Pistolerismo - Knowledge

712: 1073: 584: 1003: 1084:. Indeed, the radicalization of labor conflicts prevented the birth of moderate alternatives to CNT, which for this reason could easily rebuilt its leadership in the union trade world after the end of Primo de Rivera's dictatorship in 1930. Moreover, the brutal repression led by the counter-revolutionary front have had eliminated especially moderate sectors of CNT and this weakened Seguì's strategy followed by his collaborators, helping in this way the extremist wing of the organization. As a consequence, from the early 1930s there was the rebirth of anarchist action groups, which recovered the strategy of social attacks and personal murders. However, levels of violence reached during the period 1917-1923 were never achieved again. 464: 243: 455:

to improve or modify state institutions, including the use of political attacks (anarchists) or a military solution (sectors of the Church and parts of the bourgeoisie). At the same time, after the war, the Spanish colonial army was forced to come back in Spain and this provided the authorities with a wider military force, which from the beginning of 20th century was used in the repression, often brutal, of protests and strikes. This attitude contributed to accelerate the loss of legitimacy by civil authorities, which became dependent on the use of the army.

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phase the organization got important collaboration with Catalan owners and sectors of bourgeoisie, which later would have permitted the development of trade unions. Secondly, from mid-1921 to October 1922 Libres became a real mass movement (175.000 members in 1922) and virtually the only representatives of Catalan organized labor, because CNT was outlawed by political authorities and a big number of left activists was imprisoned or murdered. In this period they organized some successful strikes and

491:. All these elements encouraged the multiplication of food protests, which forced the end of Dato's government in 1915. Simultaneously, the difficult situation faced by many workers, and their concentration in places where left political ideas were highly developed, facilitated the growth of labor organizations and the radicalization of trade union struggle. Overall, the war was the catalyst of all existing problems and frustrations and it produced important cracks within the Spanish society. 782:(Black Band), with the purpose of increase the military pressure against the syndicate movement. Black Band was materially organized and led by Manuel Bravo Portillo and in a few time it became an important actor in CNT's repression, thanks to generous funding from industrial men. It was composed by ordinary criminals, ex policemen and syndicalists, who organized a series of personal attacks against CNT's executives. In September 1919 an anarchist action group killed Portillo and 854: 329: 1052:. De Rivera exploited this situation to take the power. With the help of Somatén's leaders and the support of the industrial world he suppressed civil authorities in Catalonia, forcing in this way the king to take a clear position. In front of this initiative Ferdinando XIII decided to support the coup and the 15th September he appointed de Rivera as the new prime minister, sharing with him the goal to deprived all Spanish 936: 874:, because of their catholic and conservative ideas or because they did not agree with CNT's extreme political strategy. In the autumn 1920 a real war between CNT and Libres broke out and the starting point was the attempt to kill CNT's leader Salvador Seguí. In few months factories became battlefields and personal murder attempts became an everyday phenomenon. 620:

this context an important role was also played by Spanish governments, which tried to stimulate aggressiveness and violence during strikes and protests by sending agitators inside workers organizations, in order to have the excuse for organizing brutal repressions. However, this strategy failed and the only consequence was the rise of fight's levels.

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suppress CNT's initiatives by using all possible tools. In these months two new military actors appears in Barcelona's social life, inaugurating the most bloody period of recent Spanish history. In the biennium 1920-1921 only in Barcelona 148 people were killed during social fights and 365 people were injured.

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of factories in order to put a limit to strikes and social riots. This decision deteriorated the economic situation of many workers, stimulating a new wave of strikes. In this situation, from the beginning of the new year conservative sectors and members of Spanish authorities decided to definitively

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The general strike paralyzed for some days some important Spanish cities, but it was strongly repressed by police forces and the army, in an attempt by the new government of Eduardo Dato to take advantage of the crackdown of social protests to unite the army, monarchists and the bourgeoisie. However,

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decided to remain neutral and this decision was kept for all the duration of the conflict. This situation led to a big development of Spanish industrial production, due to the increased needs of raw materials and military equipment by the countries participating in the war. Thousands of workers moved

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This defeat had significant impacts on the internal social order. In the immediate aftermath of the war numerous critics to politicians emerged and the idea of the necessity of a regeneration became very popular. From that moment, several social actors started to promote different strategies in order

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Although the extreme use of political violence was a general phenomenon in Spain's WWI aftermath, Barcelona was undoubtedly the place where levels of violence and numbers of murders reached their peak. At that time the city was the main industrial hub of Spain and socialist and anarchists ideas were

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In general, the lack of police forces and governments' weakness in preserving public order pushed an increasing number of private actors to defend their personal interests by the use of arms and violence. Political opponents started to be considered as terrible enemies who it was necessary to defeat

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and the union's most moderate wing, consisted of long strikes which aimed to press authorities to accept the workers' requests. However, the repression of the general strike changed the situation and some anarchists decided to create armed groups, using violence against employers and industrialists.

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To conclude, political violence arose from the weakness of Spanish Liberal State and it strongly contributed to accelerate its crisis, which was already deeply-rooted in 1917. The use of violence was indiscriminate in both sides and at the end of the conflict only in Barcelona there were 267 people

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During 1922 levels of violence importantly decreased, not only in Barcelona but in all Spain. This reduction was the consequence of the new government's attitude, which from March 1922 pursued the objective to restore legacy and normality in all country. The prime minister Sanchez Guerra decided to

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of syndicalists used by security forces. It started to be employed in the aftermath of the general strike of March 1919, but it was generally adopted after Anido's arrive in Barcelona. Prisoners were informed to be free, but when they move away from their prison they were immediately killed in cold

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movement. Nevertheless, the use of military force stimulated a strong answer from anarchist groups, which in the biennium 1919-1920 strongly increased the number of personal attacks and social bombings, in a context in which violence was definitely legitimate as part of social clashes. In these two

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After the end of the war there was a deterioration of the economic situation, because of high level of inflation and strong reduction of exports. Economic crisis, which crossed all Europe in the aftermath of the war, produced a lack of essential goods and a lot of job losses. The period between the

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had its roots in the crisis of the Restoration Regime, which from the end of the 19th century showed its weakness to face social and economic transformations in Spanish society. The fragility of the Spanish State, which was the consequence of internal and external factors, produced a growing social

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On the whole, the period between 1917 and 1923 was an important breakthrough in the Spanish history, because in a moment of important political, economical and social transformations, the events of these years produced deep fractures in the Spanish society, which were not resolved in the following

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The third bastion of the regime was the army, which from the middle of the 19th century became the referee of the political life. State authorities did not manage to submit it to their control and, as a consequence, soldiers affirmed their role as defenders of the social order. Moreover, political

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Meanwhile, conservative sectors and employers observed this situation with growing anxiety. For limiting CNT's activity they decided to create personal armed associations. As a consequence, from the beginning of 1919 violence and social clashes increased very fast in many areas of the country. In

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of the public order. At the same time, the incapacity of the State in extending repression to remote areas encouraged the proliferation of self-defense. From the end of the 19th century several groups composed by landlords and employers started to employ violence to fight strikes and defend their

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illegally imprisoned to return to freedom. By this way, CNT's leaders started to rebuild the trade union and anarcho-syndicalist movement regain power in few weeks. Above all, in this phase anarchist action groups reemerged with the goal of take a brutal revenge against their enemies, especially

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Overall, in the period 1919-1923 it is possible to observe three different moments of the Libres initiatives. Firstly, between their foundation and the beginning of 1921 they had a slow growth, because CNT still maintained a big influence on the working class. At the same time, during this first

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The use of violence and of extreme actions was the main element of the organization, which acted in the city until the middle of 1920, when the new government headed by Eduardo Dato decided to dissolve it. In general, Black Band strongly showed the lack of will of Barcelona's industrial world to

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In the period between 1917 and 1918 there were numerous personal attacks, especially in Barcelona. The first anarchist groups were quickly dismantled by police forces but during the last year of the WWI the social situation got worse and violence was perpetuated by spontaneous groups of workers.

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Overall, the brutal repression implemented by Anido with the support of different armed groups managed to strongly reduced CNT's ability to defend workers' rights and to organize an efficient union struggle. If in 1919 3.250.000 working days were lost because of strikes, in 1921 this number was

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in order to protect Catalan citizens. It was composed by private citizens, who had the right to bring weapons, including fire ones as pistols and rifles. At the end of 19th century it was radically reformed by the promulgation of a new regulation, which allowed a collaboration with the army and

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During the winter 1922-1923 there was an important reduction of personal attacks and murders, especially in Barcelona. This was the consequence of the easing of social repression and the end of Anido's power. However, the restoration of constitutional guarantees permitted to all left militants

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of 1909, when it took control of some cities and allowed authorities to concentrate all military corps in Barcelona. Although it was widely spread in all Catalonia, with local sections also in small villages, until the end of WWI it did not exist a Somaten's section in the center of Barcelona,

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At the turn of the century the spread of strikes and trade unionism produced a sense of fear in Spanish authorities, which started to consider them as real challenges to the established order. The State's answer consisted in increasing its repressive ability, by increasing the number of police

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arrived in Barcelona. In December 1920 the government headed by Eduardo Dato decided to massively use the army in order to defeat anarcho-syndicalist front in Catalonia and particularly in Barcelona. For reaching this goal Anido was appointed at the same time as the civil and

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front took shape with the aim of crackdown trade unionists and anarchists action groups. This heterogeneous front was formed by different social actors, such as local politicians, armed organizations, conservative and industrial sectors. A central role was played by the

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Finally, the new wave of social clashes pushed the Catalan industrial world to definitely lose its trust into civil authorities and political men in Madrid. Bourgeoisie and employers saw the army as the only possible solution to this chaotic situation, also because

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Since then, the armed corp was often used as an instrument in employer's hands to fight CNT and anarchist action groups. Their members participated into social clashes and contributed to arrest many CNT's activists and leaders. The first important participation of

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parties used to mobilize the army every time there were strikes, civil disorders and demonstrations. This attitude increased the number of social clashes and fostered the perception that violence was an available instrument for solving social and economic issues.

1019:'s and CNT's leaders. The situation definitely degenerated after Seguí's murder in March 1923, which undermine all the attempts to stabilize Barcelona's social life. This episode led to the last wave of violence, which culminated in the general strike of 943:

Anido's nomination finally established the superiority of military authorities over the civil ones in the administration of the public order. Civil authorities were completely deprived of real powers and almost for two years Anido created an autonomous

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During the year the number of CNT's members increased very fast (from 80,541 in 1918 to 845,805 in 1919) and CNT became the most important trade union in Spain. At the same time repressions which followed the Canadenca strike finally allowed the CNT's

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with every possible instrument, including killings. This attitude produced a dramatic collision between different actors who started to consider deadly violence as a legitimate instrument of struggle. Immediately consequences were the death or the

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who in the previous years had joined other armed groups as the Requeté. They had the support of police authorities and from the beginning of 1921 they started to disarticulate CNT's local units, by murdering or arresting many anarchist militants.

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ideas and the birth of workers' associations. At the turn of the century there was a multiplication of strikes and labor protests and the number of participants and levels of intensity constantly grew in this period. In 1888 the first national

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region. One of the most important decision taken by the government was to remove Martinez Anido in October 1922, in a moment when his brutal approach have had produced dissatisfaction in many sectors of the society, including bourgeois ones.

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tried to minimize the impact of the war by proposing economic reforms in order to reduce the military budget and other state expenses. The failure of this attempt and the worsening of economic situation produced the fall of the government.

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to the biggest industrial areas with immediate consequences on the social order. In fact, the high number of job demands allowed the employers to reduce wages, but this decision pushed trade unions to increase protests and struggles.

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This context facilitated the rise of the new captain general of Catalonia Miguel Primo de Rivera, who in the summer 1923 decided to militarize again the public space by sending troops in the streets. De Rivera took a deal with four

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were losing the strength gained during Anido's permanence. In the meanwhile different coup plans where developed by political and social actors, who shared the idea that it was necessity to change the political system from above.

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wing to take control of syndicate's initiatives. As a result, Seguí's moderate approach was definitely replaced by targeted killing operations and in few weeks several anarchist action groups were born and adopted violence and

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with trade unions. This attitude led to the rise of city's violence, because faced to brutal attacks the labor movement understood that the only way for surviving was to respond to violence by raising levels of violence.

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re-establish constitutional guarantees and to promote different strategies in order to solve social conflicts, which have had reached terrible consequences not only in industrial areas but also in rural ones, as in

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was possible only when they started to be attractive for a significant part of the working class. In fact, from the summer 1920 a growing number of workers refused CNT's anarchist ideology and decided to join

3649: 645:, stimulating the development of local sectors of trade unions. In 1919 the half of CNT's members were located in Barcelona or in the surrounding areas and the number of strikes was the highest of all Spain. 948:

in the middle of Liberal Spain. In this period levels of violence reached their apex and for defeating CNT and anarchist action groups the counter-revolutionary front adopted some brutal strategies, such as

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blood. This system enabled hiding extrajudicial executions, because authorities wrote on police reports that killings were the consequence of prison escape attempts. By this way, there was a shortage of

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because of the will of not increase levels of clashes. However, in January 1919 sectors of the Catalan bourgeoisie, which were the main funders of the armed group, decided to create a local section of

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had become a mass movement (44.000 members in 1909) and started to play an important role in the social control of population and in the limitation of socialist and anarchist ideas. In 1905 a

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At that time the Church had a big influence on Spanish society. It organized the educational system and it was in charge of several hospitals and nursing homes. After the election of Pope

1069:. Above all, political and social violence played a fundamental role in the crisis of the Spanish Liberal State, by pushing many sectors of the society to choose the military solution. 711: 895:

world. Thirdly, from the end of 1922 to the Primo de Rivera's coup in September 1923 Libres lost official protections and they were persecuted by lasts Liberal governments, headed by

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forces were not enough for preventing and repressing social disorders, spread throughout the country and sometimes difficult to reach due to lack of modern railways or streets.

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was very strong in Spain, because it fostered the circulation of socialist and anarchist ideas and encouraged left-wing trade unions to increase levels of union struggle.

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reduced to 101.950. However, the anarcho-syndicalist movement wasn't completely defeated and from the end of 1922, in a changed context, it started to reorganize itself.

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years, resulting in a long period of social clashes, political repression and reduction of personal freedom, which culminated in 1936 with the explosion of a terrible

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in February 1919, which blocked the production of the English-Canadian factory "Canadenca" for 44 days and forced the Spanish government to enact the "Decree for the

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This situation led to important social and economic transformations. In particular, a huge concentration of workforce in limited areas facilitated the circulation of

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The main reason of the rise of murders and political attacks was the brutal clash between CNT's militants and a new social actor, active from the beginning of 1920:

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in the counter-revolutionary war was in March 1919, in the aftermath of the general strike of 24th, when the government led by Álvaro Figueroa y Torres suspended

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which characterized only some areas of the country, especially the Catalonia region. A lot of workers moved from rural areas to big cities such as Barcelona,

903:. Simultaneously, after the end of the strongest repression there was a return of CNT's union actions, which further weakened Libres. After the failure of a 3939: 576:, because the number of strikes and union struggles reached their apex and levels of social clashes increased in an exponential way. The influence of the 3744: 592: 787: 1104:. On the other side, anarchists' killings included noteworthy politicians such as Eduardo Dato, who was killed in 1921 when he was the prime minister. 2248: 3386: 3227: 2773: 2605: 2075: 1958: 1898: 1820: 1742: 1496: 1340: 1015:. As a consequence, from February 1923 there was a return of social confidentiality and of personal attacks, which were especially addressed towards 783: 794:

and interrogatories, by using more and more violent practices against leftists. For some months the organization operated under the protection of

790:, the police chief of Barcelona, thanks to which Black Band became a parallel police force. From that moment Black Band started to participate to 3158: 1072: 595:, unified local sections of the two syndicates, in order to improve the quality of strike actions. One of the main event of this period was the 273:

in 1878 there was a warming of relations between the Spanish State and the Church and in 1883 moderate members of the Catholic Party joined the

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They were officially founded on 19 December 1919 by Carlist catholic workers and they represented the attempt to create a well-structured

583: 3602: 1457: 838:, expression of the industrial sectors and able to defend Catalan bourgeoisie's interests face to left trade unions. In the first moment 55:

Achievement of social rights for the working class (CNT and UGT) Repression of all union trade initiatives (counter-revolutionary front)

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and, at the same time, it was almost impossible to understand who had committed murders from who had simply participated to strikes.

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This peculiar situation pushed conservative sectors and employers to support and finance paramilitary militia, in order to limit the

717: 846:, which provide essential services. Moreover, the trade unions got the support of many important Catalan industrial men, Carlist 641:

highly diffused within the working class. During the war tens of thousands of workers moved to the city attracted by the growing

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the brutal repression radicalized the extreme sections of CNT and encouraged them to use violence as a tool of union struggle.

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recognized it as an official state police force and from that moment it started to be used in the repression of strikes as an

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and notable workers – and vice versa. It was characterized by the birth and proliferation of several armed groups composed of

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was the main armed wing of Barcelona's industrial men and it contributed to increase levels of violence in city's streets.

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strike in August 1923, it started a period of resizing and decomposition, with many workers who gave up the organization.

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produced the legitimization of the use of violence in order to preserve social peace. At the beginning of the new century

2953:"Repression, solidarity, and a legacy of violence: Spanish anarcho-syndicalism and the years of 'pistolerismo', 1919–231" 2719:"Repression, solidarity, and a legacy of violence: Spanish anarcho-syndicalism and the years of 'pistolerismo', 1919–231" 2282:"Repression, solidarity, and a legacy of violence: Spanish anarcho-syndicalism and the years of 'pistolerismo', 1919–231" 1148: 3112:"Repression, solidarity, and a legacy of violence: Spanish anarcho-syndicalism and the years of 'pistolerismo', 1919‐23" 515:

In June 1917, the soldiers protested against the reduction of state military budget by creating their own trade unions (

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in Madrid who were organizing a coup and the 11th September 1923 he put in place his plan. During the party of the

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This period was inaugurated by the deal between the two main trade unions, CNT and UGT, which during 1918 created

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of Barcelona, catching in his hands an enormous power. From the beginning Anido had close relationships with the

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As a consequence, authorities were forced to use more and more frequently the army, but this attitude led to the

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La defensa armada contra la revolución : una historia de las guardias cívicas en la España del siglo XX

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Violence of this period had also an important impact on future trade union struggles, especially during the

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Severiano Martinez Anido in 1925, when he was the Minister of the Interior in Primo de Rivera's government

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La defensa armada contra la revolución: una historia de las "guardias civicas" en la España del siglo XX

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The foundations of civil war : revolution, social conflict and reaction in liberal Spain, 1916-1923

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The foundations of civil war : revolution, social conflict and reaction in liberal Spain, 1916-1923

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The foundations of civil war : revolution, social conflict and reaction in liberal Spain, 1916-1923

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associations. This situation facilitated episodes of social clashes and stimulated the use of violence.

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Romero Salvadò, Francisco J.; Smith, Angel (2010). Romero Salvadò, Francisco J.; Smith, Angel (eds.).

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Romero Salvadò, Francisco J.; Smith, Angel (2010). Romero Salvadò, Francisco J.; Smith, Angel (eds.).

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Romero Salvadò, Francisco J.; Smith, Angel (2010). Romero Salvadò, Francisco J.; Smith, Angel (eds.).

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Romero Salvadò, Francisco J.; Smith, Angel (2010). Romero Salvadò, Francisco J.; Smith, Angel (eds.).

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Romero Salvadò, Francisco J.; Smith, Angel (2010). Romero Salvadò, Francisco J.; Smith, Angel (eds.).

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