603:
approaches should be flown "dual channel" when available, but the inexperienced (on the 737NG) first officer forgot to arm approach mode in the aircraft's mode control panel (MCP) before he engaged CMD A to make the approach "dual channel", meaning that the aircraft thought the pilots wanted to do a single-channel approach using CMD A (captain's autopilot) only. However unbeknownst to the pilots CMD A had a radio altimeter fail, which would be the main contributor to the accident. Later, the safety board's preliminary report indicated that the flight data recorder history of the captain's radio altimeter showed 8191 feet (the maximum possible recorded) until the aircraft descended through 1950, then suddenly showed negative 8 feet.
1233:
1221:
649:. The autopilot followed the glide slope, while the autothrottle reduced thrust to idle, owing to a faulty radio altimeter showing an incorrect altitude. This caused the airspeed to drop and the pitch attitude to increase; all this went unnoticed by the crew until the stick-shaker activated. Prior to this, air traffic control caused the crew to intercept the glide slope from above; this obscured the erroneous autothrottle mode and increased the crew's workload. The subsequent approach to stall recovery procedure was not executed properly, causing the aircraft to stall and crash. Turkish Airlines disputed the crash inquiry findings on stall recovery.
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624:(BBJ) aircraft of the importance of monitoring airspeed and altitude (the "primary flight instruments"), advising against the use of autopilot or autothrottle while landing in cases of radio altimeter discrepancies. Following the release of the preliminary report, Dutch and international press concluded that pilot inattention caused the accident, though several Turkish news publications still emphasized other possible causes.
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autothrottle immediately returned the thrust lever to idle power because the first officer did not hold the throttle lever in position. The throttles remained at idle for about 100 seconds while the aircraft slowed to 83 knots (154 km/h; 96 mph), 40 knots (74 km/h; 46 mph) below reference speed as the aircraft descended below the required altitude to stay on the glideslope. The
581:
594:
landing gear should be down, as the aircraft was, according to the captain's radio altimeter, flying too low. This happened several times during the approach to
Schiphol. The reason that the captain's radio altimeter was causing problems was the first officer making a mistake when arming the aircraft's autopilot system for a dual channel ILS (Instrument Landing System) approach.
578:
1165:
claimed that the DSB "either excluded or played down criticisms of the manufacturer in its 2010 final report after pushback from a team of
Americans that included Boeing and federal safety officials...who said that certain pilot errors had not been 'properly emphasized'". The Hamby article draws on a
615:
activated about 150 m (490 ft) above the ground, indicating an imminent stall, the autothrottle advanced, and the captain attempted to apply full power. The engines responded, but not enough altitude or forward airspeed was available to recover, and the aircraft hit the ground tail first at
602:
Approach), one would engage both FCUs, this way the approach can be flown to greater precision in bad visibility, allowing the pilots to lower the MDA (Minimum decision altitude) to 50 ft. this is called a "dual channel". Turkish
Airlines' standard operating procedure at the time stated that all
593:
suddenly changed from 1,950 feet (590 m) to read −8 feet (−2.4 m) altitude, although the right-hand (co-pilot's) radio altimeter functioned correctly. The voice recording showed that the crew was given an audible warning signal (landing gear warning horn) that indicated that the aircraft's
597:
The Boeing 737NG has two autopilot systems or flight control units (FCU), which can work independently of each other (single channel) or together (dual channel). These systems are called CMD A and CMD B. CMD A is the left seat FCU (Captain), while CMD B is the right seat FCU (First
Officer). During
619:
The data from the flight recorder also showed that the same altimeter problem had happened twice during the previous eight landings, but that on both occasions, the crew had taken the correct action by disengaging the autothrottle and manually increasing the thrust. Investigations are under way to
610:
unexpectedly reverted to "retard" mode, which is designed to automatically decrease thrust shortly before touching down on the runway at 27 ft (8.2 m) above runway altitude. At 144 knots (267 km/h; 166 mph), the pilots manually increased thrust to sustain that speed, but the
2169:
Alleen wanneer er sprake is van „moord, doodslag, gijzeling of terrorisme" is de onderzoeksraad, volgens Van
Vollenhoven, verplicht om dat te melden bij het OM. Dat is vooralsnog niet het geval en het OM krijgt de gevraagde gegevens niet, zo maakte Van Vollenhoven duidelijk in het tv-programma
1113:
also reported that the Boeing employees on board were in possession of confidential military information, and that the rescue response was delayed because
American officials had specifically requested from Dutch authorities that no one was to approach the wreckage until after the confidential
480:
The bodies of the three cockpit crew members were the last to be removed from the plane, around 20:00 that evening, because the cockpit had to be examined before it could be cut open to get to these crew members. Some of the survivors said that one of the pilots was alive after the crash. The
458:
While several survivors and witnesses indicated that rescuers took 20 to 30 minutes to arrive at the site after the crash, others have stated that the rescuers arrived quickly at the scene. About 60 ambulances arrived along with at least three LifeLiner helicopters (air ambulances,
349:
to decrease the engine power to idle during approach. The crew noticed this too late to take appropriate action to increase the thrust and recover the aircraft before it stalled and crashed. Boeing has since issued a bulletin to remind pilots of all 737 series and
1310:
A common malfunction with Boeing radio altimeters, compounded by several errors by pilots, led to last year's fatal crash by a
Turkish Airlines plane as it dropped short of the runway at Amsterdam's airport, according to investigators' final report released
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found that the Dutch investigation into the crash "either excluded or played down criticisms" of Boeing following pressure from Boeing and US federal safety officials, who instead "emphasized pilot error as a factor ... rather than design flaws."
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normal operations, the PF (Pilot flying) uses their respective FCU. This is referred to as "single channel". However if the crew intended to fly an auto-land, which is when the airplane flies the approach and landing itself (During a CAT III
620:
determine why more action had not been taken after the altimeter problem was detected. In response to the preliminary conclusions, Boeing issued a bulletin, Multi-Operator
Message (MOM) 09-0063-01B, to remind pilots of all 737 series and
570:
initially asked the DSB to hand over the black boxes, but the DSB refused to do so. It stated that no indication of homicide, manslaughter, hijacking, or terrorism was present, which would warrant an investigation by the prosecution.
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1177:
In
February 2020, it was reported that Boeing had refused to cooperate with a new Dutch review on the crash investigation and that the NTSB had also refused a request from Dutch lawmakers to participate.
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The aircraft suffered significant damage. Although the fuselage broke into three pieces, it did not catch fire. Both engines separated and came to rest 100 m (330 ft) from the fuselage.
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It was reported that the first officer survived the crash itself, but that rescuers were unable to reach him via the cockpit door, owing to security measures introduced in the wake of the
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412:
fleet commander, Captain Arisen had been working for
Turkish Airlines since 1996 and was one of the most experienced pilots at the airline. He had over 5,000 hours of flight time on the
1823:
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According to recorded conversation involving the plane's captain, first officer and an apprentice pilot in the cockpit, the faulty altimeter was noticed but wasn't considered a problem.
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aircraft of the importance of monitoring airspeed and altitude, advising against the use of autopilot or autothrottle while landing in cases of radio altimeter discrepancies.
1324:
2959:
1072:
The plane carried 53 passengers from the Netherlands, 51 from Turkey, 7 from the United States, 3 from the United Kingdom, 1 each from Germany, Bulgaria, Italy, and Taiwan.
566:(BEA). The cockpit voice recorder and the flight data recorder were recovered quickly after the crash, after which they were transported to Paris to read out the data. The
4555:
3342:
3365:
3047:"Report of the Flight Crew Human Factors Investigation Conducted for the Dutch Safety Board Into the Accident of TK1951, Boeing 737-800 Near Amsterdam Schiphol Airport"
396:
denotes the configuration of the 737-800 built for use by Turkish Airlines. It had 51 aircraft of this model in service at the time of the crash. The aircraft made its
4600:
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2407:
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2144:
Maar wat de crash nu écht heeft veroorzaakt, zal mogelijk pas blijken als de zwarte doos is uitgelezen in Parijs, bij het Bureau d'Enquêtes et Analyses (BEA).
3261:
1088:
that instructions were given following the crash to remove four Boeing laptops from the wreckage, and that the laptops were handed over to the US embassy in
2006:
1220:
2460:"Dutch remove Turkish plane wreckage: Dutch experts started the work to remove the wreckage of the Turkish plane which crashed in Amsterdam, killing nine"
3908:
1983:[Chilling claim: The pilot was alive, but he died because he was not helped in time]. Zaman Newspaper (Turkish). 25 February 2009. Archived from
96:
2097:
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1129:-access airport identification, but was prevented from reaching the wreckage, and was handcuffed and detained by Dutch authorities after resisting.
408:
On board were 128 passengers and seven crew members. The flight was under the command of Instructor Captain Hasan Tahsin Arisen (age 54). A former
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The final report was released on 6 May 2010. The DSB stated that the approach was not stabilized; hence, the crew ought to have initiated a
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for World Focus Airlines before joining Turkish Airlines and passing the 737 type rating in 2006; he was sitting in the cockpit's center
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On 9 March 2009, the recovery of the wreckage started. All parts of the plane were moved to an East Schiphol hangar for reconstruction.
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While on final approach for landing, the aircraft was about 2,000 ft (610 m) above ground, when the left-hand (captain's)
500:), the Kaagbaan runway (06/24) was reported to have been reopened to air traffic, followed by the Buitenveldertbaan runway (09/27).
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1328:
3202:) – The Dutch report is the version of record; if there are differences between the English and Dutch versions, the Dutch prevails
3164:
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Investigators found that a faulty altimeter caused the plane's autopilot to shut down the engines as it made its approach to land
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1272:
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All flights in and out of Schiphol Airport were suspended, according to an airport spokeswoman. Several planes were diverted to
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2032:
1980:
518:
TC-JMJ, an Airbus A321 delivered two days after the accident to Turkish Airlines was named Tekirdağ in memory of the flight.
469:
states that the firefighters were at first given the wrong location for the crash site, delaying their arrival. Lanes of the
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1125:, had also stated that a Turkish Airlines employee stationed at Schiphol Airport had arrived at the crash site with his
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The flight was cleared for an approach on runway 18R (also known as the Polderbaan runway), but came down short of the
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1894:[Passengers who survived the accident told about the incident] (in Turkish). 25 February 2009. Archived from
1798:
634:. The rescuers eventually cut their way into the cockpit through the roof, by which time the first officer had died.
536:
2917:
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3618:
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1948:
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The throttles were pulled back to idle thrust to slow the aircraft to descend and acquire the glideslope, but the
3898:
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1137:
549:
416:. Olgay Özgür (age 28) was the safety pilot of the flight, a graduate of a flight school in Ankara, who flew the
2010:
1435:
1053:, including the captain, the first officer, a line -training pilot, and one member of the cabin crew. Four were
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2489:"Turkish Airlines plane wreckage to be removed – The wreckage will be taken to a hangar in East Schiphol"
2276:
1196:
1191:
1141:
1049:
Nine fatalities and a total of 120 injuries occurred, with 11 of them serious. Five of the deceased were
485:
477:
motorways were closed to all traffic to allow emergency services to quickly reach the site of the crash.
304:, on 25 February 2009, resulting in the deaths of nine passengers and crew, including all three pilots.
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481:
relatives of the passengers on the flight were sent to Amsterdam by Turkish Airlines shortly afterward.
217:
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228:
85:
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3075:
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2889:[Schiphol crash: FBI team is said to have recovered secret laptops from the plane wreckage].
2353:
1162:
599:
508:
474:
470:
341:
The crash was caused primarily by the aircraft's automated reaction, which was triggered by a faulty
319:
2437:
3968:
3888:
3120:
2329:
1187:
3918:
3562:
544:), and assisted by an expert team from Turkish Airlines and a representative team of the American
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3270:
444:
with the Polderbaan runway depicted in black and the location of the crash marked with a red star
3323:
3266:
3152:
1689:
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2324:
2214:
2009:[Plane with family members arrived] (in Dutch). nu.nl. 25 February 2009. Archived from
1604:
3186:
2675:"Boeing confirms three employees died on airliner: another hospitalized with serious injuries"
2674:
2654:
3798:
3758:
1305:
497:
382:
327:
204:
2545:"Crashed during approach, Boeing 737-800, near Amsterdam Schiphol Airport, 25 February 2009"
1860:
1768:
4171:
3848:
1085:
1066:
28:
436:
8:
3998:
3698:
2598:
2083:
1098:, the Boeing employees on board were in possession of confidential military information.
621:
567:
351:
4186:
2463:
1880:[Newspapers extensively discuss the crash] (in Dutch). fok.nl. 26 February 2009.
1200:
featured the crash and investigation in a season-10 episode titled "Who's in Control?".
4534:
4196:
3808:
3173:
1154:
637:
527:
359:
4355:
4135:
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3498:
3083:
2754:[Last respects to Turkish Airlines crew members] (in Dutch). 28 February 2009
1981:"Ürperten iddia: Pilot yaşıyordu, zamanında yardım edilmediği için hayatını kaybetti"
1641:
1574:
409:
4350:
2058:
1346:
4212:
4110:
4096:
3286:
3217:
2084:"THY Turkish Airlines TC-JMJ (Airbus A321 - MSN 3688) | Airfleets aviation"
1663:
1637:
1488:
1205:
489:
460:
425:
338:. The aircraft broke into three pieces on impact. The wreckage did not catch fire.
308:
173:
4218:
2887:"Schiphol-Absturz: FBI-Trupp soll Geheim-Laptops aus Flugzeugwrack geborgen haben"
1984:
1489:"Accident: Turkish Airlines B738 at Amsterdam on Feb 25th 2009, landed on a field"
4510:
4371:
4176:
3236:
3226:
2112:"NTSB sends team to Amsterdam to assist with 737 aircraft accident investigation"
2111:
590:
342:
70:
2725:
2236:"Automatic flight – system description: Automatic Flight Approach and Landing".
1909:
1461:
134:
4478:
3447:
3388:
3380:
3304:
1709:[Five Turks and four Americans died in crash] (in Dutch). TC/Tubantia.
940:
531:
413:
311:
66:
3308:
3290:
1144:
agents were on-site for recovery, this was denied by the prosecutor's office.
424:. Murat Sezer (42), co-pilot under line training, was flying as co-pilot. The
4544:
4522:
4440:
3087:
1578:
1167:
1126:
1054:
979:
504:
428:
consisted of Figen Eren, Perihan Özden, Ulvi Murat Eskin, and Yasemin Vural.
397:
111:
98:
4409:
2954:[FBI did not let anyone near the crashed THY plane for 40 minutes].
4458:
1094:
1080:
Following media speculation, a spokesperson for the prosecutor's office in
612:
607:
465:
346:
4485:
4399:
4125:
2354:"Turkish Airlines pilots ignored faulty altimeter before Amsterdam crash"
1967:"Crash B-737-800 Turkish Airlines, Schiphol Amsterdam killing at least 9"
1122:
823:
512:
301:
74:
2802:[No inexperienced pilot in crashed aircraft] (in Dutch). Nu.nl,
2114:(Press release). National Transportation Safety Board. 25 February 2009.
1918:
Helpers arrived at the scene very quickly and gave first aid on the spot
449:
389:
162:
4181:
4120:
3364:
2036:
1239:
1109:
34:
2259:"Crashed Turkish 737's thrust fell after sudden altimeter step-change"
1057:, of whom three have been identified as Boeing employees stationed in
400:
on 24 January 2002 and was delivered to Turkish Airlines on March 27.
4451:
4150:
2655:"Status of All Four Boeing Employees Confirmed in Amsterdam Accident"
2408:"Dutch explanations on plane crash raise more questions than answers"
2358:
1966:
1089:
646:
421:
89:
4561:
Aviation accidents and incidents caused by navigation system failure
3324:"Nine dead, 84 injured in Turkish Airlines plane crash in Amsterdam"
2827:"Laptops in Turkish plane crash said to contain US military secrets"
2578:"Turkish Airlines disputes crash inquiry findings on stall recovery"
314:, crashed into a field about 1.5 km (0.9 mi) north of the
4065:
3592:
2385:
2126:"Onderzoeksraad start onderzoek crash Turkish Airlines op Schiphol"
1382:"Faulty altimeter contributed to Turkish Airlines crash: officials"
706:
331:
2382:"Schiphol airliner crash blamed on altimeter failure, pilot error"
2297:[Turkish Airlines pilots intervened too late] (in Dutch).
1816:"Turkish Airlines names four dead crew members in Amsterdam crash"
1747:"Turkish Airlines names four dead crew members in Amsterdam crash"
507:
1951 on its Istanbul-to-Amsterdam route, primarily operated by an
4435:
1103:
1081:
745:
4566:
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737 Next Generation
4155:
3076:"Boeing Refuses to Cooperate With New Inquiry Into Deadly Crash"
2920:[There were military secrets in the crashed THY plane].
2859:[US military secrets removed from plane in Amsterdam].
2569:
1361:"Dutch investigators determine cause of Turkish airlines crash"
1242:
separated, coming to rest 100 m (330 ft) from the fuselage
1058:
1050:
901:
862:
335:
2857:"Secrets militaires américains retirés de l'avion à Amsterdam"
1161:
Chris Hamby published in January 2020 in the aftermath of the
585:
Animated reconstruction of the crash by the Dutch Safety Board
2774:"Nine killed as Turkish plane crashes at Amsterdam – Summary"
2699:
2627:
2298:
784:
417:
1567:"How Boeing's Responsibility in a Deadly Crash 'Got Buried'"
4345:
4191:
4115:
3396:
1931:"Turkish Airlines plane crashes near Schiphol – 5th Update"
1769:"At least 9 killed as Turkish plane crashes near Amsterdam"
1322:
1203:
The episode is dramatized in the episode "Who’s Flying" of
2626:[6 dead and 4 injured not identified] (in Dutch).
2515:"Schiphol crash pilot's death draws cockpit door scrutiny"
1170:, which was not published publicly by the DSB until after
463:), and a fleet of fire engines. An unconfirmed report by
2035:[Nine dead in Schiphol plane crash] (in Dutch).
563:
Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety
296:) was a passenger flight that crashed during landing at
3276:
The record of last radio call between ATC and the crew.
2952:"FBI düşen THY uçağına 40 dakika kimseyi yaklaştırmadı"
1735:
Final report, section 2.4 "History of the flight", p.25
4571:
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
4494:
1845:
Brothers, Caroline; Arsu, Sebnem (25 February 2009).
1767:
Brothers, Caroline; Arsu, Sebnem (25 February 2009).
2702:. Associated Press. 26 February 2009. Archived from
1707:"Vijf Turken en vier Amerikanen omgekomen bij crash"
1298:"Tech problem, pilots caused Turkish Airlines crash"
548:(NTSB), accompanied by advisors from Boeing and the
377:
The aircraft operating Flight 1951 was a 7-year-old
4556:
Aviation accidents and incidents in the Netherlands
3366:
Aviation accidents and incidents in the Netherlands
2543:van Vollenhoven, Pieter; et al. (6 May 2010).
2059:"Flight history for Turkish Airlines flight TK1951"
1745:wires, Hurriyet DN Online with (27 February 2009).
1226:
The full crash site of Turkish Airlines Flight 1951
2752:"Laatste eer aan bemanningsleden Turkish Airlines"
2208:"Preliminary Report: Turkish Airlines Flight 1951"
1847:"9 killed as Turkish plane crashes near Amsterdam"
1136:article and some Turkish sources allege that U.S.
452:, sliding through the wet clay of a plowed field.
4601:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by stalls
2491:. Radio Netherlands. 9 March 2009. Archived from
1512:"Press Statement on first findings, 4 March 2009"
4542:
3018:[Impoliteness from the FBI to Turkey!].
2696:"5 Turks, 4 Americans among dead in Dutch crash"
2325:"Boeing issues reminder after Netherlands crash"
1738:
3074:Hamby, Chris; Moses, Claire (6 February 2020).
2575:
2542:
2483:
2481:
2277:"Faulty altimeter played part in Turkish crash"
2256:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2202:
2200:
1343:"Altimeter fault behind Turkish Airlines crash"
84:North of the Polderbaan runway (18R/36L), near
3106:
2800:"Geen onervaren piloot in verongelukt toestel"
2538:
2536:
2462:. World Bulletin. 9 March 2009. Archived from
1791:
1701:
1699:
1545:"Boeing warns of possible 737 altimeter fault"
1407:Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations
1363:. Deutsche Welle. 5 March 2009. Archived from
4081:
3578:
3350:
3229: (archive index) (official announcements)
2624:"6 doden en 4 gewonden niet geïndentificeerd"
2410:. Today's Zaman. 6 March 2009. Archived from
2183:"Google translation of NRC Handelsblad story"
2159:(in Dutch). NRC Handelsblad. 28 February 2009
1628:
1626:
1527:(in Dutch). Dutch Safety Board. 4 March 2009.
1522:"[Press statement on first findings]"
1517:(in Dutch). Dutch Safety Board. 4 March 2009.
1506:
1504:
1502:
1430:
1428:
1295:
2478:
2295:"Piloten Turkish Airlines grepen te laat in"
2245:
2197:
2157:"Van Vollenhoven geeft zwarte dozen niet af"
1844:
1766:
1436:"Turkish plane crashes at Amsterdam airport"
1391:
1323:RNW News and Peter van Beem (4 March 2009).
2533:
2118:
1696:
1656:
1147:
4088:
4074:
3585:
3571:
3357:
3343:
3073:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2132:
1951:[Boeing 737 crashes at Schiphol].
1623:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1499:
1425:
139:TC-JGE, the aircraft involved, landing at
133:
27:
3245:Skybrary: Human Factors / Loss of Control
2649:
2647:
2645:
2033:"Negen doden bij vliegtuigcrash Schiphol"
1892:"Kazadan kurtulan yolcular olayı anlattı"
1878:"Kranten staan uitgebreid stil bij crash"
1678:
1289:
4576:Turkish Airlines accidents and incidents
4551:Aviation accidents and incidents in 2009
2918:"Düşen THY uçağında askeri sırlar vardı"
2690:
2688:
2618:
2616:
2550:. The Dutch Safety Board. Archived from
2240:. The Boeing Company. 27 September 2004.
2100:(in Turkish). Radikal. 26 February 2009.
2007:"Vliegtuig met familieleden gearriveerd"
636:
616:95 knots (176 km/h; 109 mph).
573:
435:
3859:Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 9760D
2672:
2661:
2351:
2257:Kaminski-Morrow, David (4 March 2009).
2090:
1542:
1531:
1480:
1325:"Faulty altimeter caused airline crash"
1316:
4543:
4365:Former subsidiaries and joint ventures
3052:. Lunds Universitet School of Aviation
3044:
2949:
2915:
2642:
2593:
2591:
1872:
1870:
1335:
1266:Temporary memorial near the crash site
1075:
503:Turkish Airlines continues to use the
4069:
3566:
3338:
3165:Photos of TC-JGE from AirDisaster.com
3069:
3067:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2945:
2943:
2685:
2613:
2584:from the original on 23 January 2013.
2576:Kaminski-Morrow, David (7 May 2010).
2436:. Sabah. 6 March 2009. Archived from
1969:. Aviation News EU. 25 February 2009.
1779:from the original on 28 February 2009
1762:
1760:
1744:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1401:[Final report Polder crash].
554:Directorate General of Civil Aviation
381:Boeing 737-800 series model 8F2 with
69:and crashed on landing due to faulty
4095:
3729:Bond Offshore Helicopters Flight 85N
3619:Makhachkala Ilyushin Il-76 collision
3311:Nine killed in Amsterdam plane crash
3094:from the original on 6 February 2020
3026:from the original on 20 January 2020
2996:from the original on 20 January 2020
2962:from the original on 20 January 2020
2928:from the original on 20 January 2020
2897:from the original on 20 January 2020
2867:from the original on 20 January 2020
2837:from the original on 20 January 2020
2507:
2104:
2098:"Hollanda'da THY uçağı yere çakıldı"
1826:from the original on 6 November 2018
1585:from the original on 20 January 2020
1486:
1121:, the then-CEO of Turkish Airlines,
641:Seat map showing injuries and deaths
546:National Transportation Safety Board
4486:Turkish Airlines Investor Relations
3789:Indonesian Air Force Lockheed L-100
3515:Belgian Air Force Hercules accident
2824:
2726:"Turkey plane crashes in Amsterdam"
2718:
2673:Wallace, James (27 February 2009).
2588:
2185:. NRC Handelsblad. 28 February 2009
2142:. de Volkskrant. 27 February 2009.
1867:
1838:
1345:. AFP. 5 March 2009. Archived from
1327:. Radio Netherlands. Archived from
13:
3909:Andhra Pradesh Government Bell 430
3639:French Air Force Eurocopter AS 532
3064:
3016:"FBI'dan Türkiyeye terbiyesizlik!"
2984:Özdil, Yılmaz (17 December 2019).
2974:
2940:
2909:
2140:"Het wachten is op de zwarte doos"
1933:. 25 February 2009. Archived from
1884:
1757:
1713:. 26 February 2009. Archived from
1688:. Turkish Airlines. Archived from
1555:
1462:"Turkish plane crash in Amsterdam"
1454:
1374:
1304:. Associated Press. Archived from
1063:Airborne Early Warning and Control
558:Air Accidents Investigation Branch
14:
4612:
4581:2009 disasters in the Netherlands
3153:Photos of TC-JGE at airliners.net
3134:
2352:Bremner, Charles (5 March 2009).
2238:737 flight crew operations manual
1910:"How the Schiphol crash happened"
1543:Fiorino, Frances (5 March 2009).
1353:
526:The investigation was led by the
4528:
4516:
4504:
4431:Association of European Airlines
4134:
3929:Iranian Air Force Ilyushin Il-76
3595:Aviation accidents and incidents
3483:Venlo Northrop NF-5A plane crash
3440:Amsterdam KLM Douglas C-47 crash
3405:KLM Fokker F.III Waalhaven crash
3159:
3147:
1949:"Boeing 737 Crasht Bij Schiphol"
1565:Hamby, Chris (20 January 2020).
1271:
1259:
1247:
1231:
1219:
978:
939:
900:
861:
822:
783:
744:
705:
568:Dutch public prosecution service
521:
4187:Turkish Airlines Flight Academy
3739:Indonesian Air Force Fokker F27
3659:Manaus Aerotáxi Embraer EMB 110
3223:Turkish Airlines Special Issues
3038:
3008:
2879:
2849:
2818:
2792:
2766:
2744:
2517:. Flight Global. Archived from
2452:
2426:
2400:
2374:
2345:
2317:
2287:
2269:
2229:
2175:
2149:
2076:
2051:
2025:
1999:
1973:
1959:
1941:
1923:
1902:
1808:
1729:
1597:
1547:. Aviation Week. Archived from
1166:2009 human factors analysis by
1138:Federal Bureau of Investigation
1092:. According to Dutch newspaper
550:Federal Aviation Administration
4591:February 2009 events in Europe
3879:Hudson River mid-air collision
3829:Southwest Airlines Flight 2294
3045:Dekker, Sidney (2 July 2009).
2916:Öztürk, Ünal (11 April 2009).
2804:Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau
2301:. 4 March 2009. Archived from
1711:Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau
673:
537:Onderzoeksraad voor Veiligheid
1:
4039:Northwest Airlines Flight 253
3959:Northwest Airlines Flight 188
3550:Longtail Aviation Flight 5504
3456:Eindhoven Lockheed T-33 crash
3413:Amsterdam Fokker F.XXII crash
3293:Airliner Crashes in Amsterdam
3022:(in Turkish). 23 April 2009.
2950:Ataklı, Can (22 April 2009).
2776:. Earth Times. Archived from
2128:(in Dutch). 25 February 2009.
1955:(in Dutch). 25 February 2009.
1686:"Fleet Data Turkish Airlines"
1283:
1278:The left wing of the aircraft
1174:investigation was published.
652:
556:(SHGM), the operator, the UK
367:
318:(18R), prior to crossing the
4596:Netherlands–Turkey relations
4029:American Airlines Flight 331
3979:California mid-air collision
3839:Caspian Airlines Flight 7908
3689:Cougar Helicopters Flight 91
3679:Turkish Airlines Flight 1951
3542:Turkish Airlines Flight 1951
2893:(in German). 10 April 2009.
2863:(in French). 10 April 2009.
1852:International Herald Tribune
1773:International Herald Tribune
1605:"25 FEB 2009 Boeing 737-8F2"
1519:, official translation from
1399:"Eindrapportage Poldercrash"
1296:Toby Sterling (6 May 2010).
294:Schiphol Polderbaan incident
286:Turkish Airlines Flight 1951
22:Turkish Airlines Flight 1951
7:
3649:Empire Airlines Flight 8284
3282:Radartrack crashed airplane
3125:National Geographic Channel
2657:. Boeing. 28 February 2009.
1799:"Dutch Safety Board report"
1634:"Accident Information Page"
1181:
1142:Central Intelligence Agency
1114:information was retrieved.
1084:confirmed in April 2009 to
486:Rotterdam The Hague Airport
431:
372:
10:
4617:
4019:Avient Aviation Flight 324
3869:Bangkok Airways Flight 266
3397:Coastal Cluster C.26 crash
3328:Hurriyet Daily News Online
2679:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
1857:The New York Times Company
1611:. Flight Safety Foundation
1384:. CBC News. 4 March 2009.
1212:
976:
937:
898:
859:
820:
781:
742:
703:
632:September 11, 2001 attacks
298:Amsterdam Schiphol Airport
229:Amsterdam Schiphol Airport
86:Amsterdam Schiphol Airport
51:25 February 2009
4468:
4418:
4392:
4364:
4328:
4227:
4205:
4164:
4143:
4132:
4103:
4048:
3949:Sudan Airways Flight 2241
3779:Venezuelan Army Mil Mi-17
3610:
3533:
3507:KLM Cityhopper Flight 433
3491:NLM CityHopper Flight 431
3474:
3423:
3372:
3158:
3146:
3141:
1664:"Aircraft TC-JGE Profile"
1163:Boeing 737 MAX groundings
669:
666:
663:
659:
403:
275:
267:
259:
251:
243:
235:
224:
213:
203:
195:
187:
179:
169:
157:
147:
132:
127:
80:
62:
47:
42:
26:
4586:History of North Holland
4165:Non-airline subsidiaries
3969:Divi Divi Air Flight 014
3889:Airlines PNG Flight 4684
3523:Texel Douglas DC-3 crash
3464:F-84 Thunderstreak crash
3432:Apeldoorn aircraft crash
3121:Discovery Channel Canada
1188:Discovery Channel Canada
1148:Boeing and NTSB pushback
357:A 2020 investigation by
231:, Amsterdam, Netherlands
218:Istanbul Atatürk Airport
4377:Cyprus Turkish Airlines
4228:Incidents and accidents
4182:Turkish Ground Services
4009:Pel-Air IAI Westwind II
3899:Aéro-Frêt Antonov An-12
3819:Pakistan Army Mil Mi-17
3709:FedEx Express Flight 80
3271:Aviation Safety Network
3205:Index of publications:
1609:Aviation Safety Network
4446:Turkish Airlines fleet
4383:SunExpress Deutschland
4219:Aydın Airport Services
3989:Yakutia Ilyushin Il-76
3939:SA Airlink Flight 8911
3669:Colgan Air Flight 3407
3629:US Airways Flight 1549
2215:The Dutch Safety Board
1302:Bloomberg Businessweek
1101:Turkish media outlets
642:
586:
535:
445:
16:2009 aviation accident
4305:1962 Taurus Mountains
3919:Aeroméxico Flight 576
3799:Air France Flight 447
3759:Mimika Air Flight 514
3258:flight path (openATC)
3193:Final Accident Report
3179:Final Accident Report
3113:"Who's in Control?".
2825:AFP (10 April 2009).
1254:Rescuers at the scene
640:
584:
439:
330:), having flown from
141:Kyiv-Boryspil Airport
3849:Aria Air Flight 1525
3267:Accident description
3239: (archive index)
1916:. 25 February 2009.
1863:on 26 February 2009.
1822:. 27 February 2009.
1403:www.rijksoverheid.nl
1152:An investigation by
1086:Agence France-Presse
112:52.37611°N 4.71389°E
33:The wreckage of the
4172:Turkish DO & CO
4057:► 2010
4051:2008 ◄
3999:RwandAir Flight 205
3699:Emirates Flight 407
3330:. 25 February 2009.
3119:. Season 11. 2010.
2988:[Globule].
2922:www.hurriyet.com.tr
2831:www.hurriyet.com.tr
2013:on 28 February 2009
1820:www.hurriyet.com.tr
1751:www.hurriyet.com.tr
1493:The Aviation Herald
1192:National Geographic
1076:Conspiracy theories
622:Boeing Business Jet
288:(also known as the
108: /
23:
4426:Airlines of Turkey
4320:List of hijackings
4192:TSI Aviation Seats
4104:Passenger airlines
4054:
3809:Yemenia Flight 626
3174:Dutch Safety Board
3080:The New York Times
2806:. 26 February 2009
2780:on 6 November 2018
2732:. 25 February 2009
2630:. 26 February 2009
2601:. Turkish Airlines
2434:"Oh, the humanity"
2039:. 25 February 2009
1571:The New York Times
1468:. 25 February 2009
1442:. 25 February 2009
1367:on 10 April 2009.
1172:The New York Times
1155:The New York Times
1061:and working on an
643:
587:
528:Dutch Safety Board
446:
440:Runway diagram of
360:The New York Times
345:. This caused the
322:inbound, at 09:26
220:, Istanbul, Turkey
158:Aircraft name
148:Aircraft type
21:
4492:
4491:
4063:
4062:
3769:CanJet Flight 918
3560:
3559:
3499:El Al Flight 1862
3278:(site in Turkish)
3170:
3169:
2557:on 15 August 2019
1937:on 14 April 2013.
1666:. AirportData.com
1551:on 22 March 2012.
1487:Hradecky, Simon.
1331:on 10 March 2009.
1047:
1046:
582:
560:, and the French
410:Turkish Air Force
316:Polderbaan runway
283:
282:
117:52.37611; 4.71389
4608:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4500:
4473:: 37,670 (2020)
4419:Related articles
4372:B&H Airlines
4336:Turkish Airlines
4213:Istanbul Airport
4156:We World Express
4138:
4111:Turkish Airlines
4097:Turkish Airlines
4090:
4083:
4076:
4067:
4066:
4055:
3749:Aviastar BAe 146
3605:
3604:
3602:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3553:
3545:
3526:
3525:(September 1996)
3518:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3486:
3467:
3459:
3458:(September 1956)
3451:
3443:
3435:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3313:
3295:
3287:Associated Press
3218:Turkish Airlines
3197:
3163:
3162:
3151:
3150:
3139:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2990:www.sozcu.com.tr
2981:
2972:
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2969:
2967:
2947:
2938:
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2935:
2933:
2913:
2907:
2906:
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2883:
2877:
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2796:
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2789:
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2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2670:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2599:"Passenger List"
2595:
2586:
2585:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2466:on 28 April 2009
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2440:on 11 March 2009
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2414:on 29 April 2009
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2378:
2372:
2371:
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2367:
2349:
2343:
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2254:
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2233:
2227:
2226:
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2222:
2212:
2204:
2195:
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2192:
2190:
2179:
2173:
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2166:
2164:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1987:on 28 April 2009
1977:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1898:on 13 July 2009.
1888:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1859:. Archived from
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1692:on 3 March 2009.
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1640:. Archived from
1638:Turkish Airlines
1630:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1540:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1516:
1508:
1497:
1496:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1413:on 20 March 2017
1409:. Archived from
1395:
1389:
1388:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1308:on 11 May 2010.
1293:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1235:
1223:
1206:Why Planes Crash
1160:
1067:Turkish military
1065:program for the
1051:Turkish citizens
983:
982:
944:
943:
905:
904:
866:
865:
827:
826:
788:
787:
749:
748:
710:
709:
657:
656:
583:
490:Brussels Airport
461:Eurocopter EC135
450:runway threshold
442:Schiphol Airport
309:Turkish Airlines
307:The aircraft, a
174:Turkish Airlines
137:
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:
113:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
58:
56:
31:
24:
20:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4529:
4527:
4517:
4515:
4505:
4503:
4495:
4493:
4488:
4464:
4414:
4388:
4360:
4324:
4223:
4201:
4177:Turkish Technic
4160:
4139:
4130:
4099:
4094:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3942:
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3932:
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3926:
3922:
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3916:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3882:
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3876:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3719:Medair Bell 206
3716:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3591:
3561:
3556:
3552:(February 2021)
3548:
3544:(February 2009)
3540:
3529:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3489:
3481:
3470:
3466:(November 1960)
3462:
3454:
3446:
3442:(November 1946)
3438:
3430:
3419:
3411:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3383:(February 1916)
3379:
3368:
3363:
3322:
3309:
3291:
3237:Wayback Machine
3227:Wayback Machine
3195:
3160:
3148:
3142:External images
3137:
3132:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3072:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2997:
2982:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2948:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2706:on 1 March 2009
2694:
2693:
2686:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2541:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2521:on 2 March 2009
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2487:
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2479:
2469:
2467:
2458:
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2375:
2365:
2363:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2305:on 5 March 2009
2293:
2292:
2288:
2283:. 4 March 2009.
2275:
2274:
2270:
2255:
2246:
2242:Section 4.20.14
2235:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2217:. 28 April 2009
2210:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2188:
2186:
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2162:
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2124:
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2110:
2109:
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2095:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1765:
1758:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1717:on 2 March 2009
1705:
1704:
1697:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1644:on 2 March 2009
1632:
1631:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1563:
1556:
1541:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1500:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1349:on 6 July 2011.
1341:
1340:
1336:
1321:
1317:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1267:
1264:
1255:
1252:
1243:
1236:
1227:
1224:
1215:
1184:
1158:
1150:
1078:
977:
938:
899:
860:
821:
782:
743:
704:
661:
655:
591:radio altimeter
574:
552:(FAA), Turkish
524:
492:. Around 11:15
434:
414:F-4E Phantom II
406:
379:Next Generation
375:
370:
343:radio altimeter
188:ICAO flight No.
180:IATA flight No.
138:
116:
114:
110:
107:
102:
99:
97:
95:
94:
93:
71:radio altimeter
54:
52:
38:
37:after the crash
17:
12:
11:
5:
4614:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4538:
4537:
4525:
4513:
4490:
4489:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4144:Cargo airlines
4141:
4140:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4093:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4070:
4061:
4060:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4007:
4004:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3590:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3567:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3546:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3501:(October 1992)
3495:
3493:(October 1981)
3487:
3485:(October 1980)
3478:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3448:KLM Flight 608
3444:
3436:
3434:(October 1946)
3427:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3409:
3401:
3393:
3389:Zeppelin LZ 64
3385:
3381:Zeppelin LZ 54
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3320:
3305:BBC World News
3302:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3264:
3262:Flight tracker
3259:
3253:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3233:Passenger List
3230:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3190:
3168:
3167:
3156:
3155:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3135:External links
3133:
3131:
3130:
3105:
3063:
3037:
3020:Internet Haber
3007:
2992:(in Turkish).
2973:
2958:(in Turkish).
2939:
2924:(in Turkish).
2908:
2878:
2848:
2817:
2791:
2765:
2743:
2717:
2684:
2660:
2641:
2612:
2587:
2568:
2532:
2506:
2495:on 7 June 2014
2477:
2451:
2425:
2399:
2388:. 5 March 2009
2373:
2344:
2333:. 4 March 2009
2316:
2286:
2268:
2244:
2228:
2196:
2174:
2148:
2131:
2117:
2103:
2089:
2075:
2050:
2024:
1998:
1972:
1958:
1940:
1922:
1901:
1883:
1866:
1837:
1807:
1790:
1756:
1737:
1728:
1695:
1677:
1655:
1622:
1596:
1554:
1530:
1498:
1479:
1453:
1424:
1390:
1373:
1352:
1334:
1315:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1183:
1180:
1149:
1146:
1077:
1074:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
974:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
945:United Kingdom
935:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
896:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
857:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
818:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
779:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
740:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
701:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
672:
671:
668:
665:
662:
654:
651:
523:
520:
509:Airbus A321neo
433:
430:
405:
402:
374:
371:
369:
366:
312:Boeing 737-800
281:
280:
277:
273:
272:
269:
265:
264:
261:
257:
256:
253:
249:
248:
245:
241:
240:
237:
233:
232:
226:
222:
221:
215:
211:
210:
207:
201:
200:
197:
193:
192:
189:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
159:
155:
154:
152:Boeing 737-8F2
149:
145:
144:
143:in August 2008
130:
129:
125:
124:
92:, Netherlands
82:
78:
77:
64:
60:
59:
49:
45:
44:
40:
39:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4613:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4536:
4526:
4524:
4514:
4512:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4441:Star Alliance
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4341:Turkish Cargo
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4151:Turkish Cargo
4149:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4086:
4084:
4079:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4058:
4052:
4047:
4040:
4030:
4020:
4010:
4000:
3990:
3980:
3970:
3960:
3950:
3940:
3930:
3920:
3910:
3900:
3890:
3880:
3870:
3860:
3850:
3840:
3830:
3820:
3810:
3800:
3790:
3780:
3770:
3760:
3750:
3740:
3730:
3720:
3710:
3700:
3690:
3680:
3670:
3660:
3650:
3640:
3630:
3620:
3609:
3596:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3450:(August 1954)
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3187:Alternate URL
3184:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3157:
3154:
3145:
3140:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3109:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3068:
3048:
3041:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3011:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2978:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2944:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2753:
2747:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2537:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2264:
2263:Flight Global
2260:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2239:
2232:
2216:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2184:
2178:
2171:
2158:
2152:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2127:
2121:
2113:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2085:
2079:
2064:
2063:Flightradar24
2060:
2054:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1800:
1794:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1761:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1732:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1665:
1659:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1523:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1288:
1274:
1269:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1168:Sidney Dekker
1164:
1157:
1156:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:According to
1115:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
984:United States
981:
975:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
942:
936:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
903:
897:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
864:
858:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
825:
819:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
786:
780:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
747:
741:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
708:
702:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
658:
650:
648:
639:
635:
633:
628:
625:
623:
617:
614:
609:
604:
601:
595:
592:
572:
569:
565:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:
533:
529:
522:Investigation
519:
516:
514:
510:
506:
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4475:Stock ticker
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4459:Hayal Edince
4457:
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4329:Destinations
4300:1959 Gatwick
4284:
4197:Turkish Opet
3678:
3541:
3509:(April 1994)
3310:
3292:
3250:Google Earth
3114:
3108:
3096:. Retrieved
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2778:the original
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2525:23 September
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2011:the original
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
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1953:De Telegraaf
1952:
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1411:the original
1405:(in Dutch).
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1095:De Telegraaf
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613:stick-shaker
608:autothrottle
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466:De Telegraaf
464:
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398:first flight
393:
385:
383:registration
378:
376:
358:
356:
347:autothrottle
340:
306:
293:
289:
285:
284:
205:Registration
199:TURKISH 1951
161:
18:
4535:Netherlands
4405:Ahmet Bolat
4400:Temel Kotil
4356:Air Albania
4315:1979 Ankara
4126:Air Albania
3534:2000s-2020s
3517:(July 1996)
3475:1970s-1990s
3424:1940s-1960s
3415:(July 1935)
3407:(July 1928)
3373:1910s-1930s
3256:Google Maps
3252:flight path
2891:Der Spiegel
2784:26 February
2758:28 February
2710:26 February
2634:26 February
2605:27 February
2189:28 February
2163:28 February
1991:28 February
1721:26 February
1670:26 February
1648:26 February
1615:25 February
1472:25 February
1446:25 February
1240:jet engines
1123:Temel Kotil
828:Netherlands
660:Nationality
513:Airbus A330
320:A9 motorway
302:Netherlands
290:Poldercrash
225:Destination
115: /
75:pilot error
4545:Categories
4410:Bilal Ekşi
4351:SunExpress
4346:AnadoluJet
4310:1972 Adana
4121:SunExpress
3399:(Dec 1917)
3391:(May 1917)
3196:(in Dutch)
3098:6 February
3056:24 January
3030:20 January
3000:20 January
2966:20 January
2932:20 January
2901:20 January
2871:20 January
2841:20 January
2068:20 January
2037:Volkskrant
1830:20 January
1783:20 January
1589:20 January
1284:References
1194:TV series
1132:While the
664:Passengers
653:Passengers
426:cabin crew
368:Background
260:Fatalities
244:Passengers
100:52°22′34″N
55:2009-02-25
35:Boeing 737
4471:Employees
4452:Deli Mike
4385:(defunct)
4379:(defunct)
3088:0362-4331
2986:"Kürecik"
2861:RTBF Info
2561:15 August
2359:The Times
1855:. Paris:
1579:0362-4331
1311:Thursday.
1090:The Hague
1055:Americans
699:Survived
647:go-around
422:jump seat
394:Model 8F2
388:, named "
276:Survivors
236:Occupants
196:Call sign
103:4°42′50″E
90:Amsterdam
4511:Aviation
3092:Archived
3024:Archived
2994:Archived
2960:Archived
2926:Archived
2895:Archived
2865:Archived
2835:Archived
2730:BBC News
2582:Archived
2444:10 March
2418:10 March
2392:10 March
2386:Wikinews
2366:10 March
2362:. London
2337:10 March
2330:ABC News
2309:10 March
2221:29 April
1914:BBC News
1824:Archived
1777:Archived
1583:Archived
1466:BBC News
1417:19 March
1182:In media
711:Bulgaria
690:Survived
681:Survived
432:Accident
390:Tekirdağ
373:Aircraft
332:Istanbul
268:Injuries
170:Operator
163:Tekirdağ
128:Aircraft
43:Accident
4497:Portals
4482:Website
4436:Borajet
4295:THY6491
4290:THY5904
4285:THY1951
4280:THY1878
4275:THY1476
3599: (
3597:in 2009
3319:(video)
3317:YouTube
3301:(video)
3299:YouTube
3269:at the
3235:at the
3225:at the
3207:English
3200:Archive
3183:Archive
2956:Radikal
2810:6 March
2736:6 March
2499:9 March
2470:9 March
2281:Reuters
2043:5 March
2017:5 March
1213:Gallery
1119:Radikal
1104:Radikal
1082:Haarlem
750:Germany
511:and an
496:(12:15
488:and to
326:(10:26
292:or the
191:THY1951
67:Stalled
63:Summary
53: (
4523:Turkey
4393:People
4270:THY981
4265:THY835
4260:THY634
4255:THY452
4250:THY345
4245:THY301
4240:THY278
4235:THY158
4206:Assets
4035:Dec 25
4025:Dec 22
4015:Nov 28
4005:Nov 18
3995:Nov 12
3975:Oct 29
3965:Oct 22
3955:Oct 21
3945:Oct 21
3935:Sep 24
3925:Sep 22
3895:Aug 26
3885:Aug 11
3845:Jul 24
3835:Jul 15
3825:Jul 13
3805:Jun 30
3785:May 20
3765:Apr 19
3755:Apr 17
3715:Mar 25
3705:Mar 23
3695:Mar 20
3685:Mar 12
3675:Feb 25
3665:Feb 12
3645:Jan 27
3635:Jan 17
3625:Jan 15
3615:Jan 15
3116:Mayday
3086:
1577:
1197:Mayday
1059:Ankara
906:Turkey
867:Taiwan
696:Killed
687:Killed
678:Killed
670:Total
530:(DSB,
404:Flight
386:TC-JGE
336:Turkey
300:, the
209:TC-JGE
183:TK1951
4479:THYAO
4215:(hub)
3985:Nov 1
3915:Sep 9
3905:Sep 2
3875:Aug 8
3865:Aug 4
3855:Aug 2
3815:Jul 3
3795:Jun 1
3775:May 3
3745:Apr 9
3735:Apr 6
3725:Apr 1
3655:Feb 7
3211:Dutch
3050:(PDF)
2700:Yahoo
2628:Trouw
2555:(PDF)
2548:(PDF)
2299:Trouw
2211:(PDF)
1802:(PDF)
1525:(PDF)
1515:(PDF)
1238:Both
1159:'
1127:apron
1110:Sözcü
1016:Total
789:Italy
693:Total
684:Total
675:Total
532:Dutch
418:MD-80
4116:AJet
3601:2009
3100:2020
3084:ISSN
3058:2020
3032:2020
3002:2020
2968:2020
2934:2020
2903:2020
2873:2020
2843:2020
2812:2009
2786:2009
2760:2009
2738:2009
2712:2009
2636:2009
2607:2009
2563:2019
2527:2009
2501:2009
2472:2009
2446:2009
2420:2009
2394:2009
2368:2009
2339:2009
2311:2009
2223:2009
2191:2009
2170:Nova
2165:2009
2070:2020
2045:2009
2019:2009
1993:2009
1832:2020
1785:2020
1723:2009
1672:2009
1650:2009
1617:2009
1591:2020
1575:ISSN
1474:2009
1448:2009
1419:2017
1186:The
1107:and
1043:116
667:Crew
473:and
252:Crew
81:Site
73:and
48:Date
3315:on
3297:on
3185:) (
1440:CNN
1140:or
1037:125
1025:113
1019:118
933:53
855:53
600:ILS
542:OVV
540:or
498:CET
494:UTC
392:".
352:BBJ
328:CET
324:UTC
279:126
271:120
247:128
239:135
4547::
4484::
4477::
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3307::
3289::
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915:50
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894:1
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515:.
475:A9
471:A4
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1034:3
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930:5
924:3
921:4
918:7
912:1
891:0
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263:9
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