History of Spain - Knowledge

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disruption of family life. The marauding armies seized farmers' crops, and more importantly, farmers lost much of their livestock, their main capital asset. Severe poverty became widespread, reducing market demand, while the disruption of local and international trade, and the shortages of critical inputs, seriously hurt industry and services. The loss of a vast colonial empire reduced Spain's overall wealth, and by 1820 it had become one of Europe's poorest and least-developed societies; three-fourths of the people were illiterate. There was little industry beyond the production of textiles in Catalonia. Natural resources, such as coal and iron, were available for exploitation, but the transportation system was rudimentary, with few canals or navigable rivers, and road travel was slow and expensive. British railroad builders were pessimistic and did not invest. Eventually a small railway system was built, radiating from Madrid and bypassing the natural resources. The government relied on high tariffs, especially on grain, which further slowed economic development. For example, eastern Spain was unable to import inexpensive Italian wheat, and had to rely on expensive homegrown products carted in over poor roads. The export market collapsed apart from some agricultural products. Catalonia had some industry, but Castile remained the political and cultural center, and was not interested in promoting industry.

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thus had achieved economic independence from Spain, and set up temporary governments or juntas which were generally out of touch with Spain. After 1814, as Napoleon was defeated and Ferdinand VII was back on the throne, the king sent armies to regain control and reimpose autocratic rule. In the next phase 1809–16, Spain defeated all the uprising. A second round 1816–25 was successful and drove the Spanish out of all of its mainland holdings. Spain had no help from European powers. Indeed, Britain (and the United States) worked against it. When they were cut off from Spain, the colonies saw a struggle for power between Spaniards who were born in Spain (called "peninsulares") and those of Spanish descent born in New Spain (called "creoles"). The creoles were the activists for independence. Multiple revolutions enabled the colonies to break free of the mother country. In 1824 the armies of generals

5535: 1828: 5956:, but after 2008 the global economic recession hit Spain hard, with the bursting of the housing bubble and unemployment reaching over 25%, sharp budget cutbacks were needed. The GDP shrank 1.2% in 2012. Although interest rates were historically low, investments were not encouraged sufficiently by entrepreneurs. Losses were especially high in real estate, banking, and construction. Economists concluded in early 2013 that, "Where once Spain's problems were acute, now they are chronic: entrenched unemployment, a large mass of small and medium-sized enterprises with low productivity, and, above all, a constriction in credit." With the financial crisis and high unemployment, Spain is now suffering from a combination of continued illegal immigration paired with a massive emigration of workers, forced to seek employment elsewhere under the EU's " 5134: 4107:, in addition to elite artillery and engineering units. Equipment was old-fashioned and in disrepair. The army lacked its own horses, oxen and mules for transportation, so these auxiliaries were operated by civilians, who might run if conditions looked bad. In combat, small units fought well, but their old-fashioned tactics were hardly of use against the Napoleonic forces, despite repeated desperate efforts at last-minute reform. When war broke out with France in 1808, the army was deeply unpopular. Leading generals were assassinated, and the army proved incompetent to handle command-and-control. Junior officers from peasant families deserted and went over to the insurgents; many units disintegrated. Spain was unable to mobilize its artillery or cavalry. In the war, there was one victory at the 4027: 5818: 5571: 4514: 4207:). This constitution provided for a separation of the powers of the executive and the legislative branches of government. The Cortes was to be elected by universal suffrage, albeit by an indirect method. Each member of the Cortes was to represent 70,000 people. Members of the Cortes were to meet in annual sessions. The King was prevented from either convening or proroguing the Cortes. Members of the Cortes were to serve single two-year terms. They could not serve consecutive terms; a member could serve a second term only by allowing someone else to serve a single intervening term in office. This attempt at the development of a modern constitutional government lasted from 1808 until 1814. Leaders of the liberals or reformist forces during this revolution were 5283: 5421: 5346: 7923:

Basque peoples into a single political unit: Spain. In precolonial times, the Philippine islands were a divided and unspecified part of the Malay archipelago, one inhabited by dozens of ethnolinguistic groups, residing in countless independent villages, strewn across thousands of islands. By the end of the seventeenth century, however, a dramatic change had happened in the archipelago. A multiethnic community had come together to form the colonial beginnings of a someday nation: the Philippines. The powerful influence of Christian-Moro antagonisms on the formation of the early Philippines remains evident more than four hundred years later, as the Philippine national government continues to grapple with Moro separatists groups, even in 2013.

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among Spanish leaders that undermined the opportunity for economic modernization or industrialization. When Philip II died in 1598, his treasury spent most of its income on funding the huge deficit, which continued to grow. In peninsular Spain, the productive forces were undermined by steady inflation, heavy taxation, immigration of ambitious youth to the colonies, and by depopulation. Industry went into reverse – Seville in 1621 operated 400 looms, where it had 16,000 a century before. Religiosity led by saints and mystics, missionaries and crusaders, theologians and friars dominated Spanish culture, with the psychology of a reward in the next world. Palmer and Colton argue:

4405: 3060: 55: 5449: 3810: 4219:. Born in 1728, Floridablanca was eighty years of age at the time of the revolutionary outbreak in 1808. He had served as Prime Minister under King Charles III from 1777 until 1792; However, he tended to be suspicious of the popular spontaneity and resisted a revolution. Born in 1744, Jovellanos was somewhat younger than Floridablanco. A writer and follower of the philosophers of the Enlightenment tradition of the previous century, Jovellanos had served as Minister of Justice from 1797 to 1798 and now commanded a substantial and influential group within the Central Junta. However, Jovellanos had been imprisoned by 4749: 2338:). After a long process, spurred on in the 9th and 10th centuries, the majority of the population in Al-Andalus converted to Islam. The Muslim population was divided per ethnicity (Arabs, Berbers, Muwallad), and the supremacy of Arabs over the rest of group was a recurrent cause for strife, rivalry and hatred, particularly between Arabs and Berbers. Arab elites could be further divided in the Yemenites (first wave) and Syrians (second wave). Male Muslim rulers were often the offspring of female Christian slaves. Christians and Jews were allowed to live as subordinate groups of a stratified society under the 4111:, and many humiliating defeats. Conditions steadily worsened, as the insurgents increasingly took control of Spain's battle against Napoleon. Napoleon ridiculed the army as "the worst in Europe"; the British who had to work with it agreed. It was not the Army that defeated Napoleon, but the insurgent peasants whom Napoleon ridiculed as packs of "bandits led by monks". By 1812, the army controlled only scattered enclaves, and could only harass the French with occasional raids. The morale of the army had reached a nadir, and reformers stripped the aristocratic officers of most of their legal privileges. 2826: 4597: 4390: 5404:. The political violence of previous years began again. There were gunfights over strikes; landless labourers began to seize land, church officials were killed and churches burnt. On the other side, right wing militias and hired gunmen assassinated left-wing activists. The Republican democracy never generated the consensus or mutual trust between the various political groups. As a result, the country slid into civil war. The right wing of the country and high ranking figures in the army began to plan a coup, and when Falangist politician 4146: 3162: 4090: 6923: 2255: 3843: 1526: 5440:. Another conspirator, General Sanjurjo, was killed in a plane crash while being brought to join the military leaders. Military units were also mobilised elsewhere to take over government institutions. Franco intended to seize power immediately, but successful resistance by Republicans in the key centers of Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, the Basque country, and other points meant that Spain faced a prolonged civil war. By 1937 much of the south and west was under the control of the Nationalists, whose 3052: 1988: 1222: 3358: 2875:. Isabella and Ferdinand had married in 1469. Their marriage united both crowns and set the stage for the creation of the Kingdom of Spain, at the dawn of the modern era. That union, however, was a union in title only, as each region retained its own political and judicial structure. Pursuant to an agreement signed by Isabella and Ferdinand on January 15, 1474, Isabella held more authority over the newly unified Spain than her husband, although their rule was shared. Together, Isabella of 4231:

lost every battle they fought against the French, but were never annihilated; after battles they retreated into the mountains to regroup and launch new attacks and raids. Guerrilla forces sprang up all over Spain and, with the army, tied down huge numbers of Napoleon's troops, making it difficult to sustain concentrated attacks on Spanish forces. The raids became a massive drain on Napoleon's military and economic resources. Spain was aided by the British and Portuguese, led by the

4498:, exploiting his popularity as a war hero and his sobriquet "Pacifier of Spain", demanded liberal reforms from Maria Cristina. The Queen Regent preferred to resign and let Espartero become regent instead in 1840. Espartero's liberal reforms were then opposed by moderates, and the former general's heavy-handedness caused a series of sporadic uprisings throughout the country from various quarters, all of which were bloodily suppressed. He was overthrown as regent in 1843 by 3442: 3249: 3083:). Two periods can be distinguished in this process: the noble conquest, carried out by the nobility in exchange for a pact of vassalage, and the royal conquest, carried out directly by the Crown, during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs. By 1520, European military technology combined with the devastating epidemics such as bubonic plague and pneumonia brought by the Castilians and enslavement and deportation of natives led to the extinction of the Guanches. Isabella and 1683: 3300: 2462: 1445: 3599:, the inept prime minister from 1621 to 1643. He over-exerted Spain in foreign affairs and unsuccessfully attempted domestic reform. His policy of committing Spain to recapture Holland led to a renewal of the Eighty Years' War while Spain was also embroiled in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). His attempts to centralise power and increase wartime taxation led to revolts in Catalonia and in Portugal, which brought about his downfall. 4181: 3638: 3416: 2244: 4832: 2635: 4103:

became a threat which the king tried to avoid. The Spanish army was ill-prepared. The officer corps was selected primarily on the basis of royal patronage, rather than merit. About a third of the junior officers had been promoted from the ranks and had few opportunities for promotion or leadership. The rank-and-file were poorly trained peasants. Elite units included foreign regiments of Irishmen, Italians, Swiss, and

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continued to hold senatorial rank". In general, they were well-respected and well-treated by the Visigothic kings, until their transition from Arianism to Catholicism. Conversion to Catholicism across Visigothic society reduced the friction between the Visigoths and the Hispano-Roman population. However, the Visigothic conversion negatively impacted the Jews, who came under scrutiny for their religious practices.

1375: 2094: 902: 5374:. Tens of thousands of Italians arrived under Italian command. Portugal supported the Nationalists, and allowed the trans-shipment of supplies to Franco's forces. The Soviets sold tanks and other armaments for Spanish gold, and sent well-trained officers and political commissars. It organized the mobilization of tens of thousands of mostly communist volunteers from around the world, who formed the 4173:" for all the kingdoms of the Spanish Monarchy. On February 22 and 23, 1809, a popular insurrection against the French occupation broke out all over Spain. The peninsular campaign was a disaster for France. Napoleon did well when he was in direct command, but that followed severe losses, and when he left in 1809 conditions grew worse for France. Vicious reprisals, famously portrayed by Goya in " 2678: 3225:

their economic potential. Estimates of the pre-Columbian population of the Americas vary but possibly stood at 100 million—one fifth of humanity in 1492. Between 1500 and 1600 the population of the Americas was halved. In Mexico alone, it has been estimated that the pre-conquest population of around 25 million was reduced within 80 years to about 1.3 million.

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seventeenth-century Castile. For here was a country which had climbed to the heights and sunk to the depths; which had achieved everything and lost everything; which had conquered the world only to be vanquished itself. The Spanish achievement of the sixteenth century was essentially the work of Castile, but so also was the Spanish disaster of the seventeenth; and it was

2937:. Although until the 13th century religious minorities (Jews and Muslims) had enjoyed considerable tolerance in Castile and Aragon – the only Christian kingdoms where Jews were not restricted from any professional occupation – the situation of the Jews collapsed over the 14th century, reaching a climax in 1391 with large scale massacres in every major city except 3892:, however, argues that King Charles III cared little for the Enlightenment and his ministers paid little attention to the Enlightenment ideas influential elsewhere on the Continent: "Most were first and foremost absolutists and their objective was always to reinforce monarchy, empire, aristocracy...and ecclesiastical control and authority over education." 1975:

their inhabitants moved to the countryside. Even while the country enjoyed a degree of prosperity when compared to France and Germany, the Visigoths felt little reason to contribute to the welfare, permanency, and infrastructure of their people and state. This contributed to their downfall, as they could not count on the loyalty of their subjects when the

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was very poorly equipped – there were no tanks or modern airplanes. The small navy supported the Republicans, but their armies were made up of raw recruits and they lacked both equipment and skilled officers and sergeants. Nationalist senior officers were much better trained and more familiar with modern tactics than the Republicans.

3668:, the last of the Spanish Habsburgs, favouritism milked Spain's treasury, and Spain's government operated principally as a dispenser of patronage. Plague, famine, floods, drought, and renewed war with France wasted the country. The Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) had ended fifty years of warfare with France, whose king, 5361:

The Spanish Republican government moved to Valencia, to escape Madrid, which was under siege by the Nationalists. It had some military strength in the Air Force and Navy, but it had lost nearly all of the Army. After opening the arsenals to arm local militias, it had little control over the Loyalist

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in the summer of 1921 brought in a matter of days the catastrophic loss of the lives of about 9,000 Spanish soldiers and the loss of all occupied territory in Morocco that had been gained since 1912. This entailed the greatest defeat suffered by a European power in an African colonial war in the 20th

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early the following year. Amadeus – a liberal who swore by the liberal constitution the Cortes promulgated – was faced immediately with the incredible task of bringing the disparate political ideologies of Spain to one table. The country was plagued by internecine strife, not merely between Spaniards

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in June 1808, the Spanish army inflicted the first major defeat suffered by a Napoleonic army; this resulted in the collapse of French power in Spain. Napoleon took personal charge and with fresh forces, defeating the Spanish and British armies in campaigns of attrition. After this the Spanish armies

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Philip made reforms in government, and strengthened the central authorities relative to the provinces. Merit became more important, although most senior positions still went to the landed aristocracy. Below the elite level, inefficiency and corruption was as widespread as ever. The reforms started by

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ensued later. At the end of Visigothic rule, the assimilation of Hispano-Romans and Visigoths was occurring rapidly. An unknown number fled and took refuge in Asturias or Septimania. In Asturias they supported Pelagius's uprising, and joining with the indigenous leaders, formed a new aristocracy. The

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system and in the north drawing on their vassals to supply troops in exchange for protection. The bulk of the Visigothic army was composed of slaves. The loose council of nobles that advised Hispania's Visigothic kings and legitimized their rule was responsible for raising the army, and only upon its

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To pursue their mission of conquest, the Spaniards dealt individually with each settlement or village and with each province or island until the entire Philippine archipelago was brought under imperial control. They saw to it that the people remained divided or compartmentalized and with the minimum

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After Napoleon's disastrous 1812 campaign in Russia, Napoleon began to recall his forces for the defence of France against the advancing Russian and other coalition forces, leaving his forces in Spain increasingly undermanned and on the defensive against the advancing Spanish, British and Portuguese

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In the late 18th century, Spain had an alliance with France, and therefore did not have to fear a land war. Its only serious enemy was Britain, which had a powerful navy; Spain therefore concentrated its resources on its navy. When the French Revolution overthrew the Bourbons, a land war with France

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While Spain built a rich American Empire that exported a silver treasure fleet every year, it was unable to focus its financial, military, and diplomatic power on building up its Spanish base. The Crown's dedication to destroying Protestantism through almost constant warfare created a cultural ethos

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At the same time, Catalan and Galician became the standard languages in their respective territories, developing important literary traditions and being the normal languages in which public and private documents were issued: Galician from the 13th to the 16th century in Galicia and nearby regions of

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were well-tolerated. Previous Roman and Byzantine law determined their status, and already sharply discriminated against them. Historian Jane Gerber relates that some of the Jews "held ranking posts in the government or the army; others were recruited and organized for garrison service; still others

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The Hispano-Romans found Visigothic rule and its early embrace of the Arian heresy more of a threat than Islam, and shed their thralldom to the Visigoths only in the 8th century, with the aid of the Muslims themselves. The most visible effect of Visigothic rule was the depopulation of the cities as

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and remained largely economically and culturally isolated from the outside world. Under a military dictatorship, Spain saw its political parties banned, except for the official party (Falange). Labour unions were banned and all political activity using violence or intimidation to achieve its goals

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The Nationalists under Franco won the war, and historians continue to debate the reasons. The Nationalists were much better unified and led than the Republicans, who squabbled and fought amongst themselves endlessly and had no clear military strategy. The Army went over to the Nationalists, but it

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governed as regent. Carlos invaded the Basque country in the north of Spain and attracted support from absolutist reactionaries and conservatives, known as the "Carlist" forces. The supporters of reform and of limitations on the absolutist rule of the Spanish throne rallied behind Isabella and the

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By the 17th century, the Catholic Church and Spain had a close bond, attesting to the fact that Spain was virtually free of Protestantism during the 16th century. In 1620, there were 100,000 Spaniards in the clergy; by 1660 the number had grown to about 200,000, and the Church owned 20% of all the

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This New World empire was at first a disappointment, as the natives had little to trade. Diseases such as smallpox and measles that arrived with the colonizers devastated the native populations, especially in the densely populated regions of the Aztec, Maya and Inca civilizations, and this reduced

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Spain lost all of its North and South American territories, except Cuba and Puerto Rico, in a complex series of revolts 1808–26. Spain was at war with Britain 1798–1808, and the British blockade cut Spain's ties to the overseas empire. Trade was handled by American and Dutch traders. The colonies

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At the top of the social structure of Spain in the 1780s stood the nobility and the church. A few hundred families dominated the aristocracy, with another 500,000 holding noble status. There were 200,000 church men and women, half of them in heavily endowed monasteries that controlled much of the

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During most of the 18th century Spain had arrested its relative decline of the latter part of the 17th century. But despite the progress, it continued to lag in the political and mercantile developments then transforming other parts of Europe, most notably in Great Britain, the Low Countries, and

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The Visigoths did not, until the period of Muslim rule, intermarry with the Spanish population, and the Visigothic language had a limited impact on the modern languages of Iberia. The historian Joseph F. O'Callaghan says that at the end of the Visigothic era the assimilation of Hispano-Romans and

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Olalde, Iñigo; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; Silva, Marina; Dulias, Katharina; Edwards, Ceiridwen J.; Gandini, Francesca; Pala, Maria; Soares, Pedro; Ferrando-Bernal, Manuel; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Cheronet, Olivia (2019-03-15).

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The early modern revival of the Reconquista in the Philippines had a profound effect on the islands, one that is still being felt today. As described above, the Spanish Reconquista served to unify Christians against a common Moro enemy, helping to bring together Castilian, Catalan, Galician, and

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The conduct of the war was brutal on both sides, with widespread massacres of civilians and prisoners. After the war, many thousands of Republicans were imprisoned and up to 150,000 were executed between 1939 and 1943. Some 500,000 refugees escaped to France; they remained in exile for years or

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The Napoleonic wars had severe negative effects on Spain's long-term economic development. The Peninsular war ravaged towns and countryside alike, and the demographic impact was the worst of any Spanish war, with a sharp decline in population in many areas caused by casualties, outmigration, and

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in modern Western history. French supply lines stretching across Spain were mauled repeatedly by the Spanish armies and guerrilla forces; thereafter, Napoleon's armies were never able to control much of the country and ending in French defeat. The war fluctuated, with Wellington spending several

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the generations of crusading against infidels, even, heathens and heretics had produced an exceptionally large number of minor aristocrats, chevaliers, dons, and hidalgos, who as a class were contemptuous of work and who were numerous enough and close enough to the common people to impress their

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in 1635. The following year Spanish forces based in the Southern Netherlands hit back with devastating lightning campaigns in northern France that left the economy of the region in tatters. After 1636, however, Olivares, fearful of provoking another bankruptcy, stopped the advance. In 1640, both

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The economy of the Visigothic kingdom depended primarily on agriculture and animal husbandry; there is little evidence of Visigothic commerce and industry. The native Hispani maintained the cultural and economic life of Hispania and were responsible for the relative prosperity of the 6th and 7th

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Spain's neutrality in World War I spared the country from carnage, yet the conflict caused massive economic disruption, with the country experiencing at the same time an economic boom (the increasing foreign demand of products and the drop of imports brought hefty profits) and widespread social

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Spaniards revolted. Thompson says the Spanish revolt was, "a reaction against new institutions and ideas, a movement for loyalty to the old order: to the hereditary crown of the Most Catholic kings, which Napoleon, an excommunicated enemy of the Pope, had put on the head of a Frenchman; to the

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and other groups unassimilated into Hispano-Gothic society. In 739, a rebellion in Galicia, assisted by the Asturians, drove out Muslim forces and it joined the Asturian kingdom. In the northern Christian kingdoms, lords and religious organizations often owned Muslim slaves who were employed as

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in 1580 (lost in 1640) until the loss of its American colonies in the 19th century, Spain maintained one of the largest empires in the world even though it suffered military and economic misfortunes from the 1640s. The thought that Spain could bring Christianity to the New World and protect

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Visigoths was occurring rapidly, and the leaders of society were beginning to see themselves as one people. Little literature in the Gothic language remains from the period of Visigothic rule—only translations of parts of the Greek Bible and a few fragments of other documents have survived.

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in world history. In the 16th century, Spain and Portugal were in the vanguard of European global exploration and colonial expansion. The two kingdoms on the conquest and Iberian Peninsula competed with each other in opening of trade routes across the oceans. Spanish imperial conquest and

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land in Spain. The Spanish bureaucracy in this period was highly centralized, and totally reliant on the king for its efficient functioning. Under Charles II, the councils became the sinecures of wealthy aristocrats despite attempts at reform. Political commentators in Spain, known as

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A certain paradox in the fact that the achievement of the two most outstanding creative artists of Castile – Cervantes and Velázquez – was shot through with a deep sense of disillusionment and failure; but the paradox was itself a faithful reflection of the paradox of sixteenth-and

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Traditional Spanish nationalism converted a skirmish, the Battle of Covadonga (718–722) and the figure of Pelayo, reckoned as first king of Asturias (718–737), into symbols of the will to recover the Visigothic unity and reinstate Christianity only a few years after the rout of

2045:, displayed in the National Archaeological Museum of Madrid; both are made of gold, encrusted with sapphires, pearls, and other precious stones. Suintila's crown was stolen in 1921 and never recovered. There are several other small crowns and many votive crosses in the treasure. 1896:, maintained more of the old Roman institutions. They had a unique respect for legal codes that resulted in continuous frameworks and historical records for most of the period between 415, when Visigothic rule in Hispania began, and 711 when it is traditionally said to end. The 4223:, who had served as the prime minister, virtually running the country as a dictator from 1792 until 1798 and from 1801 until 1808. Accordingly, even Jovellanos tended to be somewhat overly cautious in his approach to the revolutionary upsurge that was sweeping Spain in 1808. 1906:

promulgated, based on Roman law and Germanic customary laws, brought about legal unification. According to the historian Joseph O'Callaghan, at that time they already considered themselves one people and together with the Hispano-Gothic nobility they called themselves the

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of 1596–1602 killed 600,000 to 700,000, or about 10% of the population. Altogether more than 1,250,000 deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century Spain. Economically, the plague destroyed the labor force as well as creating a psychological blow.

5333:. The conflict became a worldwide ideological battleground that pitted the left and many liberals against Catholics and conservatives. Worldwide there was a decline in pacifism and a growing sense that another world war was imminent, and that it was worth fighting for. 5336:

After the Spanish Civil War, the active agrarian population began to decline in Spain, the provinces with latifundia in Andalusia continued being the ones with the greatest number of day laborers; at the same time this was the region with the lowest literacy share.

4054:, a Benedictine monk and professor. He was a successful popularizer noted for encouraging scientific and empirical thought. By the 1770s the conservatives had launched a counterattack and used censorship and the Inquisition to suppress Enlightenment ideas. 5157:(who had undertaken a decisive reform as War minister in the provisional government by trying to democratize the Armed Forces) to premiership, heading from the on a number of coalition cabinets. While the Republican government was able to easily quell the 3240:

from 1546. These silver shipments re-oriented the Spanish economy, leading to the importation of luxuries and grain. The resource-rich colonies of Spain thus caused large cash inflows. They also became indispensable in financing the military capability of

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Political ideologies were intensely polarized. Regarding the crux of the role of the Church, within the Left people saw the former as the major enemy of modernity and the Spanish people, and the right saw it as the invaluable protector of Spanish values.

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of 1898. Cuba gained its independence and Spain lost its remaining New World colony, Puerto Rico, which together with Guam and the Philippines were ceded to the United States for $ 20 million. In 1899, Spain sold its remaining Pacific islands – the

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Asturias and Leon, and Catalan from the 12th to the 18th century in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands and Valencia, where it was known as Valencian. Both languages were later substituted in its official status by Castilian Spanish, till the 20th century.

1801:(in the south of modern France) and gradually expanded their influence into Hispania after the battle of Vouillé (507) at the expense of the Vandals and Alans, who moved on into North Africa without leaving much permanent mark on Hispanic culture. The 4910:

was bloodily suppressed. Jensen (1999) argues that the defeat of 1898 led many military officers to abandon the liberalism that had been strong in the officer corps and turn to the right. They interpreted the American victory in 1898 as well as the

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reached Spain in attenuated form about 1750. Attention focused on medicine and physics, with some philosophy. French and Italian visitors were influential but there was little challenge to Catholicism or the Church such as characterized the French

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met at the time of their invasion were the Iberians, inhabiting an area stretching from the northeast part of the Iberian Peninsula through the southeast. The Celts mostly inhabited the inner and north-west part of the peninsula. To the east of the

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government deployed the army against the workers to brutally quell any threat to social order, sealing in turn the demise of the cabinet and undermining the constitutional order. The strike was one of the three simultaneous developments of a wider

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and transformed the Carlist army from a demoralized band into a professional army of 30,000 of superior quality to the government forces. Zumalacárregui's death in 1835 changed the Carlists' fortunes. The Christinos found a capable general in

3387:. This conflict consumed much Spanish expenditure during the later 16th century. Other extremely expensive failures included an attempt to invade Protestant England in 1588 that produced the worst military disaster in Spanish history when the 3345:, and the Holy Roman Empire to his brother, Ferdinand. Philip treated Castile as the foundation of his empire, but the population of Castile (about a third of France's) was never large enough to provide the soldiers needed. His marriage to 5444:

was the most professional force available to either side. Both sides received foreign military aid: the Nationalists from Nazi Germany and Italy, while the Republicans were supported by organised far-left volunteers from the Soviet Union.

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The Francoist regime resulted in the deaths and arrests of hundreds of thousands of people who were either supporters of the previous Second Republic of Spain or potential threats to Franco's state. They were executed, sent to prisons or

1771:, took advantage of the empire's weakening defenses to plunder. Those tribes that survived took over existing Roman institutions, and created successor-kingdoms to the Romans in various parts of Europe. Hispania was taken over by the 4463:." Though Christino resistance to the insurrection seemed to have been overcome by the end of 1833, Maria Cristina's forces suddenly drove the Carlist armies from most of the Basque country. Carlos then appointed the Basque general 4337:

The government, nearly bankrupt, was unable to pay its soldiers. There were few settlers or soldiers in Florida, so it was sold to the United States for $ 5 million. In 1820, an expedition intended for the colonies revolted in

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ground forces. Republican diplomacy proved ineffective, with only two useful allies, the Soviet Union and Mexico. Britain, France and 27 other countries had agreed to an arms embargo on Spain, and the United States went along.

2735:. Throughout the century, Castilian (what is also known today as Spanish) gained a growing prominence in the Kingdom of Castile as the language of culture and communication, at the expense of Leonese and of other close dialects. 5511:

The war cost between 300,000 and 1,000,000 lives. It ended with the total collapse of the Republic and the accession of Francisco Franco as dictator. Franco amalgamated all right wing parties into a reconstituted fascist party

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fell to the Nationalists in early 1939, it was clear the war was over. The remaining Republican fronts collapsed, as civil war broke out inside the Left, as the Republicans suppressed the Communists. Madrid fell in March 1939.

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recognized Philip as King of Spain (as Philip V). However, Philip was compelled to renounce any right to the French throne, despite some doubts as to the lawfulness of such an act. Spain's Italian territories were apportioned.

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Feros, Antonio. "Spain and America: All is One”: Historiography of the Conquest and Colonization of the Americas and National Mythology in Spain c. 1892–c. 1992." in Christopher Schmidt-Nowara and John M. Nieto Phillips, eds.

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Catholic Church persecuted by republicans who had desecrated churches, murdered priests, and enforced a "loi des cultes"; and to local and provincial rights and privileges threatened by an efficiently centralized government.

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France. Lynch says Philip V advanced the government only marginally and was more of a liability than the incapacitated Charles II; when a conflict came up between the interests of Spain and France, he usually favored France.

2363:

slaves. The frequent raids in Christian lands provided Al-Andalus with continuous slave stock, including women who often became part of the harems of the Muslim elite. Slaves were also shipped from Spain to elsewhere in the

5806: 1437:, following their landing in Gadir in 237 BC, conquered the territories that belonged to the sphere of influence of Carthage. Until 219 BC, their presence in the peninsula was underpinned by their control of places such as 3688:, proposed a number of measures to reverse the decline of the Spanish economy, with limited success. In rural areas, heavy taxation of peasants reduced agricultural output as peasants migrated to the cities. The influx of 5081:, the heart of the Riffian rebellion. The war had dragged on since 1917 and cost Spain $ 800 million. The Spanish officers of the war ended up taking the brutality of the colonial military practices to the mainland. 3333:

became king of Spain in 1516 (with his mother and co-monarch Queen Juana I effectively powerless and kept imprisoned till her death in 1555), Spain became central to the dynastic struggles of Europe. Charles also became

4058:

land not owned by the nobles. Most people were on farms, either as landless peons or as holders of small properties. The small urban middle class was growing, but was distrusted by the landowners and peasants alike.

2596:

were hunts for people. The Almohads, who had taken control of the Almoravids' Maghribi and al-Andalus territories by 1147, surpassed the Almoravides in fundamentalist Islamic outlook, and they treated the non-believer

5000:

that cracked the Restoration regime, that also included a military crisis induced by the cleavage in the Armed Forces between Mainland and Africa-based ranks vis-à-vis the military promotion (and ensuing formation of

4420:. While Ferdinand aligned with the conservatives, fearing another national insurrection, he did not view Carlos's reactionary policies as a viable option. Ferdinand – resisting the wishes of his brother – decreed the 4415:

In Spain, the failure of the second bourgeois revolution was followed by uneasy peace for the next decade. Having borne only a female heir presumptive, it appeared that Ferdinand would be succeeded by his brother,

3909:, resulting in the Quadruple Alliance of 1718. All members demanded Spanish retreat, resulting in war by December 1718. The war lasted two years and resulted in a rout of the Spanish. Hostilities ceased with the 3623:

rebelled. Portugal was lost for good; in northern Italy and most of Catalonia, French forces were expelled and Catalonia's independence was suppressed. In 1643, the French defeated one of Spain's best armies at

3571:

Spain's severe financial difficulties began in the middle 16th century, and continued for the remainder of Habsburg rule. Despite the successes of Spanish armies, the period was marked by monetary inflation,

6768: 5551:. According to Gabriel Jackson, the number of victims of the White Terror (executions and hunger or illness in prisons) between 1939 and 1943 was 200,000. Child abduction was also a wide-scale practice. The 10907: 5115:, which were considered a plebiscite on the Monarchy. Urban voters had lost faith in the monarch and voted for republican parties. The king fled the country and a republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931. 3406:

and Moors from Spain, and Spain's growing dependency on the silver imports, combined to cause several bankruptcies that caused economic crisis in the country, especially in heavily burdened Castile. The

2500:, effectively breaking all ties with the Egyptian and Syrian caliphs. The Caliphate was mostly concerned with maintaining its power base in North Africa, but these possessions eventually dwindled to the 1891:

Hispania never saw a decline in interest in classical culture to the degree observable in Britain, Gaul, and Germany. The Visigoths, having assimilated Roman culture and language during their tenure as

8476: 3830:(1700–1714) pitted proponents of the Bourbon succession against those for the Hapsburg. Concern among other European powers that Spain and France united under a single Bourbon monarch would upset the 4007:, Spain was cajoled into an uneasy alliance with France, only to be blockaded by the British. Charles IV's vacillation, culminating in his failure to honour the alliance by neglecting to enforce the 4701:

broke into the Cortes. This prevented the formation of a federal republican government, forced the dissolution of the Parliament and led to the instauration of a unitary praetorian republic ruled by

2345:, although Jews became very important in certain fields. Some Christians migrated to the Northern Christian kingdoms, while those who stayed in Al-Andalus progressively arabised and became known as 1390:

The south of the peninsula was rich in archaic Phoenician colonies, unmatched by any other region in the central-western Mediterranean. They were small and densely packed settlements. The colony of

6928: 6926: 5294:, by 25 July the latter had already backtracked on it, as to the mounting inner division within his country the British opposition to intervention added up, as the sympathies of the UK lied in the 5255:

against the Republican government. The coup, intending to prevent social and economic reforms carried by the new government, had been carefully plotted since the electoral right-wing defeat at the

4548:

obtained widespread support in Spain and came to government in 1854. After 1856, O'Donnell, who had already marched on Madrid that year and ousted another Espartero ministry, attempted to form the

3602:

During the Thirty Years' War, in which various Protestant forces battled Imperial armies, France provided subsidies to Habsburg enemies, especially Sweden. Sweden lost and France's First Minister,

1924:

The proximity of the Visigothic kingdoms to the Mediterranean and the continuity (though reduced) of western Mediterranean trade supported Visigothic culture. The Visigothic ruling class looked to

4126:

in South America (1806 and 1807) without help from mainland Spain, which emboldened independence and revolutionary hopes in Spain's American colonies. A major Franco-Spanish fleet was lost at the

3834:, the war pitted powerful France and fairly strong Spain against the Grand Alliance of England, Portugal, Savoy, the Netherlands and Austria. After an extended conflict, especially in Spain, the 3217:

by pitting Pagans and Muslims against each other, employing the principle of "Divide and Conquer". They considered their war against the Muslims of the Southeast Asia an extension of the Spanish

2387:(written more than a century after the alleged battle), has been later reconstructed in conflicting historiographical theories, most notably that of a refuged Visigoth noble or an autochthonous 3501:, regarded as one of the most influential painters of European history and a greatly respected artist in his own time, cultivated a relationship with King Philip IV and his chief minister, the 3322:

with Portugal meant that the monarch of Castile was also the monarch of Portugal, but they were ruled as separate entities both on the peninsula and in Spanish America and Brazil. In 1640, the

4122:'s pragmatic decision to align with the French. Spain was put under a British blockade, and her colonies began to trade independently with Britain, but Britain invaded and was defeated in the 3099:. This and subsequent expeditions led to an influx of wealth into Spain, supplementing income from within Castile for the state that was a dominant power in Europe for the next two centuries. 1159:

was introduced in 1813. As with much of Europe, Spain's history during the nineteenth century was tumultuous, and featured alternating periods of republican-liberal and monarchical rule. The

4652:

but within Spanish parties. Following the Hidalgo affair and an army rebellion, Amadeus famously declared the people of Spain to be ungovernable, abdicated the throne, and left the country.

2944:

The Catholic Monarchs ordered the remaining Jews to convert or face expulsion from Spain in 1492, and extended the expulsion decrees to their territories on the Italian peninsula, including

11145: 2584:(Muslim military expeditions made in summer in medieval Spain) were the continuation of a policy from the times of the emirate: the capture of numerous contingents of Christian slaves, the 5381:

In 1936, the Left united in the Popular Front and were elected to power. However, this coalition, dominated by the centre-left, was undermined both by the revolutionary groups such as the

6907: 4299:. After that Spain played a minor role in international affairs. Business and trade in the ex-colonies were under British control. Spain kept only Cuba and Puerto Rico in the New World. 7016:"La necrópolis de época visigoda de Castiltierra (Segovia) Excavaciones dirigidas por E. Camps y J. M.a de Navascués, 1932–1935 Materiales conservados en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional" 5671:

The Spanish transition to democracy or new Bourbon restoration started with Franco's death on 20 November 1975, while its completion is marked by the electoral victory of the socialist

3509:, a respected Greek artist from the period, settled in Spain, and infused Spanish art with the styles of the Italian renaissance and helped create a uniquely Spanish style of painting. 2489:. Ordoño was at the moment engaged against his constant enemies the Moors; but a count of the province, Don Pedro, attacked the Vikings and defeated them, destroying 38 of their ships. 2485:– powerful torsion-powered projectile weapons that looked rather like giant crossbows. 70 Viking ships were captured and burned. Vikings returned to Galicia in 859, during the reign of 5237:) defeated the Republican loyalists (with variable support of Socialists, Liberals, Communists, Anarchists and Catalan and Basque nationalists), who were backed by the Soviet Union. 5210:, was forcefully put down. This in turn energized political movements across the spectrum, including a revived anarchist movement and new reactionary and fascist groups, such as the 5149:" ('the pretty girl'), was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, a democratic experiment at a time when democracies were beginning to descend into dictatorships elsewhere in the continent. A 4393: 5065:

Preceded by a partial retreat from vulnerable posts in the interior of the protectorate in Morocco, Spain (in joint action with France) turned the tides in Morocco in 1925, and the

3193:

In the 15th and 16th centuries, trade flourished across the Atlantic between Spain and the Americas and across the Pacific between East Asia and Mexico via the Philippines. Spanish

10132: 13957: 2071:

The Visigothic belt buckles, a symbol of rank and status characteristic of Visigothic women's clothing, are also notable as works of goldsmithery. Some pieces contain exceptional

13715: 11023:. All of these cities were founded for military purposes and at least Reccopolis, Victoriacum, and Ologicus in celebration of victory. A possible fifth Visigothic foundation is 2155:

by the Visigoths. It is the only city in Western Europe to have been founded between the fifth and eighth centuries. The city's construction was ordered by the Visigothic king

3785:

basis, but by imposing the political and cultural characteristics of the dominant ethnic group, in this case the Castilian, on those of the other ethnic groups, so they become

7671: 3738:

who expressed the paradox most clearly when he wrote what may serve as an epitaph on the Spain of the House of Austria: ‘Castile has made Spain, and Castile has destroyed it.’

7334:

The battle cannot have amounted to much more than a minor skirmish between a small band of Asturian warriors and the Muslim expeditionary force sent to crush their resistance

3901:, Philip V's wife, exerted great influence on Spain's foreign policy. Her principal aim was to have Spain's lost territories in Italy restored. In 1717, Philip V ordered an 2974:, forging important ties between these two neighboring countries and hopefully ensuring future alliance, but the younger Isabella soon died before giving birth to an heir. 5880: 5325:

sent in monetary aid as well as giving Republican refuges the option to seek refuge in Mexico, while left-wing sympathizers around the world went to Spain to fight in the

4367:

The tumultuous three years of liberal rule that followed (1820–23) were marked by various absolutist conspiracies. The liberal government was viewed with hostility by the

3281:

The financial burden within the peninsula was on the backs of the peasant class while the nobility enjoyed an increasingly lavish lifestyle. From the incorporation of the

13962: 1187:, which saw a liberalization of Spanish society and a re-engagement with the international community after the oppressive and isolated years under Franco. A new liberal 3789:

to be assimilated. Nationalist policies, sometimes very aggressive, and still in force, have been and are the seeds of repeated territorial conflicts within the state.

1947:, and the Council of Lerida in 546 constrained the clergy and extended the power of law over them with the approval of the Pope. In 587, the Visigothic king at Toledo, 433: 5199:. Economic turmoil, substantial debt, and fractious, rapidly changing governing coalitions led to escalating political violence and attempted coups by right and left. 4536:

took a more active role in government after coming of age, but she was unpopular throughout her reign (1833–68). There was another pronunciamiento in 1854 led General

6776: 4815:

The 1876 Constitution granted the Catholic Church control of education (particularly secondary education). Meanwhile, an organization formed in 1876 upon a group of

4682:

were the most immediate threat, launching a violent insurrection after their poor showing in the 1872 elections. There were calls for socialist revolution from the

10919: 3209:

governments with extensive help from local factions and took control of vast stretches of land. In the Philippines, the Spanish, using Mexican Conquistadors like

449: 13967: 5206:(CEDA), based on the Catholic vote, was set to enter the radical government. An armed rising of workers in October 1934, which reached its greatest intensity in 13644: 2531:'s work. Meanwhile, a slow but steady migration of Christian subjects to the northern kingdoms in Christian Hispania was slowly increasing the latter's power. 1864:

or "reconquest" of the Iberian Peninsula. The Reconquista gathered momentum during the 12th century, leading to the establishment of the Christian kingdoms of

955: 91: 2193:, the Visigothic king at Toledo, converted to Catholicism and launched a movement to unify the religious doctrines that existed in the Iberian Peninsula. The 1367:

in the southwest. The seafaring Phoenicians, Carthaginians, and Greeks successively established trading settlements along the eastern and southern coast. The

1289:

conquered the peninsula using new technologies and horses while killing all local males according to DNA studies. Spanish prehistory extends to the pre-Roman

13103: 5128: 2541: 1140:

broke out between the French Bourbons and the Austrian Habsburgs over the right to succeed Charles II. The Bourbons prevailed, resulting in the ascension of

639: 5593:. During the 1960s, Spain began imposing restrictions on Gibraltar, culminating in the closure of the border in 1969. It was not fully reopened until 1985. 4177:", only made the Spanish guerrillas angrier and more active; the war in Spain proved to be a major, long-term drain on French money, manpower and prestige. 2661:, who invaded Al-Andalus from North Africa and established an empire. In the 12th century the Almoravid empire broke up again, only to be taken over by the 6917: 4666: 11509: 5803:. Spanish society had been extremely conservative under Franco, but the transition to democracy also began a liberalization of values and social customs. 4915:

as proof of the superiority of willpower and moral values over technology. Over the next three decades, Jensen argues, these values shaped the outlook of

9913:

La Porte, Pablo (2010). "The Moroccan Quagmire and the Crisis of Spain's Liberal System, 1917–23". In Romero Salvadó, Francisco J.; Smith, Angel (eds.).

11482:

Martorell Linares, Miguel Ángel (1997). "La crisis parlamentaria de 1913–1917. La quiebra del sistema de relaciones parlamentarias de la Restauración".

655: 14201: 11144:

Blázquez, José María (1988). "Los griegos en la Península Ibérica, siglos VII-V a.C. Analogías con la colonización griega en el Mar Negro (Cólquida)".

4375:" expedition, and Ferdinand was restored as absolute monarch in 1823. In Spain proper, this marked the end of the second Spanish bourgeois revolution. 3957: 11618:

Romero Salvadó, Francisco J. (2010). "Spain's Revolutionary Crisis of 1917: A Reckless Gamble". In Romero Salvadó, Francisco J.; Smith, Angel (eds.).

11487: 5054:

all over the country from September 1923 to May 1925. Attempts to institutionalise the regime were taken, in the form of a single official party (the

1499:

of the Roman Republic and the Celtiberian tribes of Hispania Citerior from 181 to 133 BC. The Roman conquest of the peninsula was completed in 19 BC.

7386: 5856:. The ruling party, the PSOE, favoured Spain's permanence (a turn from their anti-NATO stance back in 1982). Meanwhile, the Conservative opposition ( 3122:

was annexed from the Portuguese in 1668. Today, both Ceuta and Melilla still remain under Spanish control, together with smaller islets known as the

4165:

were formed all across Spain that pronounced themselves in favor of Ferdinand VII. On September 26, 1808, a Central Junta was formed in the town of

8459: 5479:

in 1937. Soon, though, the Nationalists began to erode their territory, starving Madrid and making inroads into the east. The North, including the

1654:, although the institutions and infrastructure did decline. Spain's languages, its religion, and the basis of its laws originate from this period. 5800: 2657:

The Taifa kingdoms lost ground to the Christian realms in the north. After the loss of Toledo in 1085, the Muslim rulers reluctantly invited the

2592:, "slave"). These were the most lucrative part of the booty, and constituted an excellent method of payment for the troops, so much so that many 998:

during the 4th and 5th centuries AD, resulting in the end of Roman rule and the establishment of Germanic kingdoms, marking the beginning of the

12380: 2458:. Al-Andalus was rife with internal conflict between the Islamic Umayyad rulers and people and the Christian Visigoth-Roman leaders and people. 2430:). It was this tactic that supported the ultimate expansion to Hispania. Islamic power in Spain specifically climaxed in the 10th century under 13779: 13709: 11592:"La presencia neopúnica en la Alta Andalucía: a propósito de algunos referentes arquitectónicos y culturales de época bárquida (237–205 a.C.)" 10826: 3730:

haughty indifference upon the country as a whole. Elliott cites the achievements of Castille in many areas, especially high culture. He finds:

1120:, which marked the beginning of the slow decline of Spanish influence in Europe. Spain's power was further tested by its participation in the 14196: 10807: 5203: 4698: 5534: 4169:

to coordinate the nationwide struggle against the French. Initially, the Central Junta declared support for Ferdinand VII, and convened a "

3871:

in 1715, which revoked most of the historical rights and privileges of the different kingdoms that formed the Spanish Crown, especially the

2849:. The rulers of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were allied with dynastic families in Portugal, France, and other neighboring kingdoms. 14115: 5849: 4561: 4208: 6211: 3256:

in the late 16th century. Seville became one of the most populous and cosmopolitan European cities after the expeditions to the New World.

12530: 10155: 6225: 3953: 3831: 1827: 4123: 3596: 391: 4854:. As had been the case in Santo Domingo, the Spanish government was embroiled in a difficult campaign against an indigenous rebellion. 4346:, Ferdinand was forced to accept the liberal Constitution of 1812. This was the start of the second bourgeois revolution in Spain, the 2176: 1342: 934: 8064: 5370:

both signed that agreement, but ignored it and sent supplies and vital help, including a powerful air force under German command, the

14258: 13096: 12308:

Luengo, Jorge, and Pol Dalmau. "Writing Spanish history in the global age: connections and entanglements in the nineteenth century."

5290:

The Republic looked to the Western democracies for help, but following an earlier commitment to provide assistance by French premier

4804:) became ubiquitous, with elections reproducing pre-arranged outcomes struck in the Capital. Voter apathy was no less important. The 4683: 3214: 12049: 7675: 5409: 4226:

The Spanish army was stretched as it fought Napoleon's forces because of a lack of supplies and too many untrained recruits, but at

13700: 6275: 4232: 4051: 695: 5467:

early in the war was a turning point, with the Nationalists successfully resisting after a long siege. The Republicans managed to

5263:, Seville and Oviedo, while the rest of the country remained loyal to the Republic, including the main industrial cities (such as 3698:(royal fifth) actually went to Spain. A prominent internal factor was the Spanish economy's dependence on the export of luxurious 2959:

Over the following decades, Muslims faced the same fate; and about 60 years after the Jews, they were also compelled to convert ("

14233: 11757: 9058:

Gentlemen, Bourgeois, and Revolutionaries: Political Change and Cultural Persistence among the Spanish Dominant Groups, 1750–1850

5853: 5133: 5005:

of officers that refused to dissolve upon request from the government), and a political crisis brought by the challenge posed by

4702: 2201:, and the Council of Lerida in 546 constrained the clergy and extended the power of law over them with the approval of the pope. 1348: 1176: 119: 4823:, had a leading role in the educational and cultural renovation in the country, covering for the inaction of the Spanish State. 4216: 3587:. In his reign (1598–1621) a ten-year truce with the Dutch was overshadowed in 1618 by Spain's involvement in the European-wide 13984: 13508: 11151: 8493: 5767: 5516:

and banned the left-wing and Republican parties and trade unions. The Church was more powerful than it had been in centuries.

5436:

brought the colonial army from Morocco to the mainland, while another force from the north under General Mola moved south from

4495: 4455: 3905:. Spanish troops then invaded Sicily. The aggression prompted the Holy Roman Empire to form a new pact with the members of the 2966:

Isabella ensured long-term political stability in Spain by arranging strategic marriages for her five children. Her firstborn,

1460:, the two powers vying for supremacy in the western Mediterranean. Romans expelled Carthaginians from the peninsula in 206 BC. 802: 726: 510: 7015: 4424:, enabling his daughter Isabella to become Queen. Carlos, who made known his intent to resist the sanction, fled to Portugal. 4350:

which lasted from 1820 to 1823. Ferdinand was placed under effective house arrest for the duration of the liberal experiment.

2572:. Under his son, other Christian cities were subjected to numerous raids. After his son's death, the caliphate plunged into a 1967:

centuries. Administration was still based on Roman law, and only gradually did Visigothic customs and Roman common law merge.

986:

people, intermingled with the colonizers to create a uniquely Iberian culture. The Romans referred to the entire peninsula as

789: 14253: 11679: 11660: 11635: 11577: 11553: 11419: 11318: 11257: 11192: 11170: 10739: 10661: 10592: 10557: 10458: 10002: 9934: 9231: 8945: 8576: 8321: 8154: 8110: 8047: 8013: 7791: 7700: 7523: 7365: 7244: 7172: 6987: 6960: 6951: 6855: 6813: 5743: 5480: 4743: 4265: 3006: 1155:

resulted in the loss of most of Spain's territory in the Americas. During the re-establishment of the Bourbon rule in Spain,

1152: 565: 5385: 4988: 4371:

in 1822, and France was authorized to intervene. France crushed the liberal government with massive force in the so-called "

2669:

in 1212. By 1250, nearly all of Hispania was back under Christian rule with the exception of the Muslim kingdom of Granada.

2375:), a Muslim force sent to put down the Christian rebels in the northern mountains was defeated by a force reportedly led by 225: 13089: 12242:

Cabrera, Miguel A. "Developments in contemporary Spanish historiography: from social history to the new cultural history."

5941: 5890: 4372: 2580:

Kingdoms". The Taifa kings competed in war and in the protection of the arts, and culture enjoyed a brief renaissance. The

264: 6682: 4274:

The pro-independence forces delivered a crushing defeat to the royalists and secured the independence of Peru in the 1824

2683: 13621: 13045: 5841: 5672: 5655: 4980: 4820: 4026: 4023:

France. The chaos unleashed by the Peninsular War caused this gap to widen greatly and slowed Spain's industrialisation.

3969: 1580:. The peninsula's economy expanded under Rome. Hispania supplied Rome with food, olive oil, wine and metal. The emperors 812: 766: 6538: 5570: 5420: 4513: 3130: 2122: 1663: 1084:, both in 1492, made that year a critical inflection point in Spanish history. The voyages of the various explorers and 153: 13906: 13231: 12899: 12233: 11831: 11769: 11358: 11297: 9574: 9463: 9436: 9409: 9369: 9307: 9204: 9174: 9147: 9120: 9093: 8918: 8856: 8829: 8653: 8443: 8418: 8365: 7944: 7865: 7758: 7496: 7469: 6245: 5391: 3468:(now Spain and the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America), coinciding with the political decline and fall of the 3010: 12400: 12264:

García-Sanjuán, Alejandro. "Rejecting al-Andalus, exalting the Reconquista: historical memory in contemporary Spain."

6293: 5166: 5092: 4674:

In the absence of the Monarch, a government of radicals and Republicans was formed and declared Spain a republic. The

4142:, eldest brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, entered Madrid and became King of Spain, serving as a surrogate for Napoleon. 613: 13994: 13161: 12005: 12002:

Four Princes: Henry VIII, Francis I, Charles V, Suleiman the Magnificent and the Obsessions that Forged Modern Europe

11931: 11443: 11276: 11223: 11134: 10859: 10696: 10522: 10376: 10237: 9626: 9490: 9334: 9066: 9039: 8883: 8755: 8606: 8393: 7830: 7437: 6728: 6322: 6314:

Emerging complexity. Texte imprimé : the later prehistory of south-east Spain, Iberia and the west Mediterranean

5926: 4858:, however, Spain initially won this struggle. The pacification of the island was temporary, however, as the conflict 4220: 4130:

in 1805, prompting the king to reconsider his difficult alliance with Napoleon. Spain temporarily broke off from the

2778: 10630: 10184: 5917:

currency. The peseta continued to be used for cash transactions until January 1, 2002. On 11 March 2004 a number of

5345: 5282: 13747: 13586: 13030: 12625: 11814: 9666: 6745: 5817: 5634:. In the last few months before Franco's death, the Spanish state was paralyzed. This was capitalized upon by King 4433: 3798: 3646: 3642: 3607: 2987: 2811: 2189:

was the official religion in Hispania, but only for a brief time, according to historian Rhea Marsh Smith. In 587,

1371:

took place after the arrival of early Phoenician settlers and traders (tentatively dated 9th century BC or later).

1239: 296: 12089: 4984: 4138:, who had been on the throne only forty-eight days after his father's abdication in March 1808. On July 20, 1808, 3895:

The economy improved over the depressed 1650–1700 era, with greater productivity and fewer famines and epidemics.

3064: 2691:

In the 13th century, many languages were spoken in the Christian kingdoms of Hispania. These were the Latin-based

1183:

led a fascist dictatorship for almost four decades. Franco's death ushered in a return of the monarchy under King

1144:, who took Spain into the various wars to recapture the Spanish-controlled lands in Southern Italy recently lost. 1136:, whose mental incapacity and inability to father children left the future of Spain in doubt. Upon his death, the 14009: 13952: 13822: 13774: 13769: 13742: 13705: 13611: 13055: 12658: 12523: 11065: 6373:"Origin and development of the Paleohispanic scripts: the orthography and phonology of the Southwestern alphabet" 5683: 5666: 5025: 4417: 4270: 3185: 3046: 2857: 2088: 1081: 773: 605: 17: 9455:

The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History

6347: 5957: 5627:), including the birth of a tourism industry. Spain began to catch up economically with its European neighbors. 5503:

in July–November 1938 was the final desperate attempt by the Republicans to turn the tide. When this failed and

5397: 4781: 4761: 3032: 2068:. These fibulae were used individually or in pairs, as clasps or pins in gold, bronze and glass to join clothes. 1398:—stood out from the rest of the network of colonies, also featuring a more complex sociopolitical organization. 12842: 12675: 12613: 11524: 11373: 10485: 10349: 4591: 4441: 4313: 4073: 3926: 3472:. Arts flourished despite the decline of the empire in the 17th century. The last great writer of the age, Sor 3038: 927: 11121:

Bernecker, Walter L. (2000). "Spain: The Double Breakdown". In Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Mitchell, Jeremy (eds.).

9260: 5471:, despite a Nationalist assault in November 1936, and frustrated subsequent offensives against the capital at 5108: 5030: 14024: 13842: 13616: 13475: 13368: 13181: 13050: 12959: 9993:(2010). "La dictadura de Primo de Rivera y el franquismo ¿un modelo a imitar de dictadura liquidacionista?". 8477:"Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2019 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana" 8460:"Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2018 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana" 5918: 5857: 5837: 5302: 5256: 5150: 5112: 4619: 4334:

had the support of conservatives and he rejected it. He ruled in the authoritarian fashion of his forebears.

4067: 3880: 3827: 3762: 3751: 3743: 3335: 3042: 2795: 2666: 2520: 1137: 1112:

became the center of artistic flourishing. However, Philip's rule also saw the calamitous destruction of the

1093: 671: 426: 304: 11802: 13947: 13911: 13737: 13434: 13206: 12343: 10229: 7029: 5170: 4931:, with the dynastic parties largely disintegrating into factions: the conservatives faced a schism between 4898:, a group of statesmen and intellectuals who demanded liberal change from the new government. However both 4777: 4464: 4409: 4212: 4200: 3922: 3902: 3754:. The victors were Britain, the Dutch Republic and Austria. They allowed the crown of Spain to pass to the 3403: 3361: 3314:

Spain's world empire reached its greatest territorial extent in the late 18th century but it was under the

2226: 2118: 1754:

territories in the southeast, the Visigothic Kingdom eventually encompassed a great part of the peninsula.

1171:

was formed. Ultimately, the political disorder within Spain led to a coup by the military which led to the

1156: 1006: 846: 359: 343: 199: 11037:, cf. José María Lacarra, "Panorama de la historia urbana en la Península Ibérica desde el siglo V al X," 8260: 7308:

Boyd, Carolyn P. (2002). "The Second Battle of Covadonga: The Politics of Commemoration in Modern Spain".

5952:, mostly from Latin America, eastern Europe and north Africa. Spain had the fourth largest economy in the 5604:, Spain gradually relinquished its remaining African colonies. Spanish Guinea was granted independence as 5088:

hit in 1929. In early 1930 bankruptcy and massive unpopularity forced the king to remove Primo de Rivera.

3853: 3001:, a powerful, far-reaching territory that assured Spain's future political security. Isabella's only son, 14014: 13538: 13009: 13004: 12620: 12491: 11368: 6597:), controlled by a land owning aristocracy, were superimposed on the existing Iberian landholding system. 5252: 4976: 4728: 4644: 4609: 4601: 4553: 4404: 3702:, which had its markets in northern Europe reduced by war and growing competition from cheaper textiles. 3395: 3264:

in the 16th and 17th centuries. For a time, the Spanish Empire dominated the oceans with its experienced

3059: 1951:, converted to Catholicism and launched a movement to unify the various religious doctrines in Hispania. 1707: 1192: 873: 485: 11591: 10128: 9990: 9618:

A Time of triumph and of sorrow : spanish politics during the reign of Alfonso XII : 1874–1885

7961: 5937:

of the atrocity, it has been argued that the outcome of the election has been influenced by this event.

5259:. The coup failed everywhere but in the Catholic heartland (Galicia, Old Castile and Navarre), Morocco, 4499: 3999:, Charles IV embarked on policies that overturned much of Charles III's reforms. After briefly opposing 3367:

In the 1560s, plans to consolidate control of the Netherlands led to unrest, which gradually led to the

1163:

led to losses of Spanish colonial possessions and a series of military dictatorships, during which King

54: 13874: 13571: 13501: 13449: 13401: 13293: 13288: 13065: 13060: 12516: 12096: 7880:

of contact or communication. The Spaniards adopted the policy of divide et impera (divide and conquer).

6996: 6888: 6240: 5552: 5225:. It was supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. The rebels (backed among other by traditionalist 4518: 4421: 3988:, which ended the American Revolutionary War (1775–83), and gained an improved international standing. 3910: 3616: 2971: 2422:

had paid great attention to the expansion of an organized military, building the strongest navy in the

1514: 820: 794: 248: 10875: 5960:", with an estimated 700,000, or 1.5% of total population, leaving the country between 2008 and 2013. 4927:

The bipartisan system began to collapse in the later years of the constitutional part of the reign of

4716: 4526: 3557:, wrote possibly as many as one thousand plays over his lifetime, over four hundred of which survive. 2454:

managed to escape to al-Andalus and declared it independent. The state founded by him is known as the

14357: 14268: 14048: 13974: 13720: 13664: 13659: 13035: 12789: 12750: 12384: 11738: 6235: 5059: 4859: 4855: 4772:(the son of former queen Isabella II). The ongoing Carlist insurrection was eventually put down. The 4545: 4492: 4004: 3965: 3632: 2807: 2765:

In the 13th century many universities were founded in León and in Castile. Some, such as the Leonese

1855: 1673: 1188: 1151:, when Spain became a French puppet state. Concurrent with, and following, the Napoleonic period the 920: 856: 841: 734: 679: 34: 12269: 11690: 10780: 6900: 5925:, killing 191 and injuring thousands. The election, held three days later, was won by the PSOE, and 4757: 4471:. Zumalacárregui resuscitated the Carlist cause, and by 1835 had driven the Christino armies to the 4239:, with Joseph Bonaparte playing a minor role as king at Madrid. The brutal war was one of the first 3809: 3513: 1802: 14243: 13889: 13764: 13561: 13406: 13253: 12039: 5940:

In the wake of its joining the EEC, Spain experienced an economic boom, cut painfully short by the

4868: 4863: 4843: 4633: 3995:(1788 to abdication in 1808), seen by some as mentally handicapped. Dominated by his wife's lover, 3689: 3512:

Some of Spain's greatest music is regarded as having been written in the period. Such composers as

3002: 2751: 2651: 2234: 1846:

conquered all of Hispania and ruled it until the early 8th century, when the peninsula fell to the

1520: 1488:). Celtiberians developed a refined technique of iron-forging, displayed in their quality weapons. 1160: 999: 589: 581: 518: 192: 135: 11873: 4768:

Following the success of a December 1874 military coup the monarchy was restored in the person of

3473: 3179: 2328:; following the conquest, conversion and arabization of the Hispano-Roman population took place, ( 2114: 14004: 13862: 13601: 13411: 13373: 13040: 12698: 12136:

Defenders of the Faith: Charles V, Suleyman the Magnificent, and the Battle for Europe, 1520–1536

5886: 5679: 5448: 5330: 5124: 5055: 4284: 4019:, with enormous human and property losses, and loss of control over most of the overseas empire. 3879:

had been more receptive to the royal wish. Spain became culturally and politically a follower of

3576:, and a variety of government monopolies and interventions. Spanish kings were forced to declare 3408: 3174: 2833:

In the 15th century, the most important among all of the Christian kingdoms that made up the old

2766: 2758:

that it became the official language. Henceforth all public documents were written in Castilian.

2677: 2644: 2384: 1743: 1726:

arrived in Hispania by crossing the Pyrenees mountain range, leading to the establishment of the

1546: 1277:

suggests developed cultures existed in the eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula during the late

1168: 632: 7894:"Reviving the Reconquista in Southeast Asia: Moros and the Making of the Philippines, 1565–1662" 6871: 5460: 5192: 5153:. The dominant bloc emerging from the election, an alliance of liberals and socialists, brought 5142: 4958: 4252:

in 1813, an allied army under the Duke of Wellington decisively defeated the French and in 1814

3814:

Recognition of the Duke of Anjou as King of Spain, under the name of Philip V, November 16, 1700

3746:

ensued in which the other European powers tried to assume control of the Spanish monarchy. King

3735: 2497: 2486: 1767:, tribes enlisted to serve in Roman armies and given land as payment, while others, such as the 1029:, Christians from the north gradually expanded their control over Iberia, a period known as the 13942: 13591: 13581: 13353: 12864: 12693: 12223: 11987: 11033: 9796:"Moral Strength Through Material Defeat? The Consequences of 1898 for Spanish Military Culture" 7565: 5934: 5631: 5578: 5441: 5375: 5326: 5310: 5047: 4997: 4675: 4661: 4331: 4161: 4135: 4094: 3985: 3977: 3906: 3858: 3654: 3502: 3084: 2872: 2815: 2513: 1847: 1441:

and Akra Leuké (both founded by Punics), as well as the network of old Phoenician settlements.

1069: 807: 534: 335: 13785: 11287: 11094: 10475: 9426: 9359: 9297: 9194: 9137: 9110: 9083: 9056: 8908: 8643: 8231: 8144: 8003: 7855: 7783: 7486: 7459: 7234: 7162: 7123: 6977: 6946: 6803: 5184:

in general elections for the first time. The Republic devolved substantial self-government to

4748: 4585: 1638:

did not lead to the same wholesale destruction of classical society as happened in areas like

502: 14281: 14238: 14135: 14095: 14070: 13879: 13827: 13494: 13323: 13283: 13263: 13243: 13146: 12944: 12809: 12281:

Herzberger, David K. "Narrating the past: History and the Novel of Memory in Postwar Spain."

11995: 11646: 11348: 10448: 10223: 10194: 9453: 9401: 9029: 8846: 8819: 8632:, p. 71 Charles III "was probably the most successful European ruler of his generation". 6845: 6755: 6230: 5930: 5904: 5784: 5780: 5715: 5563: 5476: 5354: 5286:

People's militias attacking on a Rebel position in Somosierra in the early stages of the war.

4549: 4537: 4485: 4150: 3945: 3033:

Conquest of the Canary Islands, Columbian expeditions to the New World, and African expansion

3022: 2865: 2359:(literally meaning "slavs", although they were slaves of generic European origin) as well as 2018: 2000: 1164: 1065: 861: 851: 781: 573: 11098: 9689: 9240: 8127: 6372: 4342:. When armies throughout Spain pronounced themselves in sympathy with the revolters, led by 3913:

in February 1720; Philip V abandoned all claims on Italy. Later, however, Spain reconquered

2754:, Castilian began to be used for certain types of documents, and it was during the reign of 1108:

flourished, the Spanish Empire reached its territorial and economic peak, and his palace at

367: 14168: 14100: 14090: 13937: 13896: 13884: 13551: 13439: 13258: 12999: 12994: 12934: 12869: 12774: 12444: 11652: 11494: 11126: 9516:"A Time of Triumph and Sorrow: Spanish Politics during the Reign of Alfonso XII, 1874–1885" 8381: 7002: 6563: 5945: 5864: 5792: 5635: 4975:

distress (with mounting inflation, shortage of basic goods and extreme income inequality).

4895: 4805: 4769: 4739: 4533: 4447: 4437: 4327: 4174: 4042: 4012: 4000: 3949: 3867: 3774: 3588: 3372: 3102:

Spain established colonies in North Africa that ranged from the Atlantic Moroccan coast to

3088: 3014: 2967: 2908: 2861: 2825: 2755: 2474: 2376: 2138: 2110: 1635: 1616: 1368: 1125: 1121: 991: 557: 312: 160: 12094:

Phillips, Carla Rahn. "Time and Duration: A Model for the Economy of Early Modern Spain,"

11430: 9723: 7329: 5412:, they used it as a signal to act while the Republican leadership was confused and inert. 5405: 4502:, a moderate, who was in turn perceived as too reactionary. Another Carlist uprising, the 3318:

dynasty in the 16th and 17th centuries it reached the peak of its power and declined. The

1695: 1254:

some 35,000 years ago. The most conspicuous sign of prehistoric human settlements are the

8: 14218: 14105: 14085: 14075: 13857: 13832: 13596: 13459: 13444: 13391: 13338: 13333: 13308: 13166: 12964: 12894: 12837: 12754: 12580: 11496: 10808:"Spanish Economy Sinks Further Into Recession, Q4 GDP Down 0.6% Quarterly: Bank of Spain" 9735: 9652:"Claves históricas y educativas de la Restauración y de la Segunda República (1876–1936)" 7429: 7423: 5949: 5868: 5747: 5735: 5548: 5496: 5484: 5181: 5070: 5006: 4773: 4706: 4565: 4552:, his own political project. Following attacks on Ceuta by tribesmen based in Morocco, a 4477: 4244:

years behind his fortresses in Portugal while launching occasional campaigns into Spain.

4127: 4119: 3992: 3961: 3819: 3786: 3747: 3710: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3611: 3584: 3544: 3420: 3398:, and the weakness of the native economy became evident in the following century. Rising 3018: 2983: 2904: 2853: 2846: 2724: 2392: 2380: 2372: 2290: 2282: 2148: 1865: 1836: 1786:

around 360, even before they were pushed into imperial territory by the expansion of the

1286: 1133: 1124:, whereby it tried and failed to recapture the newly independent Dutch Republic, and the 1077: 1058: 1014: 975: 550: 383: 140: 96: 13429: 13081: 12448: 10991:, but a twelfth-century foundation for this city is given in contemporary sources, (ii) 8285:

Connor, Walker (1978). "A Nation is a Nation, is a State, is an Ethnic Group, is a...".

6679:(these latter two provinces were created and then dissolved in the 3rd century AD). 6279: 5711: 5211: 5098: 4596: 4227: 4108: 3972:, a British ally, but suffered a series of military defeats and ended up having to cede 3055:

Christopher Columbus leads expedition to the New World, 1492, sponsored by Spanish crown

2057: 1033:. As they expanded southward, a number of Christian kingdoms were formed, including the 14213: 14208: 14110: 14080: 14029: 13869: 13852: 13791: 13688: 13654: 13546: 13363: 13313: 13273: 13226: 13221: 13211: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13171: 13156: 13151: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13070: 12974: 12758: 12710: 12705: 12608: 12598: 12555: 12547: 12473: 12432: 11791: 11470: 11398: 11082: 11000: 10429: 10091: 10083: 9973: 9968:(2003), "Ministers and Regimes in Spain: From First to Second Restoration, 1874–2001", 9918: 9543: 9010: 8800: 8706: 8698: 8539: 7913: 7751:

Religious Refugees in the Early Modern World: An Alternative History of the Reformation

7607: 7550: 7387:"¡Pelayo vive! un arquetipo político en el horizonte ideológico del reino astur-leonés" 7325: 6648: 5500: 4950: 4912: 4640: 4468: 4368: 4292: 4288: 4275: 4131: 4008: 3938: 3898: 3603: 3592: 3494: 3436: 3342: 3330: 3307: 3303: 3261: 3138: 2991: 2838: 2803: 2783: 2700: 2611: 2455: 2278: 2212: 2194: 2182: 2130: 1940: 1932: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1843: 1822: 1794: 1779: 1739: 1687: 1669: 1619:

in the 5th century, parts of Hispania came under the control of the Germanic tribes of

1593: 1383: 1379: 1216: 1105: 1101: 1042: 1034: 1022: 663: 476: 467: 280: 168: 71: 5845: 5810: 5623:

The latter years of Franco's rule saw some economic and political liberalization (the

5487:

on the afternoon of 26 April 1937 – a mission used as a testing ground for the German

4196: 3742:

The Habsburg dynasty became extinct in Spain with Charles II's death in 1700, and the

3498: 1473: 1038: 458: 351: 14228: 14140: 14125: 14120: 14060: 13999: 13989: 13901: 13810: 13796: 13752: 13731: 13669: 13454: 13396: 13358: 13348: 13328: 13318: 13303: 13298: 13278: 13248: 13216: 13201: 13176: 13112: 12949: 12924: 12904: 12884: 12874: 12764: 12746: 12715: 12648: 12565: 12539: 12478: 12460: 12401:"WWW-VL History – Spanish History Index – VL Historia – Indice de Historia de España" 12229: 11927: 11883: 11827: 11765: 11726: 11712: 11675: 11656: 11631: 11606: 11573: 11549: 11462: 11439: 11415: 11390: 11354: 11335: 11314: 11293: 11272: 11253: 11229: 11219: 11198: 11188: 11166: 11130: 11109: 10883: 10855: 10735: 10702: 10692: 10667: 10657: 10588: 10563: 10553: 10518: 10481: 10454: 10433: 10402:"Land inequality and numeracy in Spain during the seventeenth and eighteenth century" 10382: 10372: 10345: 10233: 10147: 10133:"Experiencia en combate. Continuidad y cambios en la violencia represiva (1931–1939)" 10095: 10075: 9998: 9930: 9823: 9815: 9776: 9704: 9670: 9632: 9622: 9570: 9535: 9496: 9486: 9459: 9432: 9405: 9394: 9365: 9340: 9330: 9303: 9227: 9200: 9170: 9143: 9116: 9089: 9062: 9035: 9002: 8951: 8941: 8914: 8889: 8879: 8852: 8825: 8792: 8751: 8710: 8690: 8649: 8612: 8602: 8572: 8531: 8439: 8414: 8389: 8361: 8317: 8212: 8177: 8150: 8106: 8053: 8043: 8009: 7972: 7940: 7917: 7893: 7861: 7836: 7826: 7787: 7776: 7754: 7696: 7573: 7529: 7519: 7492: 7465: 7433: 7405: 7361: 7240: 7168: 6983: 6956: 6851: 6809: 6734: 6724: 6387: 6328: 6318: 6255: 6250: 5605: 5513: 5295: 5279:), where the putschists were crushed by the combined action of workers and peasants. 5246: 5074: 5035: 4851: 4481: 4451: 4389: 4249: 4240: 4188: 3918: 3914: 3847: 3835: 3823: 3673: 3577: 3525: 3346: 3323: 3282: 3206: 3134: 3026: 2998: 2975: 2918: 2888: 2842: 2773: 2740: 2716: 2708: 2692: 2665:

invasion, who were defeated by an alliance of the Christian kingdoms in the decisive

2493: 2466: 2447: 2431: 2423: 2298: 2266: 2061: 1885: 1869: 1747: 1651: 1647: 1609: 1330: 1294: 1290: 1172: 1141: 1046: 1018: 963: 959: 687: 526: 441: 12167:

Crown and Cortes. Government Institutions and Representation in Early-Modern Castile

11707: 11160: 10946: 9724:"An Unwanted War: The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895–1898" 9590: 6640: 5788: 4145: 2293:. Tariq's commander, Musa, quickly crossed with Arab reinforcements, and by 718 the 2078:

inlays and are generally rectangular in shape, with copper alloy, garnets and glass.

14322: 14315: 14160: 14019: 13925: 13847: 13757: 13725: 13639: 13521: 13268: 13238: 12939: 12854: 12799: 12769: 12720: 12680: 12663: 12653: 12588: 12560: 12468: 12452: 11702: 11623: 11382: 11329: 11074: 11031:), mentioned as founded by Reccared in the fifteenth-century geographical account, 10727: 10510: 10419: 10409: 10067: 9977: 9922: 9807: 9768: 9731: 9527: 8994: 8784: 8743: 8682: 8564: 8523: 8294: 8204: 7905: 7317: 6634: 5813:

signing the treaty of accession to the European Economic Community on 12 June 1985.

5739: 5731: 5699: 5574: 5559: 5539: 5472: 5433: 5367: 5222: 5085: 5017: 4916: 4872: 4836: 4503: 4343: 4170: 4139: 4089: 3876: 3770: 3672:, found the temptation to exploit a weakened Spain too great. Louis instigated the 3566: 3399: 3376: 2979: 2894: 2876: 2728: 2720: 2712: 2704: 2696: 1884:

in the south-east. Muslim rule in Granada survived until 1492, when it fell to the

1751: 1703: 1492: 1453: 1422: 1180: 1097: 1050: 1026: 11453:

Marín-Guzmán, Roberto (1991). "Ethnic groups and social classes in Muslim Spain".

8298: 6652: 5314: 5169:

privately developed a strong contempt towards Azaña. The new parliament drafted a

5162: 4752:

1894 satirical cartoon depicting the tacit accord for seamless government change (

4639:

Two years later, in 1870, the Cortes declared that Spain would again have a king.

3517: 3228:

In the 1520s, large-scale extraction of silver from the rich deposits of Mexico's

2371:

In what should not have amounted to much more than a skirmish (later magnified by

1727: 1561: 1242:; a flint tool found there dates from 1.4 million years ago, and early human 14188: 14183: 13979: 13674: 13606: 12979: 12954: 12742: 12725: 12570: 12328:

Viñao, Antonio. "From dictatorship to democracy: history of education in Spain."

12115:

Enterprise and Adventure: The Genoese in Seville and the Opening of the New World

11943: 11567: 11543: 11308: 11246: 10988: 10582: 9562: 9221: 9164: 8100: 7591:

Elter, I. (1981). "Remarks on Ibn Hayyan's report on the Magyar raids on Spain".

7351: 6949:. In William Whobrey; Brian Murdoch; James N. Hardin; Malcolm Kevin Read (eds.). 5948:, especially from the United Kingdom, but also including unknown but substantial 5894: 5727: 5624: 5529: 5468: 5453: 4880: 4711: 4362: 4296: 4115: 4037:

depicting a meeting of members of the aristocracy in the aforementioned location.

3996: 3889: 3888:

Philip V culminated in much more important reforms of Charles III. The historian

3872: 3766: 3755: 3620: 3210: 3017:, strengthening the link forged by her older sister's marriage. Her fifth child, 3009:, further strengthening ties with the Habsburg dynasty. Isabella's fourth child, 2934: 2880: 2732: 2569: 2451: 2314: 2274: 2101:

During their governance of Hispania, the Visigoths built several churches in the

2049: 1897: 1758: 1259: 1129: 1054: 995: 750: 711: 401: 10055: 9795: 9594: 7690: 5196: 5154: 4780:, witnessed the installment of an uncompetitive parliamentary system devised by 4061: 3842: 3543:

Spanish literature blossomed as well, most famously demonstrated in the work of

3341:

In 1556 Charles abdicated, giving his Spanish empire to his only surviving son,

2938: 2426:

era (the second major Arab dynasty after Mohammad and the first Arab dynasty of

2391:

chieftain. The consolidation of a Christian polity that came to be known as the

1525: 14331: 14248: 14223: 14150: 14065: 13649: 13576: 12929: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12889: 12879: 12794: 12737: 12630: 12593: 12298: 11951: 10609: 10414: 10401: 10071: 9811: 9651: 7321: 5968: 5909: 5776: 5703: 5643: 5590: 5464: 4888: 4884: 4541: 4522: 4397: 4384: 4236: 4084: 4016: 3930: 3706: 3658: 3465: 3446: 3388: 3384: 3286:

Catholicism in Europe played a strong role in the expansion of Spain's empire.

3242: 3156: 3150: 3103: 3072: 2963:") or be expelled. In the early 17th century, the converts were also expelled. 2930: 2799: 2565: 2544:. Muslim interest in the peninsula returned in force around the year 1000 when 2536: 2360: 2310: 2302: 2254: 1931:

Spanish Catholicism also coalesced during this time. The period of rule by the

1925: 1481: 1469: 1457: 1403: 1399: 1326: 1238:

representatives living in Western Europe has been found in the Spanish cave of

1196: 1148: 1128:, which resulted in continued decline of Habsburg power in favor of the French 1117: 1113: 1089: 1073: 1061:

is generally dated from the union of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon in 1469.

906: 718: 647: 410: 328: 272: 11948:

Trade and Navigation between Spain and the Indies in the Time of the Hapsburgs

11202: 10567: 10502: 8955: 8057: 7566:"Santa Coloma de Farners a l'Alta Edat Mitjana: La vila, l'ermita, el castell" 7533: 6738: 4034: 3781:. And like other European nation-states in formation, it was not on a uniform 3497:, invited the attention of some of Europe's greatest architects and painters. 3289: 3161: 2561: 1797:

two years earlier, arrived in Gaul in 412, founding the Visigothic kingdom of

1569: 1221: 14351: 14289: 14145: 13025: 12824: 12464: 12179: 11716: 11610: 11510:"El final de la utopía. Los intelectuales y el referéndum de la OTAN en 1986" 11466: 11394: 11233: 11113: 10887: 10706: 10671: 10514: 10151: 10079: 9819: 9780: 9708: 9674: 9636: 9595:"Ministers and Regimes in Spain: From First to Second Restoration, 1874–2001" 9539: 9500: 9344: 9006: 8796: 8694: 8616: 8535: 8216: 8181: 7976: 7962:"Auge y decadencia del puerto de Sevilla como cabecera de las rutas indianas" 7840: 7577: 7409: 7346:

García-Guijarro Ramos, Luis (2016). "Christian expansion in medieval Iberia:

6720:

Vandals to Visigoths : rural settlement patterns in early Medieval Spain

6692: 6391: 6332: 5971:. It has a small voice in international organizations; it is not part of the 5492: 5371: 4966: 4648: 4600:

Members of the provisional government after the 1868 Glorious Revolution, by

4253: 3705:

The once proud Spanish army was falling far behind its foes. It did badly at

3537: 3357: 3319: 3178:

colonization began with the Canary Islands in 1312 and 1402. which began the

3170: 3075:, inhabited by Guanche people, took place between 1402 (with the conquest of 2860:(1475–1479). Contenders for the throne of Castile were Henry's one-time heir 2553: 2353:). Besides slaves of Iberian origin, the slave population also comprised the 2270: 2072: 1806: 1746:

Visigoths entered Hispania in 415. After the conversion of their monarchy to

1735: 1639: 1438: 1421:). By the 6th century BC, much of the territory of southern Iberia passed to 1395: 1322: 1263: 1255: 1184: 1085: 1017:, the region remained under the control of Muslim-led states for much of the 978:, the peninsula was the site of multiple successive colonizations of Greeks, 742: 288: 12456: 12313: 11890:

Spain in the Twentieth-Century World: Essays on Spanish Diplomacy, 1898–1978

8558: 8314:

Repressió borbònica i resistència identitària a la Catalunya del segle XVIII

5630:

Franco ruled until his death on 20 November 1975, when control was given to

4291:

of Venezuela defeated the last Spanish forces; the final defeat came at the

2769:

and the Castilian Palencia, were among the earliest universities in Europe.

2285:, they won a decisive victory in the summer of 711 when the Visigothic King 1778:

At the same time, there was a process of "Romanization" of the Germanic and

1750:

and after conquering the disordered Suebic territories in the northwest and

14336: 14294: 14178: 14034: 12984: 12814: 12685: 12603: 12482: 12408: 12318:

Payne, Stanley G. “Jaime Vicens Vives and the Writing of Spanish History.”

11736: 11244:

Collins, Roger (2000). "Visigothic Spain, 409–711". In Raymond Carr (ed.).

10785: 10635: 9965: 9827: 8893: 8737: 8645:

Democratic Enlightenment:Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights 1750–1790

8568: 8338: 8208: 8039:

Early Latin America : a history of colonial Spanish America and Brazil

7035: 5964: 5363: 5318: 5306: 4992: 4933: 4928: 4809: 4785: 3822:

died in 1700, and having no direct heir, was succeeded by his great-nephew

3804: 3782: 3778: 3573: 3554: 3529: 3460: 3265: 3194: 3096: 2619: 2509: 2134: 2133:

is a Visigothic chapel from the mid 7th century, built during the reign of

2075: 2026: 1992: 1605: 1589: 1542: 1529: 1496: 1477: 1464: 1356: 1302: 1270: 979: 892: 11627: 10503:"The Clash of Spanish Armies: Contrasting Ways of War in Spain, 1936–1939" 10386: 9926: 9756: 8747: 8196: 8074: 7909: 6611: 6278:. British Broadcasting Corporation. BBC News. 30 June 2007. Archived from 5854:

A referendum on whether Spain should remain in NATO was held in March 1986

5291: 5221:

A devastating 1936–39 civil war was won in 1939 by the rebel forces under

3960:– the economy improved. Fearing that Britain's victory over France in the 3441: 3248: 3051: 2305:

was only stopped in what is now north-central France by the West Germanic

1987: 14276: 14173: 13566: 12969: 12847: 12832: 12804: 12640: 11782:(2010); the second book in the trilogy Published in the United States as 11063:Álvarez, José E. (1999). "Between Gallipoli and D-Day: Alhucemas, 1925". 10731: 9772: 9482:

Toward a new Spain, the Spanish revolution of 1868 and the first republic

9326:

Spain in the liberal age : from Constitution to Civil War, 1808–1939

9259:

Santiago-Caballero, Carlos; Prados de la Escosura, Leandro (April 2018).

8910:

Spain and Portugal: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present

8671:"Money and Economic Recovery in Spain under the First Bourbon, 1701–1746" 5723: 5639: 5483:

fell in late 1937 and the Aragon front collapsed shortly afterwards. The

5103: 5066: 5051: 5050:

that installed a dictatorship led by the latter. The regime enforced the

4906:

on the right grew rapidly in the early 20th century. A revolt in 1909 in

4614: 4047: 3699: 3694: 3549: 3521: 3489: 3218: 3202: 2914: 2900: 2658: 2654:

was the scene of almost constant warfare between Muslims and Christians.

2615: 2603:

harshly. Faced with the choice of death, conversion, or emigration, many

2557: 2238: 2198: 2163:

and to serve as Reccared's seat as co-king in the Visigothic province of

2160: 2038: 2022: 1996: 1944: 1917: 1903: 1860: 1360: 1310: 1246:

date to roughly 1.2 million years ago. Modern humans in the form of

1109: 1049:. They eventually consolidated into two roughly equivalent polities, the 1030: 971: 256: 215: 12067:(University of Wisconsin Press; 2011) 304 pages; short scholarly history 12029:

Enlightenment, governance, and reform in Spain and its empire, 1759–1808

11672:

Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict

11620:

The Agony of Spanish Liberalism. From Revolution to Dictatorship 1913–23

11584: 11560: 11474: 11334:. Vol. 3. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America. 10975:

According to E. A Thompson, "The Barbarian Kingdoms in Gaul and Spain",

10547: 10424: 9915:

The Agony of Spanish Liberalism. From Revolution to Dictatorship 1913–23

4694:, and pressure from the Catholic Church against the fledgling republic. 4454:(1833–39). Isabella was only three years old at the time so her mother, 2687:(1492), the first grammar of a modern European language to be published. 2478: 2250:

Hispania and its regional divisions in 700, prior to the Muslim conquest

2013:

In Spain, an important collection of Visigothic metalwork was found in

1407: 12732: 12433:"The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years" 12323: 12187: 12153: 12108: 12054: 12022: 11975: 11917: 11900: 11863: 11853:

Emigrants and Society, Extremadura and America in the Sixteenth Century

11848: 11402: 11339: 11238: 10959: 10721: 9258: 9014: 8804: 8702: 8670: 8543: 6589: 5158: 4949:. The liberal camp split into the mainstream liberals followers of the 4800: 4789: 4472: 4460: 3718: 3685: 3653:

The Spanish "Golden Age" politically ends no later than 1659, with the

3533: 3268:

and ruled the European battlefield with its well trained infantry, the

3229: 2528: 2435: 2427: 2419: 2258: 2230: 2164: 2144: 2053: 1851: 1601: 1282: 1247: 1010: 207: 12286: 11956:

Israel, Jonathan I. "Debate—The Decline of Spain: A Historical Myth,"

11182: 11086: 10087: 9547: 8935: 8848:

America's Dirty Wars: Irregular Warfare from 1776 to the War on Terror

8316:(in Catalan). Departament de Justícia de la Generalitat de Catalunya. 8037: 7513: 6718: 4733: 4326:, that had forced the French to leave Spain, had sworn by the liberal 3326:

revolted against Spanish rule and reasserted Portugal's independence.

2151:, is an archaeological site of one of at least four cities founded in 2141:. These are the only remains of the Visigothic cathedral of Palencia. 2033:

from the royal workshop in Toledo, with signs of Byzantine influence.

1425:'s overarching influence (featuring two centres of Punic influence in 14130: 13837: 12779: 11880:

The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II

11213: 11016: 10686: 10651: 9616: 9480: 9324: 8982: 8772: 8596: 8511: 8171: 7820: 7564:

Font, Gemma; Rams, Josep M. Llorens i; Pujadas, Sandra (1994-01-11).

7357: 6312: 5719: 5707: 5687: 5586: 5504: 5488: 5382: 5268: 5234: 5230: 5185: 4945: 4907: 4899: 4691: 4623: 4557: 4507: 4098:

was the beginning of the popular Spanish resistance against Napoleon.

3981: 3560: 3484: 3477: 3368: 3233: 3092: 3076: 2573: 2524: 2401: 2383:. The figure of Pelagius, a by-product of the Asturian chronicles of 2156: 2106: 1810: 1772: 1763: 1731: 1711: 1682: 1628: 1553: 1549:, and local leaders were admitted into the Roman aristocratic class. 1364: 1318: 1306: 1278: 1204: 1203:

in 1998. Juan Carlos abdicated in 2014, and was succeeded by his son

983: 12508: 11386: 9515: 8998: 8788: 8527: 5589:

by the United Kingdom, and gained some support for its cause at the

3402:, financially draining wars in Europe, the ongoing aftermath of the 3338:

and because of his widely scattered domains was not often in Spain.

3299: 3237: 2868:, supported by the Kingdom of Aragon and by the Castilian nobility. 2504:

province. The first navy of the Emir of Córdoba was built after the

13556: 12989: 12784: 11914:

Spain in the Liberal Age: From Constitution to Civil War, 1808–1939

11123:

Conditions of Democracy in Europe, 1919–39. Systematic Case Studies

11078: 10996: 10631:"Victims of Spanish 'stolen babies network' call for investigation" 10614: 9531: 9271: 8873: 8686: 7023:

National Archaeological Museum-Museo Arqueológico Nacional of Spain

5953: 5922: 5695: 5601: 5401: 5350: 5272: 5260: 5207: 4939: 4816: 4628: 4166: 4104: 3934: 3721:, repulsing three relief armies and dooming the Spanish to defeat. 3717:

in 1629. In 1632 the Dutch captured the strategic fortress town of

3506: 3469: 3451: 3315: 3124: 3080: 2960: 2834: 2545: 2482: 2461: 2443: 2405: 2355: 2334: 2247: 2190: 2186: 2152: 2102: 2042: 2014: 1948: 1936: 1902:

or Lex Visigothorum (654), also known as the Book of Judges, which

1798: 1783: 1691: 1577: 1565: 1557: 1537: 1508: 1502: 1352: 1314: 1298: 1274: 1251: 1200: 987: 127: 112: 12122:

Aristocrats and Traders: Sevillan Society in the Sixteenth Century

10366: 9270:. European Historical Economics Society. p. 1. Archived from 8126:

Fernández-Renau Atienza, Daniel; Howden, David (21 January 2016),

7641: 6348:"The invasion that wiped out every man from Spain 4,500 years ago" 5944:

of 2008. During the boom years, Spain attracted a large number of

5799:

before Calvo-Sotelo left office. Along with political change came

5309:, while since the very beginning they also enjoyed the support of 5188:

and, for a brief period in wartime, also to the Basque Provinces.

5137:

Celebrations of the proclamation of the 2nd Republic in Barcelona.

4831: 4180: 3637: 3505:, leaving several portraits that demonstrate his style and skill. 3415: 2864:, supported by Portugal and France, and Henry's half-sister Queen 2634: 2243: 2121:, Santa Lucía del Trampal in Alcuéscar, Santa Comba in Bande, and 1444: 1402:

arrived on the Peninsula by the late 7th century BC. They founded

13486: 12859: 12670: 12079:

Enrique IV and the Crisis of Fifteenth-Century Castile, 1425–1480

11028: 11012: 10963: 10781:"Spain attracts record levels of immigrants seeking jobs and sun" 9995:

Novísima: II Congreso Internacional de Historia de Nuestro Tiempo

9846: 9834: 9188: 9186: 6660: 5980: 5874: 5783:

entered the Congress of Deputies, and stopped the session, where

5759: 5751: 5617: 5597: 5437: 5226: 5215: 5046:

Alfonso XIII tacitly endorsed the September 1923 coup by General

5039: 5013: 4903: 4687: 4679: 3973: 3253: 3115: 3107: 2926: 2871:

Isabella retained the throne and ruled jointly with her husband,

2738:

One example of this is the oldest preserved Castilian epic poem,

2662: 2473:

The Vikings invaded Galicia in 844, but were heavily defeated by

2409: 2397: 2388: 2350: 2325: 2286: 2065: 1832: 1768: 1719: 1620: 1597: 1585: 1573: 1545:

from the 2nd century BC. The population was gradually culturally

1485: 1434: 1243: 990:, from which the name "Spain" originates. As was the rest of the 597: 12291:

Jover, José María. "Panorama of current Spanish historiography"

11784:

The Golden Empire: Spain, Charles V, and the Creation of America

10205: 10203: 9870: 9858: 9223:

Latin American Revolutions, 1808–1826: Old and New World Origins

8494:"Comportament lingüístic davant dels cossos policials espanyols" 4812:, initially a regency until the latter's coming of age in 1902. 2990:, King of Bohemia (Austria) and likely heir to the crown of the 2895:

Conclusion of the Reconquista and expulsions of Jews and Muslims

2481:. Many of the Vikings' casualties were caused by the Galicians' 2093: 1433:); the latter grip strengthened from the 4th century BC on. The 1374: 12276:

Narrating the past: fiction and historiography in postwar Spain

12259:

Interpreting Spanish Colonialism: Empires, Nations, and Legends

9757:"The Spanish 'Generation of 1898': I. The history of a concept" 6668: 6609: 5691: 5495:– was probably the most infamous event of the war and inspired 5322: 5276: 5264: 5191:

The first cabinets of the Republic were center-left, headed by

4922: 4794: 3875:, unifying them under the laws of Castile, where the Castilian 3625: 3272: 2949: 2945: 2746: 2623: 2614:

was the only independent Muslim realm in Spain, which survived

2599: 2505: 2416: 2339: 2306: 2294: 1955: 1677: 1581: 1147:

Spain's apparent resurgence was cut short by losses during the

967: 176: 12361: 12251:

A Bibliographic Guide to Spanish Diplomatic History, 1460–1977

11938:

American Treasure and the Price Revolution in Spain, 1501–1650

11371:(1959). "The Azaña Regime in Perspective (Spain, 1931–1933)". 9183: 8590: 8588: 8146:

The Count-Duke of Olivares: The Statesman in an Age of Decline

7778:

The Canary Islanders: Their Prehistory, Conquest, and Survival

4879:– to Germany and Spanish colonial possessions were reduced to 3232:

began to be greatly augmented by the silver mines in Mexico's

2003:, (Toledo-Spain) hanging in Madrid. The hanging letters spell 13517: 12429: 11020: 10549:

The Spanish Civil War : reaction, revolution and revenge

10321: 10309: 10297: 10200: 8125: 7652: 7193: 7130: 6482: 6458: 5755: 5613: 5078: 4876: 4862:

and ended in defeat at the hands of the United States in the

4678:(1873–74) was immediately under siege from all quarters. The 4573: 4339: 4062:

War of Spanish Independence and American wars of independence

3952:(1759–88). Under the rule of Charles III and his ministers – 3714: 3380: 3310:

Charles V) was the most powerful European monarch of his day.

3198: 3119: 2953: 2922: 2577: 2501: 2365: 2321: 2126: 2030: 1976: 1959: 1723: 1715: 1624: 1391: 1235: 950: 10760: 8601:. Basil Blackwell Scientific Publications. pp. 67–115. 5881:

Accession Treaty of Spain to the European Economic Community

3692:

has been cited as the cause of inflation, although only the

3165:

Map of territories that were once part of the Spanish Empire

2269:

dominated most of North Africa by 710 AD. In 711 an Islamic

11992:

The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and the New

11412:

El poder naval de Al-Ándalus en la época del califato omeya

10261: 8585: 7401: 7092: 5914: 5796: 5772: 5609: 5600:

ended in 1967. Though militarily victorious in the 1957–58

5016:, the crushing defeat of the Spanish Army in the so-called 4569: 3595:(reigned 1621–65). Much of the policy was conducted by the 3290:

Spanish Kingdoms under the 'Great' Habsburgs (16th century)

3111: 2604: 2439: 2205: 1787: 1706:

to invade Hispania arrived in the 5th century, as the

1643: 1418: 1231: 982:, and Romans. Native peoples of the peninsula, such as the 84: 12283:

Publications of the Modern Language Association of America

12184:

Spain: From Dictatorship to Democracy, 1939 to the Present

11548:. Vol. 1 Before 1700. University of Wisconsin Press. 11099:"El sistema colonial fenicio y sus pautas de organización" 10908:"La nueva emigración española. Lo que sabemos y lo que no" 10251: 10249: 9569:. Westport & London: Greenwood Press. pp. 20–21. 8717: 7289: 7277: 7265: 7253: 7205: 7181: 7142: 5919:

terrorist bombs exploded on busy commuter trains in Madrid

5612:

had been ceded to Morocco in 1969. Two cities in Africa,

5396:(FAI) and by anti-democratic far-right groups such as the 5009:, whose bourgeois was emboldened by the economic upswing. 4078: 3991:

However, there were no reforming impulses in the reign of

3391:—costing 10 million ducats—was scattered by a storm. 2820: 2277:, was sent to Hispania to intervene in a civil war in the 1351:

the major cultures along the Mediterranean coast were the

1250:

began arriving in the Iberian Peninsula from north of the

1116:, numerous state bankruptcies and the independence of the 1088:

of Spain during the subsequent decades helped establish a

13111: 11691:"El referendum sobre la permanencia de España en la OTAN" 11572:. Vol. 2 After 1700. University of Wisconsin Press. 10958:

Important findings have also been made in the Visigothic

10852:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

10748: 10653:

Franco and Hitler : Spain, Germany, and World War II

10023: 10011: 9894: 9882: 9252: 8436:

Racisme i supremacisme polítics a l'Espanya contemporània

8386:

L'intent franquista de genocidi cultural contra Catalunya

7937:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

7228: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7220: 6827: 6825: 6470: 5976: 4764:), with the country being lied in an allegorical fashion. 4378: 4235:. The Duke of Wellington fought Napoleon's forces in the 2629: 1336: 12129:

The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution, and Revenge

11776:; the first book in a trilogy about the Spanish Empire. 11648:

Twentieth-Century Spain: Politics and Society, 1898–1998

11310:

The Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience

10610:"Spain's stolen babies and the families who lived a lie" 10285: 10273: 10172: 9361:

Encyclopedia of the age of imperialism: 1800–1914. A – K

8411:

Recopilació d'accions genocides contra la nació catalana

7969:

Caravelle. Cahiers du monde hispanique et luso-brésilien

7104: 7044: 12225:

Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing vol 2

10344:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 139–140. 10246: 9567:

Paper Liberals: Press and Politics in Restoration Spain

9249:, pp. 101–105, 122–123, 143–146, 306–309, 379–388. 9196:

Iberia and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History

8771:

Sturgill, Claude C.; Esdaile, Charles (November 1989).

7983: 7822:

Empire : how Spain became a world power, 1492–1763

7733: 7731: 7428:. Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 5972: 5301:

The Rebel faction enjoyed direct military support from

5145:

was installed as the Republic, popularly nicknamed as "

3645:

in June 1660, part of the process to put an end to the

3245:

in its long series of European and North African wars.

2540:, an era of relative religious tolerance, and with the 12426:. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2003. 12012:

Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Empire, 1402–1975

11803:"Los Bárquidas y la conquista de la península ibérica" 10987:, founded by Leovigild and may survive as the city of 10035: 9943: 9261:"The Napoleonic Wars: A Watershed in Spanish History?" 9166:

Vittoria 1813: Wellington Sweeps the French from Spain

8962: 8388:(in Catalan). Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. 8240: 8080: 7217: 6822: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6446: 5787:

was about to be named prime minister. Officially, the

4510:, but it was poorly organized and suppressed by 1849. 4459:

regent, Maria Cristina; these reformists were called "

3792: 3464:) was a period of flourishing arts and letters in the 2396:

population of the mountain region consisted of native

2177:

History of Roman Catholicism in Spain § Visigoths

2097:

Visigothic church, San Pedro de la Nave. Zamora. Spain

2082: 1982: 1782:

tribes. The Visigoths, for example, were converted to

1657: 11967:(3rd ed.) London and New York: Pearson Longman 2005. 10342:

The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939

7345: 7080: 7003:

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, "Belt Buckle 550–600"

6837: 6494: 6422: 5129:

Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic

4655: 4302: 4118:, but the defeat of her army early in the war led to 3583:

Philip II died in 1598, and was succeeded by his son

3426: 3352: 2542:

Golden age of Jewish culture in the Iberian Peninsula

1394:—which sustained strong links with its metropolis of 1285:. Around 2500 BC, the nomadic shepherds known as the 1175:. After much foreign intervention on both sides, the 12084:

Phillips, William D., Jr., and Carla Rahn Phillips.

10109:

Porch, Douglas (2006). "Spain's African Nightmare".

9687: 8983:"The Spanish Ulcer, A History of the Peninsular War" 7800: 7728: 7716: 7394:

Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval

7154: 7127:, p. 21 of Spanish translation, p. 6 of Arabic text. 7056: 6518: 6506: 6286: 5118: 4484:(1836) turned the tide of the war, and in 1839, the 3777:, was the first step in the creation of the Spanish 3610:

with Spain started with a victory for the French at

2997:

This ensured an alliance with the Habsburgs and the

2672: 2204:

While the Visigoths clung to their Arian faith, the

1958:

system in Hispania, based in the south on the Roman

1664:

Spain in the Middle Ages § Early medieval Spain

9299:

Spain, Europe, and the 'Spanish Miracle', 1700–1900

9139:

The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise And Fall Of An Empire

8817: 8311: 7068: 6790: 6698: 6434: 5424:

Two women and a man during the siege of the Alcázar

5165:, the generals, who felt humiliated because of the 5084:The late 1920s were prosperous until the worldwide 4734:

Reign of Alfonso XII and Regency of Maria Christina

4544:. A popular insurrection followed the coup and the 4427: 4307: 4199:created the first modern Spanish constitution, the 3394:Economic and administrative problems multiplied in 3306:(better known in the English-speaking world as the 3091:, who became the first known European to reach the 2465:The Christian kingdoms of Hispania and the Islamic 2320:The Muslim conquerors (also known as "Moors") were 1850:. The Muslim state in Hispania came to be known as 11972:The Hispanic World in Crisis and Change: 1598–1700 11725: 11245: 11019:as a fortification against the Basques, is modern 10477:Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism 9690:"Educación e ideología en la España del siglo XIX" 9514:Payne, Stanley G.; Beck, Earl R. (February 1980). 9393: 8907:Griffin, Julia Ortiz; Griffin, William D. (2007). 8345:(in Catalan) (24). Universitat de València: 45–46. 7775: 7605: 7167:. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. p. 286. 6610:Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). 6410: 6398: 5678:Under its current (1978) constitution, Spain is a 5649: 5585:Under Franco, Spain actively sought the return of 5107:. The later ruler was in turn replaced by Admiral 5073:started to see the beginning of its end after the 4686:, revolts and unrest in the autonomous regions of 4579: 4560:. The later part of Isabella's reign saw also the 4259: 3641:Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain at the 3561:Decline under the 'Minor' Habsburgs (17th century) 1541:was the name used for the Iberian Peninsula under 1076:considered the foundation of a unified Spain. The 1005:Germanic control lasted about 200 years until the 11481: 10827:"Spain's Recession Deepens, Bailout 'Inevitable'" 10584:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939 9852: 9840: 9428:Church, Politics, and Society in Spain, 1750–1874 8981:Blanco, Richard L.; Gates, David (October 1988). 7753:. Cambridge University Press. 2015. p. 108. 5340: 4798:). Election fraud (materialized in the so-called 4556:was successfully waged by generals O'Donnell and 4134:, and Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808 and deposed 3944:The rule of the Spanish Bourbons continued under 1915:was known as the Visigothic Code and also as the 1608:were born in Hispania. Hispanic bishops held the 994:, Spain was subject to the numerous invasions of 14349: 12344:"History of Spain: Primary Documents – EuroDocs" 11688: 10719: 10399: 10127: 9989: 7160: 6294:"Spain – History – Pre-Roman Spain – Prehistory" 2883:were known as the "Catholic Monarchs" (Spanish: 2856:in 1474 set off a struggle for power called the 1503:Roman Hispania (2nd century BC – 5th century AD) 12160:War and Government in Habsburg Spain, 1560–1620 12100:, Vol. 92. No. 3 (June 1987), pp. 531–562. 12072:Politics and Society in Twentieth-Century Spain 11780:The Golden Age: The Spanish Empire of Charles V 11589: 11147:Homenaje a García y Bellido 5. Anejos de Gerión 10400:Pérez-Artés, Mari Carmen; Baten, Joerg (2021). 10371:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 262–276. 10056:"Spain and Her Moroccan Protectorate 1898–1927" 9649: 8821:Corunna 1809: Sir John Moore's Fighting Retreat 8818:Haythornthwaite, Philip; Hook, Christa (2013). 8770: 8510:Church, William F.; Wolf, John B. (July 1952). 8261:"The peace of Utrecht and the balance of power" 8102:The Golden Age: The Spanish Empire of Charles V 7563: 7239:. Cornell University Press. pp. 152, 293. 7232: 6864: 6843: 6801: 6488: 6464: 5775:coup d'état attempt took place. On 23 February 5313:, the power-base of one of the leading rebels, 4756:) between the leaders of two dynastic parties ( 4446:Ferdinand's death in 1833 and the accession of 3758:, provided that Spain and France never merged. 2978:, Isabella's second daughter, married into the 2109:style that survive, including the churches of 1921:. Its influence on law extends to the present. 1880:and by 1250, had reduced Muslim control to the 12201:Spanish Politics and Imperial Trade, 1700–1789 11644: 11617: 11409: 10327: 10315: 10303: 10209: 10190: 10111:MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 9876: 9864: 8906: 8512:"The Emergence of the Great Powers, 1685–1715" 8408: 7959: 7658: 6969: 5875:Spain within the European Union (1993–present) 5523: 5240: 4670:Proclamation of the Spanish Republic in Madrid 4540:, intending to topple the discredited rule of 4488:put an end to the first Carlist insurrection. 3591:. Philip III was succeeded in 1621 by his son 3487:were great patrons of art in their countries. 1963:consent was the king able to summon soldiers. 1954:The Visigoths inherited from Late Antiquity a 13502: 13097: 12524: 9268:EHES Working Papers in Economic History No. 1 8358:La persecució política de la llengua catalana 7606:Gottheil, Richard; Kayserling, Meyer (1906). 5832:) banner can be read on the highrise building 5620:, remain under Spanish rule and sovereignty. 5389: 5204:Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right 5151:Constituent election was called for June 1931 4979:was called for August 1917, supported by the 4011:, led to the invasion of Spain in 1808 under 3984:from France. Spain regained Florida with the 3270: 2933:, and expelled the Jews from Spain under the 2913:The monarchs oversaw the final stages of the 2125:in Quintanilla de las Viñas. The Visigothic 1809:and reached a high point during the reign of 1552:The Romans improved existing cities, such as 1132:. Matters came to a head during the reign of 928: 12303:History and the historians of medieval Spain 12228:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1124–1136. 11897:The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520 11821: 11452: 10622: 9034:. U. of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 26–27. 7695:. Sotelo Blanco Edicións. pp. 182–194. 7295: 7283: 7271: 7259: 7211: 7199: 7187: 7148: 7136: 7098: 5848:as prime minister. On 1 January 1986, Spain 5765:Between 1978 and 1982, Spain was led by the 5202:Following the 1933 election, the right-wing 5111:in February 1931, soon before the scheduled 4923:Crisis of the Restoration system (1913–1931) 4353: 4185:The promulgation of the Constitution of 1812 4114:Spain initially sided against France in the 2552:) sacked Barcelona in 985, and he assaulted 1456:(218–201 BC) waged between Carthage and the 1452:The peninsula was a military theatre of the 1225:Ethnology of the Iberian Peninsula c. 200 BC 12221: 10587:. Princeton University Press. p. 539. 9085:Historical Dictionary of the Napoleonic Era 8980: 8937:Napoleon Bonaparte : His Rise and Fall 8499:. Plataforma per la llengua. December 2019. 8136: 8042:. Cambridge University Press. p. 250. 7995: 7939:. Cambridge University Press. p. 159. 6982:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 512. 6938: 6226:Black Propaganda against Portugal and Spain 5321:sold weapons to the Republican faction and 4991:, seeking to overthrow the government. The 4636:. Isabella was driven into exile in Paris. 4626:revolted against Isabella and defeated her 3954:Leopoldo de Gregorio, Marquis of Esquilache 3536:music, and their influence lasted into the 2568:in 988 and 989, which controlled access to 1448:The Iberian Peninsula in the 3rd century BC 1191:was established in 1978. Spain entered the 13509: 13495: 13104: 13090: 12531: 12517: 12381:"The Decline of Spain: A Historical Myth?" 11507: 11215:Early modern Spain : a social history 10854:. Cambridge University Press. p. 66. 10766: 10754: 10601: 9589: 9351: 8509: 8197:"The Decline of Spain: A Historical Myth?" 8075:Chapter 15 The Seventeenth-Century Decline 7767: 7453: 7451: 7449: 6975: 6651:), whose capital was Emerita Augusta (now 6605: 6603: 5791:failed thanks to the intervention of King 5660: 4776:period, following the proclamation of the 4722: 4400:against the liberal forces in his country. 3606:, in 1635 declared war on Spain. The open 3493:, the great royal monastery built by King 3294: 3182:of the Canary Islands, completed in 1495. 2289:was defeated and killed on July 19 at the 2197:debated the creed and liturgy of orthodox 2147:, located near the tiny modern village of 1854:. After a period of Muslim dominance, the 1343:Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula 935: 921: 12472: 12362:"Spanish History Sources & Documents" 12314:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740022818000220 11706: 11120: 10541: 10539: 10423: 10413: 10017: 9970:Center for European Studies Working Paper 9900: 9888: 9602:Center for European Studies Working Paper 9513: 9396:Politics and the Military in Modern Spain 8169: 7904:(2–3). University of Hawai'i Press: 288. 7853: 7545: 7543: 6808:. Cornell University Press. p. 176. 6631:The Roman provinces of Hispania included 5907:. On 1 January 1999, Spain exchanged the 5836:After earning a sweeping majority at the 4971:faction was later added to the last two. 4792:alternated in control of the government ( 4608:In 1868 another insurgency, known as the 3929:(1740–48), Spain obtained the duchies of 2829:Wedding portrait of the Catholic Monarchs 2037:Two important votive crowns are those of 1009:began in 711. The region became known as 12143:Madrid and the Spanish Economy 1560–1850 11822:Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). 11790:World Without End: The Global Empire of 11143: 10778: 10628: 10053: 9960: 9958: 9912: 9424: 9295: 9162: 9108: 9081: 8933: 8844: 8773:"The Spanish Army in the Peninsular War" 8668: 8648:. Oxford University Press. p. 374. 8360:(in Catalan). Edicions 62. p. 320. 8355: 8258: 8035: 7860:. The Scarecrow Press Inc. p. 374. 7857:Historical Dictionary of the Philippines 7551:"Timelines – Vikings, Saracens, Magyars" 7484: 7421: 7350:or crusade?". In Boas, Adrian J. (ed.). 6850:. Cornell University Press. p. 56. 6452: 6440: 5986: 5816: 5805: 5602:Moroccan invasion of Spanish West Africa 5569: 5533: 5447: 5419: 5344: 5281: 5132: 5029: 4830: 4747: 4697:A coup took place in January 1874, when 4665: 4595: 4512: 4403: 4388: 4269: 4179: 4154:, Napoleon's troops shoot hostages. Goya 4144: 4124:British invasions of the Río de la Plata 4088: 4025: 3852: 3841: 3808: 3636: 3440: 3414: 3356: 3298: 3247: 3184: 3169:The Spanish Empire was one of the first 3160: 3058: 3050: 2824: 2676: 2633: 2460: 2253: 2242: 2092: 1986: 1826: 1681: 1524: 1443: 1413:The Greeks are responsible for the name 1373: 1220: 12206:Woodcock, George. "Anarchism in Spain" 11795:(2014); the third volume in the trilogy 11689:Martínez Sánchez, Juan Antonio (2011). 11438:. Universidad de Alicante. p. 36. 11367: 11285: 11266: 11243: 11062: 10580: 10545: 10267: 10255: 10041: 10029: 9949: 9754: 9322: 9192: 8777:The Hispanic American Historical Review 8482:. Plataforma per la llengua. July 2021. 8465:. Plataforma per la llengua. June 2019. 8246: 8173:The age of the baroque : 1610–1660 8142: 8086: 8001: 7891: 7682: 7570:Annals de l'Institut d'Estudis Gironins 7457: 7446: 7384: 7110: 7050: 6944: 6932: 6704: 6600: 6370: 6310: 5608:in 1968, while the Moroccan enclave of 5253:military coup d'etat in 17–18 July 1936 5251:The Spanish Civil War was started by a 5173:which was approved on 9 December 1931. 4913:Japanese victory against Russia in 1905 4784:, in which two "dynastic" parties, the 4079:War of Spanish Independence (1808–1814) 3709:in 1622. The Dutch won very easily at 2821:Dynastic union of the Catholic Monarchs 1694:, c. 500, showing Territory lost after 1369:development of writing in the peninsula 1092:which was among the largest ever. King 241: 14: 14350: 12398: 12174:The Making of Modern Europe, 1648–1780 11800: 11756: 11565: 11541: 11428: 11327: 11306: 11177:, 900pp; a standard scholarly history 11152:Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes 10684: 10552:. Harper Perennial. pp. 266–300. 10536: 10500: 10480:. Yale University Press. p. 106. 10446: 10440: 10339: 9793: 9650:Lorenzo Vicente, Juan Antonio (2001). 9621:. Southern Illinois University Press. 9583: 9478: 9451: 9135: 9027: 8723: 8641: 8629: 8433: 8284: 8229: 8176:. Harper & Row. pp. 222–225. 8149:. Yale University Press. p. 601. 8098: 8070: 7806: 7773: 7737: 7722: 7540: 7074: 7062: 6913: 6769:"Las fuentes del Derecho Visigodo (I)" 6688: 6524: 6512: 6500: 6476: 6345: 6268: 6005: 5979:only as a guest. Spain is part of the 5850:joined the European Economic Community 5415: 4684:International Workingmen's Association 4456:Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 3215:kingdoms and sultanates of the islands 2630:Warfare between Muslims and Christians 2137:to preserve the remains of the martyr 1943:debated creed and liturgy in orthodox 1378:Illustration depicting the (now lost) 1337:Early history of the Iberian Peninsula 1269:Archeological evidence in places like 664:Revolution and Asturian miners' strike 13780:Natural Sites of Community Importance 13490: 13113:History of current European countries 13085: 12538: 12512: 12378: 12295:. 1961, Vol. 6 Issue 4, pp 1023–1038. 11723: 11645:Romero Salvadó, Francisco J. (1999). 11252:. New York: Oxford University Press. 11211: 11093: 10849: 10824: 10805: 10649: 10607: 10473: 10364: 10221: 10108: 9955: 9688:Teodori de la Puente, Renata (1999). 9560: 9400:. Stanford University Press. p. 9391: 9357: 9219: 8940:. Friedland Books. pp. 244–245. 8875:Spanish armies of the Napoleonic Wars 8871: 8556: 8380: 8336: 8194: 8129:Three Centuries of Boom-Bust in Spain 8036:Lockhart, James (30 September 1983). 7934: 7818: 7590: 7511: 6955:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 149. 6952:Early Germanic Literature and Culture 6831: 6751: 6645:Provincia Hispania Ulterior Lusitania 6633:Provincia Hispania Ulterior Baetica ( 6536: 6428: 6416: 6404: 5929:replaced Aznar as prime minister. As 5141:A provisional government presided by 4744:Regency of Maria Christina of Austria 4266:Spanish American wars of independence 2789: 1761:invaded the former empire. Some were 1153:Spanish American wars of independence 11984:. (2 vols. 2nd ed. Oxford UP, 1981). 11868:Bertrand, Louis and Charles Petrie. 11669: 11346: 11180: 11158: 11047:Estudios de alta edad media española 10291: 10279: 10178: 9964: 9761:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 9736:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim040130024 9614: 9246: 9054: 8968: 8913:. Infobase Publishing. p. 241. 8735: 8594: 8427: 7989: 7819:Kamen, Henry Arthur Francis (2004). 7307: 7086: 6716: 6614:. Library of Congress Country Series 5646:, Spain's last colonial possession. 4408:Battle of the First Carlist War, by 4373:Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis 4217:Pedro Rodríguez, Conde de Campomanes 3968:, Spain allied itself to France and 3553:. Spain's most prolific playwright, 2750:. In the last years of the reign of 2744:, written about the military leader 2442:by the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I in 2297:were in control of nearly the whole 1359:in the interior and north-west, the 14259:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage 13046:History of the Mediterranean region 12496:unchartedterritories.tomaspueyo.com 12266:Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies 11488:Centro de Estudios Constitucionales 11414:. Granada: Universidad de Granada. 10629:Tremlett, Giles (27 January 2011). 9115:. Simon and Schuster. p. 659. 9061:. Cambridge U.P. pp. 216–218. 9031:Modern Spain: A Documentary History 8312:Sobrequés i Callicó, Jaume (2021). 8008:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 207. 7688: 7639: 7164:The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise 6612:"A Country Study: Spain – Hispania" 5933:and his ministers at first accused 5826: 5577:and his appointed successor Prince 5180:Under the Second Spanish Republic, 4894:The "disaster" of 1898 created the 4826: 4209:José Moñino, Count of Floridablanca 3958:José Moñino, Count of Floridablanca 3793:Spain under the Bourbons, 1715–1808 3419:A map of Europe in 1648, after the 3197:, operating privately, deposed the 2576:and splintered into the so-called " 2083:Architecture of Visigothic Hispania 1983:Goldsmithery in Visigothic Hispania 1858:is dominated by the long Christian 1738:of Vandalusia (Andalusia), and the 1658:Gothic Hispania (5th–8th centuries) 1484:(obtained by Romans in the form of 1417:, apparently after the river Iber ( 813:Catalan declaration of independence 24: 13516: 12399:Martin, Iñaki Lopez (1999-09-15). 11841: 11590:Prados Martínez, Fernando (2007). 9721: 9142:. Osprey Publishing. p. 222. 7608:"Granada – JewishEncyclopedia.com" 6246:List of missing landmarks in Spain 6000: 5844:(PSOE) governed the country, with 5386:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo 5058:) and a consultative chamber (the 4656:First Spanish Republic (1873–1874) 4303:Reign of Ferdinand VII (1813–1833) 4050:. The leading Spanish figure was 3580:nine times between 1557 and 1666. 3375:. The Dutch armies waged a war of 3353:Philip II and the wars of religion 3329:When Spain's first Habsburg ruler 3087:authorized the 1492 expedition of 2129:(the Crypt of San Antolín) in the 1816: 1495:were fought between the advancing 25: 14369: 12489: 12336: 12253:(Greenwood Press, 1977) 390 pages 12215: 11674:. Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill. 11350:Modern Spain: An Historical Essay 10983:(1963:4n11), the others were (i) 10806:Zhang, Moran (January 23, 2013). 10453:. Penguin Books. pp. 49–50. 10054:Chandler, James A. (April 1975). 9794:Jensen, Geoffrey (October 1999). 9563:"Elections and the Regency Press" 8438:(7th ed.). Manresa: Parcir. 8413:(in Catalan). Base. p. 300. 8356:Francesc, Ferrer Gironès (1985). 7960:Pérez-Mallaína, Pablo E. (1997). 7642:"Ransoming Captives, Chapter One" 6380:Revista portuguesa de arqueologia 6276:"'First west Europe tooth' found" 5903:government came to power, led by 5801:radical change in Spanish society 5119:Second Spanish Republic (1931–36) 5113:municipal elections of April 1931 4852:war of independence against Spain 4394:Execution of Torrijos and his men 3371:leadership of the revolt and the 3144: 3079:) and 1496 (with the conquest of 2779:Grammar of the Castilian Language 2684:Gramática de la lengua castellana 2673:Spanish language and universities 2450:overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate, 2413:laborers and household servants. 1835:haranguing his troops before the 1293:cultures that controlled most of 13031:Bibliography of European history 12626:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 12150:A Social History of Modern Spain 12036:Emperor: A New Life of Charles V 11924:Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia 11824:Encyclopedia of European Peoples 11739:"Cripta visigoda de San Antolín" 11271:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 10900: 10868: 10843: 10818: 10799: 10772: 10713: 10678: 10643: 10608:Adler, Katya (18 October 2011). 10574: 10494: 10467: 10393: 10358: 10333: 10215: 10121: 10102: 10047: 9983: 9906: 9787: 9748: 9715: 9681: 9659:Revista Complutense de Educación 9643: 9608: 9593:; Jerez, Miguel; Corzo, Susana. 9554: 9507: 9472: 9445: 9425:Callahan, William James (1984). 9418: 9385: 9316: 9289: 9226:. University of Oklahoma Press. 9213: 9156: 9129: 9102: 9088:. Scarecrow Press. p. 158. 9075: 9048: 9021: 8974: 8934:Thompson, James Matthew (2018). 8927: 8900: 8865: 8838: 8811: 8764: 8736:Ford, Franklin L. (2014-01-21). 8729: 8662: 8635: 8623: 8550: 8503: 8486: 8469: 8452: 8402: 8374: 8349: 8330: 8259:Lesaffer, Randall (2014-11-10). 7512:Keary, Charles (20 April 2018). 7485:Kendrick, Sir Thomas D. (2018). 7161:Fernández-Morera, Darío (2016). 6723:. University of Michigan Press. 6673:Provincia Hispania Nova Citerior 5921:by Islamic extremists linked to 5891:2008–14 Spanish financial crisis 5842:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 5097:Primo de Rivera was replaced by 4981:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 4808:was followed by that of his son 4647:, was selected and duly crowned 4434:Minority of Isabella II of Spain 4428:Reign of Isabella II (1833–1868) 4308:Aftermath of the Napoleonic wars 4221:Manuel de Godoy, Duke of Alcudia 4171:General and Extraordinary Cortes 3643:Meeting on the Isle of Pheasants 1911:. In the early Middle Ages, the 1258:in the northern Spanish cave of 900: 886: 53: 13823:Autonomous communities of Spain 13056:History of Western civilization 12659:Christianity in the Middle Ages 12322:34#2 (1962), pp. 119–134. 12046:The Grand Strategy of Philip II 11732:. University of Michigan Press. 11708:10.5209/rev_UNIS.2011.v26.37825 11569:A History of Spain and Portugal 11545:A History of Spain and Portugal 11066:The Journal of Military History 11056: 10969: 10952: 10939: 10726:. Vanderbilt University Press. 10720:Martín-Estudillo, Luis (2018). 10509:, Routledge, pp. 341–362, 10060:Journal of Contemporary History 8305: 8278: 8252: 8230:Palmer, Robert Roswell (1950). 8223: 8188: 8163: 8119: 8092: 8029: 7953: 7928: 7885: 7847: 7812: 7743: 7664: 7633: 7624: 7599: 7584: 7557: 7505: 7478: 7415: 7378: 7339: 7301: 7233:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2013). 7116: 7008: 6844:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2013). 6802:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2013). 6761: 6710: 6625: 6581: 6568:Rome in the Mediterranean World 6564:"Major Phases in Roman History" 6556: 6530: 5667:Spanish transition to democracy 5656:History of Spain (1975–present) 5650:History of Spain (1975–present) 5093:Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer 5026:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera 4580:Sexenio Democrático (1868–1874) 4564:(1861–1865), and the fruitless 4562:Spanish retake of Santo Domingo 4260:Independence of Spanish America 4256:was restored as King of Spain. 3047:Voyages of Christopher Columbus 2887:), a title bestowed on them by 2858:War of the Castilian Succession 2089:Visigothic art and architecture 1064:The marriage and joint rule of 606:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera 64: 14234:National and regional identity 12900:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 12843:Christianity in the modern era 12614:Christianity in late antiquity 12278:(Duke University Press, 1995). 12196:, 3d edn. rev. Princeton 1969. 11501:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 11410:Lirola Delgado, Jorge (1993). 11374:The American Historical Review 10779:Tremlett, Giles (2006-07-26). 10501:Alpert, Michael (2017-05-15), 9479:Brandt, Joseph August (1976). 9302:. Cambridge U.P. p. 325. 9193:Francis, John Michael (2006). 8516:The American Historical Review 8409:García Sevilla, Lluís (2022). 7038:Cripta visigoda de San Antolín 6873:Spain – The Visigothic kingdom 6364: 6339: 6317:. Cambridge University Press. 6304: 6298:Britannica Online Encyclopedia 5562:'s rule, Spain was officially 5341:Political and military balance 4821:Institución Libre de Enseñanza 4554:war against the latter country 3927:War of the Austrian Succession 3925:(1733–35). In 1748, after the 3657:, ratified between France and 3071:The Castilian conquest of the 3039:Conquest of the Canary Islands 2048:The aquiliform (eagle-shaped) 1556:, and established others like 1195:in 1986 (transformed into the 13: 1: 13051:History of the European Union 11855:. U of California Press 1989. 11484:Revista de Estudios Políticos 11045:(1958:319–358). Reprinted in 9358:Hodge, Carl Cavanagh (2008). 8675:The Journal of Modern History 8434:Eduard, Llaudó Avila (2021). 8299:10.1080/01419870.1978.9993240 8233:A History of the Modern World 6976:Pannenberg, Wolfhart (1991). 6671:(Tánger in present Morocco), 6346:Ansede, Manuel (2018-10-04). 5838:October 1982 general election 5392:Federación Anarquista Ibérica 4068:Contemporary history of Spain 3828:War of the Spanish Succession 3763:War of the Spanish Succession 3752:War of the Spanish Succession 3744:War of the Spanish Succession 3336:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 3065:Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros 3043:Kingdom of the Canary Islands 2796:Contemporary history of Spain 2667:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 2622:to Castile, to which it paid 2610:By the mid-13th century, the 2052:that have been discovered in 1210: 1138:War of the Spanish Succession 954:dates to contact between the 305:War of the Spanish Succession 12194:An Economic History of Spain 11994:. 4 vols. New York 1918–34. 11965:Spain. A Society of Conflict 11495:Metropolitan Museum of Art. 11049:(Valencia: 1975), pp. 25–90. 10977:Nottingham Mediaeval Studies 10831:International Business Times 10812:International Business Times 10230:University of Missouri Press 9431:. Harvard U.P. p. 250. 9323:Esdaile, Charles J. (2000). 9082:Nafziger, George F. (2002). 8851:. Cambridge UP. p. 21. 7854:Guillermo, Artemio (2012) . 5927:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 5768:Unión del Centro Democrático 4977:A major revolutionary strike 4782:Antonio Cánovas del Castillo 4410:Francisco de Paula Van Halen 4396:in 1831. Ferdinand VII took 4379:"Ominous Decade" (1823–1833) 4213:Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos 3923:War of the Polish Succession 3799:History of Spain (1700–1810) 3664:During the long regency for 3647:Franco-Spanish War (1635–59) 3189:The Conquest of Tenochtitlán 2812:History of Spain (1700–1810) 2227:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 1979:arrived in the 8th century. 1262:, which were done c. 15,000 1007:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 265:Colonisation of the Americas 7: 14254:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 13010:Russian invasion of Ukraine 12621:Crisis of the Third Century 12379:Kamen, Henry (2006-04-26). 12312:13.3 (2018): 425–445. DOI: 12293:Cahiers d'Histoire Mondiale 12176:(3rd ed. 2003). pp 332–373. 12058:The Spanish Seaborne Empire 12019:A History of Medieval Spain 11826:. New York: Facts on File. 11508:Muñoz Soro, Javier (2016). 11429:Lorrio, Alberto J. (1997). 11165:. Oxford University Press. 11159:Carr, Raymond, ed. (2000). 11039:La città nell'alto medioevo 10945:The first R is held at the 10825:Zhang, Moran (2013-01-23). 10507:Warfare in Europe 1919—1938 9296:Ringrose, David R. (1998). 9109:Chandler, David G. (1973). 8170:Friedrich, Carl J. (1962). 8005:Renaissance and Reformation 7630:Sánchez Candeira 1999 P. 24 7236:A History of Medieval Spain 6847:A History of Medieval Spain 6805:A History of Medieval Spain 6693:Chapter 1 Ancient Hispania 6657:Provincia Hispania Citerior 6219: 5754:) and 2 autonomous cities ( 5524:Francoist Spain (1939–1975) 5241:Spanish Civil War (1936–39) 4998:three-headed crisis in 1917 4729:Spain under the Restoration 4707:Restoration of the Monarchy 4645:Victor Emmanuel II of Italy 3846:An 18th-century map of the 3349:allied England with Spain. 3131:Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera 2776:, the first edition of the 2527:, took place, according to 2261:at its greatest extent, 720 2170: 2064:or Castiltierra (cities of 1686:The greatest extent of the 1317:and trading settlements of 1193:European Economic Community 1013:, and except for the small 10: 14374: 13066:Military history of Europe 13061:Maritime history of Europe 12492:"A Brief History of Spain" 12097:American Historical Review 12086:A Concise History of Spain 12077:Phillips, William D., Jr. 11801:Wagner, Carlos G. (1999). 11764:. New York: Random House. 11724:Smith, Rhea Marsh (1965). 11566:Payne, Stanley G. (1973). 11542:Payne, Stanley G. (1973). 11353:. U. of California Press. 10723:The Rise of Euroskepticism 10650:Payne, Stanley G. (2009). 10474:Payne, Stanley G. (2004). 10415:10.26882/histagrar.083e08p 10365:Payne, Stanley G. (1970). 10072:10.1177/002200947501000205 9812:10.1179/072924799791201489 9755:Ramsden, H. (March 1974). 9392:Payne, Stanley G. (1967). 9364:. Greenwood. p. 138. 8845:Crandall, Russell (2014). 8824:. Osprey. pp. 17–18. 8669:Hamilton, Earl J. (1943). 7689:Paz, Ramón Mariño (1999). 7422:Fletcher, Richard (2006). 7330:10.2979/his.2002.14.1-2.37 7322:10.2979/his.2002.14.1-2.37 6641:Corduba, presently Córdoba 6241:Foreign relations of Spain 5899:In 1996, the centre-right 5884: 5878: 5860:), called for abstention. 5664: 5653: 5553:lost children of Francoism 5527: 5244: 5182:women were allowed to vote 5122: 5090: 5023: 4737: 4726: 4659: 4592:History of Spain (1810–73) 4589: 4583: 4506:, was launched in 1846 in 4442:History of Spain (1810–73) 4431: 4422:Pragmatic Sanction of 1830 4382: 4360: 4314:History of Spain (1810–73) 4311: 4263: 4082: 4074:History of Spain (1810–73) 4071: 4065: 4033:, a 1784–1785 painting by 3802: 3796: 3765:, the assimilation of the 3630: 3564: 3434: 3154: 3148: 3036: 2898: 2793: 2534:Al-Andalus coincided with 2224: 2174: 2139:Saint Antoninus of Pamiers 2086: 2025:find comprises twenty-six 1928:for style and technology. 1820: 1667: 1661: 1518: 1515:Roman conquest of Hispania 1512: 1506: 1476:area was inhabited by the 1340: 1214: 803:2008–2014 financial crisis 14309: 14267: 14159: 14056: 14047: 13933: 13924: 13818: 13809: 13696: 13687: 13632: 13537: 13528: 13468: 13420: 13382: 13119: 13036:Genetic history of Europe 13018: 12823: 12639: 12579: 12546: 12320:Journal of Modern History 12310:Journal of global history 12244:Journal of Modern History 12222:Boyd, Kelly, ed. (1999). 12210:(Jan 1962) 12#1 pp 22–32. 12004:(2017), popular history; 11982:Spain under the Habsburgs 11907:The Old World and the New 11328:Graetz, Heinrich (1894). 11269:Visigothic Spain, 409–711 10656:. Yale University Press. 10581:Jackson, Gabriel (1965). 10225:Spain During World War II 10191:& Romero Salvadó 1999 10129:González Calleja, Eduardo 9991:González Calleja, Eduardo 9199:. ABC-CLIO. p. 905. 9112:The Campaigns of Napoleon 8642:Israel, Jonathan (2011). 8287:Ethnic and Racial Studies 7692:Historia da lingua galega 7385:Dacosta, Arsenio (1998), 6236:Economic history of Spain 6209: 6018:— 5771:governments. In 1981 the 5432:On 17 July 1936, General 5410:shot by Republican police 4965:). An additional liberal 4850:In 1868, Cuba launched a 4705:, paving the way for the 4643:, the second son of King 4015:, thereby triggering the 4005:French Revolutionary Wars 3966:European balance of power 3964:(1756–63) threatened the 3676:(1667–68) to acquire the 3633:Spain in the 17th century 3173:. It was also one of the 2808:Spain in the 17th century 2438:were granted the rank of 2273:conquering party, led by 1939:briefly in Hispania. The 1856:medieval history of Spain 1674:Suebic Kingdom of Galicia 1169:new Republican government 735:Spain during World War II 566:Regency of María Cristina 434:Regency of María Cristina 13912:Wars and armed conflicts 13552:Ancient History Timeline 12138:(2009), popular history. 12010:Olson, James S. et al. 11737:Salvador Conejo, Diego. 11695:UNISCI Discussion Papers 11313:. New York: Free Press. 11292:. Penguin. p. 404. 11289:Imperial Spain 1469–1716 11286:Elliott, J. H. (2002) . 10515:10.4324/9781315234335-14 10222:Bowen, Wayne H. (2006). 9458:. ABC-CLIO. p. 12. 9452:Tucker, Spencer (2009). 9329:. Blackwell Publishers. 8872:Pivka, Otto von (1975). 8598:Bourbon Spain, 1700–1808 7898:Journal of World History 7640:Brodman, James William. 7488:A History of the Vikings 7099:Waldman & Mason 2006 6717:Carr, Karen Eva (2002). 6371:Valério, Miguel (2008). 6311:Chapman, Robert (1990). 6261: 5975:and participates in the 4869:Northern Mariana Islands 4634:Battle of Alcolea (1868) 4031:El paseo de las Delicias 3690:silver from the Americas 3458:The Spanish Golden Age ( 3383:, successfully avoiding 3025:and was mother to Queen 2752:Ferdinand III of Castile 2521:Hungarian raids on Spain 2235:Spain in the Middle Ages 2181:At the beginning of the 2006:ECCESVINTHVS REX OFFERET 1734:, in the northwest, the 1521:Romanization of Hispania 1082:first voyage of Columbus 1021:, a period known as the 790:1981 coup d'état attempt 590:Spain during World War I 169:Kingdom of the Visigoths 13612:Transition to democracy 13587:Reaction and revolution 13041:History of Christianity 12457:10.1126/science.aav4040 12188:excerpt and text search 12109:excerpt and text search 12090:excerpt and text search 12065:Spain: A Unique History 12023:excerpt and text search 12017:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. 11988:Merriman, Roger Bigelow 11976:excerpt and text search 11922:Gerli, E. Michael, ed. 11918:excerpt and text search 11901:excerpt and text search 11864:excerpt and text search 11728:Spain: A Modern History 11523:: 19–21. Archived from 11267:Collins, Roger (2004). 11239:excerpt and text search 10447:Beevor, Antony (2001). 10340:Beevor, Antony (2006). 8143:Elliott, J. H. (1989). 8002:Patrick, James (2007). 7892:Hawkley, Ethan (2014). 6945:Murdoch, Brian (2004). 6665:Provincia Hispania Nova 6570:. University of Toronto 6545:. University of Chicago 5887:Spanish property bubble 5863:The country hosted the 5680:constitutional monarchy 5661:Transition to democracy 5564:neutral in World War II 5331:Communist International 5125:Second Spanish Republic 5077:and ensuing seizure of 5042:towards Spain's favour. 5038:turned the luck in the 4957:) and the followers of 4856:Unlike in Santo Domingo 4723:Restoration (1874–1931) 4717:Arsenio Martínez Campos 4527:Eugenio Lucas Velázquez 4519:1854 Spanish Revolution 4465:Tomás de Zumalacárregui 3868:Decreto de Nueva Planta 3826:, a French prince. The 3454:, between 1596 and 1600 3295:Charles I, Holy Emperor 3139:las Islas de Chafarinas 2645:Cantigas de Santa Maria 2119:San Martín de Montalbán 1805:shifted its capital to 1229:The earliest record of 1157:constitutional monarchy 1100:dynasty. Under his son 1090:Spanish colonial empire 774:Transition to democracy 14202:International Interest 14010:Science and technology 13706:Autonomous communities 13162:Bosnia and Herzegovina 12865:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 12268:10.1 (2018): 127–145. 12246:77.4 (2005): 988–1023. 12203:. Bloomington IN 1979. 12000:Norwich, John Julius. 11960:91 (May 1981), 170–85. 11347:Herr, Richard (1974). 11181:Carr, Raymond (2008). 11034:Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar 10912:Fundación Alternativas 10546:Preston, Paul (2006). 10368:The Spanish revolution 9853:Martorell Linares 1997 9841:Martorell Linares 1997 9728:The SHAFR Guide Online 9615:Beck, Earl R. (1979). 9163:Fletcher, Ian (2012). 8569:10.12987/9780300184266 8337:Simon, Antoni (2006). 7612:jewishencyclopedia.com 7458:Haywood, John (2015). 6918:Ancient Hispania, p. 7 5833: 5821:Valladolid in 1986. A 5814: 5779:, with members of the 5684:autonomous communities 5582: 5543: 5456: 5425: 5390: 5376:International Brigades 5358: 5327:International Brigades 5287: 5257:February 1936 election 5159:first 1932 coup d'etat 5138: 5048:Miguel Primo de Rivera 5043: 5036:1925 Alhucemas landing 4919:and other Falangists. 4847: 4765: 4676:First Spanish Republic 4671: 4662:First Spanish Republic 4605: 4530: 4412: 4401: 4279: 4192: 4155: 4099: 4095:The Second of May 1808 4038: 3986:Treaty of Paris (1783) 3978:Treaty of Paris (1763) 3976:to the British at the 3862: 3859:Battle of Cape Passaro 3850: 3816: 3655:Treaty of the Pyrenees 3650: 3597:Count-Duke of Olivares 3514:Tomás Luis de Victoria 3503:Count-Duke of Olivares 3455: 3423: 3364: 3311: 3271: 3257: 3190: 3166: 3135:las Islas de Alhucemas 3110:was occupied in 1497, 3068: 3056: 2884: 2830: 2816:Enlightenment in Spain 2688: 2681:The title page of the 2648: 2470: 2262: 2251: 2098: 2010: 1839: 1793:The Visigoths, having 1699: 1615:After the fall of the 1533: 1449: 1387: 1226: 808:2017 Barcelona attacks 640:Provisional Government 511:Provisional Government 384:Absolutist restoration 336:Abdications of Bayonne 14239:National Day of Spain 12945:Industrial Revolution 12422:Pereira-Muro, Carmen 12332:50#6 (2014): 830–843. 12330:Paedagogica Historica 12274:Herzberger, David K. 12192:Vivens Vives, Jaime. 12169:. Brookfield VT 1993. 12027:Paquette, Gabriel B. 11912:Esdaile, Charles J. 11815:Ediciones Complutense 11670:Roth, Norman (1994). 11628:10.1057/9780230274648 11497:"Belt Buckle 550–600" 11307:Gerber, Jane (1992). 11212:Casey, James (2003). 10685:Grugel, Jean (2002). 10450:The Spanish Civil War 9927:10.1057/9780230274648 9667:Ediciones Complutense 9561:Ortiz, David (2000). 9169:. Osprey Publishing. 9136:Fisher, Todd (2004). 8878:. Osprey Publishing. 8748:10.4324/9781315836461 8557:Kamen, Henry (2017). 8236:. Knopf. p. 127. 8195:Kamen, Henry (1978). 8099:Thomas, Hugh (2011). 7910:10.1353/jwh.2014.0014 7774:Mercer, John (1980). 6539:"The Celtiberian War" 6537:Grout, James (2007). 6231:Demographics of Spain 5992:Historical population 5987:Historical population 5967:able to exert modest 5963:Spain is ranked as a 5885:Further information: 5820: 5809: 5785:Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo 5579:Juan Carlos de Borbón 5573: 5537: 5451: 5423: 5355:Battle of Guadalajara 5348: 5285: 5136: 5033: 4835:The explosion of the 4834: 4751: 4669: 4599: 4542:the Count of San Luis 4516: 4486:Convention of Vergara 4480:. His victory at the 4407: 4392: 4273: 4183: 4151:The Third of May 1808 4148: 4092: 4029: 3856: 3845: 3824:Philip, Duke of Anjou 3812: 3640: 3474:Juana Inés de la Cruz 3444: 3427:Cultural Golden Age ( 3418: 3404:expulsion of the Jews 3362:Battle of St. Quentin 3360: 3302: 3251: 3188: 3164: 3062: 3054: 3023:Henry VIII of England 2925:with the conquest of 2899:Further information: 2866:Isabella I of Castile 2828: 2680: 2637: 2607:and Christians left. 2464: 2257: 2246: 2175:Further information: 2115:Santa María de Melque 2096: 2019:Treasure of Guarrazar 2001:Treasure of Guarrazar 1990: 1830: 1685: 1668:Further information: 1528: 1519:Further information: 1513:Further information: 1480:, reportedly rich in 1463:The peoples whom the 1447: 1377: 1363:in the west, and the 1341:Further information: 1224: 1025:. By the time of the 795:Madrid train bombings 672:1936 general election 574:Reign of Alfonso XIII 360:Constitution of Cádiz 13843:Constitutional Court 13000:European debt crisis 12995:European integration 12935:Age of Enlightenment 12775:Republic of Florence 12172:Treasure, Geoffrey. 12105:The History of Spain 11940:. Cambridge MA 1934. 11884:vol 1 free to borrow 11870:The History of Spain 11095:Aubet, María Eugenia 10918:(18). Archived from 10882:. February 2, 2013. 10850:Baten, Jörg (2016). 10732:10.2307/j.ctv1675bt7 9773:10.7227/bjrl.56.2.10 9220:Lynch, John (1994). 9055:Cruz, Jesus (2004). 9028:Cowans, Jon (2003). 8595:John, Lynch (1989). 8209:10.1093/past/81.1.24 7935:Baten, Jörg (2016). 7782:. Collings. p. 7518:. Ozymandias Press. 6667:, whose capital was 6659:, whose capital was 6639:, whose capital was 6543:Encyclopaedia Romana 6489:Prados Martínez 2007 6465:Prados Martínez 2007 5865:1992 Summer Olympics 5675:on 28 October 1982. 5636:Hassan II of Morocco 5461:Siege of the Alcázar 5193:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora 5143:Niceto Alcalá Zamora 5018:"Disaster of Annual" 4959:Manuel García Prieto 4864:Spanish–American War 4844:Spanish–American War 4762:Cánovas del Castillo 4740:Reign of Alfonso XII 4719:, in December 1874. 4568:(1864–1866) against 4438:Isabella II of Spain 4328:Constitution of 1812 4201:Constitution of 1812 4175:The Disasters of War 4043:Age of Enlightenment 4001:Revolutionary France 3903:invasion of Sardinia 3775:Nueva Planta Decrees 3750:eventually lost the 3089:Christopher Columbus 3015:Manuel I of Portugal 2909:Black legend (Spain) 2862:Joanna la Beltraneja 2498:Caliphate of Córdoba 2492:In the 10th century 2221:(8th–15th centuries) 2111:San Pedro de la Nave 1708:Roman Empire decayed 1636:Western Roman Empire 1634:The collapse of the 1617:Western Roman Empire 1382:, an example of the 1179:emerged victorious; 1161:Spanish–American War 1118:Northern Netherlands 1000:Middle Ages in Spain 992:Western Roman Empire 821:Coronavirus pandemic 782:Current constitution 767:Contemporary history 582:Spanish–American War 558:Reign of Alfonso XII 450:Regency of Espartero 427:Reign of Isabella II 313:Nueva Planta Decrees 161:Kingdom of the Suebi 13786:Plazas de soberanía 13383:States with limited 12965:Revolutions of 1848 12895:Early modern France 12676:Anglo-Saxon England 12581:Classical antiquity 12449:2019Sci...363.1230O 12443:(6432): 1230–1234. 12366:www.straatvaart.com 12081:. Cambridge MA 1978 12044:Parker, Geoffrey. 11331:History of the Jews 11127:Macmillan Press Ltd 10876:"Rajoy unconfined?" 10328:Romero Salvadó 1999 10316:Romero Salvadó 1999 10304:Romero Salvadó 1999 10294:, pp. 154–187. 10282:, pp. 162–163. 10270:, pp. 282–300. 10210:Romero Salvadó 1999 10181:, pp. 564–591. 9877:Romero Salvadó 2010 9865:Romero Salvadó 2010 9520:The History Teacher 9485:. Porcupine Press. 8726:, pp. 367–371. 7992:, pp. 116–172. 7659:Lirola Delgado 1993 6979:Systematic Theology 6587:Great estates, the 6479:, pp. 263–264. 5993: 5958:Freedom of Movement 5950:illegal immigration 5830: 'No to NATO' 5748:Valencian Community 5736:Community of Madrid 5638:, who ordered the ' 5555:may reach 300,000. 5549:concentration camps 5485:bombing of Guernica 5416:Military operations 5349:Advance of Italian 5311:Salazarist Portugal 5071:Republic of the Rif 5007:Catalan nationalism 4961:, the "democrats" ( 4610:Glorious Revolution 4586:Sexenio Democrático 4566:Chincha Islands War 4500:Ramón María Narváez 4478:Baldomero Espartero 4398:repressive measures 4195:In March 1812, the 4128:Battle of Trafalgar 3941:in northern Italy. 3911:Treaty of The Hague 3787:national minorities 3748:Louis XIV of France 3678:Spanish Netherlands 3628:, northern France. 3545:Miguel de Cervantes 3421:Peace of Westphalia 3262:cultural golden age 3007:Margaret of Austria 2921:territory from the 2905:Spanish Inquisition 2885:los Reyes Católicos 2854:Henry IV of Castile 2847:Kingdom of Portugal 2772:In 1492, under the 2393:Kingdom of Asturias 2381:Battle of Covadonga 2373:Spanish nationalism 2301:. The advance into 2291:Battle of Guadalete 2283:Strait of Gibraltar 2149:Zorita de los Canes 2123:Santa María de Lara 1837:Battle of Guadalete 1287:Corded ware culture 1134:Charles II of Spain 1078:conquest of Granada 1074:historiographically 1059:early modern period 1015:Kingdom of Asturias 976:Classical Antiquity 696:Nationalist victory 617:of Dámaso Berenguer 503:Sexenio Democrático 486:Glorious Revolution 392:Sexenio Absolutista 242:Early modern period 141:Diocese of Hispania 14015:Telecommunications 13716:Biosphere Reserves 13617:Contemporary Spain 13607:Spain under Franco 13547:Prehistoric Iberia 13071:Crusading movement 12975:Russian Revolution 12810:Hundred Years' War 12706:Maritime republics 12609:Early Christianity 12599:Hellenistic period 12556:Paleolithic Europe 12424:Culturas de España 12348:eudocs.lib.byu.edu 12249:Cortada, James W. 12199:Walker, Geoffrey. 12141:Ringrose, David. 12134:Reston Jr, James. 12070:Payne, Stanley G. 12063:Payne, Stanley G. 12034:Parker, Geoffrey. 11936:Hamilton, Earl J. 11888:Cortada, James W. 11860:A History of Spain 11743:Rutas con historia 11001:Isidore of Seville 9919:Palgrave Macmillan 7353:The Crusader World 7310:History and Memory 6677:Asturiae-Calleciae 6649:Hispania Lusitania 6282:on March 16, 2018. 5991: 5969:regional influence 5858:People's Coalition 5834: 5815: 5682:. It comprises 17 5583: 5544: 5501:Battle of the Ebro 5497:Picasso's painting 5469:hold out in Madrid 5457: 5426: 5359: 5288: 5139: 5044: 4951:Count of Romanones 4848: 4766: 4672: 4606: 4538:Leopoldo O'Donnell 4531: 4469:commander-in-chief 4413: 4402: 4369:Congress of Verona 4293:Battle of Ayacucho 4285:José de San Martín 4280: 4276:battle of Ayacucho 4233:Duke of Wellington 4203:(informally named 4193: 4187:, oil painting by 4156: 4132:Continental System 4100: 4039: 4009:Continental System 3899:Elisabeth of Parma 3865:Philip signed the 3863: 3851: 3817: 3651: 3604:Cardinal Richelieu 3593:Philip IV of Spain 3578:sovereign defaults 3528:and the styles of 3456: 3437:Spanish Golden Age 3424: 3365: 3343:Philip II of Spain 3312: 3308:Holy Roman Emperor 3304:Charles I of Spain 3258: 3191: 3180:Castilian conquest 3167: 3069: 3063:Taking of Oran by 3057: 2992:Holy Roman Emperor 2972:Afonso of Portugal 2852:The death of King 2839:Kingdom of Castile 2831: 2804:Spanish Golden Age 2790:Early modern Spain 2784:Antonio de Nebrija 2727:, and the ancient 2689: 2649: 2612:Emirate of Granada 2471: 2456:Emirate of Cordoba 2279:Visigothic Kingdom 2263: 2252: 2217:and the Christian 2195:Councils of Toledo 2183:Visigothic Kingdom 2131:Palencia Cathedral 2099: 2011: 1941:Councils of Toledo 1935:saw the spread of 1933:Visigothic Kingdom 1882:Emirate of Granada 1844:Visigothic Kingdom 1840: 1823:Visigothic Kingdom 1803:Visigothic Kingdom 1784:Arian Christianity 1757:As Rome declined, 1740:Visigothic Kingdom 1700: 1688:Visigothic Kingdom 1670:Visigothic Kingdom 1592:, the philosopher 1534: 1450: 1388: 1384:Celtiberian script 1227: 1217:Prehistoric Iberia 1199:in 1992), and the 1167:was deposed and a 1106:Spanish Golden Age 1043:Kingdom of Castile 1035:Kingdom of Navarre 1023:Islamic Golden Age 907:History portal 477:Bienio progresista 468:Second Carlist War 368:Treaty of Valençay 226:Christian kingdoms 97:Carthaginian Spain 72:Prehistoric Iberia 14345: 14344: 14305: 14304: 14229:Myths and legends 14197:National Interest 14043: 14042: 13995:Largest companies 13920: 13919: 13907:Political parties 13875:Foreign relations 13805: 13804: 13753:Iberian Peninsula 13701:Autonomous cities 13683: 13682: 13484: 13483: 13079: 13078: 13005:COVID-19 pandemic 12950:French Revolution 12925:Habsburg monarchy 12905:Cossack Hetmanate 12885:Portuguese Empire 12875:Absolute monarchy 12870:Thirty Years' War 12765:Holy Roman Empire 12690:Bulgarian Empire 12649:Early Middle Ages 12566:Bronze Age Europe 12540:History of Europe 12305:(Oxford UP, 1993) 12165:Thompson, I.A.A. 12158:Thompson, I.A.A. 12148:Shubert, Adrian. 12048:(Yale UP, 1998). 11926:. New York 2005. 11909:. Cambridge 1970. 11878:Braudel, Fernand 11681:978-9-00409-971-5 11662:978-0-333-63697-8 11637:978-1-349-36383-4 11579:978-0-299-06270-5 11555:978-0-299-06270-5 11421:978-84-338-1797-6 11320:978-0-02911-573-2 11259:978-0-19280-236-1 11194:978-84-344-6615-9 11184:España, 1808–1975 11172:978-0-19-280236-1 11015:labour in 621 by 11011:), founded using 10999:, referred to by 10993:Lugo id est Luceo 10962:of Castiltierra ( 10769:, pp. 19–21. 10741:978-0-8265-2196-5 10663:978-0-300-15122-0 10594:978-0-691-00757-1 10559:978-0-00-723207-9 10460:978-0-14-100148-7 10032:, pp. 82–83. 10004:978-84-693-6557-1 9936:978-1-349-36383-4 9879:, pp. 79–80. 9867:, pp. 63–64. 9800:War & Society 9233:978-0-8061-2661-6 8971:, pp. 72–73. 8947:978-1-78912-759-1 8578:978-0-300-18426-6 8339:"L'Espill, nº 24" 8323:978-84-18601-20-0 8156:978-0-300-04499-7 8132:, Mises Institute 8112:978-0-241-96118-6 8049:978-0-521-29929-9 8015:978-0-7614-7651-1 7825:. HarperCollins. 7793:978-0-86036-126-8 7702:978-84-7824-333-4 7525:978-1-5312-9114-3 7367:978-0-415-82494-1 7296:Marín-Guzmán 1991 7284:Marín-Guzmán 1991 7272:Marín-Guzmán 1991 7260:Marín-Guzmán 1991 7246:978-0-8014-6872-8 7212:Marín-Guzmán 1991 7202:, pp. 43–44. 7200:Marín-Guzmán 1991 7188:Marín-Guzmán 1991 7174:978-1-5040-3469-2 7149:Marín-Guzmán 1991 7139:, pp. 41–42. 7137:Marín-Guzmán 1991 7113:, pp. 59–60. 7089:, pp. 35–40. 7053:, pp. 55–56. 7036:Salvador Conejo, 6989:978-0-8028-3708-0 6962:978-1-57113-199-7 6889:cite encyclopedia 6857:978-0-8014-6872-8 6834:, pp. 16–17. 6815:978-0-8014-6872-8 6431:, pp. 44–45. 6256:Politics of Spain 6251:Monarchy of Spain 6217: 6216: 5867:in Barcelona and 5716:Castile–La Mancha 5606:Equatorial Guinea 5406:José Calvo-Sotelo 5247:Spanish Civil War 5075:Alhucemas landing 5060:National Assembly 4896:Generation of '98 4891:, all in Africa. 4778:1876 Constitution 4620:Francisco Serrano 4546:Progressive Party 4496:General Espartero 4482:Battle of Luchana 4452:First Carlist War 4287:of Argentina and 4250:Battle of Vitoria 4189:Salvador Viniegra 3848:Iberian Peninsula 3836:treaty of Utrecht 3674:War of Devolution 3589:Thirty Years' War 3526:Renaissance music 3373:Eighty Years' War 3324:House of Braganza 3283:Portuguese Empire 3027:Mary I of England 2999:Holy Roman Empire 2889:Pope Alexander VI 2879:and Ferdinand of 2873:King Ferdinand II 2843:Kingdom of Aragon 2774:Catholic Monarchs 2741:Cantar de Mio Cid 2693:Romance languages 2512:in 844 when they 2494:Abd-al-Rahman III 2432:Abd-al-Rahman III 2424:Umayyad Caliphate 2299:Iberian Peninsula 2267:Umayyad Caliphate 2159:to honor his son 1886:Catholic Monarchs 1748:Roman Catholicism 1652:Early Middle Ages 1648:Germania Inferior 1610:Council of Elvira 1173:Spanish Civil War 1142:Philip V of Spain 1126:Thirty Years' War 1122:Eighty Years' War 1047:Kingdom of Aragon 1019:Early Middle Ages 964:Iberian Peninsula 945: 944: 862:Religious history 551:Restoration Spain 527:Third Carlist War 519:Reign of Amadeo I 442:First Carlist War 249:Catholic Monarchs 154:Early Middle Ages 92:Pre-Roman peoples 16:(Redirected from 14365: 14358:History of Spain 14325: 14318: 14054: 14053: 13985:Financial crisis 13975:Economic history 13931: 13930: 13848:Cortes Generales 13816: 13815: 13758:Peninsular Spain 13694: 13693: 13645:Pre-Roman Iberia 13640:General overview 13535: 13534: 13511: 13504: 13497: 13488: 13487: 13421:Dependencies and 13120:Sovereign states 13106: 13099: 13092: 13083: 13082: 12940:Great Divergence 12855:Age of Discovery 12800:Late Middle Ages 12770:High Middle Ages 12681:Byzantine Empire 12664:Christianization 12654:Migration Period 12589:Classical Greece 12561:Neolithic Europe 12533: 12526: 12519: 12510: 12509: 12505: 12503: 12502: 12486: 12476: 12419: 12417: 12416: 12407:. Archived from 12395: 12393: 12392: 12383:. Archived from 12375: 12373: 12372: 12357: 12355: 12354: 12285:(1991): 34–45. 12239: 12145:. Berkeley 1983. 12103:Pierson, Peter. 12060:. New York 1966. 11958:Past and Present 11944:Haring, Clarence 11837: 11818: 11775: 11753: 11751: 11749: 11733: 11731: 11720: 11710: 11685: 11666: 11641: 11614: 11596: 11583: 11559: 11538: 11536: 11535: 11529: 11514: 11504: 11491: 11478: 11449: 11437: 11425: 11406: 11369:Jackson, Gabriel 11364: 11343: 11324: 11303: 11282: 11263: 11251: 11248:Spain: A History 11237: 11206: 11176: 11162:Spain: A History 11155: 11140: 11117: 11103: 11090: 11050: 11027:(perhaps modern 10973: 10967: 10956: 10950: 10943: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10927: 10904: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10894: 10872: 10866: 10865: 10847: 10841: 10840: 10838: 10837: 10822: 10816: 10815: 10803: 10797: 10796: 10794: 10793: 10776: 10770: 10764: 10758: 10752: 10746: 10745: 10717: 10711: 10710: 10682: 10676: 10675: 10647: 10641: 10640: 10626: 10620: 10619: 10605: 10599: 10598: 10578: 10572: 10571: 10543: 10534: 10533: 10532: 10531: 10498: 10492: 10491: 10471: 10465: 10464: 10444: 10438: 10437: 10427: 10417: 10406:Historia Agraria 10397: 10391: 10390: 10362: 10356: 10355: 10337: 10331: 10325: 10319: 10313: 10307: 10301: 10295: 10289: 10283: 10277: 10271: 10265: 10259: 10253: 10244: 10243: 10219: 10213: 10207: 10198: 10188: 10182: 10176: 10170: 10169: 10167: 10166: 10160: 10154:. Archived from 10137: 10125: 10119: 10118: 10106: 10100: 10099: 10051: 10045: 10039: 10033: 10027: 10021: 10015: 10009: 10008: 9987: 9981: 9980: 9962: 9953: 9947: 9941: 9940: 9910: 9904: 9898: 9892: 9886: 9880: 9874: 9868: 9862: 9856: 9850: 9844: 9838: 9832: 9831: 9791: 9785: 9784: 9752: 9746: 9745: 9743: 9742: 9722:Offner, John L. 9719: 9713: 9712: 9694: 9685: 9679: 9678: 9656: 9647: 9641: 9640: 9612: 9606: 9605: 9599: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9558: 9552: 9551: 9511: 9505: 9504: 9476: 9470: 9469: 9449: 9443: 9442: 9422: 9416: 9415: 9399: 9389: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9378: 9355: 9349: 9348: 9320: 9314: 9313: 9293: 9287: 9286: 9284: 9282: 9277:on 29 April 2018 9276: 9265: 9256: 9250: 9244: 9238: 9237: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9190: 9181: 9180: 9160: 9154: 9153: 9133: 9127: 9126: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9079: 9073: 9072: 9052: 9046: 9045: 9025: 9019: 9018: 8987:Military Affairs 8978: 8972: 8966: 8960: 8959: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8904: 8898: 8897: 8869: 8863: 8862: 8842: 8836: 8835: 8815: 8809: 8808: 8768: 8762: 8761: 8739:Europe 1780–1830 8733: 8727: 8721: 8715: 8714: 8666: 8660: 8659: 8639: 8633: 8627: 8621: 8620: 8592: 8583: 8582: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8507: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8490: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8473: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8431: 8425: 8424: 8406: 8400: 8399: 8378: 8372: 8371: 8353: 8347: 8346: 8334: 8328: 8327: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8282: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8256: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8237: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8201:Past and Present 8192: 8186: 8185: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8140: 8134: 8133: 8123: 8117: 8116: 8096: 8090: 8084: 8078: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8022: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7966: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7889: 7883: 7882: 7876: 7874: 7851: 7845: 7844: 7816: 7810: 7804: 7798: 7797: 7781: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7747: 7741: 7735: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7686: 7680: 7679: 7674:. Archived from 7668: 7662: 7656: 7650: 7649: 7637: 7631: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7618: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7588: 7582: 7581: 7561: 7555: 7554: 7547: 7538: 7537: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7455: 7444: 7443: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7391: 7382: 7376: 7375: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7305: 7299: 7293: 7287: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7230: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7158: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7128: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7020: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6993: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6921: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6898: 6894: 6892: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6820: 6819: 6799: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6775:. Archived from 6771:. Derecho UNED. 6765: 6759: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6686: 6680: 6635:Hispania Baetica 6629: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6607: 6598: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6377: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6272: 6007: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5942:financial crisis 5931:José María Aznar 5905:José María Aznar 5869:Seville Expo '92 5831: 5828: 5740:Region of Murcia 5712:Castile and León 5700:Balearic Islands 5632:King Juan Carlos 5596:Spanish rule in 5575:Francisco Franco 5538:Franco visiting 5434:Francisco Franco 5395: 5329:, set up by the 5223:Francisco Franco 5171:new constitution 5099:Dámaso Berenguer 5086:Great Depression 4917:Francisco Franco 4902:on the left and 4873:Caroline Islands 4827:Disaster of 1898 4806:reign of Alfonso 4709:through another 4641:Amadeus of Savoy 4632:generals at the 4612:took place. The 4344:Rafael del Riego 4140:Joseph Bonaparte 4109:Battle of Bailén 3970:invaded Portugal 3962:Seven Years' War 3877:Cortes Generales 3861:, 11 August 1718 3832:balance of power 3711:'s-Hertogenbosch 3567:Decline of Spain 3547:, the author of 3524:helped to shape 3276: 3260:Spain enjoyed a 3213:, conquered the 2980:Habsburg dynasty 2929:, conquered the 2729:language isolate 2638:A battle of the 2523:, especially in 2434:. The rulers of 2113:in El Campillo, 1913:Liber Iudiciorum 1899:Liber Iudiciorum 1848:Muslim conquests 1831:Visigothic King 1596:, and the poets 1493:Celtiberian Wars 1454:Second Punic War 1181:Francisco Franco 1098:Spanish Habsburg 1096:established the 1051:Crown of Castile 1027:High Middle Ages 937: 930: 923: 905: 904: 903: 893:Spain portal 891: 890: 889: 857:Military history 842:Economic history 825: 817: 799: 786: 778: 755: 747: 739: 731: 727:Republican exile 723: 700: 692: 684: 680:1936 coup d'état 676: 668: 660: 652: 644: 621: 610: 602: 594: 586: 578: 570: 562: 539: 531: 523: 515: 490: 482: 472: 464: 454: 446: 438: 415: 407: 397: 372: 364: 356: 348: 344:Napoleonic Spain 340: 317: 309: 301: 293: 285: 277: 269: 261: 253: 230: 222: 212: 204: 181: 177:Byzantine Spania 173: 165: 132: 131:(218 BCE–472 CE) 124: 101: 57: 47: 29: 28: 21: 14373: 14372: 14368: 14367: 14366: 14364: 14363: 14362: 14348: 14347: 14346: 14341: 14328: 14321: 14314: 14301: 14296:Toro de Osborne 14263: 14244:Public holidays 14155: 14116:Life expectancy 14039: 14005:Property bubble 13916: 13801: 13679: 13675:Spanish miracle 13628: 13602:Second Republic 13524: 13515: 13485: 13480: 13464: 13422: 13416: 13402:Northern Cyprus 13384: 13378: 13294:North Macedonia 13115: 13110: 13080: 13075: 13014: 12980:Interwar period 12955:Napoleonic Wars 12819: 12790:Mongol invasion 12743:Crown of Aragon 12635: 12575: 12571:Iron Age Europe 12542: 12537: 12500: 12498: 12414: 12412: 12390: 12388: 12370: 12368: 12360: 12352: 12350: 12342: 12339: 12236: 12218: 12213: 12127:Preston, Paul. 12107:(2nd ed. 2008) 11980:Lynch, John C. 11895:Edwards, John. 11872:(2nd ed. 1956) 11858:Barton, Simon. 11844: 11842:Further reading 11834: 11772: 11747: 11745: 11682: 11663: 11653:Macmillan Press 11638: 11594: 11580: 11556: 11533: 11531: 11527: 11512: 11455:Islamic Studies 11446: 11435: 11422: 11387:10.2307/1845444 11361: 11321: 11300: 11279: 11260: 11226: 11195: 11173: 11137: 11101: 11059: 11054: 11053: 10974: 10970: 10957: 10953: 10944: 10940: 10935: 10934: 10925: 10923: 10906: 10905: 10901: 10892: 10890: 10874: 10873: 10869: 10862: 10848: 10844: 10835: 10833: 10823: 10819: 10804: 10800: 10791: 10789: 10777: 10773: 10767:Muñoz Soro 2016 10765: 10761: 10755:Muñoz Soro 2016 10753: 10749: 10742: 10718: 10714: 10699: 10683: 10679: 10664: 10648: 10644: 10627: 10623: 10606: 10602: 10595: 10579: 10575: 10560: 10544: 10537: 10529: 10527: 10525: 10499: 10495: 10488: 10472: 10468: 10461: 10445: 10441: 10398: 10394: 10379: 10363: 10359: 10352: 10338: 10334: 10326: 10322: 10314: 10310: 10302: 10298: 10290: 10286: 10278: 10274: 10266: 10262: 10254: 10247: 10240: 10220: 10216: 10208: 10201: 10189: 10185: 10177: 10173: 10164: 10162: 10158: 10135: 10126: 10122: 10107: 10103: 10052: 10048: 10040: 10036: 10028: 10024: 10016: 10012: 10005: 9988: 9984: 9963: 9956: 9948: 9944: 9937: 9921:. p. 231. 9911: 9907: 9899: 9895: 9887: 9883: 9875: 9871: 9863: 9859: 9851: 9847: 9839: 9835: 9792: 9788: 9753: 9749: 9740: 9738: 9720: 9716: 9692: 9686: 9682: 9654: 9648: 9644: 9629: 9613: 9609: 9597: 9588: 9584: 9577: 9559: 9555: 9512: 9508: 9493: 9477: 9473: 9466: 9450: 9446: 9439: 9423: 9419: 9412: 9390: 9386: 9376: 9374: 9372: 9356: 9352: 9337: 9321: 9317: 9310: 9294: 9290: 9280: 9278: 9274: 9263: 9257: 9253: 9245: 9241: 9234: 9218: 9214: 9207: 9191: 9184: 9177: 9161: 9157: 9150: 9134: 9130: 9123: 9107: 9103: 9096: 9080: 9076: 9069: 9053: 9049: 9042: 9026: 9022: 8999:10.2307/1988459 8979: 8975: 8967: 8963: 8948: 8932: 8928: 8921: 8905: 8901: 8886: 8870: 8866: 8859: 8843: 8839: 8832: 8816: 8812: 8789:10.2307/2516106 8769: 8765: 8758: 8734: 8730: 8722: 8718: 8667: 8663: 8656: 8640: 8636: 8628: 8624: 8609: 8593: 8586: 8579: 8560:Philip of Spain 8555: 8551: 8528:10.2307/1844260 8508: 8504: 8496: 8492: 8491: 8487: 8479: 8475: 8474: 8470: 8462: 8458: 8457: 8453: 8446: 8432: 8428: 8421: 8407: 8403: 8396: 8379: 8375: 8368: 8354: 8350: 8335: 8331: 8324: 8310: 8306: 8283: 8279: 8269: 8267: 8257: 8253: 8245: 8241: 8228: 8224: 8193: 8189: 8168: 8164: 8157: 8141: 8137: 8124: 8120: 8113: 8097: 8093: 8085: 8081: 8069: 8065: 8050: 8034: 8030: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8000: 7996: 7988: 7984: 7964: 7958: 7954: 7947: 7933: 7929: 7890: 7886: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7852: 7848: 7833: 7817: 7813: 7805: 7801: 7794: 7772: 7768: 7761: 7749: 7748: 7744: 7736: 7729: 7721: 7717: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7687: 7683: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7657: 7653: 7638: 7634: 7629: 7625: 7616: 7614: 7604: 7600: 7589: 7585: 7562: 7558: 7553:. 7 April 2024. 7549: 7548: 7541: 7526: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7483: 7479: 7472: 7456: 7447: 7440: 7420: 7416: 7389: 7383: 7379: 7368: 7360:. p. 166. 7344: 7340: 7306: 7302: 7294: 7290: 7282: 7278: 7270: 7266: 7258: 7254: 7247: 7231: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7198: 7194: 7186: 7182: 7175: 7159: 7155: 7147: 7143: 7135: 7131: 7121: 7117: 7109: 7105: 7097: 7093: 7085: 7081: 7073: 7069: 7061: 7057: 7049: 7045: 7034: 7030: 7018: 7014: 7013: 7009: 7001: 6997: 6990: 6974: 6970: 6963: 6943: 6939: 6931: 6924: 6912: 6908: 6896: 6895: 6886: 6885: 6878: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6865: 6858: 6842: 6838: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6800: 6791: 6782: 6780: 6767: 6766: 6762: 6750: 6746: 6731: 6715: 6711: 6703: 6699: 6687: 6683: 6630: 6626: 6617: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6586: 6582: 6573: 6571: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6548: 6546: 6535: 6531: 6523: 6519: 6511: 6507: 6499: 6495: 6487: 6483: 6475: 6471: 6463: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6439: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6375: 6369: 6365: 6356: 6354: 6344: 6340: 6325: 6309: 6305: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6264: 6222: 5989: 5901:Partido Popular 5897: 5895:Eurozone crisis 5883: 5877: 5846:Felipe González 5829: 5811:Felipe González 5795:. Spain joined 5669: 5663: 5658: 5652: 5625:Spanish miracle 5567:was forbidden. 5532: 5530:Francoist Spain 5526: 5418: 5343: 5249: 5243: 5167:military reform 5131: 5123:Main articles: 5121: 5095: 5056:Patriotic Union 5034:The successful 5028: 4925: 4881:Spanish Morocco 4860:revived in 1895 4829: 4819:educators, the 4746: 4738:Main articles: 4736: 4731: 4725: 4715:, this time by 4712:pronunciamiento 4703:General Serrano 4664: 4658: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4517:Episode of the 4444: 4432:Main articles: 4430: 4387: 4381: 4365: 4363:Trienio liberal 4359: 4355:Trienio liberal 4348:trienio liberal 4316: 4310: 4305: 4268: 4262: 4248:armies. At the 4197:Cortes of Cádiz 4116:Napoleonic Wars 4087: 4081: 4076: 4070: 4064: 3997:Manuel de Godoy 3907:Triple Alliance 3890:Jonathan Israel 3873:Crown of Aragon 3807: 3801: 3795: 3771:Castilian Crown 3767:Crown of Aragon 3756:Bourbon dynasty 3736:Ortega y Gasset 3635: 3569: 3563: 3499:Diego Velázquez 3439: 3433: 3355: 3297: 3292: 3211:Juan de Salcedo 3175:largest empires 3159: 3153: 3147: 3049: 3035: 3021:, married King 2984:Philip the Fair 2935:Alhambra Decree 2911: 2897: 2823: 2818: 2794:Main articles: 2792: 2786:was published. 2675: 2632: 2452:Abd al-Rahman I 2379:, known as the 2315:Battle of Tours 2281:. Crossing the 2275:Tariq ibn Ziyad 2241: 2225:Main articles: 2223: 2179: 2173: 2091: 2085: 2073:Byzantine-style 2017:, known as the 1985: 1825: 1819: 1817:Visigothic rule 1759:Germanic tribes 1742:in Toledo. The 1704:Germanic tribes 1698:in light orange 1680: 1666: 1660: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1482:precious metals 1474:Sistema Ibérico 1380:Luzaga's Bronze 1345: 1339: 1297:: those of the 1219: 1213: 1130:Bourbon dynasty 1055:Crown of Aragon 1039:Kingdom of León 996:Germanic tribes 958:peoples of the 941: 912: 901: 899: 887: 885: 867: 866: 847:Law enforcement 837: 829: 828: 823: 815: 797: 784: 776: 769: 759: 758: 753: 751:Basque conflict 745: 737: 729: 721: 714: 712:Francoist Spain 704: 703: 698: 690: 682: 674: 666: 658: 656:Second Biennium 650: 642: 635: 633:Second Republic 625: 624: 619: 608: 600: 592: 584: 576: 568: 560: 553: 543: 542: 537: 529: 521: 513: 506: 494: 493: 488: 480: 470: 462: 459:Década moderada 452: 444: 436: 429: 419: 418: 413: 405: 402:Trienio Liberal 395: 386: 376: 375: 370: 362: 354: 352:Cortes of Cádiz 346: 338: 331: 321: 320: 315: 307: 299: 291: 283: 275: 267: 259: 251: 244: 234: 233: 228: 220: 210: 202: 200:Muslim conquest 195: 185: 184: 179: 171: 163: 156: 146: 145: 130: 122: 115: 105: 104: 99: 87: 77: 76: 67: 45: 38: 23: 22: 18:Spanish history 15: 12: 11: 5: 14371: 14361: 14360: 14343: 14342: 14340: 14339: 14334: 14327: 14326: 14319: 14311: 14310: 14307: 14306: 14303: 14302: 14300: 14299: 14292: 14287: 14286:Cultural icons 14284: 14279: 14273: 14271: 14265: 14264: 14262: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14205: 14204: 14199: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14165: 14163: 14157: 14156: 14154: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14057: 14051: 14045: 14044: 14041: 14040: 14038: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13971: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13934: 13928: 13922: 13921: 13918: 13917: 13915: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13893: 13892: 13887: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13866: 13865: 13863:Prime Minister 13855: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13825: 13819: 13813: 13807: 13806: 13803: 13802: 13800: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13782: 13777: 13775:National parks 13772: 13770:Municipalities 13767: 13762: 13761: 13760: 13750: 13745: 13743:Extreme points 13740: 13735: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13703: 13697: 13691: 13685: 13684: 13681: 13680: 13678: 13677: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13650:Spanish Empire 13647: 13642: 13636: 13634: 13630: 13629: 13627: 13626: 13625: 13624: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13592:First Republic 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13562:Medieval Spain 13559: 13557:Roman Hispania 13554: 13549: 13543: 13541: 13532: 13526: 13525: 13514: 13513: 13506: 13499: 13491: 13482: 13481: 13479: 13478: 13476:European Union 13472: 13470: 13469:Other entities 13466: 13465: 13463: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13426: 13424: 13423:other entities 13418: 13417: 13415: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13388: 13386: 13380: 13379: 13377: 13376: 13371: 13369:United Kingdom 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13236: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13182:Czech Republic 13179: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13123: 13121: 13117: 13116: 13109: 13108: 13101: 13094: 13086: 13077: 13076: 13074: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13022: 13020: 13016: 13015: 13013: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12930:Russian Empire 12927: 12922: 12920:British Empire 12917: 12915:Dutch Republic 12912: 12910:Swedish Empire 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12890:Spanish Empire 12887: 12882: 12880:Ottoman Empire 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12851: 12850: 12840: 12835: 12829: 12827: 12821: 12820: 12818: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12795:Serbian Empire 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12729: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12703: 12702: 12701: 12696: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12667: 12666: 12656: 12651: 12645: 12643: 12637: 12636: 12634: 12633: 12631:Late antiquity 12628: 12623: 12618: 12617: 12616: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12594:Roman Republic 12591: 12585: 12583: 12577: 12576: 12574: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12552: 12550: 12544: 12543: 12536: 12535: 12528: 12521: 12513: 12507: 12506: 12490:Pueyo, Tomas. 12487: 12427: 12420: 12396: 12376: 12358: 12338: 12337:External links 12335: 12334: 12333: 12326: 12316: 12306: 12299:Linehan, Peter 12296: 12289: 12279: 12272: 12262: 12254: 12247: 12240: 12235:978-1884964336 12234: 12217: 12216:Historiography 12214: 12212: 12211: 12204: 12197: 12190: 12180:Tusell, Javier 12177: 12170: 12163: 12162:. London 1976. 12156: 12146: 12139: 12132: 12131:(2nd ed. 2007) 12125: 12124:. Ithaca 1972. 12118: 12117:. Ithaca 1966. 12111: 12101: 12092: 12082: 12075: 12068: 12061: 12052: 12042: 12032: 12025: 12015: 12008: 11998: 11985: 11978: 11968: 11963:Kamen, Henry. 11961: 11954: 11941: 11934: 11920: 11910: 11905:Elliott, J.H. 11903: 11893: 11886: 11882:(2 vol; 1976) 11876: 11866: 11856: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11839: 11838: 11833:978-0816049646 11832: 11819: 11798: 11797: 11796: 11787: 11771:978-0375502040 11770: 11762:Rivers of Gold 11754: 11734: 11721: 11686: 11680: 11667: 11661: 11655:. p. 69. 11642: 11636: 11615: 11587: 11578: 11563: 11554: 11539: 11505: 11492: 11486:(96). Madrid: 11479: 11461:(1/2): 37–66. 11450: 11444: 11432:Los celtíberos 11426: 11420: 11407: 11381:(2): 282–300. 11365: 11360:978-0520025349 11359: 11344: 11325: 11319: 11304: 11299:978-0141925578 11298: 11283: 11277: 11264: 11258: 11241: 11224: 11209: 11208: 11207: 11193: 11171: 11156: 11141: 11135: 11118: 11091: 11079:10.2307/120334 11058: 11055: 11052: 11051: 10968: 10951: 10947:Musée de Cluny 10937: 10936: 10933: 10932: 10899: 10867: 10860: 10842: 10817: 10798: 10771: 10759: 10747: 10740: 10712: 10697: 10688:Franco's Spain 10677: 10662: 10642: 10621: 10600: 10593: 10573: 10558: 10535: 10523: 10493: 10486: 10466: 10459: 10439: 10392: 10377: 10357: 10350: 10332: 10320: 10308: 10296: 10284: 10272: 10260: 10258:, p. 290. 10245: 10238: 10232:. p. 11. 10214: 10199: 10183: 10171: 10120: 10101: 10066:(2): 301–322. 10046: 10034: 10022: 10020:, p. 402. 10018:Bernecker 2000 10010: 10003: 9997:. p. 43. 9982: 9954: 9942: 9935: 9905: 9903:, p. 409. 9901:Bernecker 2000 9893: 9891:, p. 408. 9889:Bernecker 2000 9881: 9869: 9857: 9855:, p. 152. 9845: 9843:, p. 146. 9833: 9786: 9767:(2): 463–491. 9747: 9714: 9680: 9642: 9627: 9607: 9582: 9576:0-313-312-16-8 9575: 9553: 9532:10.2307/491971 9506: 9491: 9471: 9465:978-1851099511 9464: 9444: 9438:978-0674131255 9437: 9417: 9411:978-0804701280 9410: 9384: 9371:978-0313334061 9370: 9350: 9335: 9315: 9309:978-0521646307 9308: 9288: 9251: 9239: 9232: 9212: 9206:978-1851094219 9205: 9182: 9176:978-1782001959 9175: 9155: 9149:978-1841768311 9148: 9128: 9122:978-1439131039 9121: 9101: 9095:978-0810866171 9094: 9074: 9067: 9047: 9040: 9020: 8973: 8961: 8946: 8926: 8920:978-0816074761 8919: 8899: 8884: 8864: 8858:978-1107003132 8857: 8837: 8831:978-1472801982 8830: 8810: 8763: 8756: 8742:. p. 32. 8728: 8716: 8687:10.1086/236742 8681:(3): 192–206. 8661: 8655:978-0191620041 8654: 8634: 8622: 8607: 8584: 8577: 8549: 8502: 8485: 8468: 8451: 8445:978-8418849107 8444: 8426: 8420:978-8418434983 8419: 8401: 8394: 8373: 8367:978-8429723632 8366: 8348: 8329: 8322: 8304: 8293:(4): 377–400. 8277: 8251: 8249:, p. 404. 8239: 8222: 8187: 8162: 8155: 8135: 8118: 8111: 8105:. Penguin UK. 8091: 8089:, p. 298. 8079: 8063: 8048: 8028: 8014: 7994: 7982: 7952: 7946:978-1107507180 7945: 7927: 7884: 7867:978-0810875111 7866: 7846: 7831: 7811: 7799: 7792: 7766: 7760:978-1107024564 7759: 7742: 7727: 7715: 7701: 7681: 7678:on 2009-02-13. 7672:"The Almohads" 7663: 7661:, p. 217. 7651: 7632: 7623: 7598: 7595:(77): 413–419. 7583: 7556: 7539: 7524: 7515:The Viking Age 7504: 7498:978-1136242397 7497: 7477: 7471:978-1781855225 7470: 7464:. Bloomsbury. 7445: 7438: 7414: 7377: 7366: 7338: 7316:(1–2): 37–64. 7300: 7288: 7276: 7264: 7252: 7245: 7216: 7204: 7192: 7180: 7173: 7153: 7141: 7129: 7115: 7103: 7101:, p. 847. 7091: 7079: 7067: 7055: 7043: 7028: 7007: 6995: 6988: 6968: 6961: 6937: 6922: 6906: 6897:|website= 6863: 6856: 6836: 6821: 6814: 6789: 6760: 6744: 6729: 6709: 6697: 6681: 6624: 6599: 6580: 6555: 6529: 6517: 6505: 6503:, p. 264. 6493: 6481: 6469: 6457: 6445: 6433: 6421: 6409: 6397: 6363: 6338: 6323: 6303: 6285: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6163: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6086: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6053: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5988: 5985: 5879:Main article: 5876: 5873: 5777:Antonio Tejero 5744:Basque Country 5704:Canary Islands 5665:Main article: 5662: 5659: 5654:Main article: 5651: 5648: 5644:Western Sahara 5591:United Nations 5528:Main article: 5525: 5522: 5481:Basque country 5442:Army of Africa 5417: 5414: 5342: 5339: 5245:Main article: 5242: 5239: 5233:and Far-right 5214:and a revived 5147:la niña bonita 5120: 5117: 4924: 4921: 4889:Spanish Guinea 4885:Spanish Sahara 4828: 4825: 4735: 4732: 4727:Main article: 4724: 4721: 4660:Main article: 4657: 4654: 4584:Main article: 4581: 4578: 4523:Puerta del Sol 4429: 4426: 4418:Infante Carlos 4385:Ominous Decade 4383:Main article: 4380: 4377: 4361:Main article: 4358: 4352: 4312:Main article: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4264:Main article: 4261: 4258: 4241:guerrilla wars 4237:Peninsular War 4085:Peninsular War 4083:Main article: 4080: 4077: 4066:Main article: 4063: 4060: 4017:Peninsular War 3980:while gaining 3948:(1746–59) and 3797:Main article: 3794: 3791: 3773:, through the 3740: 3739: 3731: 3707:Bergen op Zoom 3659:Habsburg Spain 3631:Main article: 3562: 3559: 3538:Baroque period 3466:Spanish Empire 3447:View of Toledo 3435:Main article: 3432: 3425: 3389:Spanish Armada 3385:pitched battle 3354: 3351: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3243:Habsburg Spain 3236:and Bolivia's 3171:global empires 3157:Habsburg Spain 3151:Spanish Empire 3149:Main article: 3146: 3145:Spanish empire 3143: 3073:Canary Islands 3034: 3031: 2931:Canary Islands 2896: 2893: 2822: 2819: 2800:Habsburg Spain 2791: 2788: 2674: 2671: 2652:Medieval Spain 2631: 2628: 2618:by becoming a 2537:La Convivencia 2514:sacked Seville 2508:ascent of the 2467:Almohad empire 2311:Charles Martel 2303:Western Europe 2222: 2211: 2172: 2169: 2087:Main article: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2069: 2046: 1991:Detail of the 1984: 1981: 1926:Constantinople 1821:Main article: 1818: 1815: 1736:Vandal Kingdom 1659: 1656: 1507:Main article: 1504: 1501: 1470:Meseta Central 1458:Roman Republic 1404:Greek colonies 1400:Archaic Greeks 1349:Roman conquest 1338: 1335: 1215:Main article: 1212: 1209: 1197:European Union 1149:Napoleonic era 1114:Spanish Armada 966:made with the 943: 942: 940: 939: 932: 925: 917: 914: 913: 911: 910: 896: 881: 878: 877: 869: 868: 865: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 838: 835: 834: 831: 830: 827: 826: 824:(2020–present) 818: 810: 805: 800: 792: 787: 779: 770: 765: 764: 761: 760: 757: 756: 748: 740: 732: 724: 719:Spanish Maquis 715: 710: 709: 706: 705: 702: 701: 693: 685: 677: 669: 661: 653: 648:First Biennium 645: 636: 631: 630: 627: 626: 623: 622: 611: 603: 595: 587: 579: 571: 563: 554: 549: 548: 545: 544: 541: 540: 535:First Republic 532: 524: 516: 507: 500: 499: 496: 495: 492: 491: 483: 473: 465: 455: 447: 439: 430: 425: 424: 421: 420: 417: 416: 411:Ominous Decade 408: 398: 387: 382: 381: 378: 377: 374: 373: 365: 357: 349: 341: 332: 329:Peninsular War 327: 326: 323: 322: 319: 318: 310: 302: 294: 286: 278: 270: 262: 254: 245: 240: 239: 236: 235: 232: 231: 223: 213: 205: 196: 191: 190: 187: 186: 183: 182: 174: 166: 157: 152: 151: 148: 147: 144: 143: 138: 133: 125: 120:Roman Conquest 116: 113:Roman Hispania 111: 110: 107: 106: 103: 102: 94: 88: 83: 82: 79: 78: 75: 74: 68: 63: 62: 59: 58: 50: 49: 40: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14370: 14359: 14356: 14355: 14353: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14329: 14324: 14320: 14317: 14313: 14312: 14308: 14298: 14297: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14274: 14272: 14270: 14266: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14194: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14166: 14164: 14162: 14158: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14058: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14046: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13969: 13968:median income 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13955: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13935: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13923: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13882: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13864: 13861: 13860: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13838:Head of State 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13820: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13808: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13787: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13759: 13756: 13755: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13733: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13711: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13698: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13686: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13637: 13635: 13631: 13623: 13620: 13619: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13582:Enlightenment 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13544: 13542: 13540: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13527: 13523: 13519: 13512: 13507: 13505: 13500: 13498: 13493: 13492: 13489: 13477: 13474: 13473: 13471: 13467: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13435:Faroe Islands 13433: 13431: 13428: 13427: 13425: 13419: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13407:South Ossetia 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13389: 13387: 13381: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13254:Liechtenstein 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13124: 13122: 13118: 13114: 13107: 13102: 13100: 13095: 13093: 13088: 13087: 13084: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13026:Art of Europe 13024: 13023: 13021: 13017: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12849: 12846: 12845: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12830: 12828: 12826: 12825:Modern period 12822: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12760: 12756: 12752: 12748: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12708: 12707: 12704: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12691: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12665: 12662: 12661: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12646: 12644: 12642: 12638: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12615: 12612: 12611: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12586: 12584: 12582: 12578: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12553: 12551: 12549: 12545: 12541: 12534: 12529: 12527: 12522: 12520: 12515: 12514: 12511: 12497: 12493: 12488: 12484: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12466: 12462: 12458: 12454: 12450: 12446: 12442: 12438: 12434: 12428: 12425: 12421: 12411:on 2022-11-11 12410: 12406: 12402: 12397: 12387:on 2006-04-26 12386: 12382: 12377: 12367: 12363: 12359: 12349: 12345: 12341: 12340: 12331: 12327: 12325: 12321: 12317: 12315: 12311: 12307: 12304: 12300: 12297: 12294: 12290: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12277: 12273: 12271: 12267: 12263: 12260: 12255: 12252: 12248: 12245: 12241: 12237: 12231: 12227: 12226: 12220: 12219: 12209: 12208:History Today 12205: 12202: 12198: 12195: 12191: 12189: 12185: 12181: 12178: 12175: 12171: 12168: 12164: 12161: 12157: 12155: 12151: 12147: 12144: 12140: 12137: 12133: 12130: 12126: 12123: 12119: 12116: 12112: 12110: 12106: 12102: 12099: 12098: 12093: 12091: 12087: 12083: 12080: 12076: 12073: 12069: 12066: 12062: 12059: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12050:online review 12047: 12043: 12041: 12037: 12033: 12030: 12026: 12024: 12020: 12016: 12013: 12009: 12007: 12003: 11999: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11986: 11983: 11979: 11977: 11973: 11970:Lynch, John. 11969: 11966: 11962: 11959: 11955: 11953: 11949: 11945: 11942: 11939: 11935: 11933: 11932:0-415-93918-6 11929: 11925: 11921: 11919: 11915: 11911: 11908: 11904: 11902: 11898: 11894: 11891: 11887: 11885: 11881: 11877: 11875: 11871: 11867: 11865: 11861: 11857: 11854: 11850: 11847: 11846: 11835: 11829: 11825: 11820: 11816: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11793: 11788: 11785: 11781: 11778: 11777: 11773: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11744: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11729: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11700: 11696: 11692: 11687: 11683: 11677: 11673: 11668: 11664: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11649: 11643: 11639: 11633: 11629: 11625: 11621: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11600: 11593: 11588: 11586: 11581: 11575: 11571: 11570: 11564: 11562: 11557: 11551: 11547: 11546: 11540: 11530:on 2021-10-25 11526: 11522: 11518: 11511: 11506: 11502: 11498: 11493: 11489: 11485: 11480: 11476: 11472: 11468: 11464: 11460: 11456: 11451: 11447: 11445:84-7908-335-2 11441: 11434: 11433: 11427: 11423: 11417: 11413: 11408: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11375: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11356: 11352: 11351: 11345: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11332: 11326: 11322: 11316: 11312: 11311: 11305: 11301: 11295: 11291: 11290: 11284: 11280: 11278:0-631-18185-7 11274: 11270: 11265: 11261: 11255: 11250: 11249: 11242: 11240: 11235: 11231: 11227: 11225:0-415-13813-2 11221: 11218:. Routledge. 11217: 11216: 11210: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11190: 11186: 11185: 11179: 11178: 11174: 11168: 11164: 11163: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11148: 11142: 11138: 11136:0-333-64828-5 11132: 11128: 11124: 11119: 11115: 11111: 11107: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11067: 11061: 11060: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11035: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10972: 10965: 10961: 10955: 10948: 10942: 10938: 10922:on 2015-04-05 10921: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10903: 10889: 10885: 10881: 10880:The Economist 10877: 10871: 10863: 10861:9781107507180 10857: 10853: 10846: 10832: 10828: 10821: 10813: 10809: 10802: 10788: 10787: 10782: 10775: 10768: 10763: 10757:, p. 48. 10756: 10751: 10743: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10724: 10716: 10708: 10704: 10700: 10698:0-340-56169-6 10694: 10690: 10689: 10681: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10659: 10655: 10654: 10646: 10638: 10637: 10632: 10625: 10617: 10616: 10611: 10604: 10596: 10590: 10586: 10585: 10577: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10555: 10551: 10550: 10542: 10540: 10526: 10524:9781315234335 10520: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10497: 10489: 10483: 10479: 10478: 10470: 10462: 10456: 10452: 10451: 10443: 10435: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10396: 10388: 10384: 10380: 10378:0-297-00124-8 10374: 10370: 10369: 10361: 10353: 10347: 10343: 10336: 10330:, p. 96. 10329: 10324: 10318:, p. 95. 10317: 10312: 10306:, p. 94. 10305: 10300: 10293: 10288: 10281: 10276: 10269: 10264: 10257: 10252: 10250: 10241: 10239:0-8262-1658-7 10235: 10231: 10227: 10226: 10218: 10212:, p. 70. 10211: 10206: 10204: 10196: 10192: 10187: 10180: 10175: 10161:on 2021-12-02 10157: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10134: 10130: 10124: 10116: 10112: 10105: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10057: 10050: 10044:, p. 97. 10043: 10038: 10031: 10026: 10019: 10014: 10006: 10000: 9996: 9992: 9986: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9966:Linz, Juan J. 9961: 9959: 9952:, p. 81. 9951: 9946: 9938: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9909: 9902: 9897: 9890: 9885: 9878: 9873: 9866: 9861: 9854: 9849: 9842: 9837: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9790: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9751: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9718: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9691: 9684: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9665:(1). Madrid: 9664: 9660: 9653: 9646: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9628:0-8093-0902-5 9624: 9620: 9619: 9611: 9603: 9596: 9592: 9591:Linz, Juan J. 9586: 9578: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9557: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9510: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9492:0-87991-607-9 9488: 9484: 9483: 9475: 9467: 9461: 9457: 9456: 9448: 9440: 9434: 9430: 9429: 9421: 9413: 9407: 9403: 9398: 9397: 9388: 9373: 9367: 9363: 9362: 9354: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9336:0-631-14988-0 9332: 9328: 9327: 9319: 9311: 9305: 9301: 9300: 9292: 9273: 9269: 9262: 9255: 9248: 9243: 9235: 9229: 9225: 9224: 9216: 9208: 9202: 9198: 9197: 9189: 9187: 9178: 9172: 9168: 9167: 9159: 9151: 9145: 9141: 9140: 9132: 9124: 9118: 9114: 9113: 9105: 9097: 9091: 9087: 9086: 9078: 9070: 9068:9780521894166 9064: 9060: 9059: 9051: 9043: 9041:0-8122-1846-9 9037: 9033: 9032: 9024: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8977: 8970: 8965: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8943: 8939: 8938: 8930: 8922: 8916: 8912: 8911: 8903: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8885:0-85045-243-0 8881: 8877: 8876: 8868: 8860: 8854: 8850: 8849: 8841: 8833: 8827: 8823: 8822: 8814: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8767: 8759: 8757:9781317870951 8753: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8740: 8732: 8725: 8720: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8665: 8657: 8651: 8647: 8646: 8638: 8631: 8626: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8608:0-631-14576-1 8604: 8600: 8599: 8591: 8589: 8580: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8561: 8553: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8506: 8495: 8489: 8478: 8472: 8461: 8455: 8447: 8441: 8437: 8430: 8422: 8416: 8412: 8405: 8397: 8395:84-7826-620-8 8391: 8387: 8383: 8377: 8369: 8363: 8359: 8352: 8344: 8340: 8333: 8325: 8319: 8315: 8308: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8281: 8266: 8262: 8255: 8248: 8243: 8235: 8234: 8226: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8203:(81): 24–50. 8202: 8198: 8191: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8174: 8166: 8158: 8152: 8148: 8147: 8139: 8131: 8130: 8122: 8114: 8108: 8104: 8103: 8095: 8088: 8083: 8076: 8072: 8067: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8045: 8041: 8040: 8032: 8017: 8011: 8007: 8006: 7998: 7991: 7986: 7978: 7974: 7971:(69): 23–24. 7970: 7963: 7956: 7948: 7942: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7873:September 11, 7869: 7863: 7859: 7858: 7850: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7832:0-06-019476-6 7828: 7824: 7823: 7815: 7809:, p. 58. 7808: 7803: 7795: 7789: 7785: 7780: 7779: 7770: 7762: 7756: 7752: 7746: 7740:, p. 21. 7739: 7734: 7732: 7725:, p. 18. 7724: 7719: 7704: 7698: 7694: 7693: 7685: 7677: 7673: 7667: 7660: 7655: 7647: 7646:libro.uca.edu 7643: 7636: 7627: 7613: 7609: 7602: 7594: 7587: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7560: 7552: 7546: 7544: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7521: 7517: 7516: 7508: 7500: 7494: 7491:. Routledge. 7490: 7489: 7481: 7473: 7467: 7463: 7462: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7441: 7439:0-520-24840-6 7435: 7431: 7427: 7426: 7425:Moorish Spain 7418: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7369: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7354: 7349: 7342: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7304: 7298:, p. 50. 7297: 7292: 7286:, p. 48. 7285: 7280: 7274:, p. 49. 7273: 7268: 7262:, p. 46. 7261: 7256: 7248: 7242: 7238: 7237: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7214:, p. 45. 7213: 7208: 7201: 7196: 7190:, p. 47. 7189: 7184: 7176: 7170: 7166: 7165: 7157: 7151:, p. 43. 7150: 7145: 7138: 7133: 7126: 7125: 7124:Akhbār majmūa 7119: 7112: 7107: 7100: 7095: 7088: 7083: 7076: 7071: 7065:, p. 44. 7064: 7059: 7052: 7047: 7040: 7039: 7032: 7024: 7017: 7011: 7004: 6999: 6991: 6985: 6981: 6980: 6972: 6964: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6941: 6934: 6929: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6902: 6890: 6875: 6874: 6867: 6859: 6853: 6849: 6848: 6840: 6833: 6828: 6826: 6817: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6779:on 2021-09-24 6778: 6774: 6770: 6764: 6757: 6753: 6748: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6730:0-472-10891-3 6726: 6722: 6721: 6713: 6706: 6701: 6694: 6690: 6685: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6663:(Tarragona), 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6636: 6628: 6613: 6606: 6604: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6584: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6544: 6540: 6533: 6527:, p. 40. 6526: 6521: 6515:, p. 36. 6514: 6509: 6502: 6497: 6491:, p. 85. 6490: 6485: 6478: 6473: 6467:, p. 87. 6466: 6461: 6455:, p. 11. 6454: 6453:Blázquez 1988 6449: 6442: 6441:Blázquez 1988 6437: 6430: 6425: 6419:, p. 37. 6418: 6413: 6407:, p. 36. 6406: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6324:0-521-23207-4 6320: 6316: 6315: 6307: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6267: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6213: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6004: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5902: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5824: 5819: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5781:Guardia Civil 5778: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5676: 5674: 5668: 5657: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5628: 5626: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5521: 5517: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5493:Condor Legion 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5422: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5372:Condor Legion 5369: 5368:Fascist Italy 5365: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5338: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5315:José Sanjurjo 5312: 5308: 5304: 5303:Fascist Italy 5299: 5297: 5296:Rebel faction 5293: 5284: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5163:José Sanjurjo 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5109:Aznar-Cabañas 5106: 5105: 5101:'s so-called 5100: 5094: 5089: 5087: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4846:in April 1898 4845: 4842:launched the 4841: 4840: 4833: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4786:conservatives 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4730: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4699:General Pavía 4695: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4668: 4663: 4653: 4650: 4649:King of Spain 4646: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4550:Liberal Union 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4504:Matiners' War 4501: 4497: 4494: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4411: 4406: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4356: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4333: 4332:Ferdinand VII 4329: 4325: 4322:Although the 4320: 4315: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4289:Simón Bolívar 4286: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4257: 4255: 4254:Ferdinand VII 4251: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4136:Ferdinand VII 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4075: 4069: 4059: 4055: 4053: 4052:Benito Feijóo 4049: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4003:early in the 4002: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3860: 3855: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3800: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3518:Luis de Milán 3515: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3462: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3430: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3359: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3320:Iberian Union 3317: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3287: 3284: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3274: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3195:Conquistadors 3187: 3183: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3163: 3158: 3152: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3126: 3121: 3118:in 1610, and 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3061: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2986:, the son of 2985: 2982:when she wed 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2827: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2742: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2686: 2685: 2679: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2496:declared the 2495: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2342: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2090: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2027:votive crowns 2024: 2023:archeological 2020: 2016: 2008: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1980: 1978: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1909:gens Gothorum 1905: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1728:Suebi Kingdom 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1640:Roman Britain 1637: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1532:, 3rd century 1531: 1527: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1439:Carthago Nova 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1344: 1334: 1332: 1331:Mediterranean 1328: 1324: 1323:Carthaginians 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1223: 1218: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185:Juan Carlos I 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1086:conquistadors 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 980:Carthaginians 977: 973: 969: 965: 962:coast of the 961: 960:Mediterranean 957: 953: 952: 938: 933: 931: 926: 924: 919: 918: 916: 915: 909: 908: 897: 895: 894: 883: 882: 880: 879: 876: 875: 871: 870: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 839: 833: 832: 822: 819: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 796: 793: 791: 788: 783: 780: 775: 772: 771: 768: 763: 762: 752: 749: 744: 743:Blue Division 741: 736: 733: 728: 725: 720: 717: 716: 713: 708: 707: 697: 694: 689: 686: 681: 678: 673: 670: 665: 662: 657: 654: 649: 646: 641: 638: 637: 634: 629: 628: 618: 616: 612: 607: 604: 599: 596: 591: 588: 583: 580: 575: 572: 567: 564: 559: 556: 555: 552: 547: 546: 536: 533: 528: 525: 520: 517: 512: 509: 508: 505: 504: 498: 497: 487: 484: 479: 478: 474: 469: 466: 461: 460: 456: 451: 448: 443: 440: 435: 432: 431: 428: 423: 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Retrieved 12495: 12440: 12436: 12423: 12413:. Retrieved 12409:the original 12404: 12389:. Retrieved 12385:the original 12369:. Retrieved 12365: 12351:. Retrieved 12347: 12329: 12319: 12309: 12302: 12292: 12282: 12275: 12265: 12258: 12250: 12243: 12224: 12207: 12200: 12193: 12183: 12173: 12166: 12159: 12149: 12142: 12135: 12128: 12121: 12120:Pike, Ruth. 12114: 12113:Pike, Ruth. 12104: 12095: 12085: 12078: 12071: 12064: 12057: 12045: 12035: 12028: 12018: 12011: 12001: 11991: 11981: 11971: 11964: 11957: 11952:online free 11947: 11937: 11923: 11913: 11906: 11896: 11889: 11879: 11869: 11859: 11852: 11823: 11810: 11806: 11789: 11783: 11779: 11761: 11758:Thomas, Hugh 11746:. Retrieved 11742: 11727: 11698: 11694: 11671: 11647: 11619: 11602: 11598: 11568: 11544: 11532:. 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Retrieved 10156:the original 10146:(4): 42–43. 10143: 10139: 10123: 10114: 10110: 10104: 10063: 10059: 10049: 10042:Álvarez 1999 10037: 10030:Álvarez 1999 10025: 10013: 9994: 9985: 9969: 9950:Álvarez 1999 9945: 9914: 9908: 9896: 9884: 9872: 9860: 9848: 9836: 9806:(2): 25–39. 9803: 9799: 9789: 9764: 9760: 9750: 9739:. Retrieved 9727: 9717: 9700: 9696: 9683: 9662: 9658: 9645: 9617: 9610: 9601: 9585: 9566: 9556: 9523: 9519: 9509: 9481: 9474: 9454: 9447: 9427: 9420: 9395: 9387: 9375:. Retrieved 9360: 9353: 9325: 9318: 9298: 9291: 9279:. Retrieved 9272:the original 9267: 9254: 9242: 9222: 9215: 9195: 9165: 9158: 9138: 9131: 9111: 9104: 9084: 9077: 9057: 9050: 9030: 9023: 8990: 8986: 8976: 8964: 8936: 8929: 8909: 8902: 8874: 8867: 8847: 8840: 8820: 8813: 8780: 8776: 8766: 8738: 8731: 8719: 8678: 8674: 8664: 8644: 8637: 8625: 8597: 8559: 8552: 8519: 8515: 8505: 8488: 8471: 8454: 8435: 8429: 8410: 8404: 8385: 8382:Josep, Benet 8376: 8357: 8351: 8342: 8332: 8313: 8307: 8290: 8286: 8280: 8268:. Retrieved 8264: 8254: 8247:Elliott 2002 8242: 8232: 8225: 8200: 8190: 8172: 8165: 8145: 8138: 8128: 8121: 8101: 8094: 8087:Elliott 2002 8082: 8066: 8038: 8031: 8019:. Retrieved 8004: 7997: 7985: 7968: 7955: 7936: 7930: 7921: 7901: 7897: 7887: 7878: 7871:. Retrieved 7856: 7849: 7821: 7814: 7802: 7777: 7769: 7750: 7745: 7718: 7706:. Retrieved 7691: 7684: 7676:the original 7666: 7654: 7645: 7635: 7626: 7615:. Retrieved 7611: 7601: 7593:Magyar Nyelv 7592: 7586: 7569: 7559: 7514: 7507: 7487: 7480: 7460: 7424: 7417: 7397: 7393: 7380: 7371: 7352: 7347: 7341: 7333: 7313: 7309: 7303: 7291: 7279: 7267: 7255: 7235: 7207: 7195: 7183: 7163: 7156: 7144: 7132: 7122: 7118: 7111:Collins 2000 7106: 7094: 7082: 7077:, p. 9. 7070: 7058: 7051:Collins 2004 7046: 7037: 7031: 7022: 7010: 6998: 6978: 6971: 6950: 6940: 6933:Collins 2004 6909: 6877:. Retrieved 6872: 6866: 6846: 6839: 6804: 6781:. 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Retrieved 6351: 6341: 6313: 6306: 6297: 6288: 6280:the original 6270: 5965:middle power 5962: 5939: 5913:for the new 5908: 5900: 5898: 5862: 5835: 5822: 5766: 5764: 5677: 5670: 5629: 5622: 5595: 5584: 5557: 5545: 5518: 5510: 5458: 5431: 5427: 5380: 5364:Nazi Germany 5360: 5335: 5319:Soviet Union 5307:Nazi Germany 5300: 5289: 5250: 5220: 5201: 5197:Manuel Azaña 5190: 5179: 5175: 5155:Manuel Azaña 5146: 5140: 5102: 5096: 5083: 5064: 5052:State of War 5045: 5011: 5002: 4973: 4967: 4962: 4955:romanonistas 4954: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4929:Alfonso XIII 4926: 4893: 4849: 4838: 4814: 4810:Alfonso XIII 4799: 4793: 4767: 4753: 4710: 4696: 4673: 4638: 4627: 4613: 4607: 4602:Jean Laurent 4532: 4490: 4450:sparked the 4445: 4414: 4366: 4354: 4347: 4336: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4295:in southern 4281: 4246: 4225: 4204: 4194: 4184: 4160: 4157: 4149: 4113: 4101: 4093: 4056: 4040: 4030: 4021: 3990: 3946:Ferdinand VI 3943: 3897: 3894: 3886: 3866: 3864: 3818: 3813: 3805:Nation state 3779:nation state 3760: 3741: 3723: 3704: 3693: 3682: 3663: 3652: 3601: 3582: 3574:mercantilism 3570: 3555:Lope de Vega 3548: 3542: 3530:counterpoint 3511: 3488: 3482: 3461:Siglo de Oro 3459: 3457: 3445: 3429:Siglo de Oro 3428: 3409:great plague 3393: 3366: 3340: 3328: 3313: 3280: 3269: 3259: 3252:The Port of 3227: 3223: 3192: 3168: 3123: 3101: 3097:Leif Ericson 3070: 2996: 2988:Maximilian I 2965: 2958: 2952:(1542), and 2943: 2912: 2870: 2851: 2832: 2777: 2771: 2764: 2760: 2745: 2739: 2737: 2690: 2682: 2656: 2650: 2643: 2639: 2620:vassal state 2609: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2549: 2535: 2533: 2518: 2510:Guadalquivir 2491: 2472: 2415: 2370: 2354: 2346: 2340: 2333: 2329: 2319: 2264: 2218: 2214: 2203: 2180: 2143: 2100: 2076:lapis lazuli 2054:necropolises 2012: 2005: 2004: 1993:votive crown 1973: 1969: 1965: 1953: 1930: 1923: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1898: 1893: 1890: 1859: 1841: 1792: 1777: 1762: 1756: 1701: 1633: 1614: 1612:around 306. 1590:Theodosius I 1551: 1536: 1535: 1530:Roman Empire 1490: 1478:Celtiberians 1462: 1451: 1430: 1426: 1414: 1412: 1389: 1346: 1303:Celtiberians 1271:Los Millares 1268: 1230: 1228: 1189:Constitution 1177:Nationalists 1165:Alfonso XIII 1146: 1070:Ferdinand II 1063: 1004: 948: 946: 898: 884: 872: 852:LGBT history 614: 501: 475: 457: 400: 390: 216: 136:Romanization 123:(206–27 BCE) 43: 26: 14101:Immigration 14091:Health care 13953:Communities 13938:Agriculture 13738:Earthquakes 13597:Restoration 13567:Reconquista 13450:Isle of Man 13385:recognition 13354:Switzerland 13289:Netherlands 12970:World War I 12960:Nationalism 12848:Reformation 12833:Renaissance 12805:Black Death 12738:Kievan Rus' 12641:Middle Ages 12405:vlib.iue.it 12055:Parry, J.H. 11996:online free 11849:Altman, Ida 11701:(26): 306. 10985:Victoriacum 10966:) in Spain. 10117:(2): 28–37. 9972:(101): 12, 9703:(15): 7–8. 9377:13 December 8724:Payne 1973b 8630:Payne 1973b 8071:Payne 1973a 7807:Thomas 2003 7738:Thomas 2003 7723:Thomas 2003 7572:: 355–377. 7348:Reconquista 7075:Gerber 1992 7063:Graetz 1894 6935:, p. . 6914:Payne 1973a 6754:, pp. 6689:Payne 1973a 6595:latifundium 6525:Lorrio 1997 6513:Lorrio 1997 6501:Wagner 1999 6477:Wagner 1999 5793:Juan Carlos 5789:coup d'état 5724:Extremadura 5640:Green March 5477:Guadalajara 5353:during the 5104:dictablanda 5067:Abd el-Krim 5012:During the 4774:Restoration 4770:Alfonso XII 4615:progresista 4534:Isabella II 4493:progressive 4448:Isabella II 4048:philosophes 4035:Ramón Bayeu 3950:Charles III 3921:during the 3700:Merino wool 3695:quinto real 3686:arbitristas 3550:Don Quixote 3522:Alonso Lobo 3490:El Escorial 3219:Reconquista 2915:Reconquista 2901:Reconquista 2640:Reconquista 2588:(plural of 2446:. When the 2385:Alfonso III 2239:Reconquista 2199:Catholicism 2039:Recceswinth 1997:Recceswinth 1945:Catholicism 1918:Fuero Juzgo 1904:Recceswinth 1861:Reconquista 1795:sacked Rome 1775:after 410. 1650:during the 1365:Tartessians 1361:Lusitanians 1347:Before the 1319:Phoenicians 1311:Lusitanians 1307:Tartessians 1248:Cro-Magnons 1110:El Escorial 1031:Reconquista 972:Phoenicians 949:history of 777:(1975–1978) 754:(1959–2011) 746:(1941–1944) 738:(1939–1945) 730:(1939–1977) 722:(1939–1965) 691:(1936–1939) 659:(1933–1936) 651:(1931–1933) 620:(1930–1931) 615:Dictablanda 609:(1923–1930) 593:(1914–1918) 577:(1886–1931) 569:(1885–1902) 561:(1874–1885) 538:(1873–1874) 530:(1872–1876) 522:(1870–1873) 514:(1868–1871) 481:(1854–1856) 471:(1846–1849) 463:(1844–1854) 453:(1840–1843) 445:(1833–1840) 437:(1833–1840) 414:(1823–1833) 406:(1820–1823) 396:(1814–1820) 355:(1810–1814) 347:(1808–1813) 316:(1707–1716) 308:(1701–1714) 300:(1700–1808) 292:(1580–1640) 284:(1556–1659) 276:(1516–1700) 268:(1492–1898) 260:(1482–1492) 257:Granada War 252:(1479–1516) 217:Reconquista 193:Middle Ages 44:History of 14219:Mass media 14214:Literature 14106:Irreligion 14086:Euthanasia 14076:Disability 13858:Government 13833:Corruption 13655:Golden Age 13324:San Marino 13284:Montenegro 13264:Luxembourg 13244:Kazakhstan 13147:Azerbaijan 12733:Viking Age 12548:Prehistory 12501:2022-08-17 12415:2022-08-17 12391:2022-08-17 12371:2022-08-17 12353:2022-08-17 11950:. (1918). 11817:: 263–264. 11813:. Madrid: 11534:2021-10-25 11340:B000JRBM60 11203:1025648814 11108:(28): 36. 10960:necropolis 10926:2014-04-11 10893:2022-08-17 10836:2022-08-17 10792:2022-08-17 10691:. Arnold. 10568:1017857283 10530:2022-08-17 10487:0300130783 10351:0297848321 10193:, p. 10165:2021-07-30 9741:2022-08-17 9526:(2): 305. 8993:(4): 221. 8956:1111461388 8783:(4): 755. 8522:(4): 956. 8058:1048770408 7617:2022-08-17 7534:1189372710 7400:, Madrid: 6916:, p. 6832:Smith 1965 6783:2022-08-17 6752:Smith 1965 6739:1110482019 6618:2008-08-09 6590:Latifundia 6574:2008-06-08 6549:2008-06-08 6429:Aubet 2006 6417:Aubet 2006 6405:Aubet 2006 6386:(2): 117. 6357:2020-05-11 6202:47,385,107 6191:46,815,916 6180:40,847,371 6169:38,872,268 6158:37,683,363 6147:33,956,047 6136:30,582,936 6125:28,117,873 6114:26,014,278 6103:23,677,095 6092:21,388,551 6081:19,990,669 6070:18,616,630 6059:17,549,608 6048:16,622,175 6037:15,464,340 6026:12,162,872 6015:12,286,941 5946:immigrants 5388:(CNT) and 5235:alfonsists 5231:falangists 5229:, Fascist 5218:movement. 5091:See also: 5024:See also: 4963:prietistas 4946:ciervistas 4801:caciquismo 4590:See also: 4473:Ebro River 4461:Christinos 4120:Charles IV 4072:See also: 4013:Napoleon I 3993:Charles IV 3881:absolutist 3820:Charles II 3803:See also: 3761:After the 3719:Maastricht 3666:Charles II 3585:Philip III 3565:See also: 3534:polychoral 3476:, died in 3347:Mary Tudor 3230:Guanajuato 3155:See also: 3106:in Libya. 3037:See also: 3013:, married 3005:, married 2970:, married 2845:, and the 2725:Portuguese 2659:Almoravids 2616:until 1492 2529:Ibn Hayyan 2436:Al-Andalus 2428:Al-Andalus 2420:Al-Walid I 2347:musta'arab 2330:muwalladum 2259:al-Andalus 2248:Visigothic 2231:Al-Andalus 2219:Reconquest 2215:al-Andalus 2165:Celtiberia 2145:Reccopolis 1852:Al-Andalus 1702:The first 1662:See also: 1602:Quintilian 1543:Roman rule 1410:(570 BC). 1283:Bronze Age 1211:Prehistory 1080:, and the 1066:Isabella I 1045:, and the 1011:Al-Andalus 281:Golden Age 229:(718–1479) 221:(711–1492) 211:(711–1492) 208:Al-Andalus 65:Prehistory 14209:Languages 14111:Languages 14081:Education 14030:Transport 13870:Elections 13853:Judiciary 13792:Provinces 13689:Geography 13670:Civil War 13577:Expansion 13440:Gibraltar 13259:Lithuania 12780:Feudalism 12751:Catalonia 12465:0036-8075 12031:. 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Ariel. 11114:0212-078X 11073:(1): 97. 11017:Suinthila 11007:(perhaps 10888:0013-0613 10707:850535104 10672:262432271 10434:233531248 10292:Herr 1974 10280:Herr 1974 10179:Carr 2008 10152:1134-2277 10096:159817508 10080:0022-0094 9820:0729-2473 9781:2054-9326 9709:1019-9403 9697:Educación 9675:1130-2496 9637:892239313 9540:0018-2745 9501:939629578 9345:906840302 9247:Carr 2008 9007:0026-3931 8969:Herr 1974 8797:0018-2168 8711:155025535 8695:0022-2801 8617:638082419 8536:0002-8762 8217:0031-2746 8182:463189393 8021:19 August 7990:Carr 2000 7977:2272-9828 7918:143692647 7841:760583486 7708:19 August 7578:2339-9937 7410:0214-9745 7404:: 90–92, 7373:Guadalete 7358:Routledge 7087:Roth 1994 6899:ignored ( 6879:28 August 6392:0874-2782 6333:495987647 5720:Catalonia 5708:Cantabria 5688:Andalusia 5587:Gibraltar 5520:decades. 5505:Barcelona 5489:Luftwaffe 5452:Ruins of 5383:anarchist 5351:tankettes 5292:Léon Blum 5269:Barcelona 5186:Catalonia 5021:century. 4940:mauristas 4908:Catalonia 4900:Anarchism 4837:USS 4817:Krausists 4692:Catalonia 4624:Juan Prim 4618:generals 4558:Juan Prim 4508:Catalonia 4357:(1820–23) 3982:Louisiana 3939:Guastalla 3670:Louis XIV 3621:Catalonia 3612:Les Avins 3495:Philip II 3485:Habsburgs 3480:in 1695. 3478:New Spain 3470:Habsburgs 3400:inflation 3369:Calvinist 3331:Charles I 3234:Zacatecas 3125:presidios 3114:in 1509, 3093:New World 3085:Ferdinand 3077:Lanzarote 3019:Catherine 2837:were the 2767:Salamanca 2756:Alfonso X 2701:Aragonese 2697:Castilian 2642:from the 2574:civil war 2546:Al-Mansur 2525:Catalonia 2483:ballistas 2402:Galicians 2157:Liuvigild 2107:cruciform 2103:basilical 2029:and gold 1999:from the 1956:prefeudal 1894:foederati 1811:Leovigild 1773:Visigoths 1764:foederati 1752:Byzantine 1744:Romanized 1732:Gallaecia 1712:Visigoths 1629:Visigoths 1554:Tarragona 1547:Romanized 1279:Neolithic 1256:paintings 1240:Atapuerca 1205:Felipe VI 1102:Philip II 1094:Charles I 984:Tartessos 974:. 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