decline: Trends in U.S. Immigration
15417:
15415:
14573:
14398:
14371:
13486:
12926:
12846:Marie, Olivier; Pinotti, Paolo (1 February 2024).
12478:
12476:
11994:Ohinata, Asako; van Ours, Jan C. (1 August 2013).
10575:
10459:
10144:
9892:
9720:Kerr, Sari Pekkala; Kerr, William R. (June 2016).
8717:
8497:
8332:
8018:
8016:
7881:AltındaÄ, Onur; Bakis, Ozan; Rozo, Sandra (2020).
7282:
7257:
7061:
6863:
6597:
6305:
6186:
5873:
4910:
4908:
4704:
4685:Bove, Vincenzo; Elia, Leandro (16 November 2016).
4581:
4168:
4047:Regulation of migration: international experiences
3175:
2406:
2404:
1692:of immigrants, and internal migration of natives.
1355:
1312:
861:(e.g. to be with family or a partner), such as in
717:, to find or engage in paid work, to better their
16203:"Immigration: The Demographic and Economic Facts"
15691:
15598:
15496:
15494:
15281:
15030:
15028:
14991:Cettolin, Elena; Suetens, Sigrid (18 July 2018).
14831:
14050:
13621:
13619:
13171:University of California Berkeley, September 2004
12766:"Effects of Immigration on Local Housing Markets"
12575:"The effects of immigration on NHS waiting times"
12267:"Sveriges PISA-framgÄng bygger pÄ falska siffror"
11928:
11172:
10453:
8791:
8363:
8267:
8111:Murard, Elie; Sakalli, Seyhun Orcan (June 2018).
7880:
7800:"Refugee resettlement, redistribution and growth"
7538:
7494:
7490:
7488:
6857:
6805:
6803:
6195:Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy
6192:
5787:
5669:
5632:
4687:"Cultural heterogeneity and economic development"
4536:
4374:
4305:Bodvarsson, Ărn B; Van den Berg, Hendrik (2013).
3659:
3657:
2461:Bodvarsson, Ărn B; Van den Berg, Hendrik (2013).
2413:"Immigration, Wages, and Compositional Amenities"
2025:A 2014 meta-analysis found extensive evidence of
1993:Research suggests that police practices, such as
1942:Research suggests that police practices, such as
1712:explores whether there is a relationship between
18980:
17184:
17038:
16110:Center for Retirement Research at Boston College
15685:
15501:Depew, Briggs; Eren, Ozkan; Mocan, Naci (2017).
15143:
14860:
14735:
14733:
14716:Immigration, Crime, and Criminalization in Italy
14709:
14707:
14640:
14638:
13570:
13340:
13259:
13209:
13169:Hidden Slaves: Forced Labor in the United States
12973:
12773:The Economic Geography of Cross-Border Migration
12279:
11922:
11125:
10989:
10618:
10395:
10077:
9672:"Immigration and the Rise of American Ingenuity"
8676:
8674:
8672:
7666:
7603:Inan, Osman Kaan; Yang, Judy (28 January 2016).
6591:
6521:
6519:
6517:
4775:
4652:Bove, Vincenzo; Elia, Leandro (1 January 2017).
4309:. New York; Heidelberg : Springer. p. 157.
4095:"Europe learns integration can become emotional"
4068:"Migration, refugees, Europe â waves of emotion"
3799:International Journal of Intercultural Relations
3672:
3611:"push and pull study" for details and examples:
3491:
3301:"Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Sentences"
2945:"Can Immigration Solve the Demographic Dilemma?"
2833:
2725:
2723:
2465:. New York; Heidelberg : Springer. p. 157.
1792:
703:One theory of immigration distinguishes between
527:), all of which could result in the creation of
41:"Immigrant" redirects here. For other uses, see
16275:(First Princetonition ed.). Little Brown.
15412:
15127:Ayres, Ian; Siegelman, Peter (1 January 1995).
15087:
14990:
14311:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
14269:
14081:
14011:"Naturalization and citizenship: Who benefits?"
12888:
12803:
12522:
12520:
12473:
12419:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
12273:
12037:
11993:
11674:
11263:. Oxford University Press. 2004. Archived from
11046:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization
10531:Insider, Investment Migration (25 April 2017).
10031:Hausmann, Ricardo; Neffke, Frank M. H. (2019).
9925:
9620:
9569:
9364:
8626:
8600:
8237:
8235:
8233:
8013:
7990:
7984:
7772:
7431:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6837:
6809:
6350:
5969:
5967:
5427:"Immigration and Globalization: A Review Essay"
5334:
5138:
5136:
5046:Green, Alan G.; Green, David A. (1 June 2016).
4905:
4307:The economics of immigration: theory and policy
3841:"EU asylum and war criminals: No place to hide"
3292:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2685:
2642:
2463:The economics of immigration: theory and policy
2401:
2370:
2368:
2137:Women migrant workers from developing countries
1751:is openly allowed, tolerated and even promoted.
15500:
15491:
15126:
15025:
13965:
13616:
13297:
12207:
11766:
11625:Pardelli, Giuliana; Kustov, Alexander (2022).
11624:
11574:
11572:
11570:
11396:
11355:Lee, Woojin; Roemer, John E. (1 August 2006).
10030:
9570:Bensassi, Sami; Jabbour, Liza (15 July 2015).
9209:
8944:"High-Skilled Migration and Global Innovation"
7857:"The Real Economic Cost of Accepting Refugees"
7485:
7368:
7141:"Migrants and refugees are good for economies"
7134:
7132:
6833:
6831:
6800:
5039:
4810:
4590:"Birthplace diversity and economic prosperity"
3654:
3579:"One fifth of children from ethnic minorities"
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3194:
3045:Lee, Matthew T.; Martinez Jr., Ramiro (2009).
2592:
2590:
2374:
2087:List of sovereign states by net migration rate
1619:Programme for International Student Assessment
18478:
18078:
17856:
17451:
17170:
17024:
16602:
16220:Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology
15240:
15238:
14730:
14704:
14635:
14057:Damm, Anna Piil; Dustmann, Christian (2014).
14002:
13806:
13804:
13492:
12158:
11809:
11803:
11072:
10676:. Amnesty International USA. 23 February 2016
10581:
10150:
9884:
9758:"How Much Does Immigration Boost Innovation?"
9713:
9621:Fairlie, Robert W.; Lofstrom, Magnus (2015).
8669:
8399:"Illegal Immigration and Immigration Control"
8338:
8110:
7927:
7791:
7691:
7288:
6965:Kerr, Sari Pekkala; Kerr, William R. (2011).
6960:
6958:
6514:
5678:
5581:
5241:
4927:Kerr, Sari Pekkala; Kerr, William R. (2011).
4380:
4207:
3195:Zschirnt, Eva; Ruedin, Didier (27 May 2016).
2881:Pritchett, Lant; Hani, Farah (30 July 2020).
2880:
2834:Clemens, Michael A.; Pritchett, Lant (2019).
2792:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 241â266.
2783:
2781:
2779:
2720:
2570:
2568:
1373:A number of countries across the globe offer
934:Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
300:
17143:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
16420:
15424:"The Impact of Jury Race in Criminal Trials"
15369:
15331:"Do Judges Vary in Their Treatment of Race?"
15284:"The Impact of Race on Policing and Arrests"
14097:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
14056:
12845:
12763:
12517:
12415:"Humans adapt to social diversity over time"
11532:
11308:"Immigration and Welfare Support in Germany"
10797:
10694:
9981:
9841:
9799:
8960:
8914:
8801:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
8792:Dinkelman, Taryn; Mariotti, Martine (2016).
8230:
8131:
7544:
7384:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
7233:"The Fiscal Impact of Immigration in the UK"
6989:
6987:
6746:
6574:The Australian Population Research Institute
6462:Pia m. Orrenius, P. M.; Zavodny, M. (2009).
6237:
6013:
6011:
5964:
5922:Journal of the European Economic Association
5754:"Migration and Cross-Border Financial Flows"
5133:
5086:
4813:"The age of mass migration in Latin America"
4645:
4513:
4511:
3678:
3576:
2822:
2492:
2490:
2420:Journal of the European Economic Association
2393:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2365:
2323:Journal of the European Economic Association
1834:who did not have the same residency rights.
1662:A 2018 systemic review and meta-analysis in
753:immigration is sometimes included, however.
346:immigration is sometimes included, however.
18882:United Nations world population conferences
16097:. Center for Immigration Studies, May 2004.
15149:
14776:
14419:"AdidaLaitinValfort2017 ForeignAffairs.pdf"
13579:
13346:
13268:
13215:
12927:Helbling, Marc; Meierrieks, Daniel (2020).
11717:
11567:
10753:"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights"
10514:"Immigrants Play a Key Role in STEM Fields"
10078:Natkhov, Timur; Vasilenok, Natalia (2021).
9669:
9506:
9464:
8606:
8470:
8069:
7672:
7545:Fakih, Ali; Ibrahim, May (2 January 2016).
7129:
6967:"Economic Impacts of Immigration: A Survey"
6828:
5092:
4929:"Economic Impacts of Immigration: A Survey"
4811:SĂNCHEZ-ALONSO, BLANCA (11 November 2018).
4654:"Migration, Diversity, and Economic Growth"
4216:"An Irish Face on the Cause of Citizenship"
3679:Cattaneo, Cristina; Peri, Giovanni (2016).
3429:
3298:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3126:
3124:
3053:. Emerald Group Publishing. pp. 3â16.
2587:
2042:Department of Housing and Urban Development
1143:current programs of economic development."
830:(religious and otherwise), frequent abuse,
18795:Population and housing censuses by country
18485:
18471:
18085:
18071:
17870:
17863:
17849:
17458:
17444:
17177:
17163:
17031:
17017:
16609:
16595:
16529:Fields of Toil: A Migrant Family's Journey
16217:
15235:
14897:
13801:
13180:
12974:Masterson, Daniel; Yasenov, Vasil (2021).
12702:
12700:
12363:
12122:
12043:
11397:Alesina, Alberto; Glaeser, Edward (2004).
9370:
9285:"Remittances and Protest in Dictatorships"
8969:"Smart policy toward high-skill emigrants"
8632:
8500:American Journal of Agricultural Economics
7623:
6955:
6528:"High-Skilled Migration and Agglomeration"
5045:
4892:
4112:
4011:
3743:
3559:White ethnic Britons in minority in London
3299:Rehavi, M. Marit; Starr, Sonja B. (2014).
3000:
2776:
2565:
1988:
1802:A 2019 review of existing research in the
1543:
1032:
307:
293:
18092:
16616:
16315:
16239:
15838:
15781:
15642:
15439:
15221:
15048:
15034:
15008:
14993:"Return on Trust is Lower for Immigrants"
14618:
14348:
14330:
14238:
14167:
14133:
14116:
14022:
13934:
13889:
13879:
13625:
13461:
13382:
13364:
13303:
13216:Tuccio, Michele; Wahba, Jackline (2018).
12991:
12946:
12764:Cochrane, William; Poot, Jacques (2021).
12732:
12655:
12590:
12500:
12456:
12438:
12320:
12072:
11905:
11842:
11735:
11354:
11323:
10975:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
10759:. Paris: United Nations. 10 December 1948
10701:. Springer Science & Business Media.
10645:
10566:
10473:
10415:
10405:
10355:
10304:
10252:
10242:
10219:
10199:
9765:American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics
9738:
9538:
9439:
9347:
9231:
8980:
8864:
8547:American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics
8414:
8373:
8348:
8044:
8004:
7993:"Integrating refugees into labor markets"
7782:
7716:
7682:
7468:
7450:
7374:
7112:
7044:
6984:
6938:
6905:
6819:
6775:
6497:
6479:
6325:
6296:
6054:
6008:
5999:
5871:
5815:
5601:
5587:
5458:"A global model of migration and poverty"
5393:
5352:
5242:Banerjee, Abhijit; Duflo, Esther (2019).
5142:
5003:
4828:
4669:
4527:
4508:
4275:
4213:
4182:
3920:"Lack of network hurting migrant workers"
3786:
3497:
3444:"Trends in international migration, 2015"
3388:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
3151:
3104:
2751:
2729:
2703:
2487:
2316:"A Global View of Cross-Border Migration"
2280:
2168:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
1568:and public support for welfare decrease.
374:Research has found extensive evidence of
18518:Estimates of historical world population
16100:
14713:
14008:
13493:Alexander, Rohan; Ward, Zachary (2018).
13074:
13014:
12709:"Immigration and House Prices in the UK"
12164:
11078:
10848:
10380:"Immigrants and Billion Dollar Startups"
9934:"German Jewish ĂmigrĂ©s and US Invention"
9890:
9732:
9719:
8887:
8680:
8396:
8212:Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control
8196:
8140:"Welfare effects of illegal immigration"
7797:
7602:
6964:
5532:"On the pro-trade effects of immigrants"
5455:
4983:
4926:
4684:
4651:
4416:
3977:Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health
3722:
3531:
3339:
3243:
3121:
3038:
2245:International Organization for Migration
2220:. London, England: Refugee Council. 2016
1852:
1392:
1159:
980:
899:
683:
663:
646:
566:
539:
398:during their migration, they are called
51:
17465:
16547:
16496:
16267:
15980:
15375:
14739:
14646:"Diskriminering i rĂ€ttsprocessen â BrĂ„"
14442:
14151:. Spatial Dimensions of Labor Markets.
14009:Gathmann, Christina (1 February 2015).
13635:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
12697:
11718:Gisselquist, Rachel M. (29 July 2014).
11620:
11618:
11538:
10998:"Does immigration impact institutions?"
10695:Truong, Thanh-Dam; Gasper, Des (2011).
10627:
10530:
9987:
9899:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
9847:
9805:
8994:
8992:
8587:
8137:
7018:
7014:
7012:
6564:
6544:10.1146/annurev-economics-063016-103705
6243:
6067:British Journal of Industrial Relations
3838:
3752:Industrial & Labor Relations Review
3663:
3201:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
2705:10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-025843
2596:
1650:Mental health and immigration detention
1133:
18981:
16410:. Pew Hispanic Center, September 2005.
16334:
16060:
16032:
15503:"Judges, Juveniles, and In-Group Bias"
15247:"Racial Bias in Police Investigations"
14881:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859016.013.030
14797:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859016.013.014
14782:
14724:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859016.013.029
13542:
13347:Duncan, Brian; Trejo, Stephen (2017).
13040:"Racial Bias in Police Investigations"
13025:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859016.013.029
12929:"Terrorism and Migration: An Overview"
12526:
12165:Bossavie, Laurent (5 September 2018).
11578:
11484:
10803:
10151:Bahar, Dany; Rapoport, Hillel (2018).
9512:
9470:
9329:
8540:
8075:
7138:
6756:The Review of Economics and Statistics
5424:
5382:The Review of Economics and Statistics
5256:
4340:The Review of Economics and Statistics
4118:
4017:
3891:
3865:
3749:
3664:Boustan, Adain May (15 January 2009).
2969:
2893:10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.353
2787:
2574:
1719:notable exception of the United States
1686:price elasticity of new housing supply
1071:
962:
469:on the part of expanding populations.
18466:
18066:
17844:
17439:
17158:
17012:
16590:
16533:. Washington State University Press.
16524:
16404:Passel, Jeffrey S. and Roberto Suro.
16362:
16301:. New York: Oxford University Press.
16253:(1. Aufl ed.). Books on Demand.
16131:
14903:
13810:
13543:Bohlen, Celestine (25 January 2016).
13306:Population Research and Policy Review
13075:Ajzenman, Nicolas (29 January 2023).
12369:
11816:American Journal of Political Science
11132:European Journal of Political Economy
10939:
10920:
9513:Elsner, Benjamin (10 November 2012).
9471:Elsner, Benjamin (1 September 2013).
9420:The Scandinavian Journal of Economics
9373:Conflict Management and Peace Science
9289:American Journal of Political Science
8397:Chiswick, Barry R. (September 1988).
7807:European Journal of Political Economy
7730:Industrial and Labor Relations Review
7629:
7375:Foged, Mette; Peri, Giovanni (2016).
7270:from the original on 11 December 2022
6464:"Do Immigrants Work in Riskier Jobs?"
5894:from the original on 11 December 2022
5511:. Centre for Economic Policy Research
5237:
5235:
5206:Industrial and Labor Relations Review
5099:State Politics & Policy Quarterly
4517:
3944:Nunez, Christina (12 December 2014).
3943:
3839:Haskell, Leslie (18 September 2014).
3348:American Journal of Political Science
2498:"Migration Within Europe | IGM Forum"
1473:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1216:
908:in Europe was designed as a means of
18951:
16320:(1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
16248:
15953:
15635:National Bureau of Economic Research
15465:Journal of Applied Social Psychology
15244:
14611:National Bureau of Economic Research
14480:British Journal of Political Science
14173:
14139:
13151:
13037:
12934:British Journal of Political Science
12326:
12044:Schneeweis, Nicole (1 August 2015).
11898:National Bureau of Economic Research
11848:
11615:
11085:British Journal of Political Science
10559:National Bureau of Economic Research
10398:National Bureau of Economic Research
10348:National Bureau of Economic Research
10297:National Bureau of Economic Research
10267:
10245:National Bureau of Economic Research
10205:
8989:
8588:Clemens, Michael (15 January 2009).
8366:National Bureau of Economic Research
8341:National Bureau of Economic Research
7775:National Bureau of Economic Research
7722:
7250:
7009:
6931:National Bureau of Economic Research
6812:National Bureau of Economic Research
6659:Regional Science and Urban Economics
6289:National Bureau of Economic Research
6060:
6017:
5865:
5196:
4989:
4971:from the original on 12 January 2024
4520:National Bureau of Economic Research
4422:
4233:
3629:
3601:
3589:from the original on 6 December 2008
3500:"The Force Shaping Western Politics"
3457:, Population Division. December 2015
3345:
3264:
3130:
2575:Iregui, Ana Maria (1 January 2003).
1905:British Journal of Political Science
1812:
1552:British Journal of Political Science
660:Push and pull factors of immigration
18887:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
16273:Immigrants: your country needs them
11849:Hunt, Jennifer (2 September 2016).
8202:
6656:
6418:
5872:Milanovic, Branko (20 April 2016).
4121:"Do Employers Support Immigration?"
4092:
3551:
2210:
1027:
970:
13:
16434:The International Migration Review
16401:. Pew Hispanic Center, March 2007.
16392:. Pew Hispanic Center, March 2005.
16232:10.1111/j.1755-618X.2005.tb00843.x
16168:, Birmimgham, Venture Press, 2007.
16101:Burtless, Gary (1 December 2009).
16004:
15701:Review of Economics and Statistics
15552:; Chugh, Dolly (1 November 2015).
15477:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01389.x
15428:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
15288:The Journal of Law & Economics
14219:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
14140:Damm, Anna Piil (1 January 2014).
13626:Spierings, Niels (16 April 2015).
13056:from the original on 23 March 2019
12706:
12123:Figlio, David; Ăzek, Umut (2019).
11677:Ethics & International Affairs
11079:Nikolova, Elena (1 January 2017).
10940:Krotz, Larry (12 September 2012).
10866:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
9962:
9639:10.1016/B978-0-444-53768-3.00017-5
9623:"Immigration and Entrepreneurship"
9480:Journal of International Economics
6671:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2019.06.004
6110:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
5934:10.1111/j.1542-4774.2010.tb00544.x
5310:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
5232:
4946:
4920:
4555:Journal of International Economics
4432:Review of Economics and Statistics
4074:. Euranet Plus Network. 7 May 2015
3731:Institute for the Study of Labor.
3510:from the original on 12 June 2024.
2732:Review of Economics and Statistics
2282:10.1093/oso/9780192846938.003.0009
1974:
1388:
826:Non-economic push factors include
731:climate or environmentally induced
14:
19010:
18779:Population and Development Review
16568:
15558:The Journal of Applied Psychology
14401:"The Wrong Way to Stop Terrorism"
13734:American Political Science Review
13195:10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041335
12980:American Political Science Review
11769:American Political Science Review
11444:American Political Science Review
9336:American Political Science Review
9070:"Remittances and Democratization"
8138:Palivos, Theodore (4 June 2008).
7351:"Refugees in Germany | IGM Forum"
4423:Peri, Giovanni (7 October 2010).
4214:Bernstein, Nina (16 March 2006).
3729:University of Illinois at Chicago
3632:"How Many People are Immigrants?"
3498:Leonhardt, David (12 June 2024).
1956:
1932:
1624:
1587:American Political Science Review
1270:Impact of undocumented immigrants
1199:
943:Studies have suggested that some
869:(especially in the instance of a
503:. Involuntary migration includes
18963:
18962:
18950:
18827:Population concern organizations
18533:Projections of population growth
17824:
17815:
17814:
17300:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
16915:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
16685:Democratic Republic of the Congo
16574:
16503:. New York: Edwin Mellen Press.
15974:
15947:
15921:
15895:
15869:
15855:
15735:
15659:
15626:
15592:
15378:The Journal of Law and Economics
15207:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00556.x
15120:
15081:
14602:
14567:
14539:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2019.01.008
14514:
14436:
14411:
14392:
14365:
14298:
14031:
13915:The Journal of Law and Economics
13776:
13536:
13454:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2012.00893.x
13429:
13399:
13225:Journal of Comparative Economics
13174:
13162:
13145:
13116:
13098:
13031:
12852:Journal of Economic Perspectives
12757:
12686:
12672:
12615:
12406:
12372:Journal of Comparative Economics
12259:
12229:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.12.005
12201:
12116:
12089:
11889:
11711:
11689:10.1111/j.1747-7093.2006.00027.x
11478:
11431:
11390:
11348:
11251:
11209:
11033:
10959:
10933:
10842:
10826:. 1 January 2005. Archived from
10771:
10745:
10715:
10688:
10662:
10634:Journal of Human Rights Practice
10524:
10506:
10484:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2012.02543.x
10432:
10389:
10372:
10339:
10313:
10288:
10261:
10236:
10118:
10084:Explorations in Economic History
10071:
10024:
9956:
9850:Explorations in Economic History
9614:
9588:
9563:
9323:
9256:
9189:
9162:
9136:
9111:
9035:Journal of Development Economics
8935:
8908:
8881:
8845:Journal of Development Economics
8750:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02135.x
8581:
8534:
8491:
8403:Journal of Economic Perspectives
8390:
8300:
8203:Liu, Xiangbo (1 December 2010).
8104:
8090:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.06.016
7955:
7921:
7887:Journal of Development Economics
7874:
7849:
7596:
7504:Journal of Development Economics
7343:
7329:
7225:
7025:Oxford Review of Economic Policy
7019:Clemens, Michael Andrew (2022).
6922:
6740:
6693:
6650:
6558:
6455:
6412:
6314:Oxford Review of Economic Policy
6258:10.1111/j.1467-6419.2007.00533.x
6161:
6136:
6061:Ruhs, Martin (1 February 2017).
5840:
5808:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.08.009
4494:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.05.001
4286:. Remittanceprices.worldbank.org
3892:Porter, Tom (26 February 2016).
3689:Journal of Development Economics
2942:
2840:Journal of Development Economics
2645:Journal of Development Economics
2599:Journal of Economic Perspectives
2432:10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01051.x
2132:White genocide conspiracy theory
1820:
1701:This section is an excerpt from
1636:Journal of Comparative Economics
1430:
1419:
1100:
424:This section is an excerpt from
23:. For the album by Show-Ya, see
18928:Human impact on the environment
18862:Population Action International
16132:Torre, Miguel A. De La (2009).
15195:Criminology & Public Policy
14950:European Journal of Criminology
14742:European Journal of Criminology
14580:. RTI Press. pp. 117â126.
13502:The Journal of Economic History
12707:SĂĄ, Filipa (1 September 2015).
12489:Journal of Population Economics
9519:Journal of Population Economics
9077:International Studies Quarterly
8147:Journal of Population Economics
5635:The Journal of Economic History
5496:
5449:
5418:
5369:
5341:Journal of Economic Integration
5301:
5250:
5190:
5179:
5052:The Journal of Economic History
4886:
4861:
4804:
4769:
4678:
4628:
4331:
4298:
4264:
4086:
4060:
4038:
3964:
3937:
3917:
3911:
3885:
3859:
3832:
3725:Social Science Research Network
3716:
3623:
3577:Graeme Paton (1 October 2007).
3570:
3525:
3514:
3469:
3404:
3374:
2963:
2936:
2874:
2679:
2540:
2515:
2273:How to Achieve Inclusive Growth
2047:
1797:
1356:Innovation and entrepreneurship
1313:Impact on the sending countries
1240:University of California, Davis
18877:United Nations Population Fund
18492:
17891:Federated States of Micronesia
17782:British Indian Ocean Territory
17186:Immigration to North America
16318:Toward a theory of immigration
16164:Fell, Peter and Hayes, Debra.
15981:ÚŻÙÙ
کۧÙÛ, ŰłÙŸÙ۱ (10 June 2023).
15605:. Princeton University Press.
15245:West, Jeremy (November 2015).
14678:British Journal of Criminology
13813:International Migration Review
13442:International Migration Review
13038:West, Jeremy (February 2018).
12592:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2018.02.001
12329:International Migration Review
11225:The World Bank Economic Review
11144:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2017.01.002
10628:Lindley, Anna (5 April 2022).
9212:The World Bank Economic Review
9005:. Princeton University Press.
8941:
7819:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.03.007
5980:The World Bank Economic Review
5761:The World Bank Economic Review
5431:Journal of Economic Literature
4778:The Review of Economic Studies
4671:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.012
4242:"Action on Immigration Reform"
3811:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.02.001
3792:
3051:Immigration, Crime and Justice
2454:
2260:
2232:
2184:
2154:
2000:
1471:in many documents such as the
1440:Entry (top) and Exit (bottom)
1264:Greco-Turkish War of 1919â1922
1153:Quarterly Journal of Economics
813:non-governmental organizations
590:
499:Migration can be voluntary or
1:
16548:Zolberg, Aristide R. (2006).
14586:10.3768/rtipress.bk.0023.2004
12640:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32781-8
11581:Comparative Political Studies
11376:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.08.008
10929:. Migration Policy Institute.
10274:. Stanford University Press.
9492:10.1016/j.jinteco.2013.06.002
9047:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.12.001
8915:Thorhallsson, Baldur (2018).
8857:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.01.005
8635:Comparative Political Studies
8607:Ratha, Dilip; Silwal (2012).
8456:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2017.12.004
7899:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102490
7861:Center For Global Development
7703:Center For Global Development
7566:10.1080/10242694.2015.1055936
7516:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.03.009
7427:"Economic impact of refugees"
6565:Birrell, Bob (8 March 2016).
5244:Good Economics for Hard Times
4567:10.1016/j.jinteco.2018.02.007
4390:Journal of Economic Geography
4284:"Remittance Prices Worldwide"
4240:National Council of La Raza.
4193:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.02.008
4119:Tamura, Yuji (29 July 2010).
3866:Knight, Ben (11 April 2016).
3702:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.05.004
3532:Bilefsky, Dan (5 June 2009).
3213:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1133279
2852:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.12.003
2148:
2072:Criticism of multiculturalism
1793:Impact on demographic tension
1375:Economic Citizenship Programs
1322:spending in some localities.
1052:1924 immigration restrictions
535:
366:worldwide, but finds for the
17425:United States Virgin Islands
17039:Immigration to South America
16552:. Harvard University Press.
16316:Meilander, Peter C. (2001).
15811:American Sociological Review
15511:Journal of Law and Economics
15335:The Journal of Legal Studies
14652:(in Swedish). Archived from
13881:10.1371/journal.pone.0147162
13647:10.1080/1369183X.2014.948394
12818:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102466
12781:10.1007/978-3-030-48291-6_12
12286:Journal of Political Economy
12179:10.3368/jhr.55.3.1017-9151R2
12065:10.1016/j.labeco.2015.03.004
11867:10.3368/jhr.52.4.0115-6913R1
11737:10.1080/01419870.2012.762106
11488:Nations, States and Violence
11312:American Sociological Review
10537:Investment Migration Insider
10049:10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.017
9722:"Immigrant Entrepreneurship"
7798:Azarnert, Leonid V. (2018).
7675:NBER Working Paper No. 23433
7139:Maxmen, Amy (20 June 2018).
4032:10.1016/j.jmacro.2013.06.001
3898:International Business Times
3630:York, Harlan (4 July 2015).
3305:Journal of Political Economy
3085:American Sociological Review
2657:10.1016/0304-3878(84)90043-9
2020:
1827:American Sociological Review
1596:
846:, risks to civilians during
795:is the related pull factor.
761:voluntarily or involuntarily
7:
18999:Majorityâminority relations
18902:World Population Foundation
18892:World Population Conference
18805:World population milestones
16372:. Russell Sage Foundation.
16194:Immigration Policy Center.
16039:. Oxford University Press.
15954:Ù۱ۯۧ, ۱ۧۯÛÙ (7 June 2023).
14714:Crocitti, Stefania (2013).
13015:Crocitti, Stefania (2014).
12579:Journal of Health Economics
11407:10.1093/0199267669.001.0001
11364:Journal of Public Economics
10921:McKay, Ramah (1 May 2003).
10820:"Anarchism and Immigration"
8888:Grönberg, Per-Olof (2019).
8444:Journal of Public Economics
8274:Review of Economic Dynamics
7554:Defence and Peace Economics
6421:Journal of Economic Surveys
6246:Journal of Economic Surveys
4817:The Economic History Review
4246:National Council of La Raza
4171:Journal of Public Economics
3479:. Gallup.com. 20 April 2012
3265:Rich, Judy (October 2014).
2798:10.4337/9781782548072.00013
2275:, Oxford University Press,
2127:Non-resident citizen voting
2064:
1979:
1937:
1527:". This can exacerbate the
1285:Journal of Public Economics
1207:Congressional Budget Office
10:
19015:
18774:Population and Environment
15935:(in Persian). 12 June 2023
15909:(in Persian). 12 June 2023
15883:(in Persian). 12 June 2023
15823:10.1177/000312240907400505
15713:10.1162/003465303772815772
14272:Journal of Refugee Studies
14176:Journal of Labor Economics
14149:Journal of Urban Economics
13183:Annual Review of Sociology
12171:Journal of Human Resources
12132:Journal of Labor Economics
11855:Journal of Human Resources
11058:10.1016/j.jebo.2017.06.008
10942:"Poaching Foreign Doctors"
10882:10.4135/9781412965811.n220
10862:Nozick, Robert (1938â2002)
10208:Journal of Urban Economics
9028:"Emigration and democracy"
8609:"Remittance flows in 2011"
8541:Albert, Christoph (2021).
8224:10.1016/j.jedc.2010.06.030
7743:10.1177/001979399004300205
7153:10.1038/d41586-018-05507-0
6532:Annual Review of Economics
6169:"Poll Results | IGM Forum"
6144:"Poll Results | IGM Forum"
6020:Social Indicators Research
5354:10.11130/jei.2005.20.4.688
5257:Borjas, George J. (2017).
5218:10.1177/001979399004300205
4594:Journal of Economic Growth
3989:10.1007/s10903-022-01339-3
3764:10.1177/001979398203500304
3636:Harlan York and Associates
3131:Blau, Francine D. (2015).
2692:Annual Review of Economics
2581:Wider Working Paper Series
2548:"Poll Results | IGM Forum"
2523:"Poll Results | IGM Forum"
1805:Annual Review of Sociology
1741:Bogus recruitment agencies
1700:
1679:
1647:
1576:and out-group effects and
1559:
1404:
1065:in the native population.
974:
809:transnational corporations
642:
507:(in various forms such as
426:History of human migration
423:
381:
43:Immigrant (disambiguation)
40:
29:
18:
18946:
18910:
18835:
18787:
18766:
18684:Human population planning
18649:
18595:
18546:
18508:Demographics of the world
18500:
18444:
18396:
18358:
18100:
17982:
17959:
17878:
17810:
17769:
17729:
17471:
17400:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
17318:
17192:
17117:
17044:
16928:
16903:
16622:
16497:Sirkeci, Ibrahim (2006).
16134:Trails of Hope and Terror
16015:Key Concepts in Migration
14846:10.1080/14043850310020027
14559:Paris School of Economics
14492:10.1017/S0007123417000643
14231:10.1162/00335530360535225
14161:10.1016/j.jue.2013.08.004
13746:10.1017/S0003055416000745
13514:10.1017/S0022050718000335
13318:10.1007/s11113-008-9081-x
13237:10.1016/j.jce.2018.07.015
12993:10.1017/S0003055421000150
12948:10.1017/S0007123420000587
12529:Southern Economic Journal
12502:10.1007/s00148-018-0710-3
12384:10.1016/j.jce.2017.12.002
11781:10.1017/S0003055418000308
11724:Ethnic and Racial Studies
11643:10.1017/S0043887121000241
11456:10.1017/S0003055407070499
11187:10.1007/s11127-018-0509-5
11097:10.1017/S0007123415000101
11019:10.1007/s11127-015-0254-y
10230:10.1016/j.jue.2009.09.006
10096:10.1016/j.eeh.2021.101399
9862:10.1016/j.eeh.2018.10.001
9531:10.1007/s00148-012-0452-6
9349:10.1017/S0003055419000819
8286:10.1016/j.red.2015.07.005
8159:10.1007/s00148-007-0182-3
7971:OCE Working Paper 2017-04
6032:10.1007/s11205-017-1630-4
5647:10.1017/S002205070002413X
5551:10.1007/s10290-014-0191-8
5539:Review of World Economics
5064:10.1017/S0022050716000541
4606:10.1007/s10887-016-9127-6
4020:Journal of Macroeconomics
3924:The Sydney Morning Herald
3793:Rubin, Mark (July 2013).
3666:Fertility and Immigration
3153:10.1186/s40176-015-0048-5
2102:Opposition to immigration
1965:
1840:
1643:
1467:is often recognized as a
1347:foreign direct investment
1302:American Economic Journal
938:Muslims in Western Europe
92:Aboard aircraft and ships
18689:Compulsory sterilization
18037:Northern Mariana Islands
17531:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
17420:Turks and Caicos Islands
16670:Central African Republic
16178:Harvard University Press
16070:Harvard University Press
15792:10.1257/0002828042002561
15770:American Economic Review
15133:American Economic Review
15094:Refugee Survey Quarterly
14962:10.1177/1477370815597253
14754:10.1177/1477370813495128
14527:European Economic Review
14065:(Submitted manuscript).
14063:American Economic Review
13691:10.1177/0038040714537836
13681:(Submitted manuscript).
13375:10.1177/0019793916679613
13271:American Economic Review
12217:European Economic Review
11627:"When Coethnicity Fails"
11593:10.1177/0010414015592645
11325:10.1177/0003122416633140
10804:Hayter, Theresa (2000).
9938:American Economic Review
9909:10.1017/cbo9781107049772
9815:American Economic Review
9679:American Economic Review
9422:(Submitted manuscript).
9385:10.1177/0738894213520369
8647:10.1177/0010414010381073
8276:(Submitted manuscript).
8078:European Economic Review
7632:American Economic Review
7307:10.1177/0019793917735100
7203:10.1177/1465116517717340
6870:American Economic Review
6706:American Economic Review
6534:(Submitted manuscript).
5796:European Economic Review
5456:Bradford, Scott (2021).
5279:10.1177/0019793917692945
5259:"The Wage Impact of the
5111:10.1177/1532440015603814
5101:(Submitted manuscript).
4992:American Economic Review
4596:(Submitted manuscript).
4482:European Economic Review
4125:Trinity Economics Papers
4050:. Het Spinhuis. p. 218.
3952:. Global Poverty Project
3140:IZA Journal of Migration
3097:10.1177/0003122418780366
2218:"Who's who: Definitions"
2040:A report by the federal
1912:European Economic Review
1695:
1190:American Economic Review
1105:According to economists
987:Indo-Bangladeshi barrier
713:, a desire for economic
30:Not to be confused with
18631:Malthusian growth model
18002:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
17872:Immigration to Oceania
17792:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
16093:19 October 2020 at the
15059:10.1111/1468-0297.00080
14445:International Migration
14332:10.1073/pnas.1820345116
12812:. Elsevier BV: 102466.
12440:10.1073/pnas.1818884116
11318:(2): 0003122416633140.
9950:10.1257/aer.104.10.3222
9330:Grewal, Sharan (2020).
7609:documents.worldbank.org
7452:10.1073/pnas.1604566113
7197:(4): 1465116517717340.
7191:European Union Politics
6974:Finnish Economic Papers
6620:10.1126/science.aan2956
4936:Finnish Economic Papers
3617:9 December 2006 at the
2056:
2006:private institutions."
1989:Criminal justice system
1891:A study which examined
1671:personal health records
1544:Quality of institutions
1399:anti-immigrant violence
1349:to their home country.
1307:immigration enforcement
1033:Overall national impact
945:special interest groups
18758:Zero population growth
18753:Sustainable population
18677:Malthusian catastrophe
18636:Overshoot (population)
18513:Demographic transition
18143:Bosnia and Herzegovina
18094:Immigration to Europe
17350:British Virgin Islands
16525:Valle, Isabel (1994).
16209:. 1995. Archived from
15671:www.insidehighered.com
14075:10.1257/aer.104.6.1806
13788:Immigration Policy Lab
13679:Sociology of Education
13411:www.economics.ox.ac.uk
11553:10.2202/1540-8884.1317
11485:Laitin, David (2007).
11401:. Oxford Scholarship.
10923:"Family Reunification"
10808:. London: Pluto Press.
10647:10.1093/jhuman/huab045
10268:Kerr, William (2018).
9891:de Vries, Jan (1976).
9806:Hornung, Erik (2014).
8594:Harvard Kennedy School
7097:10.1126/sciadv.aaq0883
5612:10.1287/mnsc.1120.1684
5425:Borjas, G. J. (2015).
4720:Oxford Economic Papers
3386:OxfordDictionaries.com
2166:OxfordDictionaries.com
1858:
1669:In the EU, the use of
1509:White Australia policy
1402:
998:
913:
867:transnational marriage
700:
681:
653:
572:
545:
356:development economists
330:in order to settle as
60:
18867:Population Connection
18731:Mere addition paradox
18570:Physiological density
17985:and other territories
17290:Saint Kitts and Nevis
16830:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
16690:Republic of the Congo
16617:Immigration to Africa
16066:Immigration Economics
15546:Milkman, Katherine L.
14783:Parmar, Alpa (2013).
14378:IZA Discussion Papers
13283:10.1257/aer.101.3.603
13152:Hill, Angela (2011).
12102:IZA Discussion Papers
10868:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
9963:Harris, Rachel Anne.
9691:10.1257/aer.p20171021
9175:IZA Discussion Papers
8117:IZA Discussion Papers
7644:10.1257/aer.p20161065
7266:. 18 September 2018.
7237:Migration Observatory
7037:10.1093/oxrep/grac012
4790:10.1093/restud/rdz003
3271:IZA Discussion Papers
2198:. Merriam-Webster, In
2117:Replacement migration
1856:
1710:Immigration and crime
1703:Immigration and crime
1608:2010 Haiti earthquake
1491:. As philosopher and
1401:in South Africa, 2008
1396:
1160:For individual groups
1088:(Marielitos) came to
1006:fleeing persecution.
984:
975:Further information:
910:preventing emigration
903:
706:push and pull factors
687:
667:
650:
570:
543:
445:peopling of the world
441:early human migration
364:immigration and crime
229:Diplomatic protection
55:
18897:World Population Day
18852:Church of Euthanasia
18741:Non-identity problem
18716:Political demography
18672:Human overpopulation
17706:United Arab Emirates
16583:at Wikimedia Commons
15152:The Economic Journal
15037:The Economic Journal
14997:The Economic Journal
14875:. Oxford Handbooks.
14718:. Oxford Handbooks.
13968:The Economic Journal
12864:10.1257/jep.38.1.181
12713:The Economic Journal
12634:(10164): 2553â2566.
12003:The Economic Journal
11938:The Economic Journal
10876:. pp. 235â257.
10462:The Economic Journal
10157:The Economic Journal
9990:The Economic Journal
9977:on 17 February 2016.
9827:10.1257/aer.104.1.84
8813:10.1257/app.20150405
8738:The Economic Journal
8683:The Economic Journal
8559:10.1257/mac.20190042
8320:on 14 September 2022
8025:The Economic Journal
7723:Card, David (1990).
7396:10.1257/app.20150114
6882:10.1257/aer.20170765
6768:10.1162/rest_a_00861
6718:10.1257/aer.20181779
6336:10.1093/oxrep/grn024
5688:The Economic Journal
5443:10.1257/jel.53.4.961
5395:10.1162/rest_a_00776
5197:Card, David (1990).
5145:The Economic Journal
4444:10.1162/REST_a_00137
4352:10.1162/rest_a_01165
4133:10.2139/ssrn.1021941
4044:Anita Böcker (1998)
2744:10.1162/REST_a_00432
2122:Non-citizen suffrage
1910:A 2019 study in the
1903:A 2018 study in the
1825:A 2018 study in the
1749:workplace harassment
1505:family reunification
1299:A 2021 study in the
1282:A 2017 study in the
1150:A 2017 study in the
1134:Impact on immigrants
863:family reunification
723:family reunification
637:United Arab Emirates
394:. When people cross
18746:Reproductive rights
18577:Population dynamics
18528:Population momentum
18359:States with limited
17733:limited recognition
17466:Immigration to Asia
17305:Trinidad and Tobago
17200:Antigua and Barbuda
16905:States with limited
16471:on 16 February 2008
16421:Portes, Alejandro;
16395:Passel, Jeffrey S.
16386:Passel, Jeffrey S.
16335:Molina, N. (2006).
16289:Massey, Douglas S.
16033:Bauder, H. (2006).
14323:2019PNAS..11616280M
14317:(33): 16280â16285.
14024:10.15185/izawol.125
13872:2016PLoSO..1147162M
13754:20.500.11850/235430
13141:. 10 November 2016.
12431:2019PNAS..11612244R
12425:(25): 12244â12249.
11237:10.1093/wber/lhy032
10927:migrationpolicy.org
10824:theanarchistlibrary
10130:LSE Business Review
9224:10.1093/wber/lhr009
8982:10.15185/izawol.203
8485:UC Davis Law Review
8416:10.1257/jep.2.3.101
8184:on 12 December 2019
8006:10.15185/izawol.269
7980:on 8 February 2019.
7443:2016PNAS..113.7449T
7089:2018SciA....4..883D
6612:2017Sci...356..697B
6576:. Monash University
6207:2010EnPlC..28..819L
5992:10.1093/wber/lhx003
5817:20.500.11850/293259
5773:10.1093/wber/lhx007
5733:on 28 November 2020
4072:Euranet Plus inside
3642:on 9 September 2015
3583:The Daily Telegraph
3567:. 11 December 2012.
2611:10.1257/jep.25.3.83
2196:Merriam-Webster.com
1893:Catalan nationalism
1779:sexual exploitation
1578:reciprocal altruism
1533:standards of living
1517:illegal immigration
1513:equal opportunities
1465:freedom of movement
1072:Study methodologies
963:Foreign involvement
505:forced displacement
495:illegal immigration
332:permanent residents
254:Permanent residency
57:Net migration rates
25:Immigration (album)
18872:Population Matters
18587:Population pyramid
18565:Population density
18560:Population decline
17240:Dominican Republic
16249:Kolb, Eva (2009).
16150:Esbenshade, Jill.
15570:10.1037/apl0000022
15441:10.1093/qje/qjs014
15164:10.1111/ecoj.12082
15158:(572): F469âF492.
15106:10.1093/rsq/hdv016
15043:(483): F480âF518.
15010:10.1111/ecoj.12629
15003:(621): 1992â2009.
14690:10.1093/bjc/azt005
14457:10.1111/imig.12323
14284:10.1093/jrs/fex022
14109:10.1257/app.3.2.67
14015:IZA World of Labor
13980:10.1111/ecoj.12546
13974:(616): 3141â3181.
13825:10.1111/imre.12113
13549:The New York Times
13112:. 28 January 2024.
12903:10.1111/soc4.13167
12725:10.1111/ecoj.12158
12719:(587): 1393â1424.
12680:"PHR for migrants"
12541:10.1002/soej.12425
12341:10.1111/imre.12231
12015:10.1111/ecoj.12052
12009:(570): F308âF331.
11975:on 17 October 2019
11950:10.1111/ecoj.12054
11944:(570): F281âF307.
11861:(4): 0115â6913R1.
11828:10.1111/ajps.12233
10596:10.1111/ecin.12540
10468:(565): 1143â1176.
10169:10.1111/ecoj.12450
10163:(612): F273âF305.
10002:10.1111/ecoj.12505
9996:(614): 2321â2352.
9777:10.1257/mac.2.2.31
9432:10.1111/sjoe.12102
9301:10.1111/ajps.12382
9148:Impact Evaluations
9089:10.1111/isqu.12180
8973:IZA World of Labor
8956:on 4 January 2016.
8695:10.1111/ecoj.12306
8512:10.1111/ajae.12125
8037:10.1111/ecoj.12023
7997:IZA World of Labor
7934:The New York Times
7355:www.igmchicago.org
6490:10.1353/dem.0.0064
6433:10.1111/joes.12300
6173:www.igmchicago.org
6148:www.igmchicago.org
6122:10.1093/qje/qjx047
6079:10.1111/bjir.12223
5700:10.1111/ecoj.12457
5694:(612): F210âF234.
5590:Management Science
5474:10.1111/twec.13051
5322:10.1093/qje/qjw032
5246:. London: Penguin.
5228:– via JSTOR.
5157:10.1111/ecoj.12469
5014:10.1257/aer.99.2.1
4732:10.1093/oep/gpw001
4402:10.1093/jeg/lbi002
4220:The New York Times
3538:The New York Times
3504:The New York Times
3360:10.1111/ajps.12156
2552:www.igmchicago.org
2527:www.igmchicago.org
2502:www.igmchicago.org
2335:10.1111/jeea.12110
2172:on 5 November 2013
2082:Immigration reform
1859:
1403:
1242:, labor economist
1217:Impact of refugees
1082:natural experiment
999:
995:separation barrier
914:
817:diplomatic service
719:standard of living
701:
682:
654:
573:
546:
274:Identity cleansing
61:
18976:
18975:
18847:7 Billion Actions
18721:Population ethics
18614:Carrying capacity
18523:Population growth
18460:
18459:
18060:
18059:
18052:Wallis and Futuna
17960:Associated states
17838:
17837:
17775:other territories
17433:
17432:
17322:other territories
17152:
17151:
17124:other territories
17006:
17005:
16932:other territories
16705:Equatorial Guinea
16579:Media related to
16559:978-0-674-02218-8
16540:978-0-87422-101-5
16510:978-0-7734-5739-3
16413:Pearce, Susan C.
16379:978-0-87154-636-4
16348:978-0-520-24649-2
16327:978-0-312-24034-9
16308:978-0-19-928276-0
16282:978-0-316-73248-2
16269:Legrain, Philippe
16260:978-3-8370-9303-2
16187:978-0-674-72904-9
16176:. Cambridge, MA:
16157:Ewing, Walter A.
16143:978-1-57075-798-3
16079:978-0-674-04977-2
16068:. Cambridge, MA:
16062:Borjas, George J.
16046:978-0-19-020835-6
16025:978-0-85702-079-6
15612:978-0-691-14160-2
14918:10.1093/sf/sov084
14890:978-0-19-985901-6
14806:978-0-19-985901-6
14595:978-1-934831-24-3
13594:10.1093/sf/sot126
12891:Sociology Compass
12790:978-3-030-48290-9
11587:(11): 1407â1445.
11498:978-0-19-922823-2
11416:978-0-19-926766-8
11267:on 4 October 2018
10891:978-1-4129-6580-4
10870:SAGE Publications
10708:978-3-642-12757-1
10281:978-1-5036-0502-2
9944:(10): 3222â3255.
9918:978-0-521-21123-9
9648:978-0-444-63372-9
9633:(7669): 877â911.
9012:978-0-691-22305-6
8928:978-0-429-46316-7
8901:978-90-04-38520-7
8218:(12): 2547â2567.
8031:(571): 998â1024.
7437:(27): 7449â7453.
6997:. 6 December 2007
6390:978-0-309-44442-2
5462:The World Economy
4830:10.1111/ehr.12787
4658:World Development
4316:978-1-4614-2115-3
3727:(Working paper).
3060:978-1-84855-438-2
3027:978-0-309-37398-2
2902:978-0-19-062597-9
2846:(9730): 153â164.
2807:978-1-78254-807-2
2472:978-1-4614-2115-3
2292:978-0-19-284693-8
1923:official language
1813:Country of origin
1767:Sexual harassment
1761:human trafficking
1734:family separation
1714:criminal activity
1529:global inequality
1446:New Delhi airport
1063:income inequality
932:and point to the
930:2005 French riots
918:national security
807:and employees of
797:Natural disasters
595:A 2012 survey by
583:(12 million) and
449:Upper Paleolithic
317:
316:
264:Right to homeland
19006:
18966:
18965:
18954:
18953:
18923:Green Revolution
18704:Two-child policy
18699:One-child policy
18622:
18582:Population model
18538:World population
18487:
18480:
18473:
18464:
18463:
18397:Dependencies and
18101:Sovereign states
18087:
18080:
18073:
18064:
18063:
18042:Pitcairn Islands
18012:French Polynesia
17997:Christmas Island
17926:Papua New Guinea
17906:Marshall Islands
17879:Sovereign states
17865:
17858:
17851:
17842:
17841:
17828:
17818:
17817:
17787:Christmas Island
17473:Sovereign states
17460:
17453:
17446:
17437:
17436:
17390:Saint Barthélemy
17320:Dependencies and
17193:Sovereign states
17179:
17172:
17165:
17156:
17155:
17144:
17132:Falkland Islands
17046:Sovereign states
17033:
17026:
17019:
17010:
17009:
16993:
16992:(United Kingdom)
16988:Tristan da Cunha
16984:Ascension Island
16976:
16963:
16954:
16930:Dependencies and
16623:Sovereign states
16611:
16604:
16597:
16588:
16587:
16578:
16563:
16544:
16532:
16521:
16519:
16517:
16480:
16478:
16476:
16470:
16464:. Archived from
16431:
16383:
16359:
16357:
16355:
16331:
16312:
16286:
16264:
16245:
16243:
16214:
16191:
16147:
16128:
16126:
16124:
16107:
16086:Borjas, George.
16083:
16057:
16055:
16053:
16029:
16018:. London: Sage.
15999:
15998:
15996:
15994:
15978:
15972:
15971:
15969:
15967:
15951:
15945:
15944:
15942:
15940:
15933:ۧÛŰ±Ű§Ù Ű§ÛÙŰȘ۱ÙŰŽÙۧÙ
15925:
15919:
15918:
15916:
15914:
15899:
15893:
15892:
15890:
15888:
15873:
15867:
15866:
15859:
15853:
15852:
15842:
15802:
15796:
15795:
15785:
15765:
15759:
15758:
15756:
15754:
15739:
15733:
15732:
15698:
15689:
15683:
15682:
15680:
15678:
15663:
15657:
15656:
15646:
15630:
15624:
15623:
15621:
15619:
15596:
15590:
15589:
15564:(6): 1678â1712.
15542:
15536:
15535:
15507:
15498:
15489:
15488:
15460:
15454:
15453:
15443:
15434:(2): 1017â1055.
15419:
15410:
15409:
15373:
15367:
15366:
15326:
15320:
15319:
15279:
15273:
15272:
15270:
15268:
15262:
15251:
15242:
15233:
15232:, p. 8., 22
15225:
15219:
15218:
15190:
15184:
15183:
15147:
15141:
15140:
15124:
15118:
15117:
15085:
15079:
15078:
15052:
15032:
15023:
15022:
15012:
14988:
14982:
14981:
14944:
14938:
14937:
14912:(3): 1385â1408.
14901:
14895:
14894:
14864:
14858:
14857:
14829:
14823:
14822:
14820:
14818:
14809:. Archived from
14780:
14774:
14773:
14737:
14728:
14727:
14711:
14702:
14701:
14672:
14666:
14665:
14663:
14661:
14656:on 17 March 2017
14642:
14633:
14632:
14622:
14606:
14600:
14599:
14571:
14565:
14562:
14550:
14518:
14512:
14511:
14475:
14469:
14468:
14440:
14434:
14433:
14431:
14429:
14415:
14409:
14408:
14396:
14390:
14389:
14387:
14385:
14369:
14363:
14362:
14352:
14334:
14302:
14296:
14295:
14267:
14261:
14260:
14242:
14214:
14208:
14207:
14171:
14165:
14164:
14146:
14137:
14131:
14130:
14120:
14094:
14085:
14079:
14078:
14069:(6): 1806â1832.
14054:
14048:
14047:
14035:
14029:
14028:
14026:
14006:
14000:
13999:
13963:
13957:
13956:
13938:
13910:
13904:
13903:
13893:
13883:
13851:
13845:
13844:
13819:(4): 1042â1070.
13808:
13799:
13798:
13796:
13794:
13780:
13774:
13773:
13725:
13719:
13718:
13673:
13667:
13666:
13632:
13623:
13614:
13613:
13577:
13568:
13567:
13565:
13563:
13540:
13534:
13533:
13499:
13490:
13484:
13483:
13465:
13433:
13427:
13426:
13424:
13422:
13417:on 7 August 2016
13413:. Archived from
13403:
13397:
13396:
13386:
13368:
13359:(5): 1146â1175.
13344:
13338:
13337:
13301:
13295:
13294:
13266:
13257:
13256:
13231:(4): 1006â1029.
13222:
13213:
13207:
13206:
13178:
13172:
13166:
13160:
13159:
13149:
13143:
13142:
13120:
13114:
13113:
13102:
13096:
13095:
13089:
13087:
13081:The Conversation
13072:
13066:
13065:
13063:
13061:
13055:
13044:
13035:
13029:
13028:
13012:
13006:
13005:
12995:
12986:(3): 1066â1073.
12971:
12965:
12964:
12950:
12924:
12918:
12917:
12886:
12880:
12879:
12843:
12834:
12833:
12806:Labour Economics
12801:
12795:
12794:
12770:
12761:
12755:
12754:
12736:
12704:
12695:
12690:
12684:
12683:
12676:
12670:
12669:
12659:
12619:
12613:
12612:
12594:
12570:
12561:
12560:
12535:(4): 1278â1306.
12524:
12515:
12514:
12504:
12495:(3): 1009â1042.
12480:
12471:
12470:
12460:
12442:
12410:
12404:
12403:
12367:
12361:
12360:
12324:
12318:
12317:
12277:
12271:
12270:
12263:
12257:
12256:
12214:
12205:
12199:
12198:
12162:
12156:
12155:
12138:(4): 1061â1096.
12129:
12120:
12114:
12113:
12111:
12109:
12093:
12087:
12086:
12076:
12053:Labour Economics
12050:
12041:
12035:
12034:
12000:
11991:
11985:
11984:
11982:
11980:
11974:
11968:. Archived from
11935:
11926:
11920:
11919:
11909:
11893:
11887:
11886:
11846:
11840:
11839:
11807:
11801:
11800:
11775:(4): 1096â1103.
11764:
11758:
11757:
11739:
11730:(9): 1605â1627.
11715:
11709:
11708:
11672:
11663:
11662:
11622:
11613:
11612:
11576:
11565:
11564:
11536:
11530:
11529:
11523:
11519:
11517:
11509:
11507:
11505:
11482:
11476:
11475:
11435:
11429:
11428:
11394:
11388:
11387:
11370:(6): 1027â1052.
11361:
11352:
11346:
11345:
11327:
11303:
11297:
11296:
11290:
11286:
11284:
11276:
11274:
11272:
11255:
11249:
11248:
11222:
11213:
11207:
11206:
11181:(3â4): 351â405.
11170:
11164:
11163:
11123:
11117:
11116:
11076:
11070:
11069:
11037:
11031:
11030:
11002:
10993:
10987:
10986:
10984:
10982:
10972:
10963:
10957:
10956:
10954:
10952:
10937:
10931:
10930:
10918:
10912:
10911:
10846:
10840:
10839:
10837:
10835:
10816:
10810:
10809:
10801:
10795:
10794:
10792:
10790:
10775:
10769:
10768:
10766:
10764:
10749:
10743:
10742:
10740:
10738:
10719:
10713:
10712:
10692:
10686:
10685:
10683:
10681:
10666:
10660:
10659:
10649:
10625:
10616:
10615:
10590:(2): 1149â1164.
10584:Economic Inquiry
10579:
10573:
10572:
10570:
10554:
10548:
10547:
10545:
10543:
10528:
10522:
10521:
10510:
10504:
10503:
10477:
10457:
10451:
10450:
10448:
10446:
10436:
10430:
10429:
10419:
10409:
10393:
10387:
10386:
10384:
10376:
10370:
10369:
10359:
10343:
10337:
10336:
10334:
10332:
10317:
10311:
10310:
10308:
10292:
10286:
10285:
10265:
10259:
10258:
10256:
10240:
10234:
10233:
10223:
10203:
10197:
10196:
10148:
10142:
10141:
10139:
10137:
10122:
10116:
10115:
10075:
10069:
10068:
10028:
10022:
10021:
9985:
9979:
9978:
9976:
9970:. Archived from
9969:
9960:
9954:
9953:
9929:
9923:
9922:
9898:
9888:
9882:
9881:
9845:
9839:
9838:
9812:
9803:
9797:
9796:
9762:
9753:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9729:
9717:
9711:
9710:
9676:
9667:
9661:
9660:
9618:
9612:
9611:
9609:
9607:
9592:
9586:
9585:
9583:
9581:
9576:
9567:
9561:
9560:
9542:
9510:
9504:
9503:
9477:
9468:
9462:
9461:
9443:
9411:
9405:
9404:
9368:
9362:
9361:
9351:
9327:
9321:
9320:
9280:
9274:
9273:
9260:
9254:
9253:
9235:
9207:
9201:
9200:
9193:
9187:
9186:
9184:
9182:
9166:
9160:
9159:
9157:
9155:
9140:
9134:
9133:
9131:
9129:
9123:sites.google.com
9119:"Mounir Karadja"
9115:
9109:
9108:
9074:
9065:
9059:
9058:
9032:
9023:
9017:
9016:
8996:
8987:
8986:
8984:
8964:
8958:
8957:
8955:
8949:. Archived from
8948:
8939:
8933:
8932:
8912:
8906:
8905:
8885:
8879:
8878:
8868:
8836:
8825:
8824:
8798:
8789:
8778:
8777:
8744:(528): 631â652.
8735:
8726:
8715:
8714:
8689:(600): 495â521.
8678:
8667:
8666:
8630:
8624:
8623:
8613:
8604:
8598:
8597:
8585:
8579:
8578:
8538:
8532:
8531:
8495:
8489:
8488:
8482:
8474:
8468:
8467:
8435:
8429:
8428:
8418:
8394:
8388:
8387:
8377:
8361:
8355:
8354:
8352:
8336:
8330:
8329:
8327:
8325:
8319:
8313:. Archived from
8312:
8304:
8298:
8297:
8265:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8254:
8239:
8228:
8227:
8209:
8200:
8194:
8193:
8191:
8189:
8183:
8177:. Archived from
8144:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8126:
8124:
8108:
8102:
8101:
8073:
8067:
8066:
8048:
8020:
8011:
8010:
8008:
7988:
7982:
7981:
7979:
7973:. Archived from
7968:
7959:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7948:
7925:
7919:
7918:
7878:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7867:
7853:
7847:
7846:
7804:
7795:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7770:
7755:
7754:
7720:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7709:
7695:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7670:
7664:
7663:
7627:
7621:
7620:
7618:
7616:
7600:
7594:
7593:
7551:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7501:
7492:
7483:
7482:
7472:
7454:
7422:
7416:
7415:
7381:
7372:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7347:
7341:
7340:
7333:
7327:
7326:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7261:
7254:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7243:
7229:
7223:
7222:
7188:
7179:
7173:
7172:
7136:
7127:
7126:
7116:
7077:Science Advances
7068:
7059:
7058:
7048:
7016:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7002:
6991:
6982:
6981:
6971:
6962:
6953:
6952:
6942:
6926:
6920:
6919:
6909:
6876:(6): 1468â1487.
6861:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6835:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6807:
6798:
6797:
6779:
6753:
6744:
6738:
6737:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6654:
6648:
6647:
6595:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6581:
6571:
6562:
6556:
6555:
6523:
6512:
6511:
6501:
6483:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6399:
6393:. Archived from
6366:
6354:
6348:
6347:
6329:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6284:
6278:
6277:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6190:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6058:
6052:
6051:
6026:(3): 1033â1060.
6015:
6006:
6005:
6003:
5971:
5962:
5961:
5919:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5877:
5869:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5819:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5758:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5732:
5726:. Archived from
5685:
5676:
5667:
5666:
5641:(4): 1043â1062.
5630:
5624:
5623:
5605:
5596:(7): 1529â1544.
5585:
5579:
5578:
5536:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5468:(4): 1018â1030.
5453:
5447:
5446:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5397:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5356:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5273:(5): 1077â1110.
5263:: A Reappraisal"
5254:
5248:
5247:
5239:
5230:
5229:
5203:
5194:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5140:
5131:
5130:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5007:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4970:
4959:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4933:
4924:
4918:
4912:
4903:
4902:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4832:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4757:on 29 April 2019
4756:
4750:. Archived from
4717:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4552:
4543:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4515:
4506:
4505:
4479:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4429:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4387:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4279:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4252:on 13 April 2011
4248:. Archived from
4237:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4186:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4064:
4058:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4015:
4009:
4008:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3685:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3661:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3638:. Archived from
3627:
3621:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3574:
3568:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3529:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3448:
3440:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3311:(6): 1320â1354.
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3262:
3241:
3240:
3207:(7): 1115â1134.
3192:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3155:
3137:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3108:
3076:
3065:
3064:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2973:(15 July 2020).
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2943:Peri, Giovanni.
2940:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2831:
2820:
2819:
2785:
2774:
2773:
2755:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2707:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2417:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2392:
2384:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2320:
2311:
2296:
2295:
2284:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2248:. 19 June 2019.
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2158:
2107:People smuggling
2097:Multiculturalism
1995:racial profiling
1944:racial profiling
1919:language barrier
1434:
1423:
1363:Economic Journal
1230:Science Advances
1224:Economic Journal
1128:Branko MilanoviÄ
1028:Economic effects
977:Economic migrant
971:Economic migrant
958:
881:(e.g., avoiding
879:criminal justice
871:gender imbalance
840:ethnic cleansing
811:, international
785:opportunity cost
525:ethnic cleansing
491:immigration laws
487:sovereign states
396:national borders
309:
302:
295:
269:Voluntary return
182:Lost citizenship
63:
62:
19014:
19013:
19009:
19008:
19007:
19005:
19004:
19003:
18979:
18978:
18977:
18972:
18942:
18906:
18840:
18838:
18831:
18783:
18762:
18711:Overconsumption
18694:Family planning
18651:
18645:
18618:
18602:
18599:
18591:
18553:
18550:
18542:
18496:
18491:
18461:
18456:
18440:
18398:
18392:
18378:Northern Cyprus
18360:
18354:
18275:North Macedonia
18096:
18091:
18061:
18056:
17984:
17978:
17961:
17955:
17936:Solomon Islands
17874:
17869:
17839:
17834:
17806:
17774:
17765:
17746:Northern Cyprus
17732:
17725:
17467:
17464:
17434:
17429:
17323:
17321:
17314:
17188:
17183:
17153:
17148:
17142:
17125:
17123:
17113:
17040:
17037:
17007:
17002:
17001:
16991:
16974:
16961:
16952:
16933:
16931:
16924:
16908:
16906:
16899:
16618:
16615:
16571:
16566:
16560:
16541:
16515:
16513:
16511:
16489:SintĂšs Pierre,
16474:
16472:
16468:
16446:10.2307/2546431
16429:
16380:
16353:
16351:
16349:
16328:
16309:
16283:
16261:
16213:on 1 July 2010.
16201:
16188:
16144:
16136:. Orbis Books.
16122:
16120:
16105:
16095:Wayback Machine
16080:
16051:
16049:
16047:
16026:
16007:
16005:Further reading
16002:
15992:
15990:
15979:
15975:
15965:
15963:
15952:
15948:
15938:
15936:
15927:
15926:
15922:
15912:
15910:
15907:tejaratnews.com
15901:
15900:
15896:
15886:
15884:
15875:
15874:
15870:
15861:
15860:
15856:
15803:
15799:
15783:10.1.1.321.8621
15776:(4): 991â1013.
15766:
15762:
15752:
15750:
15741:
15740:
15736:
15696:
15690:
15686:
15676:
15674:
15673:. 17 April 2020
15665:
15664:
15660:
15631:
15627:
15617:
15615:
15613:
15597:
15593:
15550:Akinola, Modupe
15543:
15539:
15505:
15499:
15492:
15461:
15457:
15420:
15413:
15374:
15370:
15327:
15323:
15280:
15276:
15266:
15264:
15263:on 7 March 2016
15260:
15249:
15243:
15236:
15226:
15222:
15191:
15187:
15148:
15144:
15125:
15121:
15086:
15082:
15050:10.1.1.417.9100
15033:
15026:
14989:
14985:
14945:
14941:
14902:
14898:
14891:
14865:
14861:
14830:
14826:
14816:
14814:
14813:on 18 June 2019
14807:
14781:
14777:
14738:
14731:
14712:
14705:
14673:
14669:
14659:
14657:
14644:
14643:
14636:
14607:
14603:
14596:
14572:
14568:
14553:
14519:
14515:
14476:
14472:
14441:
14437:
14427:
14425:
14417:
14416:
14412:
14405:Foreign Affairs
14397:
14393:
14383:
14381:
14370:
14366:
14303:
14299:
14268:
14264:
14215:
14211:
14172:
14168:
14144:
14138:
14134:
14092:
14086:
14082:
14055:
14051:
14036:
14032:
14007:
14003:
13964:
13960:
13911:
13907:
13866:(1): e0147162.
13852:
13848:
13809:
13802:
13792:
13790:
13782:
13781:
13777:
13726:
13722:
13674:
13670:
13630:
13624:
13617:
13578:
13571:
13561:
13559:
13541:
13537:
13497:
13491:
13487:
13434:
13430:
13420:
13418:
13405:
13404:
13400:
13366:10.1.1.403.8151
13345:
13341:
13302:
13298:
13267:
13260:
13220:
13214:
13210:
13179:
13175:
13167:
13163:
13150:
13146:
13131:
13128:Wayback Machine
13121:
13117:
13104:
13103:
13099:
13085:
13083:
13073:
13069:
13059:
13057:
13053:
13042:
13036:
13032:
13013:
13009:
12972:
12968:
12925:
12921:
12887:
12883:
12844:
12837:
12802:
12798:
12791:
12768:
12762:
12758:
12705:
12698:
12691:
12687:
12678:
12677:
12673:
12620:
12616:
12571:
12564:
12525:
12518:
12481:
12474:
12411:
12407:
12368:
12364:
12325:
12321:
12278:
12274:
12265:
12264:
12260:
12212:
12206:
12202:
12173:: 1017â9151R2.
12163:
12159:
12127:
12121:
12117:
12107:
12105:
12094:
12090:
12048:
12042:
12038:
11998:
11992:
11988:
11978:
11976:
11972:
11933:
11927:
11923:
11894:
11890:
11847:
11843:
11808:
11804:
11765:
11761:
11716:
11712:
11673:
11666:
11623:
11616:
11577:
11568:
11537:
11533:
11521:
11520:
11511:
11510:
11503:
11501:
11499:
11483:
11479:
11436:
11432:
11417:
11395:
11391:
11359:
11353:
11349:
11304:
11300:
11288:
11287:
11278:
11277:
11270:
11268:
11257:
11256:
11252:
11220:
11214:
11210:
11171:
11167:
11124:
11120:
11077:
11073:
11038:
11034:
11000:
10994:
10990:
10980:
10978:
10970:
10964:
10960:
10950:
10948:
10938:
10934:
10919:
10915:
10892:
10847:
10843:
10833:
10831:
10818:
10817:
10813:
10802:
10798:
10788:
10786:
10777:
10776:
10772:
10762:
10760:
10751:
10750:
10746:
10736:
10734:
10727:Treaties.UN.org
10721:
10720:
10716:
10709:
10693:
10689:
10679:
10677:
10668:
10667:
10663:
10626:
10619:
10580:
10576:
10555:
10551:
10541:
10539:
10529:
10525:
10512:
10511:
10507:
10475:10.1.1.712.2787
10458:
10454:
10444:
10442:
10438:
10437:
10433:
10394:
10390:
10382:
10378:
10377:
10373:
10344:
10340:
10330:
10328:
10318:
10314:
10293:
10289:
10282:
10266:
10262:
10241:
10237:
10221:10.1.1.461.9614
10204:
10200:
10149:
10145:
10135:
10133:
10124:
10123:
10119:
10076:
10072:
10037:Research Policy
10029:
10025:
9986:
9982:
9974:
9967:
9961:
9957:
9930:
9926:
9919:
9889:
9885:
9846:
9842:
9810:
9804:
9800:
9760:
9754:
9750:
9718:
9714:
9674:
9668:
9664:
9649:
9619:
9615:
9605:
9603:
9593:
9589:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9568:
9564:
9511:
9507:
9475:
9469:
9465:
9412:
9408:
9369:
9365:
9328:
9324:
9281:
9277:
9261:
9257:
9208:
9204:
9195:
9194:
9190:
9180:
9178:
9167:
9163:
9153:
9151:
9150:. December 2015
9142:
9141:
9137:
9127:
9125:
9117:
9116:
9112:
9072:
9066:
9062:
9030:
9024:
9020:
9013:
8997:
8990:
8965:
8961:
8953:
8946:
8940:
8936:
8929:
8913:
8909:
8902:
8886:
8882:
8837:
8828:
8796:
8790:
8781:
8733:
8727:
8718:
8679:
8670:
8631:
8627:
8611:
8605:
8601:
8586:
8582:
8539:
8535:
8496:
8492:
8480:
8476:
8475:
8471:
8436:
8432:
8395:
8391:
8362:
8358:
8337:
8333:
8323:
8321:
8317:
8310:
8306:
8305:
8301:
8266:
8262:
8252:
8250:
8240:
8231:
8207:
8201:
8197:
8187:
8185:
8181:
8142:
8136:
8132:
8122:
8120:
8109:
8105:
8074:
8070:
8021:
8014:
7989:
7985:
7977:
7966:
7960:
7956:
7946:
7944:
7926:
7922:
7879:
7875:
7865:
7863:
7855:
7854:
7850:
7802:
7796:
7792:
7771:
7758:
7721:
7717:
7707:
7705:
7697:
7696:
7692:
7671:
7667:
7628:
7624:
7614:
7612:
7601:
7597:
7549:
7543:
7539:
7499:
7493:
7486:
7423:
7419:
7379:
7373:
7369:
7359:
7357:
7349:
7348:
7344:
7335:
7334:
7330:
7287:
7283:
7273:
7271:
7264:Financial Times
7256:
7255:
7251:
7241:
7239:
7231:
7230:
7226:
7186:
7180:
7176:
7137:
7130:
7083:(6): eaaq0883.
7069:
7062:
7017:
7010:
7000:
6998:
6993:
6992:
6985:
6969:
6963:
6956:
6927:
6923:
6862:
6858:
6848:
6846:
6836:
6829:
6808:
6801:
6751:
6745:
6741:
6712:(3): 976â1012.
6698:
6694:
6655:
6651:
6596:
6592:
6579:
6577:
6569:
6563:
6559:
6524:
6515:
6460:
6456:
6417:
6413:
6403:
6401:
6397:
6391:
6364:
6355:
6351:
6327:10.1.1.521.9523
6310:
6306:
6285:
6281:
6242:
6238:
6215:10.1068/c09151r
6191:
6187:
6177:
6175:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6152:
6150:
6142:
6141:
6137:
6106:
6102:
6059:
6055:
6016:
6009:
5972:
5965:
5917:
5911:
5907:
5897:
5895:
5880:Financial Times
5870:
5866:
5856:
5854:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5792:
5788:
5756:
5750:
5746:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5683:
5677:
5670:
5631:
5627:
5586:
5582:
5534:
5528:
5524:
5514:
5512:
5501:
5497:
5454:
5450:
5423:
5419:
5374:
5370:
5333:
5329:
5306:
5302:
5255:
5251:
5240:
5233:
5201:
5195:
5191:
5184:
5180:
5151:(612): F1âF36.
5141:
5134:
5091:
5087:
5044:
5040:
5005:10.1.1.412.9244
4988:
4984:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4962:The Home Office
4957:
4951:
4947:
4931:
4925:
4921:
4913:
4906:
4891:
4887:
4877:
4875:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4809:
4805:
4774:
4770:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4715:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4693:
4683:
4679:
4650:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4586:
4582:
4550:
4544:
4537:
4516:
4509:
4477:
4471:
4467:
4427:
4421:
4417:
4385:
4379:
4375:
4336:
4332:
4317:
4303:
4299:
4289:
4287:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4265:
4255:
4253:
4238:
4234:
4224:
4222:
4212:
4208:
4184:10.1.1.585.3903
4167:
4163:
4153:
4151:
4117:
4113:
4103:
4101:
4091:
4087:
4077:
4075:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4043:
4039:
4016:
4012:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3926:
3916:
3912:
3902:
3900:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3864:
3860:
3850:
3848:
3837:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3791:
3787:
3748:
3744:
3721:
3717:
3683:
3677:
3673:
3662:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3628:
3624:
3619:Wayback Machine
3606:
3602:
3592:
3590:
3575:
3571:
3564:Financial Times
3556:
3552:
3542:
3540:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3515:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3458:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3392:on 18 July 2012
3380:
3379:
3375:
3344:
3340:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3263:
3244:
3193:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3135:
3129:
3122:
3077:
3068:
3061:
3043:
3039:
3028:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2941:
2937:
2925:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2879:
2875:
2832:
2823:
2808:
2786:
2777:
2728:
2721:
2684:
2680:
2641:
2634:
2595:
2588:
2573:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2473:
2459:
2455:
2415:
2409:
2402:
2386:
2385:
2373:
2366:
2318:
2312:
2299:
2293:
2265:
2261:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2077:Immigration law
2067:
2059:
2050:
2023:
2003:
1991:
1982:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1940:
1935:
1843:
1823:
1815:
1800:
1795:
1738:
1737:
1706:
1698:
1682:
1652:
1646:
1627:
1599:
1570:Ethnic nepotism
1562:
1546:
1475:(1948) and the
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1442:passport stamps
1437:
1436:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1409:
1407:Immigration law
1391:
1389:Laws and ethics
1358:
1315:
1272:
1248:Michael Clemens
1219:
1202:
1194:Bracero program
1192:found that the
1174:underemployment
1162:
1136:
1107:Michael Clemens
1103:
1078:Mariel boatlift
1074:
1035:
1030:
1020:estimates that
979:
973:
965:
956:
751:seasonal labour
739:quality of life
662:
645:
593:
538:
533:
532:
433:Human migration
429:
384:
344:seasonal labour
313:
279:Right of return
224:Criminalization
46:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
19012:
19002:
19001:
18996:
18991:
18974:
18973:
18971:
18970:
18960:
18947:
18944:
18943:
18941:
18940:
18938:Sustainability
18935:
18930:
18925:
18920:
18914:
18912:
18911:Related topics
18908:
18907:
18905:
18904:
18899:
18894:
18889:
18884:
18879:
18874:
18869:
18864:
18859:
18854:
18849:
18843:
18841:
18836:
18833:
18832:
18830:
18829:
18824:
18823:
18822:
18817:
18812:
18802:
18800:Largest cities
18797:
18791:
18789:
18785:
18784:
18782:
18781:
18776:
18770:
18768:
18764:
18763:
18761:
18760:
18755:
18750:
18749:
18748:
18743:
18738:
18733:
18728:
18718:
18713:
18708:
18707:
18706:
18701:
18696:
18691:
18681:
18680:
18679:
18669:
18661:
18655:
18653:
18647:
18646:
18644:
18643:
18638:
18633:
18628:
18623:
18620:I = P Ă Aâ Ă T
18616:
18611:
18605:
18603:
18596:
18593:
18592:
18590:
18589:
18584:
18579:
18574:
18573:
18572:
18562:
18556:
18554:
18547:
18544:
18543:
18541:
18540:
18535:
18530:
18525:
18520:
18515:
18510:
18504:
18502:
18498:
18497:
18490:
18489:
18482:
18475:
18467:
18458:
18457:
18455:
18454:
18452:European Union
18448:
18446:
18445:Other entities
18442:
18441:
18439:
18438:
18433:
18428:
18423:
18418:
18413:
18408:
18402:
18400:
18399:other entities
18394:
18393:
18391:
18390:
18385:
18380:
18375:
18370:
18364:
18362:
18356:
18355:
18353:
18352:
18350:United Kingdom
18347:
18342:
18337:
18332:
18327:
18322:
18317:
18312:
18307:
18302:
18297:
18292:
18287:
18282:
18277:
18272:
18267:
18262:
18257:
18252:
18247:
18242:
18237:
18232:
18227:
18222:
18217:
18215:
18210:
18205:
18200:
18195:
18190:
18185:
18180:
18175:
18170:
18165:
18163:Czech Republic
18160:
18155:
18150:
18145:
18140:
18135:
18130:
18125:
18120:
18115:
18110:
18104:
18102:
18098:
18097:
18090:
18089:
18082:
18075:
18067:
18058:
18057:
18055:
18054:
18049:
18044:
18039:
18034:
18032:Norfolk Island
18029:
18024:
18019:
18014:
18009:
18004:
17999:
17994:
17992:American Samoa
17988:
17986:
17980:
17979:
17977:
17976:
17971:
17965:
17963:
17962:of New Zealand
17957:
17956:
17954:
17953:
17948:
17943:
17938:
17933:
17928:
17923:
17918:
17913:
17908:
17903:
17898:
17893:
17888:
17882:
17880:
17876:
17875:
17868:
17867:
17860:
17853:
17845:
17836:
17835:
17833:
17832:
17822:
17811:
17808:
17807:
17805:
17804:
17799:
17794:
17789:
17784:
17778:
17776:
17767:
17766:
17764:
17763:
17758:
17753:
17748:
17743:
17737:
17735:
17727:
17726:
17724:
17723:
17718:
17713:
17708:
17703:
17698:
17693:
17688:
17683:
17678:
17673:
17668:
17663:
17658:
17653:
17648:
17643:
17638:
17633:
17628:
17623:
17618:
17613:
17608:
17603:
17598:
17593:
17588:
17583:
17578:
17573:
17568:
17563:
17558:
17553:
17548:
17543:
17538:
17533:
17528:
17523:
17518:
17513:
17508:
17503:
17498:
17493:
17488:
17483:
17477:
17475:
17469:
17468:
17463:
17462:
17455:
17448:
17440:
17431:
17430:
17428:
17427:
17422:
17417:
17412:
17410:Sint Eustatius
17407:
17402:
17397:
17392:
17387:
17382:
17377:
17372:
17367:
17362:
17357:
17355:Cayman Islands
17352:
17347:
17342:
17337:
17332:
17326:
17324:
17319:
17316:
17315:
17313:
17312:
17307:
17302:
17297:
17292:
17287:
17282:
17277:
17272:
17267:
17262:
17257:
17252:
17247:
17242:
17237:
17232:
17227:
17222:
17217:
17212:
17207:
17202:
17196:
17194:
17190:
17189:
17182:
17181:
17174:
17167:
17159:
17150:
17149:
17147:
17146:
17139:
17134:
17128:
17126:
17118:
17115:
17114:
17112:
17111:
17106:
17101:
17096:
17091:
17086:
17081:
17076:
17071:
17066:
17061:
17056:
17050:
17048:
17042:
17041:
17036:
17035:
17028:
17021:
17013:
17004:
17003:
17000:
16999:
16997:Western Sahara
16994:
16977:
16964:
16955:
16941:Canary Islands
16937:
16936:
16934:
16929:
16926:
16925:
16923:
16922:
16917:
16911:
16909:
16904:
16901:
16900:
16898:
16897:
16892:
16887:
16882:
16877:
16872:
16867:
16862:
16857:
16852:
16847:
16842:
16837:
16832:
16827:
16822:
16817:
16812:
16807:
16802:
16797:
16792:
16787:
16782:
16777:
16772:
16767:
16762:
16757:
16752:
16747:
16742:
16737:
16732:
16727:
16722:
16717:
16712:
16707:
16702:
16697:
16692:
16687:
16682:
16677:
16672:
16667:
16662:
16657:
16652:
16647:
16642:
16637:
16632:
16626:
16624:
16620:
16619:
16614:
16613:
16606:
16599:
16591:
16585:
16584:
16570:
16569:External links
16567:
16565:
16564:
16558:
16545:
16539:
16522:
16509:
16494:
16487:
16484:Rumbaut, Ruben
16481:
16423:Böröcz, József
16418:
16411:
16402:
16393:
16384:
16378:
16360:
16347:
16332:
16326:
16313:
16307:
16294:
16287:
16281:
16265:
16259:
16246:
16226:(3): 325â344.
16215:
16207:Cato Institute
16199:
16192:
16186:
16169:
16162:
16155:
16148:
16142:
16129:
16098:
16084:
16078:
16058:
16045:
16030:
16024:
16008:
16006:
16003:
16001:
16000:
15973:
15946:
15920:
15894:
15868:
15854:
15817:(5): 777â799.
15797:
15760:
15734:
15707:(4): 854â873.
15684:
15658:
15644:10.3386/w25333
15625:
15611:
15591:
15537:
15524:10.1086/693822
15518:(2): 209â239.
15490:
15471:(2): 317â336.
15455:
15411:
15390:10.1086/320276
15384:(1): 285â314.
15368:
15347:10.1086/666006
15341:(2): 347â383.
15321:
15308:10.1086/322810
15300:10.1086/322810
15294:(2): 367â394.
15274:
15234:
15220:
15201:(2): 343â369.
15185:
15142:
15119:
15100:(1): 109â127.
15080:
15024:
14983:
14956:(6): 739â768.
14939:
14896:
14889:
14859:
14840:(2): 125â142.
14824:
14805:
14775:
14748:(6): 746â759.
14729:
14703:
14684:(3): 456â481.
14667:
14634:
14620:10.3386/w26834
14601:
14594:
14566:
14564:
14563:
14513:
14486:(2): 713â730.
14470:
14435:
14410:
14391:
14364:
14297:
14278:(2): 152â178.
14262:
14225:(1): 329â357.
14209:
14188:10.1086/599336
14182:(2): 281â314.
14166:
14132:
14080:
14049:
14030:
14001:
13958:
13927:10.1086/673266
13921:(3): 777â810.
13905:
13846:
13800:
13775:
13740:(2): 256â276.
13720:
13685:(3): 143â170.
13668:
13641:(5): 749â771.
13615:
13588:(3): 899â928.
13569:
13535:
13508:(3): 904â937.
13485:
13448:(2): 456â482.
13428:
13398:
13339:
13312:(2): 109â121.
13296:
13277:(3): 603â608.
13258:
13208:
13189:(1): 177â199.
13173:
13161:
13144:
13115:
13097:
13067:
13030:
13007:
12966:
12941:(2): 977â996.
12919:
12881:
12858:(1): 181â200.
12835:
12796:
12789:
12756:
12696:
12685:
12671:
12614:
12562:
12516:
12472:
12405:
12378:(1): 362â380.
12362:
12335:(3): 757â788.
12319:
12298:10.1086/686010
12272:
12269:. 2 June 2020.
12258:
12200:
12157:
12144:10.1086/703116
12115:
12088:
12036:
11986:
11921:
11907:10.3386/w26491
11888:
11841:
11802:
11759:
11710:
11683:(3): 281â304.
11664:
11637:(2): 249â284.
11631:World Politics
11614:
11566:
11531:
11522:|website=
11497:
11491:. OUP Oxford.
11477:
11450:(4): 709â725.
11430:
11415:
11389:
11347:
11298:
11289:|website=
11250:
11231:(2): 533â549.
11208:
11165:
11118:
11071:
11032:
11013:(3): 321â335.
10988:
10958:
10932:
10913:
10890:
10874:Cato Institute
10858:Hamowy, Ronald
10841:
10830:on 27 May 2015
10811:
10796:
10770:
10744:
10733:on 28 May 2016
10714:
10707:
10687:
10674:AmnestyUSA.org
10661:
10640:(3): 629â653.
10617:
10574:
10568:10.3386/w21847
10549:
10523:
10505:
10452:
10431:
10407:10.3386/w25565
10388:
10371:
10357:10.3386/w27075
10338:
10312:
10306:10.3386/w26392
10287:
10280:
10260:
10254:10.3386/w24824
10235:
10198:
10143:
10117:
10070:
10043:(3): 628â648.
10023:
9980:
9955:
9924:
9917:
9883:
9840:
9798:
9748:
9746:
9745:
9740:10.3386/w22385
9712:
9685:(5): 327â331.
9662:
9647:
9613:
9587:
9562:
9525:(2): 531â553.
9505:
9486:(1): 154â163.
9463:
9426:(2): 522â564.
9406:
9379:(5): 502â520.
9363:
9342:(2): 519â535.
9322:
9295:(4): 889â904.
9275:
9255:
9202:
9188:
9161:
9135:
9110:
9083:(3): 571â586.
9060:
9018:
9011:
8988:
8959:
8934:
8927:
8907:
8900:
8880:
8826:
8779:
8716:
8668:
8625:
8599:
8580:
8533:
8490:
8469:
8430:
8409:(3): 101â115.
8389:
8375:10.3386/w25074
8356:
8350:10.3386/w22834
8331:
8299:
8280:(4): 792â821.
8260:
8229:
8195:
8153:(1): 131â144.
8130:
8103:
8068:
8012:
7983:
7954:
7920:
7873:
7848:
7790:
7784:10.3386/w23498
7756:
7737:(2): 245â257.
7715:
7690:
7684:10.3386/w23433
7665:
7638:(5): 456â460.
7622:
7595:
7537:
7484:
7417:
7367:
7342:
7328:
7301:(4): 823â852.
7281:
7249:
7224:
7174:
7128:
7060:
7031:(3): 449â486.
7008:
6983:
6954:
6940:10.3386/w26536
6921:
6856:
6827:
6821:10.3386/w23935
6799:
6739:
6692:
6649:
6590:
6557:
6538:(1): 201â234.
6513:
6481:10.1.1.529.311
6474:(3): 535â551.
6454:
6427:(3): 922â948.
6411:
6400:on 9 June 2022
6389:
6373:10.17226/23550
6349:
6320:(3): 477â494.
6304:
6298:10.3386/w20131
6279:
6236:
6201:(5): 819â833.
6185:
6160:
6135:
6116:(2): 665â700.
6100:
6073:(4): 716â750.
6053:
6007:
5963:
5928:(4): 913â945.
5905:
5864:
5839:
5786:
5744:
5668:
5625:
5580:
5545:(3): 557â594.
5522:
5495:
5448:
5417:
5388:(2): 201â213.
5368:
5347:(4): 688â726.
5327:
5316:(1): 435â483.
5300:
5249:
5231:
5212:(2): 245â257.
5189:
5178:
5132:
5105:(2): 147â171.
5085:
5058:(2): 387â426.
5038:
4982:
4945:
4919:
4904:
4885:
4860:
4803:
4768:
4726:(2): 340â360.
4703:
4677:
4644:
4627:
4600:(2): 101â138.
4580:
4535:
4529:10.3386/w24283
4507:
4465:
4438:(1): 348â358.
4415:
4373:
4346:(2): 287â304.
4330:
4315:
4297:
4274:
4263:
4232:
4206:
4161:
4111:
4093:Nowicki, Dan.
4085:
4059:
4037:
4010:
3983:(1): 190â218.
3963:
3950:Global Citizen
3936:
3910:
3884:
3872:Deutsche Welle
3858:
3845:EUobserver.com
3831:
3805:(4): 497â501.
3785:
3758:(3): 343â353.
3742:
3715:
3696:(C): 127â146.
3671:
3653:
3622:
3600:
3569:
3550:
3524:
3513:
3490:
3468:
3428:
3403:
3373:
3354:(1): 123â142.
3338:
3317:10.1086/677255
3291:
3242:
3174:
3120:
3091:(4): 686â715.
3066:
3059:
3037:
3026:
3018:10.17226/21746
2999:
2962:
2935:
2926:|website=
2901:
2873:
2821:
2806:
2775:
2738:(2): 452â460.
2719:
2698:(1): 783â808.
2678:
2651:(1â2): 61â75.
2632:
2586:
2564:
2539:
2514:
2486:
2471:
2453:
2400:
2381:The World Bank
2364:
2329:(1): 168â202.
2297:
2291:
2259:
2231:
2209:
2183:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2022:
2019:
2002:
1999:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1957:United Kingdom
1955:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:Discrimination
1931:
1898:naturalisation
1875:Naturalization
1842:
1839:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1775:sexual assault
1764:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1707:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1690:socioeconomics
1681:
1678:
1645:
1642:
1631:social capital
1626:
1625:Social capital
1623:
1598:
1595:
1561:
1558:
1545:
1542:
1537:health workers
1489:libertarianism
1439:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1405:Main article:
1390:
1387:
1357:
1354:
1314:
1311:
1271:
1268:
1218:
1215:
1201:
1200:Fiscal effects
1198:
1161:
1158:
1135:
1132:
1120:reduce poverty
1111:Lant Pritchett
1102:
1099:
1073:
1070:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
993:is building a
972:
969:
964:
961:
678:Czech Republic
661:
658:
644:
641:
605:United Kingdom
592:
589:
587:(11 million).
558:United Kingdom
537:
534:
439:Historically,
430:
422:
383:
380:
376:discrimination
315:
314:
312:
311:
304:
297:
289:
286:
285:
284:
283:
282:
281:
276:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
239:Foreign worker
236:
231:
226:
221:
220:
219:
206:
205:
199:
198:
197:
196:
195:
194:
189:
179:
174:
173:
172:
167:
162:
155:Naturalization
152:
151:
150:
145:
140:
127:
126:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
103:
96:
95:
94:
81:
80:
74:
73:
21:border control
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19011:
19000:
18997:
18995:
18992:
18990:
18987:
18986:
18984:
18969:
18961:
18959:
18958:
18949:
18948:
18945:
18939:
18936:
18934:
18931:
18929:
18926:
18924:
18921:
18919:
18918:Bennett's law
18916:
18915:
18913:
18909:
18903:
18900:
18898:
18895:
18893:
18890:
18888:
18885:
18883:
18880:
18878:
18875:
18873:
18870:
18868:
18865:
18863:
18860:
18858:
18855:
18853:
18850:
18848:
18845:
18844:
18842:
18839:organizations
18834:
18828:
18825:
18821:
18818:
18816:
18813:
18811:
18808:
18807:
18806:
18803:
18801:
18798:
18796:
18793:
18792:
18790:
18786:
18780:
18777:
18775:
18772:
18771:
18769:
18765:
18759:
18756:
18754:
18751:
18747:
18744:
18742:
18739:
18737:
18734:
18732:
18729:
18727:
18724:
18723:
18722:
18719:
18717:
18714:
18712:
18709:
18705:
18702:
18700:
18697:
18695:
18692:
18690:
18687:
18686:
18685:
18682:
18678:
18675:
18674:
18673:
18670:
18668:
18666:
18662:
18660:
18657:
18656:
18654:
18648:
18642:
18639:
18637:
18634:
18632:
18629:
18627:
18626:Kaya identity
18624:
18621:
18617:
18615:
18612:
18610:
18607:
18606:
18604:
18601:
18594:
18588:
18585:
18583:
18580:
18578:
18575:
18571:
18568:
18567:
18566:
18563:
18561:
18558:
18557:
18555:
18552:
18545:
18539:
18536:
18534:
18531:
18529:
18526:
18524:
18521:
18519:
18516:
18514:
18511:
18509:
18506:
18505:
18503:
18499:
18495:
18488:
18483:
18481:
18476:
18474:
18469:
18468:
18465:
18453:
18450:
18449:
18447:
18443:
18437:
18434:
18432:
18429:
18427:
18424:
18422:
18419:
18417:
18414:
18412:
18411:Faroe Islands
18409:
18407:
18404:
18403:
18401:
18395:
18389:
18386:
18384:
18383:South Ossetia
18381:
18379:
18376:
18374:
18371:
18369:
18366:
18365:
18363:
18357:
18351:
18348:
18346:
18343:
18341:
18338:
18336:
18333:
18331:
18328:
18326:
18323:
18321:
18318:
18316:
18313:
18311:
18308:
18306:
18303:
18301:
18298:
18296:
18293:
18291:
18288:
18286:
18283:
18281:
18278:
18276:
18273:
18271:
18268:
18266:
18263:
18261:
18258:
18256:
18253:
18251:
18248:
18246:
18243:
18241:
18238:
18236:
18235:Liechtenstein
18233:
18231:
18228:
18226:
18223:
18221:
18218:
18216:
18214:
18211:
18209:
18206:
18204:
18201:
18199:
18196:
18194:
18191:
18189:
18186:
18184:
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18179:
18176:
18174:
18171:
18169:
18166:
18164:
18161:
18159:
18156:
18154:
18151:
18149:
18146:
18144:
18141:
18139:
18136:
18134:
18131:
18129:
18126:
18124:
18121:
18119:
18116:
18114:
18111:
18109:
18106:
18105:
18103:
18099:
18095:
18088:
18083:
18081:
18076:
18074:
18069:
18068:
18065:
18053:
18050:
18048:
18045:
18043:
18040:
18038:
18035:
18033:
18030:
18028:
18027:New Caledonia
18025:
18023:
18020:
18018:
18015:
18013:
18010:
18008:
18007:Easter Island
18005:
18003:
18000:
17998:
17995:
17993:
17990:
17989:
17987:
17981:
17975:
17972:
17970:
17967:
17966:
17964:
17958:
17952:
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17942:
17939:
17937:
17934:
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17927:
17924:
17922:
17919:
17917:
17914:
17912:
17909:
17907:
17904:
17902:
17899:
17897:
17894:
17892:
17889:
17887:
17884:
17883:
17881:
17877:
17873:
17866:
17861:
17859:
17854:
17852:
17847:
17846:
17843:
17831:
17827:
17823:
17821:
17813:
17812:
17809:
17803:
17800:
17798:
17795:
17793:
17790:
17788:
17785:
17783:
17780:
17779:
17777:
17772:
17768:
17762:
17759:
17757:
17756:South Ossetia
17754:
17752:
17749:
17747:
17744:
17742:
17739:
17738:
17736:
17734:
17728:
17722:
17719:
17717:
17714:
17712:
17709:
17707:
17704:
17702:
17699:
17697:
17694:
17692:
17689:
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17684:
17682:
17679:
17677:
17674:
17672:
17669:
17667:
17664:
17662:
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17657:
17654:
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17644:
17642:
17639:
17637:
17634:
17632:
17629:
17627:
17624:
17622:
17619:
17617:
17614:
17612:
17609:
17607:
17604:
17602:
17599:
17597:
17594:
17592:
17589:
17587:
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17579:
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17574:
17572:
17569:
17567:
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17562:
17559:
17557:
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17552:
17549:
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17514:
17512:
17509:
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17499:
17497:
17494:
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17489:
17487:
17484:
17482:
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17478:
17476:
17474:
17470:
17461:
17456:
17454:
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17447:
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17441:
17438:
17426:
17423:
17421:
17418:
17416:
17413:
17411:
17408:
17406:
17403:
17401:
17398:
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17393:
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17388:
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17368:
17366:
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17356:
17353:
17351:
17348:
17346:
17343:
17341:
17338:
17336:
17333:
17331:
17328:
17327:
17325:
17317:
17311:
17310:United States
17308:
17306:
17303:
17301:
17298:
17296:
17293:
17291:
17288:
17286:
17283:
17281:
17278:
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17273:
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17268:
17266:
17263:
17261:
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17246:
17243:
17241:
17238:
17236:
17233:
17231:
17228:
17226:
17223:
17221:
17218:
17216:
17213:
17211:
17208:
17206:
17203:
17201:
17198:
17197:
17195:
17191:
17187:
17180:
17175:
17173:
17168:
17166:
17161:
17160:
17157:
17145:
17140:
17138:
17137:French Guiana
17135:
17133:
17130:
17129:
17127:
17121:
17116:
17110:
17107:
17105:
17102:
17100:
17097:
17095:
17092:
17090:
17087:
17085:
17082:
17080:
17077:
17075:
17072:
17070:
17067:
17065:
17062:
17060:
17057:
17055:
17052:
17051:
17049:
17047:
17043:
17034:
17029:
17027:
17022:
17020:
17015:
17014:
17011:
16998:
16995:
16989:
16985:
16981:
16978:
16972:
16968:
16965:
16959:
16956:
16950:
16946:
16942:
16939:
16938:
16935:
16927:
16921:
16918:
16916:
16913:
16912:
16910:
16902:
16896:
16893:
16891:
16888:
16886:
16883:
16881:
16878:
16876:
16873:
16871:
16868:
16866:
16863:
16861:
16858:
16856:
16853:
16851:
16848:
16846:
16843:
16841:
16838:
16836:
16833:
16831:
16828:
16826:
16823:
16821:
16818:
16816:
16813:
16811:
16808:
16806:
16803:
16801:
16798:
16796:
16793:
16791:
16788:
16786:
16783:
16781:
16778:
16776:
16773:
16771:
16768:
16766:
16763:
16761:
16758:
16756:
16753:
16751:
16748:
16746:
16745:Guinea-Bissau
16743:
16741:
16738:
16736:
16733:
16731:
16728:
16726:
16723:
16721:
16718:
16716:
16713:
16711:
16708:
16706:
16703:
16701:
16698:
16696:
16693:
16691:
16688:
16686:
16683:
16681:
16678:
16676:
16673:
16671:
16668:
16666:
16663:
16661:
16658:
16656:
16653:
16651:
16648:
16646:
16643:
16641:
16638:
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16633:
16631:
16628:
16627:
16625:
16621:
16612:
16607:
16605:
16600:
16598:
16593:
16592:
16589:
16582:
16577:
16573:
16572:
16561:
16555:
16551:
16546:
16542:
16536:
16531:
16530:
16523:
16512:
16506:
16502:
16501:
16495:
16492:
16488:
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16482:
16467:
16463:
16459:
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16451:
16447:
16443:
16439:
16435:
16428:
16424:
16419:
16416:
16412:
16409:
16408:
16403:
16400:
16399:
16394:
16391:
16390:
16385:
16381:
16375:
16371:
16370:
16365:
16364:Myers, Dowell
16361:
16350:
16344:
16340:
16339:
16333:
16329:
16323:
16319:
16314:
16310:
16304:
16300:
16295:
16292:
16288:
16284:
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16274:
16270:
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16167:
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16160:
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16149:
16145:
16139:
16135:
16130:
16119:
16115:
16111:
16104:
16099:
16096:
16092:
16089:
16085:
16081:
16075:
16071:
16067:
16063:
16059:
16048:
16042:
16038:
16037:
16031:
16027:
16021:
16017:
16016:
16010:
16009:
15988:
15984:
15977:
15961:
15957:
15950:
15934:
15930:
15924:
15908:
15904:
15898:
15882:
15878:
15872:
15864:
15858:
15850:
15846:
15841:
15836:
15832:
15828:
15824:
15820:
15816:
15812:
15808:
15801:
15793:
15789:
15784:
15779:
15775:
15771:
15764:
15749:. 4 June 2016
15748:
15747:www.urban.org
15744:
15738:
15730:
15726:
15722:
15718:
15714:
15710:
15706:
15702:
15695:
15688:
15672:
15668:
15662:
15654:
15650:
15645:
15640:
15636:
15629:
15614:
15608:
15604:
15603:
15595:
15587:
15583:
15579:
15575:
15571:
15567:
15563:
15559:
15555:
15551:
15547:
15541:
15533:
15529:
15525:
15521:
15517:
15513:
15512:
15504:
15497:
15495:
15486:
15482:
15478:
15474:
15470:
15466:
15459:
15451:
15447:
15442:
15437:
15433:
15429:
15425:
15418:
15416:
15407:
15403:
15399:
15395:
15391:
15387:
15383:
15379:
15372:
15364:
15360:
15356:
15352:
15348:
15344:
15340:
15336:
15332:
15325:
15317:
15313:
15309:
15305:
15301:
15297:
15293:
15289:
15285:
15278:
15259:
15255:
15248:
15241:
15239:
15231:
15230:
15224:
15216:
15212:
15208:
15204:
15200:
15196:
15189:
15181:
15177:
15173:
15169:
15165:
15161:
15157:
15153:
15146:
15138:
15134:
15130:
15123:
15115:
15111:
15107:
15103:
15099:
15095:
15091:
15084:
15076:
15072:
15068:
15064:
15060:
15056:
15051:
15046:
15042:
15038:
15031:
15029:
15020:
15016:
15011:
15006:
15002:
14998:
14994:
14987:
14979:
14975:
14971:
14967:
14963:
14959:
14955:
14951:
14943:
14935:
14931:
14927:
14923:
14919:
14915:
14911:
14907:
14906:Social Forces
14900:
14892:
14886:
14882:
14878:
14874:
14870:
14863:
14855:
14851:
14847:
14843:
14839:
14835:
14828:
14812:
14808:
14802:
14798:
14794:
14790:
14786:
14779:
14771:
14767:
14763:
14759:
14755:
14751:
14747:
14743:
14736:
14734:
14725:
14721:
14717:
14710:
14708:
14699:
14695:
14691:
14687:
14683:
14679:
14671:
14655:
14651:
14647:
14641:
14639:
14630:
14626:
14621:
14616:
14612:
14605:
14597:
14591:
14587:
14583:
14579:
14578:
14570:
14561:. March 2019.
14560:
14556:
14552:
14551:
14548:
14544:
14540:
14536:
14532:
14528:
14524:
14517:
14509:
14505:
14501:
14497:
14493:
14489:
14485:
14481:
14474:
14466:
14462:
14458:
14454:
14450:
14446:
14439:
14424:
14420:
14414:
14406:
14402:
14395:
14379:
14375:
14368:
14360:
14356:
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14346:
14342:
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14333:
14328:
14324:
14320:
14316:
14312:
14308:
14301:
14293:
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14285:
14281:
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14273:
14266:
14258:
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14246:
14241:
14236:
14232:
14228:
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14220:
14213:
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14193:
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14098:
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14084:
14076:
14072:
14068:
14064:
14060:
14053:
14045:
14041:
14034:
14025:
14020:
14016:
14012:
14005:
13997:
13993:
13989:
13985:
13981:
13977:
13973:
13969:
13962:
13954:
13950:
13946:
13942:
13937:
13932:
13928:
13924:
13920:
13916:
13909:
13901:
13897:
13892:
13887:
13882:
13877:
13873:
13869:
13865:
13861:
13857:
13850:
13842:
13838:
13834:
13830:
13826:
13822:
13818:
13814:
13807:
13805:
13789:
13785:
13779:
13771:
13767:
13763:
13759:
13755:
13751:
13747:
13743:
13739:
13735:
13731:
13724:
13716:
13712:
13708:
13704:
13700:
13696:
13692:
13688:
13684:
13680:
13672:
13664:
13660:
13656:
13652:
13648:
13644:
13640:
13636:
13629:
13622:
13620:
13611:
13607:
13603:
13599:
13595:
13591:
13587:
13583:
13582:Social Forces
13576:
13574:
13558:
13554:
13550:
13546:
13539:
13531:
13527:
13523:
13519:
13515:
13511:
13507:
13503:
13496:
13489:
13481:
13477:
13473:
13469:
13464:
13459:
13455:
13451:
13447:
13443:
13439:
13432:
13416:
13412:
13408:
13402:
13394:
13390:
13385:
13380:
13376:
13372:
13367:
13362:
13358:
13354:
13350:
13343:
13335:
13331:
13327:
13323:
13319:
13315:
13311:
13307:
13300:
13292:
13288:
13284:
13280:
13276:
13272:
13265:
13263:
13254:
13250:
13246:
13242:
13238:
13234:
13230:
13226:
13219:
13212:
13204:
13200:
13196:
13192:
13188:
13184:
13177:
13170:
13165:
13157:
13156:
13148:
13140:
13139:
13134:
13129:
13125:
13119:
13111:
13107:
13101:
13094:
13082:
13078:
13071:
13052:
13048:
13047:Working Paper
13041:
13034:
13026:
13022:
13018:
13011:
13003:
12999:
12994:
12989:
12985:
12981:
12977:
12970:
12963:
12958:
12954:
12949:
12944:
12940:
12936:
12935:
12930:
12923:
12916:
12912:
12908:
12904:
12900:
12896:
12892:
12885:
12878:
12873:
12869:
12865:
12861:
12857:
12853:
12849:
12842:
12840:
12832:
12827:
12823:
12819:
12815:
12811:
12807:
12800:
12792:
12786:
12782:
12778:
12774:
12767:
12760:
12752:
12748:
12744:
12740:
12735:
12730:
12726:
12722:
12718:
12714:
12710:
12703:
12701:
12694:
12689:
12681:
12675:
12667:
12663:
12658:
12653:
12649:
12645:
12641:
12637:
12633:
12629:
12625:
12618:
12610:
12606:
12602:
12598:
12593:
12588:
12584:
12580:
12576:
12569:
12567:
12558:
12554:
12550:
12546:
12542:
12538:
12534:
12530:
12523:
12521:
12512:
12508:
12503:
12498:
12494:
12490:
12486:
12479:
12477:
12468:
12464:
12459:
12454:
12450:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12432:
12428:
12424:
12420:
12416:
12409:
12401:
12397:
12393:
12389:
12385:
12381:
12377:
12373:
12366:
12358:
12354:
12350:
12346:
12342:
12338:
12334:
12330:
12323:
12315:
12311:
12307:
12303:
12299:
12295:
12291:
12287:
12283:
12276:
12268:
12262:
12254:
12250:
12246:
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11175:Public Choice
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11006:Public Choice
10999:
10992:
10977:(82): 595â600
10976:
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10897:
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10854:"Immigration"
10851:
10850:Griswold, Dan
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10132:. 10 May 2018
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9821:(1): 84â122.
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9218:(1): 77â104.
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8921:. Routledge.
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6606:(6339): 697.
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4873:Bloomberg.com
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4099:AZCentral.com
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3607:See the NIDI/
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1101:Global impact
1098:
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1084:when 125,000
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884:
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550:United States
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498:
496:
492:
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475:modern period
472:
468:
467:
462:
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450:
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443:includes the
442:
437:
434:
427:
421:
419:
415:
414:
409:
406:(from Latin:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:nation states
389:
379:
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368:United States
365:
360:
357:
353:
347:
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325:
321:
310:
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303:
298:
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222:
218:
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213:
210:
209:
208:
207:
204:
201:
200:
193:
190:
188:
187:denaturalized
185:
184:
183:
180:
178:
175:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:transnational
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
134:
131:
130:
129:
128:
125:
122:
121:
114:
113:Birth tourism
111:
110:
109:
108:
104:
102:
101:
100:Jus sanguinis
97:
93:
90:
89:
88:
85:
84:
83:
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76:
75:
72:
68:
65:
64:
58:
54:
50:
48:
44:
37:
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18767:Publications
18726:Antinatalism
18664:
18641:World3 model
18501:Major topics
18388:Transnistria
17983:Dependencies
17969:Cook Islands
17771:Dependencies
17701:Turkmenistan
17666:Saudi Arabia
17415:Sint Maarten
17395:Saint Martin
17120:Dependencies
16980:Saint Helena
16951:
16855:South Africa
16845:Sierra Leone
16650:Burkina Faso
16549:
16528:
16514:. Retrieved
16499:
16490:
16473:. Retrieved
16466:the original
16437:
16433:
16414:
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16397:
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16368:
16352:. Retrieved
16337:
16317:
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16250:
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16219:
16211:the original
16195:
16173:
16165:
16158:
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16133:
16121:. Retrieved
16109:
16065:
16050:. Retrieved
16035:
16014:
15991:. Retrieved
15989:(in Persian)
15987:۳۟ŰȘ ۧÙŰČۧ۱ Ù
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15986:
15976:
15964:. Retrieved
15962:(in Persian)
15959:
15949:
15937:. Retrieved
15932:
15923:
15911:. Retrieved
15906:
15897:
15885:. Retrieved
15880:
15871:
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15810:
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15769:
15763:
15751:. Retrieved
15746:
15737:
15704:
15700:
15687:
15675:. Retrieved
15670:
15661:
15634:
15628:
15616:. Retrieved
15601:
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15540:
15515:
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15431:
15427:
15381:
15377:
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15277:
15265:. Retrieved
15258:the original
15253:
15227:
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15198:
15194:
15188:
15155:
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15139:(3): 304â21.
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14905:
14899:
14872:
14869:"Case Study"
14862:
14837:
14833:
14827:
14815:. Retrieved
14811:the original
14788:
14778:
14745:
14741:
14715:
14681:
14677:
14670:
14658:. Retrieved
14654:the original
14649:
14610:
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14569:
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14530:
14526:
14516:
14483:
14479:
14473:
14451:(2): 53â67.
14448:
14444:
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14426:. Retrieved
14422:
14413:
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14382:. Retrieved
14377:
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14103:(2): 67â95.
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13961:
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13863:
13859:
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13812:
13791:. Retrieved
13787:
13778:
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13682:
13678:
13677:Countries".
13671:
13638:
13634:
13585:
13581:
13560:. Retrieved
13548:
13538:
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13445:
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13431:
13419:. Retrieved
13415:the original
13410:
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13136:
13124:Ghostarchive
13122:Archived at
13118:
13109:
13100:
13091:
13084:. Retrieved
13080:
13070:
13058:. Retrieved
13046:
13033:
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12160:
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12106:. Retrieved
12101:
12091:
12074:10419/115095
12056:
12052:
12039:
12006:
12002:
11989:
11977:. Retrieved
11970:the original
11941:
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11265:the original
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11224:
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11135:
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10974:
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10949:. Retrieved
10945:
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10828:the original
10823:
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10782:
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10756:
10747:
10735:. Retrieved
10731:the original
10726:
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10678:. Retrieved
10673:
10664:
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10434:
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10397:
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10329:. Retrieved
10325:
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10214:(1): 46â60.
10211:
10207:
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10160:
10156:
10146:
10136:30 September
10134:. Retrieved
10129:
10120:
10087:
10083:
10073:
10040:
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9972:the original
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9600:
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9179:. Retrieved
9174:
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9152:. Retrieved
9147:
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9128:20 September
9126:. Retrieved
9122:
9113:
9080:
9076:
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9034:
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8315:the original
8302:
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8179:the original
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8116:
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8077:
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7945:. Retrieved
7933:
7923:
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7886:
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7866:16 September
7864:. Retrieved
7860:
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7827:10419/162191
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7706:. Retrieved
7702:
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7613:. Retrieved
7608:
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7560:(1): 64â86.
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7553:
7540:
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7354:
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7284:
7274:19 September
7272:. Retrieved
7263:
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7240:. Retrieved
7236:
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7177:
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6973:
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6843:
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6578:. Retrieved
6573:
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6424:
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6404:12 September
6402:. Retrieved
6395:the original
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6282:
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6172:
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6147:
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5879:
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5789:
5764:
5760:
5747:
5735:. Retrieved
5728:the original
5708:10419/145246
5691:
5687:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5559:11393/195448
5542:
5538:
5525:
5513:. Retrieved
5508:
5498:
5465:
5461:
5451:
5434:
5430:
5420:
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5381:
5371:
5344:
5340:
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5144:
5102:
5098:
5088:
5055:
5051:
5041:
5033:
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4991:
4985:
4973:. Retrieved
4961:
4948:
4939:
4935:
4922:
4888:
4876:. Retrieved
4872:
4863:
4820:
4816:
4806:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4759:. Retrieved
4752:the original
4723:
4719:
4706:
4694:. Retrieved
4690:
4680:
4661:
4657:
4647:
4630:
4597:
4593:
4583:
4558:
4554:
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4431:
4418:
4393:
4389:
4376:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4306:
4300:
4288:. Retrieved
4277:
4266:
4254:. Retrieved
4250:the original
4245:
4235:
4223:. Retrieved
4219:
4209:
4177:(7â8): 734.
4174:
4170:
4164:
4152:. Retrieved
4124:
4114:
4102:. Retrieved
4098:
4088:
4076:. Retrieved
4071:
4062:
4046:
4040:
4023:
4019:
4013:
3980:
3976:
3966:
3954:. Retrieved
3949:
3939:
3927:. Retrieved
3923:
3918:May, Julia.
3913:
3901:. Retrieved
3897:
3887:
3875:. Retrieved
3871:
3861:
3849:. Retrieved
3847:. EUobserver
3844:
3834:
3822:. Retrieved
3802:
3798:
3788:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3724:
3718:
3710:10419/130264
3693:
3687:
3674:
3665:
3644:. Retrieved
3640:the original
3635:
3625:
3603:
3591:. Retrieved
3582:
3572:
3562:
3553:
3541:. Retrieved
3537:
3527:
3516:
3503:
3493:
3481:. Retrieved
3471:
3459:. Retrieved
3450:
3419:. Retrieved
3415:
3406:
3394:. Retrieved
3390:the original
3385:
3382:"outmigrant"
3376:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3282:. Retrieved
3270:
3221:10419/142176
3204:
3200:
3165:. Retrieved
3143:
3139:
3088:
3084:
3050:
3040:
3031:
3008:
3002:
2990:. Retrieved
2979:The Guardian
2978:
2965:
2953:. Retrieved
2948:
2938:
2906:. Retrieved
2883:
2876:
2843:
2839:
2789:
2735:
2731:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2648:
2644:
2602:
2598:
2580:
2557:19 September
2555:. Retrieved
2551:
2542:
2532:19 September
2530:. Retrieved
2526:
2517:
2505:. Retrieved
2501:
2462:
2456:
2423:
2419:
2380:
2326:
2322:
2272:
2262:
2243:
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2195:
2186:
2174:. Retrieved
2170:the original
2165:
2156:
2112:Repatriation
2060:
2051:
2048:Labor market
2039:
2024:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1992:
1983:
1969:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1927:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1881:integrated.
1879:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1816:
1803:
1801:
1798:Assimilation
1787:
1771:sexual abuse
1739:
1708:
1683:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1634:
1628:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1563:
1550:
1547:
1521:
1502:
1493:open borders
1481:
1453:
1410:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1260:
1252:
1236:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1211:
1203:
1189:
1187:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1125:
1104:
1075:
1067:
1060:
1056:
1044:productivity
1036:
1015:
1008:
1000:
966:
953:
942:
915:
906:Iron Curtain
891:
859:relationship
856:
852:dictatorship
825:
805:missionaries
802:
781:
777:foreign-born
769:
765:pull factors
764:
757:Push factors
756:
755:
704:
702:
668:The largest
655:
617:Saudi Arabia
594:
574:
562:
547:
521:war refugees
464:
451:. Since the
438:
431:
417:
411:
407:
403:
399:
387:
385:
373:
361:
348:
319:
318:
202:
105:
98:
67:Legal status
49:
47:
18989:Immigration
18650:Society and
18609:Biocapacity
18426:Isle of Man
18361:recognition
18335:Switzerland
18270:Netherlands
17916:New Zealand
17830:Asia portal
17731:States with
17651:Philippines
17591:South Korea
17586:North Korea
17481:Afghanistan
17385:Puerto Rico
17295:Saint Lucia
17245:El Salvador
16907:recognition
16860:South Sudan
16750:Ivory Coast
16581:Immigration
16241:11693/38069
14533:: 265â296.
14423:Google Docs
14240:10419/82170
14155:: 139â166.
14118:2445/116663
13699:1874/301991
13463:10419/58772
13110:www.ilo.org
12734:10419/51818
12585:: 123â143.
12237:2434/608118
11875:10419/67241
11822:: 146â162.
11504:10 November
11245:10986/31559
11138:: 108â122.
9835:10419/37227
9540:10419/67322
9500:10419/48716
9441:2434/271640
9233:10419/36182
9041:: 209â223.
8866:10419/44193
8807:(4): 1â35.
8758:2078.1/5768
8641:(1): 3â27.
8324:14 November
8084:: 240â263.
8046:10419/61358
7615:15 February
7510:: 203â216.
7390:(2): 1â34.
6762:: 177â195.
6665:: 289â305.
6381:10919/83151
6252:(1): 1â30.
6001:10986/32168
5986:: 127â147.
5781:10419/90017
5767:: 148â162.
4998:(2): 1â21.
4839:10637/11782
4784:: 382â419.
4696:16 November
4664:: 227â239.
4396:(1): 9â44.
3146:(1): 1â21.
2949:www.imf.org
2753:10986/21484
2343:10230/22196
2269:"Migration"
2224:7 September
2192:"immigrate"
1730:hate crimes
1525:brain drain
1497:Jacob Appel
1469:civil right
1461:Gulf States
1335:externality
1327:brain drain
1183:off-shoring
1022:remittances
828:persecution
821:expatriates
763:), whereas
733:migration,
591:2012 survey
513:slave trade
509:deportation
501:involuntary
471:Colonialism
418:outmigrants
388:immigration
328:nationality
320:Immigration
203:Immigration
133:Citizenship
124:Nationality
18994:Population
18983:Categories
18837:Events and
18652:population
18598:Population
18549:Population
18494:Population
18305:San Marino
18265:Montenegro
18245:Luxembourg
18225:Kazakhstan
18128:Azerbaijan
17711:Uzbekistan
17686:Tajikistan
17601:Kyrgyzstan
17581:Kazakhstan
17501:Bangladesh
17491:Azerbaijan
17380:Montserrat
17375:Martinique
17370:Guadeloupe
17225:Costa Rica
16962:(Portugal)
16920:Somaliland
16840:Seychelles
16805:Mozambique
16790:Mauritania
16775:Madagascar
16730:The Gambia
16665:Cape Verde
16516:15 October
16475:15 October
16123:15 October
15960:۱ۧۯÛÙ Ù۱ۯۧ
15677:1 November
15637:(Report).
14660:26 January
14650:www.bra.se
14613:(Report).
14428:4 February
13936:1814/13410
13353:ILR Review
12628:The Lancet
12292:(3): 000.
12108:21 January
11900:(Report).
11271:14 January
10946:The Walrus
10900:2008009151
10561:(Report).
10400:(Report).
10350:(Report).
10299:(Report).
10247:(Report).
10090:: 101399.
9856:: 101261.
9606:20 January
9181:13 October
9154:4 December
8368:(Report).
8343:(Report).
8123:13 October
7893:: 102490.
7777:(Report).
7677:(Report).
7295:ILR Review
6980:(1): 1â32.
6933:(Report).
6849:12 January
6814:(Report).
6777:10398/9656
6468:Demography
6291:(Report).
5942:10289/1638
5515:19 October
5437:(4): 965.
5267:ILR Review
5261:Marielitos
4975:12 January
4942:(1): 1â32.
4561:: 88â108.
4522:(Report).
4256:29 October
4154:29 October
3585:. London.
3416:www.un.org
3167:13 October
2507:7 December
2149:References
2142:Xenophobia
1664:The Lancet
1648:See also:
1185:by firms.
1048:offshoring
1040:David Card
1018:World Bank
875:patriotism
836:oppression
815:, and the
772:wage rates
727:retirement
715:prosperity
672:market in
670:Vietnamese
652:countries.
635:, and the
536:Statistics
404:immigrants
234:Expatriate
87:Birthplace
78:Birthright
32:emigration
18933:Migration
18810:6 billion
18416:Gibraltar
18240:Lithuania
17886:Australia
17797:Hong Kong
17751:Palestine
17676:Sri Lanka
17671:Singapore
17551:Indonesia
17365:Greenland
17280:Nicaragua
17255:Guatemala
17109:Venezuela
17054:Argentina
16795:Mauritius
15881:Ù
ŰŰšŰȘ ÙÛÙŰČ
15831:0003-1224
15778:CiteSeerX
15721:0034-6535
15653:145030825
15578:1939-1854
15532:147631237
15485:1559-1816
15450:0033-5533
15406:154533225
15398:0022-2186
15355:0047-2530
15215:1745-9133
15180:154984687
15172:1468-0297
15114:1020-4067
15067:1468-0297
15045:CiteSeerX
15019:0013-0133
14978:143366742
14970:1477-3708
14934:155814847
14926:0037-7732
14854:143646955
14770:145099179
14762:1477-3708
14698:0007-0955
14629:216251239
14547:149045384
14508:158137269
14500:0007-1234
14465:151628467
14341:0027-8424
14292:111381382
14249:0033-5533
14196:0734-306X
13996:157082274
13988:1468-0297
13945:0022-2186
13841:144531409
13833:1747-7379
13770:229169145
13762:0003-0554
13707:0038-0407
13663:146326410
13655:1369-183X
13610:145434097
13602:0037-7732
13557:0362-4331
13530:158352415
13522:0022-0507
13480:145589806
13472:0197-9183
13361:CiteSeerX
13334:154929099
13253:158958516
13245:0147-5967
13203:150635159
13002:0003-0554
12957:0007-1234
12911:1751-9020
12872:0895-3309
12826:0927-5371
12743:1468-0297
12648:1474-547X
12601:0167-6296
12557:214313284
12549:2325-8012
12511:1432-1475
12449:0027-8424
12400:157751513
12392:0147-5967
12357:155253270
12349:1747-7379
12306:0022-3808
12245:0014-2921
12195:159010723
12187:0022-166X
12152:158575753
12059:: 63â76.
12023:1468-0297
11958:1468-0297
11916:213323363
11883:0022-166X
11836:1540-5907
11797:149495272
11789:0003-0554
11754:145381859
11746:0141-9870
11705:154547573
11697:1747-7093
11659:246855942
11651:0043-8871
11601:0010-4140
11561:144470028
11541:The Forum
11524:ignored (
11514:cite book
11464:1537-5943
11425:156474870
11342:155433506
11334:0003-1224
11291:ignored (
11281:cite book
11203:157264613
11195:0048-5829
11160:157369080
11105:0007-1234
11066:0167-2681
11052:: 83â95.
10908:750831024
10783:OHCHR.org
10656:1757-9627
10612:158553197
10604:1465-7295
10492:1468-0297
10470:CiteSeerX
10426:169210007
10326:VoxEU.org
10216:CiteSeerX
10185:1468-0297
10112:233521311
10104:0014-4983
10065:158524654
10057:0048-7333
10010:1468-0297
9870:0014-4983
9699:0002-8282
9657:152830080
9601:VoxEU.org
9557:155884602
9549:0933-1433
9450:1467-9442
9401:154500219
9393:0738-8942
9358:0003-0554
9317:158602666
9309:0092-5853
9242:0258-6770
9097:1468-2478
8942:Xu, Rui.
8894:. Brill.
8766:1468-0297
8711:154362034
8703:1468-0297
8663:154767019
8655:0010-4140
8575:210054914
8567:1945-7707
8528:225430289
8520:1467-8276
8506:: 70â89.
8464:158175416
8450:: 63â78.
8425:0895-3309
8384:240281198
8248:VoxEU.org
8175:154625546
8167:0933-1433
8098:102491721
8055:1468-0297
7942:0362-4331
7915:226191631
7907:0304-3878
7843:157461167
7835:0176-2680
7813:: 89â98.
7652:0002-8282
7582:1024-2694
7532:159084500
7524:0304-3878
7461:0027-8424
7323:158420236
7315:0019-7939
7219:157127175
7211:1465-1165
7169:169653469
7161:0028-0836
7105:2375-2548
7055:1556-5068
6949:208979065
6898:0002-8282
6844:VoxEU.org
6786:0034-6535
6734:242370156
6726:0002-8282
6687:197794882
6679:0166-0462
6644:206659473
6628:0036-8075
6552:157793269
6476:CiteSeerX
6449:158532621
6441:1467-6419
6344:0266-903X
6322:CiteSeerX
6266:1467-6419
6231:154749568
6223:0263-774X
6130:157828205
6095:157615154
6087:1467-8543
6048:157541486
6040:0303-8300
5950:1542-4774
5888:0307-1766
5857:18 August
5834:158560371
5826:0014-2921
5737:26 August
5724:154442776
5716:1468-0297
5663:154985080
5655:1471-6372
5598:CiteSeerX
5567:1610-2878
5509:VoxEU.org
5490:225163119
5482:1467-9701
5412:109938634
5404:0034-6535
5287:0019-7939
5165:0013-0133
5127:155197472
5119:1532-4400
5080:156620314
5072:1471-6372
5030:154716407
5022:0002-8282
5000:CiteSeerX
4855:158530812
4847:0013-0117
4748:208009990
4740:0030-7653
4691:VoxEU.org
4614:1381-4338
4575:153400835
4502:157561906
4488:: 62â82.
4452:0034-6535
4410:1468-2702
4368:246564474
4360:0034-6535
4325:852632755
4179:CiteSeerX
4141:1556-5068
4026:: 41â52.
4005:247060104
3929:2 January
3824:3 October
3819:0147-1767
3772:0019-7939
3421:28 August
3325:0022-3808
3229:1369-183X
2987:0261-3077
2928:ignored (
2918:cite book
2908:11 August
2868:204418677
2860:0304-3878
2816:143429722
2762:0034-6535
2714:1941-1383
2665:0304-3878
2619:0895-3309
2481:852632755
2448:154303869
2440:1542-4774
2351:1542-4774
2254:1813-2278
2031:redlining
2001:Education
1597:Education
1495:activist
1485:anarchism
989:in 2007.
922:terrorism
743:Commuters
711:resources
621:Australia
529:diasporas
485:existing
466:Landnahme
453:Neolithic
413:emigrants
386:The term
336:Commuters
192:renounced
36:migration
18968:Category
18736:Natalism
18659:Eugenics
18436:Svalbard
18421:Guernsey
18368:Abkhazia
18320:Slovenia
18315:Slovakia
18290:Portugal
18148:Bulgaria
17901:Kiribati
17820:Category
17741:Abkhazia
17691:Thailand
17646:Pakistan
17626:Mongolia
17621:Maldives
17616:Malaysia
17516:Cambodia
17330:Anguilla
17265:Honduras
17235:Dominica
17210:Barbados
17099:Suriname
17089:Paraguay
17074:Colombia
16986: /
16982: /
16975:(France)
16969: /
16947: /
16943: /
16895:Zimbabwe
16870:Tanzania
16720:Ethiopia
16715:Eswatini
16695:Djibouti
16660:Cameroon
16645:Botswana
16462:12282796
16425:(1989).
16366:(2007).
16271:(2007).
16091:Archived
16064:(2014).
15849:20689685
15753:23 April
15618:24 April
15586:25867167
15075:19024888
14384:22 March
14359:31358632
14257:16520774
14204:17521852
14127:31236419
13953:19012438
13900:26760972
13860:PLOS ONE
13715:59353417
13562:19 April
13393:28935997
13326:20616620
13291:46552371
13126:and the
13086:5 August
13060:16 March
13051:Archived
12751:11283393
12666:30528484
12609:29477952
12467:31072924
12314:15590490
12253:85504429
12223:: 1â22.
12083:74494602
12031:29570106
11966:14306752
11384:10965659
11113:17112994
11027:55968273
10852:(2008).
10542:24 April
10500:19741509
10366:85560970
10193:54856798
10018:53352818
9878:53649771
9793:15707203
9785:25760296
9707:35552861
9105:28432111
9055:15380816
8774:28988486
8294:16242107
7751:15116852
7479:27325782
7268:Archived
7123:29938219
6916:30008480
6794:13743885
6636:28522491
6508:19771943
6274:55145701
5958:14629302
5898:21 April
5892:Archived
5802:: 1â34.
5363:23000667
5295:26944704
5226:15116852
5173:51027330
4966:Archived
4823:: 3â31.
4798:53597318
4622:34712861
4460:17957545
4149:55485879
4127:(1107).
3997:35201532
3780:36445207
3615:Archived
3609:Eurostat
3587:Archived
3508:Archived
3368:51895998
3284:24 April
3273:(8584).
3237:10261744
3162:53414354
3115:30555169
2770:11046799
2673:12266702
2627:59507836
2389:cite web
2202:27 March
2065:See also
2035:steering
1980:Business
1757:Slavery,
1574:in-group
844:genocide
832:bullying
747:tourists
400:migrants
340:tourists
160:Ius Doni
143:multiple
107:Jus soli
18957:Commons
18600:ecology
18551:biology
18345:Ukraine
18295:Romania
18255:Moldova
18213:Ireland
18208:Iceland
18203:Hungary
18193:Germany
18188:Georgia
18178:Finland
18173:Estonia
18168:Denmark
18153:Croatia
18138:Belgium
18133:Belarus
18123:Austria
18118:Armenia
18113:Andorra
18108:Albania
18047:Tokelau
17951:Vanuatu
17716:Vietnam
17631:Myanmar
17611:Lebanon
17541:Georgia
17496:Bahrain
17486:Armenia
17360:Curaçao
17345:Bonaire
17340:Bermuda
17270:Jamaica
17250:Grenada
17205:Bahamas
17104:Uruguay
17079:Ecuador
17059:Bolivia
16971:RĂ©union
16967:Mayotte
16958:Madeira
16953:(Spain)
16949:Melilla
16880:Tunisia
16850:Somalia
16835:Senegal
16820:Nigeria
16810:Namibia
16800:Morocco
16765:Liberia
16760:Lesotho
16710:Eritrea
16680:Comoros
16655:Burundi
16630:Algeria
16454:2546431
16118:1553271
15993:12 June
15966:12 June
15939:12 June
15913:12 June
15887:12 June
15840:2915472
15729:8524510
15363:2338687
15316:1547854
15254:MIT.edu
14350:6697878
14319:Bibcode
14044:2923633
13891:4711941
13868:Bibcode
13793:1 March
13384:5602570
13138:YouTube
12962:limited
12657:6294735
12458:6589669
12427:Bibcode
11979:23 July
11609:7998506
11472:4498060
10860:(ed.).
10331:2 March
9458:7253614
9270:2327441
9250:1813461
8875:4489444
8821:5140105
8487:. 2018.
8188:23 July
8119:(11613)
7660:2938529
7590:1672742
7470:4941434
7439:Bibcode
7412:5245205
7360:25 July
7114:6010334
7085:Bibcode
7001:28 June
6907:6040835
6608:Bibcode
6600:Science
6580:15 June
6499:2831347
6203:Bibcode
5620:7275466
5575:4981719
4899:2866411
4878:22 July
4761:23 July
4201:6940099
3668:. UCLA.
3646:30 July
3333:3348344
3279:2517887
3106:6290669
3033:crimes.
2992:16 July
2955:16 July
2359:3465938
2021:Housing
1723:refugee
1680:Housing
1566:welfare
1560:Welfare
1178:Science
1115:in situ
1011:State's
1004:refugee
789:poverty
643:Current
625:Germany
554:Germany
483:between
461:Pacific
459:or the
408:migrare
382:History
324:country
259:Refugee
244:Illegal
138:missing
71:persons
18667:genics
18431:Jersey
18373:Kosovo
18340:Turkey
18330:Sweden
18310:Serbia
18300:Russia
18285:Poland
18280:Norway
18260:Monaco
18230:Latvia
18198:Greece
18183:France
18158:Cyprus
18022:Hawaii
17946:Tuvalu
17761:Taiwan
17696:Turkey
17661:Russia
17596:Kuwait
17576:Jordan
17566:Israel
17526:Cyprus
17511:Brunei
17506:Bhutan
17285:Panama
17275:Mexico
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17215:Belize
17084:Guyana
17064:Brazil
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16973:
16960:
16890:Zambia
16885:Uganda
16825:Rwanda
16780:Malawi
16740:Guinea
16635:Angola
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15213:
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13421:18 May
13391:
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10951:16 May
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10834:26 May
10789:11 May
10763:11 May
10757:UN.org
10737:11 May
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10445:3 July
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7145:Nature
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4078:16 May
4054:
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3903:13 May
3877:13 May
3851:13 May
3817:
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3593:7 June
3543:11 May
3483:14 May
3461:16 May
3451:UN.org
3396:11 May
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2252:
2176:11 May
1966:Canada
1938:Europe
1841:Europe
1644:Health
1086:Cubans
895:racism
883:arrest
689:London
674:Prague
613:France
609:Canada
597:Gallup
585:Russia
581:Mexico
517:flight
511:, the
479:within
457:Arctic
18788:Lists
18406:Ă
land
18325:Spain
18250:Malta
18220:Italy
17941:Tonga
17931:Samoa
17921:Palau
17911:Nauru
17802:Macau
17721:Yemen
17681:Syria
17656:Qatar
17636:Nepal
17571:Japan
17546:India
17536:Egypt
17521:China
17335:Aruba
17260:Haiti
17069:Chile
16945:Ceuta
16865:Sudan
16815:Niger
16770:Libya
16755:Kenya
16735:Ghana
16725:Gabon
16700:Egypt
16640:Benin
16469:(PDF)
16450:JSTOR
16430:(PDF)
16106:(PDF)
15725:S2CID
15697:(PDF)
15649:S2CID
15528:S2CID
15506:(PDF)
15402:S2CID
15359:S2CID
15312:S2CID
15304:JSTOR
15261:(PDF)
15250:(PDF)
15176:S2CID
15071:S2CID
14974:S2CID
14930:S2CID
14850:S2CID
14817:5 May
14766:S2CID
14625:S2CID
14543:S2CID
14504:S2CID
14461:S2CID
14288:S2CID
14253:S2CID
14200:S2CID
14145:(PDF)
14123:S2CID
14093:(PDF)
13992:S2CID
13949:S2CID
13837:S2CID
13766:S2CID
13711:S2CID
13659:S2CID
13631:(PDF)
13606:S2CID
13526:S2CID
13498:(PDF)
13476:S2CID
13330:S2CID
13322:JSTOR
13287:S2CID
13249:S2CID
13221:(PDF)
13199:S2CID
13054:(PDF)
13043:(PDF)
12897:(1).
12769:(PDF)
12747:S2CID
12553:S2CID
12396:S2CID
12353:S2CID
12310:S2CID
12249:S2CID
12213:(PDF)
12191:S2CID
12148:S2CID
12128:(PDF)
12079:S2CID
12049:(PDF)
12027:S2CID
11999:(PDF)
11973:(PDF)
11962:S2CID
11934:(PDF)
11912:S2CID
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11701:S2CID
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11557:S2CID
11547:(3).
11468:S2CID
11421:S2CID
11380:S2CID
11360:(PDF)
11338:S2CID
11221:(PDF)
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11109:S2CID
11023:S2CID
11001:(PDF)
10971:(PDF)
10856:. In
10608:S2CID
10496:S2CID
10422:S2CID
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10362:S2CID
10189:S2CID
10108:S2CID
10061:S2CID
10014:S2CID
9975:(PDF)
9968:(PDF)
9901:87â88
9874:S2CID
9811:(PDF)
9789:S2CID
9781:JSTOR
9761:(PDF)
9703:S2CID
9675:(PDF)
9653:S2CID
9575:(PDF)
9553:S2CID
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9454:S2CID
9397:S2CID
9313:S2CID
9246:S2CID
9101:S2CID
9073:(PDF)
9051:S2CID
9031:(PDF)
8954:(PDF)
8947:(PDF)
8871:S2CID
8817:S2CID
8797:(PDF)
8770:S2CID
8734:(PDF)
8707:S2CID
8659:S2CID
8612:(PDF)
8571:S2CID
8524:S2CID
8481:(PDF)
8460:S2CID
8380:S2CID
8318:(PDF)
8311:(PDF)
8290:S2CID
8208:(PDF)
8182:(PDF)
8171:S2CID
8143:(PDF)
8094:S2CID
8059:S2CID
7978:(PDF)
7967:(PDF)
7911:S2CID
7839:S2CID
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7747:S2CID
7656:S2CID
7586:S2CID
7550:(PDF)
7528:S2CID
7500:(PDF)
7408:S2CID
7380:(PDF)
7319:S2CID
7215:S2CID
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7165:S2CID
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6945:S2CID
6790:S2CID
6752:(PDF)
6730:S2CID
6683:S2CID
6640:S2CID
6570:(PDF)
6548:S2CID
6445:S2CID
6398:(PDF)
6365:(PDF)
6270:S2CID
6227:S2CID
6126:S2CID
6091:S2CID
6044:S2CID
5954:S2CID
5918:(PDF)
5830:S2CID
5757:(PDF)
5731:(PDF)
5720:S2CID
5684:(PDF)
5659:S2CID
5616:S2CID
5571:S2CID
5535:(PDF)
5486:S2CID
5408:S2CID
5359:JSTOR
5291:JSTOR
5222:S2CID
5202:(PDF)
5169:S2CID
5123:S2CID
5076:S2CID
5026:S2CID
4969:(PDF)
4958:(PDF)
4932:(PDF)
4851:S2CID
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4428:(PDF)
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4197:S2CID
4145:S2CID
4001:S2CID
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3447:(PDF)
3364:S2CID
3329:S2CID
3233:S2CID
3158:S2CID
3136:(PDF)
2951:. IMF
2864:S2CID
2812:S2CID
2766:S2CID
2623:S2CID
2444:S2CID
2416:(PDF)
2355:S2CID
2319:(PDF)
1696:Crime
1090:Miami
991:India
948:lobby
926:Islam
735:exile
633:Italy
629:Spain
577:India
217:Enemy
212:Alien
18017:Guam
17974:Niue
17896:Fiji
17641:Oman
17606:Laos
17561:Iraq
17556:Iran
17405:Saba
17230:Cuba
17094:Peru
16875:Togo
16785:Mali
16675:Chad
16554:ISBN
16535:ISBN
16518:2018
16505:ISBN
16477:2018
16458:PMID
16374:ISBN
16356:2023
16343:ISBN
16322:ISBN
16303:ISBN
16277:ISBN
16255:ISBN
16182:ISBN
16138:ISBN
16125:2018
16114:SSRN
16074:ISBN
16054:2023
16041:ISBN
16020:ISBN
15995:2023
15968:2023
15941:2023
15915:2023
15889:2023
15845:PMID
15827:ISSN
15755:2016
15717:ISSN
15679:2021
15620:2016
15607:ISBN
15582:PMID
15574:ISSN
15481:ISSN
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15351:ISSN
15269:2016
15211:ISSN
15168:ISSN
15110:ISSN
15063:ISSN
15015:ISSN
14966:ISSN
14922:ISSN
14885:ISBN
14819:2016
14801:ISBN
14758:ISSN
14694:ISSN
14662:2016
14590:ISBN
14496:ISSN
14430:2017
14386:2016
14355:PMID
14337:ISSN
14245:ISSN
14192:ISSN
14040:SSRN
13984:ISSN
13941:ISSN
13896:PMID
13829:ISSN
13795:2019
13758:ISSN
13703:ISSN
13651:ISSN
13598:ISSN
13564:2016
13553:ISSN
13518:ISSN
13468:ISSN
13423:2016
13389:PMID
13241:ISSN
13088:2024
13062:2018
12998:ISSN
12953:ISSN
12907:ISSN
12868:ISSN
12822:ISSN
12785:ISBN
12739:ISSN
12662:PMID
12644:ISSN
12605:PMID
12597:ISSN
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12507:ISSN
12463:PMID
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12388:ISSN
12345:ISSN
12302:ISSN
12241:ISSN
12183:ISSN
12110:2016
12019:ISSN
11981:2019
11954:ISSN
11879:ISSN
11832:ISSN
11785:ISSN
11742:ISSN
11693:ISSN
11647:ISSN
11597:ISSN
11526:help
11506:2019
11493:ISBN
11460:ISSN
11411:ISBN
11330:ISSN
11293:help
11273:2016
11191:ISSN
11101:ISSN
11062:ISSN
10983:2016
10953:2016
10904:OCLC
10896:LCCN
10886:ISBN
10836:2015
10791:2016
10765:2016
10739:2016
10703:ISBN
10682:2016
10652:ISSN
10600:ISSN
10544:2020
10518:NBER
10488:ISSN
10447:2016
10333:2020
10276:ISBN
10181:ISSN
10138:2018
10100:ISSN
10053:ISSN
10006:ISSN
9913:ISBN
9866:ISSN
9695:ISSN
9643:ISBN
9608:2020
9582:2016
9545:ISSN
9446:ISSN
9389:ISSN
9354:ISSN
9305:ISSN
9266:SSRN
9238:ISSN
9183:2018
9156:2015
9130:2015
9093:ISSN
9007:ISBN
8923:ISBN
8896:ISBN
8762:ISSN
8699:ISSN
8651:ISSN
8563:ISSN
8516:ISSN
8421:ISSN
8326:2016
8255:2018
8190:2019
8163:ISSN
8125:2018
8051:ISSN
7949:2017
7938:ISSN
7903:ISSN
7868:2017
7831:ISSN
7710:2017
7648:ISSN
7617:2016
7578:ISSN
7520:ISSN
7475:PMID
7457:ISSN
7362:2017
7311:ISSN
7276:2018
7244:2017
7207:ISSN
7157:ISSN
7119:PMID
7101:ISSN
7051:ISSN
7003:2016
6912:PMID
6894:ISSN
6851:2018
6782:ISSN
6722:ISSN
6675:ISSN
6632:PMID
6624:ISSN
6582:2018
6504:PMID
6437:ISSN
6406:2019
6385:ISBN
6340:ISSN
6262:ISSN
6219:ISSN
6180:2015
6155:2015
6083:ISSN
6036:ISSN
5946:ISSN
5900:2016
5884:ISSN
5859:2018
5822:ISSN
5739:2020
5712:ISSN
5651:ISSN
5563:ISSN
5517:2015
5478:ISSN
5400:ISSN
5283:ISSN
5161:ISSN
5115:ISSN
5068:ISSN
5018:ISSN
4977:2024
4895:SSRN
4880:2018
4843:ISSN
4763:2019
4736:ISSN
4698:2016
4610:ISSN
4448:ISSN
4406:ISSN
4356:ISSN
4321:OCLC
4311:ISBN
4292:2014
4258:2018
4227:2016
4156:2018
4137:ISSN
4106:2016
4080:2016
4052:ISBN
3993:PMID
3958:2016
3931:2017
3905:2016
3879:2016
3853:2016
3826:2018
3815:ISSN
3768:ISSN
3733:SSRN
3648:2015
3595:2008
3545:2016
3485:2014
3463:2016
3423:2019
3398:2016
3321:ISSN
3286:2016
3275:SSRN
3225:ISSN
3169:2018
3111:PMID
3055:ISBN
3022:ISBN
2994:2020
2983:ISSN
2957:2020
2930:help
2910:2020
2897:ISBN
2856:ISSN
2802:ISBN
2758:ISSN
2710:ISSN
2669:PMID
2661:ISSN
2615:ISSN
2559:2015
2534:2015
2509:2016
2477:OCLC
2467:ISBN
2436:ISSN
2395:link
2347:ISSN
2287:ISBN
2250:ISSN
2226:2015
2204:2014
2178:2016
2057:Iran
1487:and
1109:and
1080:, a
1016:The
985:The
920:and
904:The
793:jobs
775:was
695:and
523:and
481:and
170:Test
165:Oath
18665:Dys
17773:and
17122:and
16442:doi
16236:hdl
16228:doi
15835:PMC
15819:doi
15788:doi
15709:doi
15639:doi
15566:doi
15562:100
15520:doi
15473:doi
15436:doi
15432:127
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14914:doi
14877:doi
14842:doi
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14750:doi
14720:doi
14686:doi
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14535:doi
14531:113
14488:doi
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14345:PMC
14327:doi
14315:116
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