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315:, as compared to a nominal Dst of -100 nT for classification as a storm. During the TWINS prime mission (2008–2010), an extended and unprecedented solar minimum (from solar cycle 23) prevailed, bringing with it very calm magnetospheric conditions ranging from dead quiet to mildly disturbed. During this time period TWINS observed numerous weak storms, roughly once every 27 days (corresponding to the solar rotation period and triggered by solar corotating interaction regions (CIRs). The strongest storm (which was still very mild) observed by TWINS during its prime mission was on 22 July 2009, with Dst reaching a moderate -79 nT. Throughout these extended quiet conditions TWINS images contained ENA signals from both high-altitude (ring current) and low-altitude emission (LAE) regions.
253:) using two identical instruments on two widely spaced high-altitude, high-inclination spacecraft, TWINS enables the 3-dimensional visualization and the resolution of large scale structures and dynamics within the magnetosphere for the first time. In contrast to traditional space experiments, which make measurements at only one point in space, imaging experiments provide simultaneous viewing of different regions of the magnetosphere. Stereo imaging, as done by TWINS, takes the next step of producing 3-D images, and provides a leap ahead in our understanding of the global aspects of the terrestrial magnetosphere.
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This is a first-light stereo ENA image of the terrestrial ring current obtained by TWINS on 15 June 2008 for 10 keV energy. Visible in each image are both low-altitude emissions (LAE) from precipitating ions, and high-altitude ring current emissions (RCE). For reference, the Earth's limb is drawn in,
272:
at different times) of TWINS 1 and TWINS 2 means that in addition to stereo ENA imaging for several hours twice per day, the two TWINS instruments also obtain essentially continuous magnetospheric observations. The TWINS instrumentation is essentially the same as the MENA instrument on the
256:
The ENA imagers observe energetic neutrals produced from the global magnetospheric ion population, over an energy range of 1 to 100 keV with high angular (4°) and time (about 1-minute) resolution. A Lyman-alpha geocoronal imager is used to monitor cold exospheric
285:
and other energetic charged particles. TWINS enables three-dimensional global visualization of this region, leading to greatly enhanced understanding of the connections between different regions of the magnetosphere and their relation to the
277:
spacecraft. This instrumentation consists of a neutral atom imager covering the ~1-100 keV energy range with 4° x 4° angular resolution and 1-minute time resolution, and a simple Lyman-alpha imager to monitor the geocorona.
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TWINS 1 and TWINS 2 in simultaneous
Molniya orbits, obtain stereo images of the Earth's ring current, including signals from both trapped ions and precipitating ions.
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TWINS provides stereo imaging of the Earth's magnetosphere, the region surrounding the planet controlled by its magnetic field and containing the
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along with dipole magnetic field lines at four cardinal local times (noon=red, dusk=lavender, midnight, and dawn) and two L-values (L=4 and L=8).
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This article is about the NASA instruments on Earth satellites. For the meteorological instruments on NASA's InSight Mars lander, see
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Launched as missions of opportunity (MoO) aboard classified, non-NASA U.S. government spacecraft, TWINS conducts
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Routine stereo imaging by TWINS began on 15 June 2008, during an extremely weak geomagnetic storm whose
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of the ring current ions, and the Lyman alpha detector gives a measure of the neutral
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249:. By imaging the charge exchange neutral atoms over a broad energy range (~1-100
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The TWINS Mission of
Opportunity maintains a library of selected storm events.
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Symbol indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned
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1,652 × 38,702 km (1,027 × 24,048 mi) x 63.4°
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1,138 × 39,210 km (707 × 24,364 mi) x 63.2°
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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186:. TWINS was designed to provide stereo images of the Earth's
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165:Two Wide-Angle Imaging Neutral-Atom Spectrometers
18:Two Wide-Angle Imaging Neutral-Atom Spectrometers
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489:"Five Years of Stereo Imaging for NASA's TWINS"
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217:detector. The ENA imager provides indirect
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521:"Missions - TWINS A and B - NASA Science"
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27:NASA Experiments of the Explorer program
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523:. NASA. 13 March 2008. Archived from
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24:
1898:List of Explorers Program missions
1494:Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer
1225:Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
25:
2800:
2724:indicates active current missions
977:Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility
618:
557:"TWINS Geomagnetic Storm Catalog"
465:Temperature and Winds for InSight
34:. For other uses of "Twins", see
32:Temperature and Winds for InSight
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264:that produce ENAs from ions via
2736:indicate missions yet to launch
209:Each instrument consists of an
105:http://twins.swri.edu/index.jsp
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481:
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180:National Reconnaissance Office
13:
1:
1134:List of heliophysics missions
833:Interplanetary magnetic field
775:Magnetosphere particle motion
475:
460:List of heliophysics missions
2730:indicates cancelled missions
7:
431:
10:
2805:
1360:Orbiting Solar Observatory
1325:Intercosmos 26 (Koronas I)
1233:Solar Dynamics Observatory
838:Heliospheric current sheet
467:(TWINS, sensor package on
294:Operation and storm events
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283:Van Allen radiation belts
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1138:List of solar telescopes
790:Van Allen radiation belt
770:Magnetosphere chronology
190:. The first instrument,
699:Atmospheric circulation
636:12 October 2020 at the
576:Jonathan's Space Report
175:instruments aboard two
1278:Apollo Telescope Mount
709:Earth's magnetic field
650:, LAD/TWINS instrument
304:
211:energetic neutral atom
194:, was launched aboard
36:Twins (disambiguation)
1426:Pioneer 6, 7, 8 and 9
1283:Coronas F (Koronas F)
813:Coronal mass ejection
733:Earth's magnetosphere
311:never fell below -40
301:
1123:Solar space missions
986:Other magnetospheres
848:Solar particle event
570:McDowell, Jonathan.
491:. NASA. 24 June 2013
182:(NRO) satellites in
2779:Missions to the Sun
2764:2008 in spaceflight
2759:2006 in spaceflight
572:"Satellite Catalog"
245:imaging of Earth's
45:
2074:25 (Injun 4, IE-B)
1805:"Improved Trumpet"
1317:Hinotori (Astro-A)
1217:Parker Solar Probe
446:Spaceflight portal
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206:on 13 March 2008.
43:
2789:Explorers Program
2769:NASA space probes
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2713:
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2159:42 (Uhuru, SAS-A)
1889:Explorers Program
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1826:Fourth Generation
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943:Research projects
911:
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823:Geomagnetic storm
740:Birkeland current
429:
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338:Launch date (UTC)
198:on 28 June 2006.
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94:2 years (planned)
16:(Redirected from
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2784:Solar telescopes
2774:Space telescopes
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527:on 16 April 2010
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638:Wayback Machine
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1037:Related topics
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219:remote sensing
184:Molniya orbits
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858:Space weather
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765:Magnetosphere
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760:Magnetosheath
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544:public domain
526:
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403:13 March 2008
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247:magnetosphere
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213:imager and a
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177:United States
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41:
37:
33:
19:
2733:
2722:Green titles
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2582:
2568:82 (CHIPSat)
2512:
2505:
2498:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2149:40 (Injun 5)
2044:S-66A (BE-A)
1841:
1542:
1471:
1340:ICE / ISEE-3
1310:
1298:
1262:(since 1994)
1257:
1252:(since 2006)
1244:(since 2020)
1236:(since 2010)
1228:(since 1995)
1220:(since 2018)
1212:(since 2013)
1204:(since 2006)
1196:(since 2015)
1188:(since 2021)
1185:CHASE (Xihe)
1180:(since 2022)
1165:(since 2023)
1157:(since 1997)
1059:Ring systems
1054:Lunar swirls
931:
914:
785:Ring current
780:Plasmasphere
755:Magnetopause
605:. Retrieved
600:
597:"Orbit Data"
591:
579:. Retrieved
575:
565:
551:
529:. Retrieved
525:the original
515:
493:. Retrieved
483:
471:Mars lander)
366:28 June 2006
317:
306:
280:
255:
243:stereoscopic
240:
208:
199:
191:
188:ring current
168:
164:
163:
75:Spectrometer
40:
2728:Grey titles
2556:79 (HETE-2)
2472:93 (NuSTAR)
2447:81 (RHESSI)
2422:68 (SAMPEX)
2264:61 (Magsat)
2239:56 (ISEE-1)
2129:36 (GEOS-B)
2094:29 (GEOS-A)
1456:Spartan 201
1173: [
965:Unwin Radar
891:Double Star
828:Heliosphere
818:Solar flare
531:17 December
341:Launch site
332:Launch name
322:Instruments
215:Lyman alpha
2753:Categories
2452:83 (GALEX)
2432:73 (TRACE)
2396:HelioSwarm
2347:84 (Swift)
2329:78 (IMAGE)
2214:53 (SAS-C)
2199:50 (IMP-J)
2194:49 (RAE-B)
2189:48 (SAS-B)
2184:47 (IMP-H)
2174:45 (SSS-A)
2164:43 (IMP-I)
2154:41 (IMP-G)
2139:38 (RAE-A)
2124:35 (IMP-E)
2119:34 (IMP-F)
2114:33 (IMP-D)
2104:31 (DME-A)
2089:28 (IMP-C)
2079:26 (EPE-D)
2064:23 (S-55C)
2054:21 (IMP-B)
2034:18 (IMP-A)
2024:16 (S-55B)
2019:15 (EPE-C)
2014:14 (EPE-B)
2009:13 (S-55A)
2004:12 (EPE-A)
1919:Explorer 1
1727:satellites
1013:Ganymedian
886:Cluster II
867:Satellites
843:Heliopause
800:Solar wind
750:Ionosphere
724:Polar wind
719:Jet stream
476:References
335:Spacecraft
288:solar wind
129:Spacecraft
111:Properties
2673:Proposals
2666:Proposals
2546:72 (SNOE)
2493:97 (IXPE)
2479:94 (IRIS)
2465:91 (IBEX)
2442:75 (WIRE)
2437:74 (SWAS)
2427:70 (FAST)
2375:96 (ICON)
2368:95 (TESS)
2361:92 (WISE)
2334:80 (WMAP)
2324:77 (FUSE)
2312:69 (RXTE)
2294:67 (EUVE)
2289:66 (COBE)
2274:63 (DE-2)
2269:62 (DE-1)
2259:60 (SAGE)
2249:58 (HCMM)
2224:55 (AE-E)
2219:54 (AE-D)
2204:51 (AE-C)
2144:39 (AD-C)
2109:32 (AE-B)
2084:27 (BE-C)
2069:24 (AD-B)
2059:22 (BE-B)
2049:20 (IE-A)
2039:19 (AD-A)
2029:17 (AE-A)
1989:11 (S-15)
1974:9 (S-56A)
1912:1958–1992
1847:SBIRS-HEO
1644:Sun-Earth
1630:Pioneer E
1594:Pioneer H
1582:Cancelled
1436:Prognoz 6
1421:Pioneer 5
1162:Aditya-L1
1049:Gas torus
1044:Flux tube
1028:Neptunian
1018:Saturnian
972:SuperDARN
873:Full list
745:Bow shock
714:Geosphere
309:Dst index
231:geocorona
2562:INTEGRAL
2458:90 (AIM)
2318:71 (ACE)
2284:65 (CCE)
2279:64 (SME)
2254:59 (ICE)
2244:57 (IUE)
2179:46 (MTS)
1954:7 (S-1A)
1905:Missions
1770:OPS 7304
1765:OPS 7225
1760:OPS 6031
1755:OPS 2439
1750:OPS 7724
1745:OPS 1844
1740:OPS 4788
1733:Jumpseat
1721:Jumpseat
1679:Category
1661:ACRIMSAT
1573:Sundiver
1556:Proposed
1451:SolarMax
634:Archived
432:See also
368:03:30:00
350:Remarks
259:hydrogen
223:hydrogen
143:Operator
81:Function
61:Operator
2734:Italics
2680:FINESSE
2629:SunRISE
2507:TRACERS
2382:SPHEREx
1949:6 (S-2)
1831:NROL-35
1817:USA-200
1812:USA-184
1796:USA-136
1791:USA-112
1786:USA-103
1779:Trumpet
1725:Trumpet
1563:ADAHELI
1526:TRACERS
1518:SWFO-L1
1502:PROBA-3
1487:Planned
1472:Ulysses
1431:PROBA-2
1409:Solwind
1355:MinXSS2
1350:MinXSS1
1305:GOES 13
1299:Genesis
1293:ESRO 2B
1147:Current
1079:Neptune
1064:Jupiter
1023:Uranian
1003:Martian
993:Hermian
896:Geotail
644:version
601:USA-200
469:InSight
418:Atlas V
399:USA-200
395:TWINS-B
392:TWINS-2
362:USA-184
358:TWINS-A
355:TWINS-1
270:apogees
237:Mission
204:USA-200
200:TWINS-2
196:USA-184
192:TWINS-1
157:Molniya
137:USA-200
133:USA-184
100:Website
2705:ESCAPE
2700:EXCEDE
2590:Hitomi
2578:Suzaku
2541:HETE-1
2234:DADE-B
2229:DADE-A
1547:(2031)
1537:(2028)
1529:(2025)
1521:(2025)
1513:(2025)
1505:(2024)
1497:(2024)
1441:RHESSI
1416:PICARD
1335:ISEE-2
1330:ISEE-1
1311:Helios
1288:EURECA
1249:STEREO
1193:DSCOVR
1074:Uranus
1069:Saturn
1008:Jovian
950:EISCAT
922:THEMIS
910:(2015)
908:
881:(2016)
879:
704:Aurora
607:30 May
581:30 May
454:STEREO
413:SLC-3E
344:Rocket
2695:ASTRE
2690:OHMIC
2685:Arcus
2616:GUSTO
2610:XRISM
2596:NICER
2584:TWINS
2573:CINDI
2500:PUNCH
2304:MIDEX
1994:S-45A
1959:S-46A
1842:TWINS
1651:SORCE
1635:OSO C
1604:OSO K
1599:OSO J
1543:Vigil
1510:PUNCH
1466:TRACE
1446:SOLAR
1404:OSO 8
1399:OSO 7
1394:OSO 6
1389:OSO 5
1384:OSO 4
1379:OSO 3
1374:OSO B
1370:OSO 2
1365:OSO 1
1321:IMP-8
1177:]
1170:ASO-S
998:Lunar
960:SHARE
955:HAARP
916:Polar
901:IMAGE
877:Arase
631:TWINS
625:TWINS
495:3 May
405:10:02
376:SLC-6
347:Orbit
275:IMAGE
262:atoms
227:Earth
169:TWINS
153:Orbit
44:TWINS
2643:CASE
2636:EZIE
2603:GOLD
2525:UNEX
2514:COSI
2486:GEMS
2414:SMEX
2403:UVEX
2389:MUSE
2340:FAME
1999:S-55
1979:S-45
1969:S-56
1723:and
1623:Lost
1589:AOSO
1568:SETH
1271:Past
1258:Wind
1209:IRIS
933:Wind
642:SwRI
609:2011
583:2011
533:2010
497:2018
409:VAFB
372:VAFB
329:Name
173:NASA
65:NASA
2622:AWE
1944:S-1
1656:SXI
1154:ACE
906:MMS
648:LAD
420:411
251:keV
147:NRO
2755::
2529:MO
1984:10
1175:fr
1136:-
640:,
599:.
574:.
411:,
374:,
313:nT
290:.
2533:I
2531:/
2527:/
1964:8
1939:5
1934:4
1929:3
1924:2
1881:e
1874:t
1867:v
1713:e
1706:t
1699:v
1372:/
1115:e
1108:t
1101:v
677:e
670:t
663:v
611:.
585:.
559:.
546:.
535:.
510:.
499:.
167:(
119:2
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
