48:
165:
558:
1529:
180:
138:
1701:
1692:
Industrial action and rural unrest increased significantly: there were 1,663 industrial strikes in 1919, compared to 810 in 1913. More than one million industrial workers were involved in 1919, three times the 1913 figure. The trend continued in 1920, which saw 1,881 industrial strikes. Rural strikes
1759:
imposed from 1922 to 1928 resulted in workers' gross wage share tumbling back to 1913 levels by 1929, reversing the gains made during 1919–1920, when, according to political economist Clara Mattei, "average
Italian nominal daily industrial wages quintupled (around a 400 percent increase) compared to
1721:
The PSI and CGL failed to see the revolutionary potential of the movement; had it been maximized and expanded to the rest of Italy, a revolutionary transformation might have been possible. Most
Socialist leaders were pleased with the struggles in the North, but did little to capitalize on the impact
1605:
The
Biennio Rosso took place in a context of economic crisis at the end of the war, with high unemployment and political instability. It was characterized by strikes and mass worker demonstrations, as well as self-management experiments through land and factory occupations. Tension had been rising
1712:
plants, went on strike demanding recognition for their 'factory councils', a demand the PSI and CGL did not support. The factory councils more and more saw themselves as the models for a new democratically controlled economy running industrial plants, instead of purely as a bargaining tool with
1730:
By 1921, the movement was declining due to an industrial crisis that resulted in massive layoffs and wage cuts. In contrast to the passive demeanor of the PSI and CGL, employers and the upcoming fascist did react. The revolutionary period was followed by the violent reaction of the
1766:
lauded the imposition of austerity: "the development of the last two years have seen the absorption of a greater proportion of profits by capital, and this, by stimulating business enterprise, has most certainly been advantageous to the country as a whole."
1717:
by the employers. Factory occupations swept the "industrial triangle" of north-western Italy. Some 400,000 metal-workers and 100,000 others took part. On
September 3, 185 metal-working factories in Turin had been occupied.
2314:
1609:
The population was confronted with rising inflation and a significant increase in the price of basic goods, in a period when extensive unemployment was aggravated by mass demobilization of the
2744:
2871:
2546:
220:
2439:
1770:
A quantitative sociological study of the period by analyzing newspaper news in the period clearly demonstrates the evolution of violence acts between the social groups involved.
1693:
also increased substantially, from 97 in 1913 to 189 by 1920, with over a million peasants taking action. On July 20–21, 1919, a general strike was called in solidarity with the
2597:
3035:
2592:
2821:
2434:
2048:
1799:
2976:
1264:
342:
2758:
270:
213:
3020:
2640:
2451:
2560:
2463:
206:
2485:
1933:
17:
2684:
2672:
1937:
1641:, USI) reached between 300,000 and 500,000 affiliates. The anarchist movement was boosted by the return from exile of its prominent propagandist
1259:
1929:
1713:
employers. The movement peaked in August and
September 1920. Armed metal workers in Milan and Turin occupied their factories in response to a
2991:
2402:
3115:
1557:
830:
1606:
since the final years of the war, and some contemporary observers considered Italy to be on the brink of a revolution by the end of 1918.
2954:
2510:
2299:
3100:
2619:
2516:
835:
2866:
2231:
Quantitative
Narrative Analysis (Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences). Roberto Franzosi, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 2010.
1870:
3095:
3090:
2261:
Italy: school for awakening countries - The
Italian labor movement in its political, social, and economic setting from 1800 to 1960
2749:
1697:. Rural militants also seized land that had gone uncultivated from landlords, taking 27,000 hectares of such land in 1919 alone.
1196:
372:
297:
2876:
2355:
1321:
3110:
2838:
2551:
2278:
2216:
2096:
1978:
2905:
1884:
285:
47:
3070:
1574:(English: "Red Biennium" or "Two Red Years") was a two-year period, between 1919 and 1920, of intense social conflict in
1226:
1689:
and were accompanied by peasant strikes, rural unrests, and armed conflicts between left-wing and right-wing militias.
2796:
2444:
1905:
1875:
1722:
of the occupations and uprisings. Without the support and quarantined, the movement for social change gradually waned.
1626:
1284:
1201:
902:
337:
327:
2504:
2395:
2253:
847:
3105:
2801:
1550:
1328:
1301:
1244:
1221:
867:
2727:
2602:
1740:
1338:
1254:
897:
3042:
1191:
275:
2579:
302:
3120:
2826:
2388:
1625:
increased substantially. The PSI increased its membership to 250,000, the major socialist trade union, the
1186:
1169:
1109:
478:
230:
3075:
3065:
2861:
2480:
2208:
1543:
1316:
1311:
1216:
1154:
1144:
1125:
862:
852:
537:
429:
2983:
2202:
2018:
1779:
1291:
782:
39:
1634:
1211:
967:
399:
357:
260:
947:
2806:
2786:
2763:
1784:
1174:
857:
488:
352:
82:
1898:
The knights errant of anarchy : London and diaspora of
Italian anarchist diaspora (1880-1917)
1828:
Composizione di classe, rivendicazioni e professionalitĂ nelle lotte del "biennio rosso" a
Bologna
2791:
2429:
1614:
1373:
1279:
1164:
1159:
702:
394:
389:
3085:
3080:
2811:
2536:
362:
347:
332:
2899:
1968:
1859:
3027:
2816:
2541:
2239:
2065:
1955:
1333:
1206:
882:
444:
842:
93:
Mass strikes, worker manifestations as well as self-management experiments through land and
3013:
2833:
2645:
1993:
1471:
1398:
982:
877:
622:
419:
8:
2933:
2770:
2635:
2523:
2497:
2456:
1970:
Warfare and
Welfare: Military Conflict and Welfare State Development in Western Countries
1682:
1678:
1466:
1403:
952:
937:
919:
907:
677:
642:
424:
409:
146:
94:
520:
2732:
2565:
2468:
2260:
2180:
2133:
1923:
1714:
1694:
1622:
1610:
1508:
1491:
1446:
1104:
1099:
787:
697:
587:
505:
414:
322:
250:
151:
557:
2969:
2738:
2667:
2657:
2531:
2490:
2274:
2249:
2212:
2172:
2153:"Storia delle Origini del Fascismo: L'Italia dalla grande guerra alla marcia su Roma"
2125:
2092:
1974:
1911:
1901:
1880:
1496:
1249:
1077:
957:
762:
737:
682:
627:
617:
466:
307:
265:
280:
2883:
2689:
2677:
2652:
2475:
2348:
Le origini della guerra civile. L'Italia dalla Grande Guerra al fascismo. 1918-1921
2164:
2084:
1794:
1749:
1744:) with the support of Italian industrialists and landowners. And eventually by the
1674:
1662:
1642:
1594:
1575:
1533:
1502:
1486:
1481:
1306:
1062:
1052:
1009:
999:
914:
757:
747:
732:
722:
707:
667:
657:
652:
582:
515:
367:
170:
116:
2380:
2940:
2911:
2696:
2269:
2244:
2204:
The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism
1670:
1476:
1181:
1082:
1029:
892:
872:
820:
802:
752:
612:
602:
404:
3006:
2998:
2709:
2704:
1804:
1461:
1451:
1408:
1393:
1355:
1296:
1089:
1072:
1067:
972:
777:
767:
727:
692:
632:
607:
597:
592:
572:
510:
493:
312:
2264:, New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University.
2078:
3059:
2662:
2176:
2129:
2088:
1915:
1789:
1745:
1590:
1349:
1269:
962:
797:
792:
742:
717:
637:
577:
456:
112:
2947:
1423:
2961:
2325:
2324:, a cura di Eliana Bouchard, Rina Gagliardi, Gabriele Polo, supplemento a "
1378:
1343:
1057:
1019:
712:
687:
672:
483:
461:
434:
255:
198:
1735:
1686:
1586:
1579:
1388:
1274:
1014:
1004:
772:
662:
647:
317:
184:
108:
2368:
2614:
2587:
2375:
2184:
2137:
2113:
1582:. The revolutionary period was followed by the violent reaction of the
1456:
1149:
1119:
1114:
1024:
942:
887:
439:
1418:
2152:
1762:
1756:
1428:
1413:
1383:
1034:
992:
545:
104:
The revolutionary period was followed by the violent reaction of the
2168:
1094:
977:
2114:"Who Benefited from Italian Fascism: A Look at Parma's Landowners"
2340:
2295:
1967:
Obinger, Herbert; Petersen, Klaus; Starke, Peter (21 June 2018).
1732:
1666:
1583:
1513:
105:
1700:
1685:. The agitations also extended to the agricultural areas of the
1681:
took place under the leadership of revolutionary socialists and
2351:
2292:
Il biennio rosso. Autonomia e spontaneitĂ operaia nel 1919-1920
2049:
A Marxist History of the World part 76: Italy’s 'Two Red Years'
1996:, by Megan Trudell, International Socialism No. 114, April 2007
987:
2307:
La crisi italiana del primo dopoguerra. La storia e la critica
1658:
1654:
549:
70:
2019:
1918-1921: The Italian factory occupations and Biennio Rosso
1613:
at the end of the war. Association to the trade unions, the
2609:
2336:
2310:
2083:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 122–125.
1834:, a cura di Luciano Casali, Cappelli, Bologna 1982, p. 179.
1709:
1760:
their prewar levels" by 1921. A 1924 article published in
52:
Armed workers occupying factories in Milan, September 1920
1708:
In April 1920, Turin metal-workers, in particular at the
1633:, CGL), reached two million members, while the anarchist
2593:
Tribunale speciale per la difesa dello Stato (1926–1943)
1876:
The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest
1895:
271:
Conscription disturbance at the Brisbane School of Arts
2435:
Fascist and anti-Fascist violence in Italy (1919–1926)
1800:
Fascist and anti-Fascist violence in Italy (1919–1926)
1966:
2248:, Manchester/New York: Manchester University Press,
1673:
considered to be the Italian equivalent of Russia's
1265:
Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist) Red Line
2410:
2270:Against Capitalism: The European Left on the March
85:, with high unemployment and political instability
2035:. Bookmarks Publishing Co-operative. p. 175.
3057:
2150:
2151:Adamson, Walter L.; Vivarelli, Roberto (1992).
2044:
2042:
2396:
2196:
2194:
1551:
214:
1896:Di Paola, Pietro, 1966- (4 September 2013).
2511:Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals
2080:The Fascist Revolution in Tuscany 1919–1922
2039:
1932:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1822:
1820:
1260:Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)
228:
2517:Assassination attempts on Benito Mussolini
2403:
2389:
2191:
2030:
1936:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1928:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1704:Factories manned by the Red Guards in 1920
1558:
1544:
221:
207:
46:
2054:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1944:
1864:
1817:
1699:
343:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
27:Revolutionary period in Italy, 1919–1920
2076:
2012:
1197:Italian General Confederation of Labour
161:
14:
3058:
2200:
2111:
1999:
1987:
1837:
2384:
2007:Italy: school for awakening countries
1832:Bologna 1920; le origini del fascismo
202:
2906:Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana
2745:Legione Proletaria Filippo Corridoni
2333:Pace, pane, terra. Il 1919 in Italia
3116:Subsidiary conflicts of World War I
24:
2797:Maximalist Italian Socialist Party
2284:
1631:Confederazione Generale del Lavoro
25:
3132:
3101:Riots and civil disorder in Italy
2872:Alleanza Nazionale per la LibertĂ
2629:Antifascist martyrs and prisoners
2362:
2322:Le rivoluzioni sconfitte, 1919/20
2305:Giovanni Sabbatucci (a cura di),
1527:
1302:Movement of Unitarian Communists
1245:Armed Proletarians for Communism
1222:Unified Communist Party of Italy
868:Portella della Ginestra massacre
556:
178:
163:
136:
18:Turin factory occupation of 1920
3096:1920 labor disputes and strikes
3091:1919 labor disputes and strikes
2728:Formazioni di difesa proletaria
2411:Italian antifascism (1919–1943)
2225:
2144:
2105:
2070:
2024:
1741:Fasci Italiani di Combattimento
1627:General Confederation of Labour
1255:Communist Party of Italy (2014)
898:Assassination of Sergio Ramelli
2440:Massacre of Palazzo d'Accursio
2242:& Darrow Schecter (1993).
2157:The American Historical Review
1960:
1889:
1589:militia and eventually by the
1202:Italian Marxist–Leninist Party
1192:Italian Communist Party (2016)
111:militia and eventually by the
13:
1:
2245:Gramsci and the Italian State
2062:Gramsci and the Italian State
1952:Gramsci and the Italian State
1810:
1600:
2598:Casellario politico centrale
2258:Neufeld, Maurice F. (1961).
1725:
1665:– which the leading Italian
1170:Communist Refoundation Party
1110:Proletarian internationalism
7:
2862:Italian resistance movement
2848:Organizations and movements
2547:1940 San Mauro Forte revolt
2481:1922 Italian general strike
2211:. pp. 79–80, 275–277.
2209:University of Chicago Press
2051:, Counterfire, May 20, 2012
1973:. Oxford University Press.
1873:in: Ness, Immanuel (2009).
1773:
1619:Partito Socialista Italiano
1317:Party of Italian Communists
1312:Party of the Christian Left
1155:Communist Alternative Party
863:Third De Gasperi government
430:Turkish War of Independence
81:The economic crisis in the
10:
3137:
3071:Political history of Italy
2620:Italian fascist censorship
2031:Gluckstein, Donny (1985).
1900:. Liverpool. p. 203.
1217:Trotskyist League of Italy
2925:
2892:
2854:
2847:
2779:
2720:
2628:
2577:
2416:
2267:Pelz, William A. (2007).
2201:Mattei, Clara E. (2022).
2112:Squeri, Lawrence (1990).
1871:Biennio Rosso (1919–1920)
1648:
1639:Unione Sindacale Italiana
1635:Italian Syndicalist Union
968:Italian road to socialism
400:Irish War of Independence
276:Australian general strike
240:
128:
123:
100:
89:
77:
65:
57:
45:
37:
32:
3111:Revolutions of 1917–1923
2807:Communist Party of Italy
2787:Italian Republican Party
2530:Italian antifascists in
2273:, New York: Peter Lang,
2089:10.1017/cbo9780511599590
2060:Bellamy & Schecter,
1994:Gramsci: the Turin years
1950:Bellamy & Schecter,
1879:, Blackwell Publishing,
1785:Aftermath of World War I
1329:Popular Democratic Front
1227:Workers' Communist Party
858:Red Republic of Caulonia
831:XVII Congress of the PSI
489:Uprising in West Hungary
303:German strike of January
83:Aftermath of World War I
3106:Labor disputes in Italy
2977:La Rivoluzione liberale
2839:Unitary Socialist Party
2792:Italian Socialist Party
2430:Bloody Christmas (1920)
2328:", Roma, s.d. (ma 1993)
2077:Snowden, Frank (1989).
1677:– were formed and many
1615:Italian Socialist Party
1339:Proletarian Unity Party
1280:Italian Communist Party
836:I Congress of the PCd'I
703:Giangiacomo Feltrinelli
373:Greater Poland uprising
298:Austro-Hungarian strike
2812:Sardinian Action Party
2802:Italian People's Party
2537:International Brigades
1780:Revolutions of 1917–23
1705:
1292:The Left – The Rainbow
363:1918 protest in Zagreb
333:Canadian Labour Revolt
328:British police strikes
286:Brazil strike movement
40:Revolutions of 1917–23
2817:Italian Liberal Party
2542:Battle of Guadalajara
2240:Bellamy, Richard Paul
1826:Brunella Dalla Casa,
1703:
1334:Proletarian Democracy
1239:Defunct organisations
1207:Network of Communists
1139:Current organisations
445:Luton Peace Day Riots
2118:Agricultural History
1683:anarcho-syndicalists
1534:Communism portal
1472:Democratic socialism
878:Manifesto of the 101
623:Giuseppe Di Vittorio
479:Mongolian Revolution
420:March First Movement
358:Swiss general strike
261:French Army mutinies
3121:Anarchist uprisings
2900:Giustizia e LibertĂ
2771:Garibaldi Battalion
2759:Matteotti Battalion
2636:Ferruccio Ghinaglia
2524:Non abbiamo bisogno
2498:1922 Turin massacre
2452:Massacre of Sarzana
1679:factory occupations
1467:Christian socialism
1404:Quaderni piacentini
1145:Anticapitalist Left
953:Christian communism
938:Anarchist communism
920:Historic Compromise
908:Mitterrand doctrine
678:Pier Paolo Pasolini
643:Galvano Della Volpe
425:May Fourth Movement
410:La Canadenca strike
353:Egyptian Revolution
95:factory occupations
3076:Anarchism in Italy
3066:Communism in Italy
2701:Rosselli brothers
2505:Aventine Secession
2464:Massacre of Empoli
1856:Against Capitalism
1706:
1695:Russian Revolution
1645:in December 1919.
1623:anarchist movement
1611:Royal Italian Army
1509:Socialism in Italy
1492:Italian neorealism
1447:Anarchism in Italy
1182:Communist Struggle
1105:Passive revolution
1100:Organic centralism
853:Italian Resistance
848:Aventine Secession
843:Proština rebellion
788:Oliviero Diliberto
698:Giorgio Napolitano
588:Costantino Lazzari
506:September Uprising
415:Kinmel Park mutiny
395:Southampton mutiny
251:Russian Revolution
3053:
3052:
2926:Antifascist press
2921:
2920:
2780:Political parties
2739:Arditi del Popolo
2668:Giovanni Amendola
2658:Giacomo Matteotti
2641:Giuseppe Di Vagno
2532:Spanish Civil War
2486:Massacre of Parma
2417:Historical events
2331:Roberto Bianchi,
2290:Giuseppe Maione,
2279:978-0-8204-6776-4
2218:978-0-226-81839-9
2098:978-0-511-59959-0
1980:978-0-19-108509-3
1752:in October 1922.
1568:
1567:
1497:Politics of Italy
1250:Autonomia Operaia
1078:Cultural hegemony
958:Council communism
763:Ernesto Screpanti
738:Fausto Bertinotti
683:Enrico Berlinguer
628:Palmiro Togliatti
618:Bruno Fortichiari
530:
529:
467:Patagonia Rebelde
338:German Revolution
308:Finnish Civil War
197:
196:
193:
192:
147:Workers' councils
16:(Redirected from
3128:
3046:
3031:
3002:
2987:
2965:
2884:Azione Cattolica
2880:
2852:
2851:
2830:
2822:Unione Nazionale
2767:
2753:
2693:
2681:
2653:Giovanni Minzoni
2649:
2606:
2569:
2561:Massacre of Bari
2555:
2494:
2476:Parma Barricades
2472:
2460:
2448:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2232:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2074:
2068:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1964:
1958:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1927:
1919:
1893:
1887:
1885:978-1-405-184649
1868:
1862:
1852:
1835:
1824:
1795:Benito Mussolini
1750:Benito Mussolini
1663:factory councils
1643:Errico Malatesta
1621:, PSI), and the
1595:Benito Mussolini
1578:, following the
1560:
1553:
1546:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1503:Prison Notebooks
1487:History of Italy
1482:Fischia il vento
1307:October 22 Group
1063:Anti-imperialism
1053:Anti-clericalism
1010:Neo-Gramscianism
1000:Marxist humanism
983:Marxism–Leninism
915:Movement of 1977
758:Margherita Cagol
748:Domenico Losurdo
733:Achille Occhetto
723:Giovanni Scuderi
708:Armando Cossutta
668:Raniero Panzieri
658:Alessandro Natta
653:Altiero Spinelli
583:Errico Malatesta
560:
533:
532:
516:Hamburg Uprising
368:Darwin rebellion
235:
223:
216:
209:
200:
199:
183:
182:
181:
173:
169:
167:
166:
142:Revolutionaries
141:
140:
139:
130:
129:
117:Benito Mussolini
50:
30:
29:
21:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3040:
3036:Il Quarto Stato
3025:
3021:L'Italia libera
2996:
2981:
2959:
2941:Critica Sociale
2917:
2912:Mazzini Society
2888:
2874:
2843:
2824:
2775:
2761:
2747:
2716:
2697:Antonio Gramsci
2687:
2675:
2643:
2624:
2600:
2573:
2563:
2549:
2488:
2466:
2454:
2442:
2412:
2409:
2365:
2287:
2285:Further reading
2236:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2199:
2192:
2169:10.2307/2165821
2149:
2145:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2075:
2071:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2040:
2033:Western soviets
2029:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1965:
1961:
1949:
1945:
1921:
1920:
1908:
1894:
1890:
1869:
1865:
1853:
1838:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1776:
1728:
1671:Antonio Gramsci
1651:
1603:
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2423:
2369:
2347:
2332:
2326:il manifesto
2321:
2306:
2291:
2268:
2259:
2243:
2227:
2203:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2124:(1): 18–38.
2121:
2117:
2107:
2079:
2072:
2061:
2056:
2032:
2026:
2014:
2006:
2001:
1989:
1969:
1962:
1951:
1946:
1897:
1891:
1874:
1866:
1855:
1831:
1827:
1769:
1761:
1754:
1739:
1729:
1720:
1707:
1691:
1652:
1638:
1630:
1618:
1608:
1604:
1571:
1569:
1501:
1379:il manifesto
1348:
1344:Red Brigades
1124:
1058:Anti-fascism
1020:Post-Marxism
825:
713:Mario Tronti
688:Livio Maitan
673:Luciano Lama
484:March Action
462:Iraqi Revolt
435:Sette Giugno
384:
266:Potato riots
256:Pistolerismo
160:
134:
38:Part of the
3041: [
3026: [
2997: [
2992:Non Mollare
2982: [
2960: [
2875: [
2825: [
2762: [
2748: [
2688: [
2676: [
2644: [
2601: [
2564: [
2550: [
2519:(1925–1932)
2489: [
2467: [
2455: [
2443: [
2426:(1919–1920)
1736:blackshirts
1687:Padan plain
1587:blackshirts
1389:Il Pioniere
1374:Liberazione
1015:Neo-Marxism
1005:Migliorismo
773:Paolo Virno
663:Nilde Iotti
648:Luigi Longo
521:KrakĂłw riot
390:Tragic Week
318:Arab Revolt
185:Blackshirts
109:blackshirts
101:Resulted in
3060:Categories
2733:Red Guards
2615:Internment
2588:Squadrismo
2376:Libcom.org
1860:pp. 126-28
1811:References
1601:Background
1457:Bella ciao
1275:Front Line
1150:CARC Party
1126:Subalterns
1120:Solidarity
1115:Secularism
1047:Principles
1025:Trotskyism
943:Autonomism
932:Ideologies
888:Hot Autumn
440:Epsom riot
323:Rice riots
152:Red Guards
2955:Il Popolo
2320:AA. VV.,
2300:Il Mulino
2177:0002-8762
2130:0002-1482
2066:pp. 51-52
2005:Neufeld,
1924:cite book
1916:864395167
1763:The Times
1757:austerity
1726:Aftermath
1597:in 1922.
1429:Vie Nuove
1414:Rinascita
1384:Pattuglia
1035:Workerism
993:Stalinism
948:Bordigism
903:Moro case
546:Communism
233:1917–1923
78:Caused by
61:1919–1920
3014:Il Mondo
2908:(France)
2902:(France)
2893:In exile
2855:In Italy
2009:, p. 547
1774:See also
1755:Fascist
1399:La Plebe
1095:Feminism
978:Leninism
538:a series
536:Part of
348:Red Week
119:in 1922.
66:Location
3038:
3023:
2994:
2979:
2957:
2948:L'UnitĂ
2934:Avanti!
2358:, 2009.
2341:Odradek
2315:Laterza
2296:Bologna
2185:2165821
2138:3743180
1733:Fascist
1715:lockout
1675:soviets
1667:Marxist
1584:fascist
1514:Craxism
1424:l'UnitĂ
1419:SocietĂ
815:History
124:Parties
106:fascist
90:Methods
2570:(1940)
2527:(1931)
2513:(1925)
2507:(1924)
2352:Torino
2317:, 1976
2302:, 1975
2277:
2252:
2215:
2183:
2175:
2136:
2128:
2095:
1977:
1914:
1904:
1883:
1854:Pelz,
1649:Events
988:Maoism
567:People
168:
3045:]
3030:]
3001:]
2986:]
2964:]
2914:(USA)
2879:]
2829:]
2766:]
2752:]
2710:Nello
2705:Carlo
2692:]
2680:]
2648:]
2605:]
2568:]
2554:]
2493:]
2471:]
2459:]
2447:]
2372:texts
2181:JSTOR
2163:(2).
2134:JSTOR
1956:p. 29
1659:Milan
1655:Turin
1576:Italy
1368:Media
550:Italy
171:Italy
71:Italy
2610:OVRA
2356:UTET
2337:Rome
2311:Bari
2275:ISBN
2250:ISBN
2213:ISBN
2173:ISSN
2126:ISSN
2093:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1938:link
1934:link
1930:link
1912:OCLC
1902:ISBN
1881:ISBN
1710:Fiat
1657:and
1570:The
1322:FGCI
1285:FGCI
500:1923
473:1921
451:1920
379:1919
292:1918
245:1917
58:Date
2374:at
2165:doi
2085:doi
1748:of
1653:In
1593:of
548:in
115:of
3062::
3043:it
3028:it
2999:it
2984:it
2962:it
2877:it
2827:it
2764:it
2750:it
2690:it
2678:it
2646:it
2603:it
2566:it
2552:it
2491:it
2469:it
2457:it
2445:it
2354:,
2350:,
2339:,
2335:,
2313:,
2309:,
2298:,
2294:,
2207:.
2193:^
2179:.
2171:.
2161:97
2159:.
2155:.
2132:.
2122:64
2120:.
2116:.
2091:.
2064:,
2041:^
1954:,
1926:}}
1922:{{
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1858:,
1839:^
1819:^
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2101:.
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1983:.
1940:)
1918:.
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1559:e
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222:e
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208:v
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