UGM-27 Polaris - Knowledge

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Jupiter IRBM work properly. Jupiter retained the short, squat shape intended to fit in naval submarines. Its sheer size and volatility of its fuel made it very unsuited to submarine launching and was only slightly more attractive for deployment on ships. The missile continued to be developed by the Army's German team in collaboration with their main contractor, Chrysler Corporation. SPO's responsibility was to develop a sea-launching platform with necessary fire control and stabilization systems for that very purpose. The original schedule was to have a ship-based IRBM system ready for operation evaluation by January 1, 1960, and a submarine-based one by January 1, 1965. However, the Navy was deeply dissatisfied with the liquid fuel IRBM. The first concern was that the cryogenic liquid fuel was not only extremely dangerous to handle, but launch-preparations were also very time-consuming. Second, an argument was made that liquid-fueled rockets gave relatively low initial acceleration, which is disadvantageous in launching a missile from a moving platform in certain sea states. By mid-July 1956, the Secretary of Defense's Scientific Advisory Committee had recommended that a solid-propellant missile program be fully instigated but not using the unsuitable Jupiter payload and guidance system. By October 1956, a study group comprising key figures from Navy, industry and academic organizations considered various design parameters of the Polaris system and trade-offs between different sub-sections. The estimate that a 30,000-pound missile could deliver a suitable warhead over 1500 nautical miles was endorsed. With this optimistic assessment, the Navy now decided to scrap the Jupiter program altogether and sought out the Department of Defense to back a separate Navy missile. A huge surfaced submarine would carry four "Jupiter" missiles, which would be carried and launched horizontally. This was probably the never-built

997: 1206: 868:"partial success" was used for any missile test that returned usable data). The next flight on October 15 failed spectacularly when the second stage ignited on the pad and took off by itself. Range Safety blew up the errant rocket while the first stage sat on the pad and burned. The third and fourth tests (December 30 and January 9) had problems due to overheating in the boattail section. This necessitated adding extra shielding and insulation to wiring and other components. When the final AX flight was conducted a year after the program began, 17 Polaris missiles had been flown of which five met all of their test objectives. 546:

smaller, new design would weigh much less, estimated at 30,000 pounds. The Navy would rather develop a smaller, more easily manipulated design. Edward Teller was one of the scientists encouraging the progress of smaller rockets. He argued that the technology needed to be discovered, rather than apply technology that is already created. Raborn was also convinced he could develop smaller rockets. He sent officers to make independent estimates of size to determine the plausibility of a small missile; while none of the officers could agree on a size, their findings were encouraging nonetheless.

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validity of Teller's prediction in the Navy's eyes. Whether the warhead was half or one megaton mattered little so long as it fitted the missile and would be ready by the deadline. Almost four decades later, Teller said, referring to Mark's performance, that it was “an occasion when I was happy about the other person being bashful.” When the Atomic Energy Commission backed up Teller's estimate in early September, Admiral Burke and the Navy Secretariat decided to support SPO in heavily pushing for the new missile, now named Polaris by Admiral Raborn.

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weapon. Livermore received the project. When Teller returned to Livermore, people were astonished by the boldness of Teller's promise. It seemed inconceivable with the current size of nuclear warheads, and Teller was challenged to support his assertion. He pointed out the trend in warhead technology, which indicated reduced weight to yield ratios in each succeeding generation. When Teller was questioned about the application of this to the FBM program, he asked, ‘Why use a 1958 warhead in a 1965 weapon system?’

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government as a research and development contribution. In 2002, the United States Navy announced plans to extend the life of the submarines and the D5 missiles to the year 2040. This requires a D5 Life Extension Program (D5LEP), which is currently underway. The main aim is to replace obsolete components at minimal cost by using commercial off the shelf (COTS) hardware; all the while maintaining the demonstrated performance of the existing Trident II missiles.

1191:. Although one submarine of the four was always in a shipyard undergoing a refit, recent declassifications of archived files disclose that the Royal Navy deployed four boatloads of reentry vehicles and warheads, plus spare warheads for the Polaris A3T, retaining a limited ability to re-arm and put to sea the submarine that was in refit. When replaced by the Chevaline warhead, the sum total of deployed RVs and warheads was reduced to three boatloads. 957:

many improvements, including propellants and material used in the construction of the burn chambers. The later versions (the A-2, A-3, and B-3) were larger, weighed more, and had longer ranges than the A-1. The range increase was most important: The A-2 range was 1,500 nautical miles (2,800 kilometres), the A-3 2,500 nautical miles (4,600 kilometres), and the B-3 2,000 nautical miles (3,700 kilometres). The A-3 featured multiple re-entry vehicles (

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proposed the development of a longer-range missile designated as ULMS II, which was to achieve twice the range of the existing Poseidon (ULMS I) missile. In addition to a longer-range missile, a larger submarine (Ohio-class) was proposed to replace the submarines currently being used with Poseidon. The ULMS II missile system was designed to be retrofitted to the existing SSBNs, while also being fitted to the proposed Ohio-class submarine.

580:, representing the Los Alamos nuclear weapons laboratory. Teller was already known as a nuclear salesman, but this became the first instance where there was a big betting battle where he outbid his Los Alamos counterpart. The two knew each other well: Mark was named head of the theoretical division of Los Alamos in 1947, a job that was originally offered for Teller. Mark was a cautious physicist and no match for Teller in a bidding war. 1471: 1129:, with 16 missiles to be carried on each boat. The Nassau Agreement also featured very specific wording. The intention of wording the agreement in this manner was to make it intentionally opaque. The sale of the Polaris was malleable in how an individual country could interpret it due to the diction choices taken in the Nassau Agreement. For the United States of America, the wording allowed for the sale to fall under the scope of 1224:(ABM) defenses, but the Royal Navy had to ensure that its small Polaris force operating alone, and often with only one submarine on deterrent patrol, could penetrate the ABM screen around Moscow. Britain's submarines featured the Polaris A3T missiles, a modification to the model of the Polaris used by the U.S. from 1968 to 1972. Similar concerns were present in the U.S. as well, resulting in a new American defense program. 4180: 4156: 1526: 1027:

When ODES was added to STARS I, the configuration became known as STARS II. The development phase of the STARS program was completed in 1994, and BMDO provided about $ 192.1 million for this effort. The operational phase began in 1995. The first STARS I flight, a hardware check-out flight, was launched in February 1993, and the second flight, a STARS I reentry vehicle experiment, was launched in August 1993.

860: 38: 1141: 1152:(Supreme Allied Commander, Europe), with the provision that in a national emergency when unsupported by the NATO allies, the targeting, permission to fire, and firing of those Polaris missiles would reside with the British national authorities. Nevertheless, the consent of the British Prime Minister is and has always been required for the use of British nuclear weapons, including SLBMs. 1046:

December 1994, seven first-stage and five second-stage refurbished motors were available for future launches. BMDO is currently evaluating STARS as a potential long-range system for launching targets for development tests of future Theater Missile Defense 3 systems. STARS I was first launched in 1993, and from 2004 onwards has served as the standard booster for trials of the

510:(SLBM). The responsibility of the development of SLBMs was given to the Navy and the Army. The Air Force was charged with developing a land-based intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM), while an IRBM which could be launched by land or by sea was tasked to the Navy and Army. The Navy Special Projects (SP) office was at the head of the project. It was led by Rear Admiral 948:. Inertial navigation guided the missile to about a 900 m (3,000-foot) CEP, insufficient for use against hardened targets. They were mostly useful for attacking dispersed military surface targets (airfields or radar sites), clearing a pathway for heavy bombers, although in the general public perception Polaris was a strategic second-strike retaliatory weapon. 1257:, believed that Britain no longer needed new designs for nuclear weapons and no more nuclear warhead tests would be necessary. Though the Labour Party provided a clear platform on nuclear weapons, the Chevaline program found supporters. One such individual who supported modification to the Polaris was the Secretary of State for Defence, 652:, the first U.S. missile submarine, successfully launched the first Polaris missile from a submerged submarine on July 20, 1960. The A-2 version of the Polaris missile was essentially an upgraded A-1, and it entered service in late 1961. It was fitted on a total of 13 submarines and served until June 1974. Ongoing problems with the 635: 634: 631: 676:

when the missile reached the water's surface. Wet launch meant shooting the missile through the water without a casing. While the Navy was in favor of a wet launch, they developed both methods as a failsafe. They did this with the development of gas and air propulsion of the missile out of the submerged tube as well.

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navigational readouts to remain accurate and reliable. A submarine equipped with ballistic missiles was of little to no use if operators had no way to direct them. The Polaris developers then turned to a guidance system that had been abandoned by the U.S. Air Force, the XN6 Autonavigator. Developed by the

1341:-class submarines, it was always planned to upgrade all of these submarines to the larger and longer-ranged Trident D5 missile—and that eventually, all of the C4 missiles would be eliminated from the U.S. Navy. This change-over has been completely carried out, and no Trident C4 missiles remain in service. 983:

that could overwhelm Soviet defenses by sheer weight of numbers, and its high speed after re-entry. This turned out to be a less than reliable system and soon after both systems were replaced by the Trident. A proposed Undersea Long-Range Missile System (ULMS) program outlined a long-term plan which

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To meet the need for greater accuracy over the longer ranges the Lockheed designers included a reentry vehicle concept, improved guidance, fire control, and navigation systems to achieve their goals. To obtain the major gains in performance of the Polaris A3 in comparison to early models, there were

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and a few other submarines, but a major drawback of these early cruise missile launch systems (and the Jupiter proposals) was the need to surface, and remain surfaced for some time, to launch. Submarines were very vulnerable to attack during launch, and a fully or partially fueled missile on deck was

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The program became known as Antelope, and its purpose was to alter the Polaris. Various aspects of the Polaris, such as increasing deployment efficiency and creating ways to improve the penetrative power were specific items considered in the tests conducted during the Antelope program. The British's

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The third flight, a STARS II development mission, was launched in July 1994, with all three flights considered to be successful by BMDO. The Secretary of Defense conducted a comprehensive review in 1993 of the nation's defense strategy, which drastically reduced the number of STARS launches required

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The initial test model of the Polaris was referred to as the AX series and made its maiden flight from Cape Canaveral on September 24, 1958. The missile failed to perform its pitch and roll maneuver and instead just flew straight up, however the flight was considered a partial success (at that time,

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The Navy favored an underwater launch of an IRBM, although the project began with an above-water launch goal. They decided to continue the development of an underwater launch, and developed two ideas for this launch: wet and dry. Dry launch meant encasing the missile in a shell that would peel away

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third stage. It can deploy single or multiple payloads, but the multiple payloads cannot be deployed in a manner that simulates the operation of a post-boost vehicle. To meet this specific need, Sandia developed an Operations and Deployment Experiments Simulator (ODES), which functions as a PBV.

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There is a contention that the Navy's "Jupiter" missile program was unrelated to the Army program. The Navy also expressed an interest in Jupiter as an SLBM, but left the collaboration to work on their Polaris. At first, the newly assembled SPO team had the problem of making the large, liquid-fuel

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At the NOBSKA summer study, Edward Teller made his famous contribution to the FBM program. Teller offered to develop a lightweight warhead of one-megaton strength within five years. He suggested that nuclear-armed torpedoes could be substituted for conventional ones to provide a new anti-submarine

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The operational control of the Polaris submarines was assigned to another NATO Supreme Commander, the SACLANT (Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic), who is based near Norfolk, Virginia, although the SACLANT routinely delegated control of the missiles to his deputy commander in the Eastern Atlantic

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Mark disagreed with Teller's prediction that the desired one-megaton warhead could be made to fit the missile envelope within the timescale envisioned. Instead, Mark suggested that half a megaton would be more realistic and he quoted a higher price and a longer deadline. This simply confirmed the

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administration. Prior to 1961, Italy and Turkey were equipped with Jupiter missiles. Three factors were instrumental in the movement away from the Jupiter project in Italy and Turkey: the president's view of the project, new understanding about weapons systems and the diminished necessity of the

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When the STARS program was started in 1985 it was perceived that there would be four launches per year. Because of the large number of anticipated launches and an unknown defect rate for surplus Polaris motors, the STARS office acquired 117 first-stage and 102 second-stage surplus motors. As of

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yield. This arrangement was originally described as a "cluster warhead" but was replaced with the term Multiple Re-Entry Vehicle (MRV). The three warheads, also known as "bomblets", were spread out in a "shotgun" like pattern above a single target and were not independently targetable (such as a

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in 1955. Nuclear powered submarines were the least vulnerable to a first strike from the Soviet Union. The next question that led to further development was what kind of arms the nuclear-powered submarines should be equipped with. In the summer of 1956, the navy sponsored a study by the National

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stated that a physically small one-megaton warhead could be produced for Polaris within a few years, and this prompted Burke to leave the Jupiter program and concentrate on Polaris in December of that year. Polaris was spearheaded by the Special Project Office's Missile Branch under Rear Admiral

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Polaris was the largest project in the Royal Navy's peacetime history. Although in 1964 the new Labour government considered cancelling Polaris and turning the submarines into conventionally armed hunter-killers, it continued the program as Polaris gave Britain a global nuclear capacity—perhaps

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This 'Stable Platform' configuration did not account for the change in gravitational fields that the submarine would experience while it was in motion, nor did it account for the ever-altering position of the Earth. This problem raised many concerns, as this would make it nearly impossible for

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At the time that the Polaris project went live, submarine navigation systems accuracy was adequate for existing weapons systems. Initially, developers of Polaris were set to utilize the existing 'Stable Platform' configuration of the inertial guidance system. Created at the MIT Instrumentation

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As of 2021 (it's expected to be phased out after 2030). Solid fuels, on the other hand, make logistics and storage simpler and are safer. Not only was the Jupiter a liquid fuel design, it was also very large; even after it was designed for solid fuel, it was still a whopping 160,000 pounds. A

765:. It was used to interpret the Transit satellite data and send guidance information to the Polaris, which had its own guidance computer made with ultra miniaturized electronics, very advanced for its time, because there wasn't much room in a Polaris—there were 16 on each submarine. The Ship's 987:

In May 1972, the term ULMS II was replaced with Trident. The Trident was to be a larger, higher-performance missile with a range capacity greater than 6000 miles. Under the agreement, the United Kingdom paid an additional 5% of their total procurement cost of 2.5 billion dollars to the U.S.

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Roderick Osgood Middleton, and is still under the Special Project Office. Admiral Burke later was instrumental in determining the size of the Polaris submarine force, suggesting that 40–45 submarines with 16 missiles each would be sufficient. Eventually, the number of Polaris submarines was

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One of the initial problems the Navy faced in creating an SLBM was that the sea moves, while a launch platform on land does not. Waves and swells rocking the boat or submarine, as well as possible flexing of the ship's hull, had to be taken into account to properly aim the missile.

569:. The navy's intention was to have a new missile developed that would be lighter than existing missiles and cover a range up to fifteen hundred miles. A problem that needed to be solved was that this design would not be able to carry the desired one-megaton thermonuclear warhead. 1344:

The Polaris missile remained in Royal Navy service long after it had been completely retired and scrapped by the U.S. Navy in 1980–1981. Consequently, many spare parts and repair facilities for the Polaris that were located in the U.S. ceased to be available (such as at

1249:. Its existence was only revealed in 1980, partly because of the cost overruns of the project, which had almost quadrupled the original estimate given when the project was finally approved in January 1975. The program also ran into trouble when dealing with the British 826:, and also equipped the British Polaris force. The A-3 had a range extended to 2,500 nautical miles (4,600 kilometres) and a new weapon bay housing three Mk 2 re-entry vehicles (ReB or Re-Entry Body in U.S. Navy and British usage); and the new W-58 warhead of 200 1937: 726:

Laboratory, this Ships Inertial Navigation System (SINS) was supplied to the Navy in 1954. The developers of Polaris encountered many issues from the outset of the project, including the outdated technology of the gyroscopes they would be implementing.

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Despite the approval of the program, the expenses caused hurdles that augmented the time it took for the system to come to fruition. The cost of the project led to Britain's disbanding the program in 1977. The system became operational in mid-1982 on

656:, especially with its mechanical arming and safing equipment, led to large numbers of the missiles being recalled for modifications, and the U.S. Navy sought a replacement with either a larger yield or equivalent destructive power. The result was the 785:

were being purchased by the Navy for the Polaris. The Minuteman guidance systems each required 2000 of these, so the Polaris guidance system may have used a similar number. To keep the price under control, the design was standardized and shared with

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on October 4, 1957. This caused many working on the project to want to accelerate development. The launch of a second Russian satellite and pressing public and government opinions caused Secretary Wilson to move the project along more quickly.

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as head of a Special Project Office to develop Jupiter for the Navy in late 1955. The Jupiter missile's large diameter was a product of the need to keep the length short enough to fit in a reasonably-sized submarine. At the seminal

1384:(MLF), consisting of 25 international surface vessels from the US, United Kingdom, France, Italy, and West Germany, equipped with 200 Polaris nuclear missiles, enabling European allies to participate in the management of the 835:

missile is). The three warheads were stated to be equivalent in destructive power to a single one-megaton warhead due to their spread out pattern on the target. The first Polaris submarine outfitted with MRV A-3's was the

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to support National Missile Defense (NMD)2 and BMDO funding. Due to the launch and budget reductions, the STARS office developed a draft long-range plan for the STARS program. The study examined three options:

1019:, a Department of Energy laboratory, to develop an alternative launch vehicle using surplus Polaris boosters. The Sandia National Laboratories developed two STARS booster configurations: STARS I and STARS II. 614:

It quickly became apparent that solid-fueled ballistic missiles had advantages over cruise missiles in range and accuracy, and could be launched from a submerged submarine, improving submarine survivability.

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The first operational version, the Polaris A-1, had a range of 1,400 nautical miles (2,600 kilometres) and a single Mk 1 re-entry vehicle, carrying a single W-47-Y1 600 kt nuclear warhead, with an

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As the Polaris missile was fired underwater from a moving platform, it was essentially invulnerable to counterattack. This led the Navy to suggest, starting around 1959, that they be given the entire

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boosters used to launch targets and other experiments on intercontinental ballistic missile flight trajectories in support of the Strategic Defense Initiative would be depleted by 1988. SSDC tasked

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a serious hazard. The difficulty of preparing a launch in rough weather was another major drawback for these designs, but rough sea conditions did not unduly affect Polaris' submerged launches.

1462:, launched in 1969, was also "fitted for but not with" four Polaris missile launchers. During refit periods in 1980–1983, these facilities were removed and used for other weapons and systems. 3477: 3759: 716:

July 1, 1959: AX-11 at Cape Canaveral from a launch pad: this launch was successful, but pieces of the missile detached causing failure. It did show that the new guidance systems worked.

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warheads were possible. A crash program to develop a missile suitable for carrying such warheads began as Polaris, launching its first shot less than four years later, in February 1960.

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MacKenzie, Donald; Spinardi, Graham (August 1988). "The Shaping of Nuclear Weapon System Technology: US Fleet Ballistic Missile Guidance and Navigation: I: From Polaris to Poseidon".

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A subsequent decision to upgrade the missile purchase to the even larger, longer-ranged Trident D5 missile was possibly taken to ensure that there was missile commonality between the

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cruisers, commissioned in 1963–1964, were "fitted for but not with" two Polaris missile launchers per ship. All four launchers were built but never installed, and were stored at the

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discussing the possibility of changing the warheads in the Mediterranean. The Italians were not swayed by the American's interest in modernizing their warheads. However, after the

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September 24, 1958: AX-1, at Cape Canaveral from a launch pad; the missile was destroyed, after it failed to turn into the correct trajectory following a programming-error.

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The report advocated a change from the outdated Jupiter missiles, already housed by the Italians, to the newer missile, Polaris. The report resulted in Secretary of State

926:. The Navy accepted delivery of the first 16 warheads in July 1960. On May 6, 1962, a Polaris A-2 missile with a live W47 warhead was tested in the "Frigate Bird" test of 1375:

Jupiter missile. The Joint Congressional Committee report on Atomic Energy accentuated the three previous factors in Italy's decision to switch to the Polaris missiles.

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Though Britain adopted the Antelope program methods, no input on the design came from the United States. Aldermaston was solely responsible for the Chevaline warheads.

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April 20, 1959: AX-6, at Cape Canaveral from launch pad: this test was a success. The missile launched, separated, and splashed into the Atlantic 300 miles off shore.

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Livermore designers, led by physicists Harold Brown and John Foster ... the assignment in 1957 of developing the warhead for the Navy's Polaris missile ...

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was fitted with four Polaris missile launchers located in the aft part of the ship. The Italian usage of Polaris missiles was partially the result of the

761:(APL), William Guier and George Weiffenbach, began this work in 1958. A computer small enough to fit through a submarine hatch was developed in 1958, the 4225: 3159: 3127: 525:(IRBM). The missile, later known as Jupiter, would be developed under the Joint Army-Navy Ballistic Missile Committee approved by Secretary of Defense 2472: 887:

missile had a length of 28.5 ft (8.7 m), a body diameter of 54 inches (1.4 m), and a launch weight of 28,800 pounds (13,100 kg).

777:. This was especially important in the first few years of Polaris, because Transit was not operational until 1964. By 1965 microchips similar to the 3354: 3349: 1629: 979:, which abandoned the decoy concept in favor of using the C3's greater throw-weight for larger numbers (10–14) of new hardened high-re-entry-speed 1011:

program managed by the U. S. Army Space and Strategic Defense Command (SSDC). It began in 1985 in response to concerns that the supply of surplus

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force. By adopting many established, American, methodologies and components Polaris was finished on time and within budget. On 15 February 1968,

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program. However, a history of the Army's Jupiter program states that the Navy was involved in the Army program, but withdrew at an early stage.

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From the early days of the Polaris program, American senators and naval officers suggested that the United Kingdom might use Polaris. In 1957

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in Washington. Fanfani conceded and went along with Kennedy's Polaris plan, despite the Italians hoping to stick with the Jupiter missile.

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in 1964. Later the Polaris A-3 missiles (but not the ReBs) were also given limited hardening to protect the missile electronics against

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December 30, 1958: AX-3, at Cape Canaveral from a launch pad; launched correctly, but was destroyed because of the fuel overheating.

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February 27, 1959: AX-5, at Cape Canaveral from launch pad: launched correctly but began to behave erratically and was destroyed.

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January 19, 1959: AX-4, at Cape Canaveral from launch pad: launched correctly but began to behave erratically and was destroyed.

2420: 2036: 2000: 915: 325:, and had influenced the design by making it squat so it would fit in submarines. However, they had concerns about the use of 4135: 3703: 3673: 3457: 2508: 2444: 2354: 2044: 1604: 533:. Liquid fuel is compatible with aircraft; it was considered less compatible with submarines in the West, even though in the 2168:

Priest, Andrew (September 2005). "In American Hands: Britain, the United States and the Polaris Nuclear Project 1962–1968".

2992: 1292: 522: 507: 461: 372:. Polaris formed the backbone of the U.S. Navy's nuclear force aboard a number of custom-designed submarines. In 1963, the 307: 54: 667:

The Polaris development was kept on a tight schedule and the only influence that changed this was the USSR's launching of

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The first Polaris missile tests were given the names “AX-#” and later renamed “A1X-#”. Testing of the missiles occurred:

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The MLF plan, as well as the Italian Polaris Program, were abandoned, both for political reasons (in consequence of the

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uncertainty with their missiles led to the examination of the Antelope program. The assessments of Antelope occurred at

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Spinardi, Graham (August 1997). "Aldermaston and British Nuclear Weapons Development: Testing the 'Zuckerman Thesis'".

2061:"Navy Awards Lockheed Martin $ 248 Million Contract for Trident II D5 Missile Production and D5 Service Life Extension" 1962: 1133:'s deterrence powers. On the other hand, for the British, the sale could be viewed as a solely British deterrent. The 420:

SSBNs retained Polaris A-3 until 1980 because their missile tubes were not large enough to accommodate Poseidon. With

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The Polaris missile replaced an earlier plan to create a submarine-based missile force based on a derivative of the

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The Polaris missile program's complexity led to the development of new project management techniques, including the

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https://web.archive.org/web/20120314120957/http://www.mcis.soton.ac.uk/Site_Files/pdf/nuclear_history/glossary.pdf

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It was in between these two tests that the inertial guidance system was developed and implemented for testing.

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missile beginning in 1972. During the 1980s, these missiles were replaced on 12 of these submarines by the

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Federation of American Scientists history of A-1 Polaris; see also "a-2.htm," "a-3.htm," and "b-3.htm".

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Judging Edward Teller: A Closer Look at One of the Most Influential Scientists of the Twentieth Century

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Judging Edward Teller: A Closer Look at One of the Most Influential Scientists of the Twentieth Century

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The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution

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Academy of Sciences on anti-submarine warfare at Nobska Point in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, known as

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The U.S. Navy began to replace Polaris with Poseidon in 1972. The B-3 missile evolved into the C-3

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used in a "cluster" of three warheads for the Polaris A-3, the final model of the Polaris missile.

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liquid-fuelled SLBMs, none of which used cryogenic components, were in overwhelming majority, and

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Ministry of Defence and Property Services Agency: Control and Management of the Trident Programme

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The U.S. Navy began work on nuclear-powered submarines in 1946. They launched the first one, the

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Even though the U.S. Navy initially deployed the Trident C4 missile in the original set of its

1330:, which was considerably important when the Royal Navy Trident submarines were also to use the 1221: 969: 604: 561: 2439:(CD-ROM & download available) (2 ed.). Sunnyvale, California: Chukelea Publications. 4172: 3933: 3492: 3284: 2857: 2761: 2395:

Panton, Dr F. Polaris Improvements and the Chevaline System. Prospero/Journal of BROHP. 2004.

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The British did not ask to extend the Polaris Sales Agreement to cover the Polaris successor

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STARS I consisted of refurbished Polaris first and second stages and a commercially procured

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In return, the British agreed to assign control over their Polaris missile targeting to the

1113:, the United States would supply Britain with Polaris missiles, launch tubes, ReBs, and the 4118: 3836: 3688: 3638: 3546: 3056: 2494: 2094: 1411: 1400: 1169: 526: 170: 112: 1663: 1276:

submarine was equipped with it in mid-1987. Chevaline was withdrawn from service in 1996.

794:. In 1962, the price for each Minuteman chip was $ 50. The price dropped to $ 2 in 1968. 8: 3820: 3194: 3034: 2957: 2342: 1650: 1114: 1094: 1069: 919: 900:

in U.S. naval terminology) and she and all other Polaris submarines carried 16 missiles.

750: 421: 2245: 4098: 3269: 3219: 3076: 3044: 2751: 2609: 2405:, Proceedings of a Guided Flight Group conference that took place on October 28, 2004, 2272: 2220: 2185: 2145: 2137: 2063:(Press release). Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company. 29 January 2002. Archived from 1794: 1731: 1723: 1516: 1381: 455: 326: 311: 85: 2263:

Loeb, Larry M. (1976). "Jupiter Missiles in Europe: A Measure of Presidential Power".

3698: 3678: 3329: 3274: 3229: 3199: 2997: 2987: 2822: 2567: 2516: 2440: 2410: 2350: 2224: 2189: 2149: 2040: 1968: 1958: 1913: 1798: 1735: 1600: 1308: 1300: 1296: 1250: 1210: 1090: 873: 815: 778: 773:

update of the submarine's position between position fixes via other methods, such as

599:

Originally, the Navy favored cruise missile systems in a strategic role, such as the

369: 349: 330: 301: 197: 2398:

Jones, Dr Peter, Director, AWE (Ret). Chevaline Technical Programme. Prospero. 2005.

2008: 1955:

The U.S. nuclear arsenal : a history of weapons and delivery systems since 1945

688:

October 1958: AX-2, at Cape Canaveral from a launch pad; exploded on the launch pad.

3693: 3598: 3314: 3299: 3179: 3174: 3066: 2927: 2917: 2691: 2681: 2664: 2579: 2212: 2177: 2129: 1842:

From Polaris to Trident: The Development of U.S. Fleet Ballistic Missile Technology

1786: 1715: 1404: 1316: 1303:

government over its cost and whether it was necessary. The outgoing Prime Minister

1266: 1106: 1102: 976: 962: 945: 884: 802: 518: 428: 404: 361: 263: 213: 2389:

Moore, R. "A Glossary of British Nuclear Weapons" Prospero/Journal of BROHP. 2004.

1852:

William F. Whitmore, Lockheed Missiles and Space Division (Whitemore 1961, p. 263)

1035:

Place the program in a dormant status, but retain the capability to reactivate it.

641:

Universal International Newsreel of first Polaris submerged firing on 20 July 1960

3810: 3551: 3536: 3506: 3447: 3395: 3390: 3344: 3259: 3214: 3117: 2962: 2932: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2741: 2726: 2721: 2696: 2686: 2659: 2624: 2589: 2557: 2542: 2321: 2232: 2091:

Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles Appendix 4: Undesignated Vehicles

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From Polaris to Trident: The Development of US Fleet Ballistic Missile Technology

1863:

From Polaris to Trident: The Development of US Fleet Ballistic Missile Technology

1538: 1371: 1346: 1304: 1288: 1110: 980: 911: 739: 623: 600: 485: 427:

beginning sea trials in 1980, these submarines were disarmed and redesignated as

400: 304: 194: 3841: 3776: 3613: 3511: 3437: 3410: 3339: 3204: 3112: 3071: 3039: 3024: 2982: 2877: 2852: 2837: 2801: 2791: 2756: 2731: 2711: 2629: 2594: 2552: 2133: 1790: 1487: 1246: 1098: 1087: 901: 770: 593: 577: 566: 555: 511: 493: 481: 476: 458: 381: 353: 334: 318: 43: 2481: 2466: 2216: 2181: 1566: 4194: 3951: 3899: 3452: 3417: 3405: 3400: 3289: 3137: 2947: 2887: 2862: 2842: 2832: 2806: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2671: 2654: 2604: 2584: 2562: 2537: 2532: 1972: 1509: 1431: 1358: 1349:, which had moved on first to the Poseidon and then to the Trident missile). 1126: 1083: 938: 573: 488: 469: 342: 338: 202: 810: 4184: 4123: 3904: 3577: 3561: 3541: 3531: 3521: 3482: 3432: 3422: 3375: 3309: 3279: 3239: 3224: 3061: 3014: 2967: 2942: 2907: 2827: 2716: 2634: 2547: 2427: 2203:

Parr, Helen (May 2013). "The British Decision to Upgrade Polaris, 1970–4".

1430:

Italy developed a new domestic version of the missile, the SLBM-designated

1258: 1161: 1117:. Britain would make its own warheads and initially proposed to build five 966: 961:) which spread the warheads about a common target, and the B-3 was to have 851:. This was known as the A-3T ("Topsy") and was the final production model. 782: 735: 542: 473: 385: 357: 17: 3774: 2392:

Panton, Dr F. The Unveiling of Chevaline. Prospero/Journal of BROHP. 2004.

2314: 1957:. Norris, Robert S. (Robert Stan). Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. 1064: 3894: 3815: 3249: 3019: 3009: 2912: 2700: 2649: 2619: 2614: 2599: 2574: 1229: 1012: 848: 534: 443: 2276: 1377:

Successful tests held in 1961–1962 induced the United States to study a

3051: 2952: 2922: 1727: 1494: 1396: 1327: 731: 377: 89: 2141: 4038: 3633: 2847: 2796: 1907:"Danchik, Robert J., "An Overview of Transit Development", pp. 18–26" 1449: 1427:

while submerged, a solution preferable to surface-launched missiles.

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Inert training round at the National Museum of Scotland, East Fortune

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from the recently formed nuclear weapons laboratory at Livermore and

333:

version, Jupiter S. In 1956, during an anti-submarine study known as

322: 123: 1719: 1179:, became the first British vessel to fire a Polaris. All Royal Navy 391:

The Polaris missile was gradually replaced on 31 of the 41 original

16:"Polaris missile" redirects here. For the North Korean missile, see 4206:

Cold War submarine-launched ballistic missiles of the United States

3967: 3914: 3793: 3496: 1630:"Navy Office of Information biography on Roderick Osgood Middleton" 1470: 1165: 1093:

began corresponding on the project. After the cancellations of the

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The History of the UK Strategic Deterrent: The Chevaline Programme

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The original U.S. Navy Polaris had not been designed to penetrate

1000:

A 2020 test launch of a STARS booster carrying a prototype of the

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Swords of Armageddon: U.S. Nuclear Weapons Development Since 1945

2365:"Polaris: A Further Report on the Fleet Ballistic Missile System" 1184: 827: 668: 432: 2382:

Parr, Helen. "The British Decision to Upgrade Polaris, 1970–4",

1772: 1770: 1768: 4033: 3919: 3873: 3462: 3442: 3304: 3264: 3164: 3029: 3004: 2977: 2882: 1149: 1073: 742:, but by 1958 had proved useful for installment on submarines. 1434:. That program was cancelled in 1975 after Italy ratified the 941:, the only American test of a live strategic nuclear missile. 384:'s nuclear role, and while some tests were carried out by the 3658: 3608: 3603: 2706: 2644: 2639: 1765: 1531: 1140: 859: 774: 37: 2469:(Now known to be an outdated source with many inaccuracies.) 1666:, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 275 1664:"How Much is Enough?": The U.S. Navy and "Finite Deterrence" 1591:

Memoirs: A Twentieth Century Journey in Science and Politics

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This missile replaced the earlier A-1 and A-2 models in the

506:

was the first submarine capable of deploying U.S. developed

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Division of North American Aviation for the U.S. Air Force

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The prime contractor for all three versions of Polaris was

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Submarine-launched ballistic missiles of the United States

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role. This led to new infighting between the Navy and the

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U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History

2001:"Fifty Years of Innovation through Nuclear Weapon Design" 1595:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus Publishing. pp. 908: 791: 657: 653: 529:

in early November of that year. The first IRBM boasted a

167: 163: 1438:, with the final launch of the third prototype in 1976. 1414:) and the initial operational availability of the first 818:. Only full-scale US test of a strategic missile system. 3728:

United States tri-service rocket designations post-1963

2423:, London. Various declassified public-domain documents. 1748: 329:

on board ships, and some consideration was given to a

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von Braun, Wernher; I. Ordway III, Frederick (1969).

1307:

made his government's papers on Trident available to

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area, COMEASTLANT, who was always a British admiral.

914:

began in 1957 at the facility that is now called the

769:(SINS) was developed earlier to provide a continuous 1363:

During its reconstruction program in 1957–1961, the

1299:

after much political wrangling within the Callaghan

2518:

1963 United States Tri-Service missile designations

1315:government, which took the decision to acquire the 1295:upgraded its nuclear missiles to the longer-ranged 3950:Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile Test Centre, 1750: 1645: 1643: 1588: 738:, the XN6 was a system designed for air-breathing 42:Polaris A-3 on launch pad before a test firing at 1776: 1007:STARS, the Strategic Target System program, is a 896:was the first fleet ballistic missile submarine ( 645:The Polaris program started development in 1956. 4192: 1757:. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company. pp. 484:conference in 1956, with Admiral Burke present, 1952: 1942:. Simon & Schuster. 2014. pp. 181–182. 1640: 1164:—at a cost £150 million less than that of the 317:In the mid-1950s the Navy was involved in the 3760: 2502: 2163: 2161: 2159: 1836: 1834: 1832: 2007:: 5–6. January–February 2002. Archived from 314:'s first SLBM, it served from 1961 to 1980. 863:Polaris A-1 on launch pad in Cape Canaveral 4226:Military equipment introduced in the 1960s 3767: 3753: 2509: 2495: 2156: 1829: 449: 356:, the latter responding by developing the 2093:. Designation-Systems.net. Archived from 1706:Miles, Wyndham D. (1963). "The Polaris". 3775:Strategic nuclear weapon systems of the 2336: 2119: 2025: 1559: 1469: 1204: 1139: 1121:, later reduced to four by the incoming 1063: 995: 880:(CEP) of 1,800 meters (5,900 feet). The 858: 809: 801: 628: 1474:Map with former UGM-27 operators in red 440:Program Evaluation and Review Technique 4221:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 4193: 2426: 2246:History of the British Nuclear Arsenal 2167: 2084: 1586: 1101:missiles in the 1960s, under the 1962 916:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 130:Specifications (Polaris A-3 (UGM-27C)) 4216:Nuclear missiles of the United States 4136:Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom 3748: 2490: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2115: 2113: 2111: 1705: 1701: 1542:(tests only, never fully operational) 508:submarine-launched ballistic missiles 2262: 2202: 1753:History of Rocketry and Space Travel 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 944:The two stages were both steered by 523:intermediate-range ballistic missile 462:Intermediate-range ballistic missile 308:submarine-launched ballistic missile 227:2,500 nautical miles (4,600 km) 55:Submarine-launched ballistic missile 23:Submarine-launched ballistic missile 1657: 1395:and assistant Secretary of Defense 1105:that emerged from meetings between 620:Lockheed Missiles and Space Company 154:4 ft 6 in (1,370 mm) 13: 2376: 2251: 2108: 1253:. Their Chief Scientific Adviser, 1235:The result was a programme called 1053: 146:32 ft 4 in (9.86 m) 14: 4237: 3734:Drones designated in UAV sequence 2455: 2248:, Nuclear Weapons Archive website 1678: 1423:, which was capable of launching 1403:, Kennedy met the Italian leader 1209:A Polaris missile is launched by 749:satellite navigation system, the 549: 237:8,000 mph (13,000 km/h) 4178: 4166: 4154: 1651:"History of the Jupiter Missile" 1524: 1502: 1480: 1436:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 951: 36: 3143:BGM-109/AGM-109/RGM-109/UGM-109 2462:Lockheed Martin Polaris Website 2308: 2283: 2239: 2196: 2078: 2053: 2005:Science & Technology Review 1993: 1979: 1946: 1930: 1899: 1890: 1879: 1867: 1855: 1846: 1817: 1805: 904:were launched in 1960 to 1966. 138:35,700 lb (16,200 kg) 1742: 1669: 1613: 1580: 1332:Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay 1282: 1060:Polaris (UK nuclear programme) 854: 797: 442:(PERT) to replace the simpler 435:strategic arms treaty limits. 1: 4124:Blue Peacock nuclear landmine 2386:(2013) 22#2 pp. 253–274. 2384:Contemporary European History 2347:United States Naval Institute 2205:Contemporary European History 1547: 1137:was signed on April 6, 1963. 845:nuclear electromagnetic pulse 788:Westinghouse Electric Company 541:is still in service with the 2170:Contemporary British History 1465: 1241:that added multiple decoys, 1194: 1119:ballistic missile submarines 1017:Sandia National Laboratories 1002:Common-Hypersonic Glide Body 806:Polaris A-1 to A-3, Poseidon 388:, this did not lead to use. 360:concept that argued for the 289:Ballistic missile submarines 7: 2371:: 751–757. 7 November 1963. 720: 10: 4242: 2407:Royal Aeronautical Society 2134:10.1177/030631297027004001 1823:Istvan Hargittai. p. 358. 1811:Istvan Hargittai. p. 357. 1791:10.1177/030631288018003002 1382:Multilateral Nuclear Force 1356: 1198: 1057: 767:Inertial Navigation System 759:Applied Physics Laboratory 553: 341:suggested that very small 15: 4132: 4111: 4091: 4062: 4051: 4026: 4010: 3991: 3980: 3960: 3943: 3932: 3882: 3851: 3829: 3803: 3792: 3783: 3717: 3591: 3570: 3363: 3095: 2815: 2525: 2476:University of Southampton 2337:Friedman, Norman (1994). 2217:10.1017/S0960777313000076 2182:10.1080/13619460500100450 2122:Social Studies of Science 1779:Social Studies of Science 1081:Chief of Naval Operations 466:Chief of Naval Operations 280: 269: 255: 241: 231: 219: 209: 189: 184: 176: 158: 150: 142: 134: 129: 118: 108: 100: 95: 81: 73: 68: 61:Place of origin 60: 50: 35: 28: 4112:Other cancelled projects 2085:Parsch, Andreas (2007). 2039:. 29 June 1987. Part 4. 1953:Polmar, Norman. (2009). 1873:Graham Spinardi. p. 28. 1861:Graham Spinardi. p. 27. 1840:Graham Spinardi. p. 30. 1352: 1187:, only a few miles from 1048:Ground-Based Interceptor 991: 876:system which provided a 603:deployed on the earlier 395:in the U.S. Navy by the 300:missile was a two-stage 1587:Teller, Edward (2001). 1272:, and the last British 1135:Polaris Sales Agreement 878:circular error probable 517:On September 13, 1955, 450:History and development 431:to avoid exceeding the 374:Polaris Sales Agreement 276:3,000 feet (910 m) 1708:Technology and Culture 1675:Friedman, pp. 196–197. 1619:Friedman, pp. 109–114. 1475: 1245:, and other defensive 1222:anti-ballistic missile 1217: 1145: 1076: 1038:Terminate the program. 1004: 970:Anti-Ballistic Missile 864: 819: 807: 642: 3704:M30 GMLRS/M31 GMLRS-U 2482:Polaris launch at sea 2421:The National Archives 2037:National Audit Office 1987:"Britannica Academic" 1473: 1457:Italian cruiser 1365:Italian cruiser 1291:due to its cost. The 1208: 1143: 1067: 1041:Continue the program. 999: 862: 847:effects while in the 813: 805: 745:A predecessor to the 640: 4201:Lockheed Corporation 4018:Polaris A3T and A3TK 2988:AGM-84/RGM-84/UGM-84 2369:Flight International 2315:Italian Alfa Program 1412:Cuban Missile Crisis 1401:Cuban Missile Crisis 1115:fire-control systems 918:by a team headed by 531:liquid-fueled design 171:thermonuclear weapon 113:Lockheed Corporation 3821:Handley Page Victor 2343:Annapolis, Maryland 2067:on 27 February 2009 1388:nuclear deterrent. 1293:Ministry of Defence 1183:have been based at 1175:, the lead ship of 1070:Imperial War Museum 781:units made for the 572:This study brought 368:as key elements in 327:liquid fuel rockets 4161:Nuclear technology 4119:Blue Water missile 2401:Various authors – 2320:2013-05-22 at the 1517:United States Navy 1476: 1367:Giuseppe Garibaldi 1313:Conservative Party 1218: 1146: 1077: 1005: 865: 820: 808: 643: 477:W. F. "Red" Raborn 312:United States Navy 96:Production history 86:United States Navy 4142: 4141: 4107: 4106: 4047: 4046: 4039:Chevaline upgrade 3976: 3975: 3937:(1960, cancelled) 3928: 3927: 3742: 3741: 2446:978-0-9791915-0-3 2356:978-1-55750-260-5 2046:978-0-10-202788-4 1653:. pp. 23–35. 1606:978-0-7382-0532-8 1543: 1441:Two Italian Navy 1420:George Washington 1309:Margaret Thatcher 1123:Labour government 1091:Louis Mountbatten 1068:British Polaris, 928:Operation Dominic 893:George Washington 874:inertial guidance 816:Operation Dominic 779:Texas Instruments 649:George Washington 638: 527:Charles E. Wilson 503:George Washington 486:nuclear physicist 429:attack submarines 410:George Washington 370:flexible response 350:nuclear deterrent 321:project with the 294: 293: 198:Solid-fuel rocket 4233: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4150: 4082:-class submarine 4073:-class submarine 4063:launch platforms 4060: 4059: 4002:-class submarine 3989: 3988: 3941: 3940: 3801: 3800: 3769: 3762: 3755: 3746: 3745: 3729: 2511: 2504: 2497: 2488: 2487: 2450: 2438: 2372: 2360: 2324: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2293:. Archived from 2287: 2281: 2280: 2260: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2165: 2154: 2153: 2117: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2102: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2072: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2017: 2016: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1924: 1918: 1912:. Archived from 1911: 1903: 1897: 1896:Friedman, p. 183 1894: 1888: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1774: 1763: 1762: 1756: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1703: 1676: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1647: 1638: 1637: 1636:on 15 July 2007. 1632:. Archived from 1626: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1594: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1563: 1541: 1530: 1528: 1527: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1486: 1484: 1483: 1452:naval facility. 1405:Amintore Fanfani 1311:'s new incoming 1107:Harold Macmillan 1103:Nassau Agreement 981:reentry vehicles 977:Poseidon missile 963:penetration aids 946:thrust vectoring 902:Forty more SSBNs 885:solid propellant 639: 519:James R. Killian 407:missile. The 10 380:taking over the 362:strategic bomber 264:Thrust vectoring 234: 214:Solid propellant 177:Blast yield 40: 31: 26: 25: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4167: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4145: 4143: 4138: 4128: 4103: 4087: 4055: 4043: 4022: 4006: 3992:Launch platform 3984: 3972: 3956: 3936: 3924: 3878: 3847: 3825: 3811:Vickers Valiant 3796: 3788: 3779: 3773: 3743: 3738: 3727: 3713: 3587: 3566: 3359: 3230:RUM-125/UUM-125 3210:CQM-121/CGM-121 3091: 2811: 2521: 2515: 2458: 2447: 2436: 2379: 2377:Further reading 2363: 2357: 2328: 2327: 2322:Wayback Machine 2313: 2309: 2300: 2298: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2261: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2201: 2197: 2166: 2157: 2118: 2109: 2100: 2098: 2083: 2079: 2070: 2068: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2047: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2014: 2012: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1965: 1951: 1947: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1884: 1880: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1839: 1830: 1822: 1818: 1810: 1806: 1775: 1766: 1747: 1743: 1720:10.2307/3101381 1704: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1662: 1658: 1649: 1648: 1641: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1607: 1585: 1581: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1550: 1539:Marina Militare 1525: 1523: 1503: 1501: 1481: 1479: 1468: 1459:Vittorio Veneto 1376: 1361: 1355: 1305:James Callaghan 1285: 1255:Solly Zuckerman 1247:countermeasures 1203: 1197: 1111:John F. Kennedy 1062: 1056: 1054:British Polaris 994: 954: 937:in the central 912:nuclear warhead 857: 800: 740:cruise missiles 723: 629: 624:Lockheed Martin 601:Regulus missile 558: 552: 452: 319:Jupiter missile 310:(SLBM). As the 285: 283: 260: 258: 246: 244: 224: 222: 200: 195:Aerojet General 185: 122:A-1, A-2, A-3, 74:In service 69:Service history 46: 30:UGM-27 Polaris 29: 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 4239: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4188: 4187: 4175: 4173:United Kingdom 4163: 4140: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4101: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4076: 4075:(1994–present) 4066: 4064: 4057: 4056:(1994–present) 4049: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4004: 3995: 3993: 3986: 3978: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3947: 3945: 3938: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3890:Mk.1 atom bomb 3886: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3807: 3805: 3798: 3794:V bomber force 3790: 3789: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3777:United Kingdom 3772: 3771: 3764: 3757: 3749: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3614:Common Missile 3611: 3606: 3601: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3585: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3414: 3413: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2520:, 1963–present 2514: 2513: 2506: 2499: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2470: 2464: 2457: 2456:External links 2454: 2453: 2452: 2445: 2424: 2418: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2361: 2355: 2326: 2325: 2307: 2282: 2250: 2238: 2211:(2): 253–274. 2195: 2176:(3): 353–376. 2155: 2128:(4): 547–582. 2107: 2087:"Sandia STARS" 2077: 2052: 2045: 2024: 1992: 1978: 1964:978-1557506818 1963: 1945: 1929: 1898: 1889: 1878: 1866: 1854: 1845: 1828: 1816: 1804: 1785:(3): 419–463. 1764: 1741: 1714:(4): 478–489. 1677: 1668: 1656: 1639: 1621: 1612: 1605: 1579: 1557: 1556: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1535: 1534: 1520: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1498: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1488:United Kingdom 1467: 1464: 1357:Main article: 1354: 1351: 1284: 1281: 1199:Main article: 1196: 1193: 1088:First Sea Lord 1058:Main article: 1055: 1052: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1036: 993: 990: 953: 950: 856: 853: 840:Daniel Webster 799: 796: 771:dead reckoning 751:Transit system 722: 719: 718: 717: 710: 709: 705: 704: 700: 699: 695: 694: 690: 689: 685: 684: 594:SSM-N-2 Triton 578:J. Carson Mark 567:Project NOBSKA 556:Project Nobska 554:Main article: 551: 550:Project Nobska 548: 512:William Raborn 482:Project Nobska 451: 448: 382:United Kingdom 354:U.S. Air Force 335:Project Nobska 298:UGM-27 Polaris 292: 291: 286: 281: 278: 277: 271: 267: 266: 261: 256: 253: 252: 247: 242: 239: 238: 235: 233:Maximum speed 229: 228: 225: 220: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 201:Second stage, 191: 187: 186: 182: 181: 178: 174: 173: 160: 156: 155: 152: 148: 147: 144: 140: 139: 136: 132: 131: 127: 126: 120: 116: 115: 110: 106: 105: 102: 98: 97: 93: 92: 83: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 66: 65: 62: 58: 57: 52: 48: 47: 44:Cape Canaveral 41: 33: 32: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4238: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4164: 4162: 4152: 4151: 4148: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4100: 4099:Trident II D5 4097: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4084:(replacement) 4083: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4040: 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59: 56: 53: 49: 45: 39: 34: 27: 19: 4134:part of the 4079: 4070: 4017: 3999: 3905:Green Bamboo 3852:bomb casings 3721: 3592:Undesignated 2676: 2451:2,600 pages. 2432: 2402: 2383: 2368: 2338: 2331:Bibliography 2330: 2329: 2310: 2299:. 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Retrieved 1567:"Polaris A1" 1561: 1552: 1551: 1458: 1454: 1444:Andrea Doria 1443: 1440: 1429: 1419: 1409: 1390: 1366: 1362: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1321: 1301:Labour Party 1286: 1278: 1268: 1263: 1259:Denis Healey 1251:Labour Party 1236: 1234: 1226: 1219: 1212: 1171: 1162:east of Suez 1158: 1154: 1147: 1078: 1044: 1029: 1021: 1006: 986: 974: 955: 943: 933: 924:Harold Brown 907:Work on its 906: 892: 889: 870: 866: 839: 821: 814:Polaris A-3 783:Minuteman II 744: 728: 724: 711: 678: 674: 666: 662: 658:W-58 warhead 654:W-47 warhead 648: 644: 617: 613: 606: 598: 590: 586: 582: 571: 562:USS Nautilus 559: 543:Russian Navy 516: 502: 498: 474:Rear Admiral 453: 437: 423: 415: 409: 390: 386:Italian Navy 358:counterforce 347: 316: 302:solid-fueled 297: 295: 109:Manufacturer 82:Used by 18:Pukkuksong-1 4080:Dreadnought 3985:(1968–1996) 3944:launch site 3934:Blue Streak 3910:Green Grass 3895:Violet Club 3859:Blue Danube 3844:(cancelled) 3816:Avro Vulcan 3797:(1955–1993) 3689:Senior Prom 2727:LGM-35 (II) 1572:26 November 1283:Replacement 1230:Aldermaston 1095:Blue Streak 1013:Minuteman I 965:to counter 934:Ethan Allen 920:John Foster 855:Polaris A-1 849:boost phase 798:Polaris A-3 535:Soviet Navy 494:fixed at 41 444:Gantt chart 416:Ethan Allen 376:led to the 221:Operational 4195:Categories 4000:Resolution 3869:Yellow Sun 3837:Blue Steel 3406:AGM-158A/B 2722:AQM-35 (I) 2301:2010-04-13 2291:"NATO MLF" 2233:1323206104 2101:2017-01-20 2071:2018-04-17 2015:2008-11-17 1923:2014-10-22 1548:References 1495:Royal Navy 1397:Paul Nitze 1328:Royal Navy 1317:Trident C4 1172:Resolution 972:defenses. 732:Autonetics 472:appointed 378:Royal Navy 331:solid fuel 210:Propellant 180:3 × 200 kt 90:Royal Navy 3864:Red Beard 3722:See also: 3634:Have Dash 2998:AGM-84H/K 2697:MGM-31A/B 2225:163187309 2190:144941756 2150:108446840 1973:262888426 1799:108709165 1736:260095128 1466:Operators 1450:La Spezia 1393:Dean Rusk 1324:U.S. Navy 1319:missile. 1267:HMS 1238:Chevaline 1211:HMS 1201:Chevaline 1195:Chevaline 1189:Holy Loch 1177:her class 1170:HMS 932:USS 891:USS 882:two-stage 824:U.S. Navy 647:USS 605:USS 501:USS 456:U.S. Army 422:USS 405:Trident I 399:-capable 323:U.S. Army 124:Chevaline 104:1956–1960 77:1961–1996 4071:Vanguard 4027:warheads 4011:missiles 3961:warheads 3915:Red Snow 3883:warheads 3830:missiles 3804:Aircraft 3786:Timeline 3497:AIM-174B 3411:AGM-158C 3148:BGM-109G 3045:"AIM-92" 2430:(2007). 2318:Archived 2277:20671652 2229:ProQuest 1347:Lockheed 1326:and the 1289:Poseidon 1166:V bomber 763:AN/UYK-1 721:Guidance 607:Grayback 539:R-29RMU2 468:Admiral 401:Poseidon 284:platform 270:Accuracy 257:Steering 250:Inertial 243:Guidance 203:Hercules 151:Diameter 119:Variants 101:Designed 4147:Portals 4092:missile 4053:Trident 3982:Polaris 3968:Ulysses 3842:Skybolt 3699:Wagtail 3679:OpFires 3599:Aequare 3583:MIM-401 3578:AIM-260 3562:AGM-187 3557:MQM-186 3552:MQM-185 3547:RGM-184 3542:AGM-183 3537:LGM-182 3532:AGM-181 3527:AGM-180 3522:AGM-179 3517:MQM-178 3512:BQM-177 3507:AGM-176 3502:MQM-175 3493:RIM-174 3488:GQM-173 3483:FGM-172 3478:MQM-171 3473:MQM-170 3468:AGM-169 3463:MGM-168 3458:BQM-167 3453:MGM-166 3448:RGM-165 3443:MGM-164 3438:GQM-163 3433:RIM-162 3428:RIM-161 3423:ADM-160 3418:AGM-159 3401:MGM-157 3396:RIM-156 3391:BQM-155 3386:AGM-154 3381:AGM-153 3376:AIM-152 3371:FQM-151 3364:151–200 3355:PQM-150 3350:PQM-149 3345:FGM-148 3340:BQM-147 3335:MIM-146 3330:BQM-145 3325:ADM-144 3320:MQM-143 3315:AGM-142 3310:ADM-141 3305:MGM-140 3300:RUM-139 3295:CEM-138 3290:AGM-137 3285:AGM-136 3280:ASM-135 3275:MGM-134 3270:UGM-133 3265:AIM-132 3260:AGM-131 3255:AGM-130 3250:AGM-129 3245:AQM-128 3240:AQM-127 3235:BQM-126 3225:AGM-124 3220:AGM-123 3215:AGM-122 3205:AIM-120 3200:AGM-119 3195:LGM-118 3190:FQM-117 3185:RIM-116 3180:MIM-115 3175:AGM-114 3170:RIM-113 3165:AGM-112 3160:BQM-111 3155:BGM-110 3138:BQM-108 3133:MQM-107 3128:BQM-106 3123:MQM-105 3118:MIM-104 3113:AQM-103 3108:PQM-102 3103:RIM-101 3096:101–150 3087:LIM-100 2993:AGM-84E 2797:XLIM-49 2701:MGM-31C 2665:LGM-25C 2660:HGM-25A 2478:, 2005. 1728:3101381 1597:420–421 1372:Kennedy 1297:Trident 1216:in 1986 1213:Revenge 1185:Faslane 1099:Skybolt 1024:Orbis I 669:Sputnik 459:Jupiter 433:SALT II 159:Warhead 4034:ET.317 3920:WE.177 3874:WE.177 3694:Sprint 3082:LIM-99 3077:YQM-98 3072:AIM-97 3067:UGM-96 3062:AIM-95 3057:YQM-94 3052:XQM-93 3040:FIM-92 3035:AQM-91 3030:BQM-90 3025:UGM-89 3020:AGM-88 3015:AGM-87 3010:AGM-86 3005:RIM-85 2983:AGM-83 2978:AIM-82 2973:AQM-81 2968:AGM-80 2963:AGM-79 2958:AGM-78 2953:FGM-77 2948:AGM-76 2943:BGM-75 2938:BQM-74 2933:UGM-73 2928:MIM-72 2923:BGM-71 2918:LEM-70 2913:AGM-69 2908:AIM-68 2903:RIM-67 2898:RIM-66 2893:AGM-65 2888:AGM-64 2883:AGM-63 2878:AGM-62 2873:MQM-61 2868:AQM-60 2863:RGM-59 2858:MQM-58 2853:MQM-57 2848:PQM-56 2843:RIM-55 2838:AIM-54 2833:AGM-53 2828:MGM-52 2823:MGM-51 2816:51–100 2807:RIM-50 2802:LIM-49 2792:AGM-48 2787:AIM-47 2782:MIM-46 2777:AGM-45 2772:UUM-44 2767:FIM-43 2762:MQM-42 2757:AQM-41 2752:MQM-40 2747:MQM-39 2742:AQM-38 2737:AQM-37 2732:MQM-36 2717:AQM-34 2712:MQM-33 2707:MGM-32 2692:LGM-30 2687:MGM-29 2682:AGM-28 2677:UGM-27 2672:AIM-26 2655:RIM-24 2650:MIM-23 2645:AGM-22 2640:MGM-21 2635:ADM-20 2630:PGM-19 2625:MGM-18 2620:PGM-17 2615:CGM-16 2610:RGM-15 2605:MIM-14 2595:AGM-12 2590:PGM-11 2585:CIM-10 2443: 2413: 2353: 2275: 2231: 2223: 2188: 2148: 2142:285558 2140: 2043: 1971: 1961: 1886:1946:1 1797: 1734: 1726: 1603: 1529: 1507: 1485: 1446:-class 1269:Renown 1150:SACEUR 1074:London 967:Soviet 736:Navaho 418:-class 413:- and 282:Launch 259:system 245:system 205:rocket 190:Engine 166:, 3 × 143:Height 4185:Italy 3709:GLSDB 3669:NCADE 3659:MA-31 3609:Brazo 3604:ASALM 2580:AIM-9 2575:RIM-8 2568:RIM-7 2563:AIM-7 2558:RGM-6 2553:MGM-5 2548:AIM-4 2543:MIM-3 2538:RIM-2 2533:MGM-1 2437:(PDF) 2273:JSTOR 2221:S2CID 2186:S2CID 2146:S2CID 2138:JSTOR 1917:(PDF) 1910:(PDF) 1795:S2CID 1761:–133. 1732:S2CID 1724:JSTOR 1553:Notes 1532:Italy 1425:SLBMs 1353:Italy 1243:chaff 1181:SSBNs 992:STARS 775:LORAN 622:(now 393:SSBNs 223:range 3684:PrSM 3674:NLOS 3664:MSDM 3654:LRHW 3649:LREW 3629:HACM 3624:HALO 3571:201– 2526:1–50 2441:ISBN 2411:ISBN 2351:ISBN 2041:ISBN 1969:OCLC 1959:ISBN 1601:ISBN 1574:2017 1455:The 1432:Alfa 1416:SSBN 1386:NATO 1379:NATO 1339:Ohio 1274:SSBN 1131:NATO 1109:and 1097:and 1086:and 1009:BMDO 959:MRVs 922:and 898:SSBN 838:USS 833:MIRV 790:and 499:The 424:Ohio 397:MIRV 366:ICBM 364:and 296:The 162:1 x 135:Mass 51:Type 3644:KEI 3639:JSM 3619:GBI 2269:139 2213:doi 2178:doi 2130:doi 1787:doi 1759:128 1716:doi 1125:of 930:by 909:W47 792:RCA 757:'s 747:GPS 626:). 274:CEP 168:W58 164:W47 4197:: 2409:. 2367:. 2349:. 2345:: 2341:. 2267:. 2253:^ 2227:. 2219:. 2209:22 2207:. 2184:. 2174:19 2172:. 2158:^ 2144:. 2136:. 2126:27 2124:. 2110:^ 2089:. 2035:. 2018:. 2003:. 1967:. 1831:^ 1793:. 1783:18 1781:. 1767:^ 1730:. 1722:. 1710:. 1680:^ 1642:^ 1599:. 1334:. 1261:. 1072:, 1050:. 828:kt 514:. 496:. 464:. 337:, 88:, 4149:: 3768:e 3761:t 3754:v 3495:/ 2703:) 2699:( 2510:e 2503:t 2496:v 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