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Killing the animals, however, was difficult, as bison are notoriously difficult to herd or capture, and can be highly aggressive. Buffalo jumps were one way to kill large numbers of the animals at once without many of the risks associated with close-proximity ambush. Once the animals were driven over the cliff and incapacitated, they would be slaughtered and their meat, hides, and bones used by the hunters to feed and clothe their families and to make various tools and weapons. Jumps were rare, as ambush was a far more common killing method. There is conflicting evidence about what time of year the jumps were used most heavily. There is some evidence that bison kills usually occurred between early fall and early spring, but evidence of unborn and young calf skeletons at the site indicate that slaughter may have occurred year-round.
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651:, taking the Ulm exit, and then traveling 3.5 miles (5.6 km) on Ulm-Vaughn Road. Alternately, from Great Falls, it can be accessed via West Central Avenue, connecting to McIver Road. After 8.5 miles at the T, turn left onto Ulm Vaughn Rd. after a half mile, at the first turn in the road, you will arrive at the north entrance. Or continue on Ulm Vaughn Road to the road leading to the top of the jump or until you see the sign for the Visitor Center. During the summer (May–October) the park is open daily 8 a.m. to 6 p.m.; in the winter it is open from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Montana residents do not need to pay a fee to access the park, but non-residents must pay a $ 5.00 fee for automobiles or a $ 3.00 fee for accessing the park via foot or bicycle.
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participated. Low fences (or "drive lines") of rock and braided vines were built to help funnel the bison toward the summit. These fences extended back at least half a mile from the summit. (About 260 stone piles, remnants of these drive lines, still exist near the hilltop. In 2011, remains of the braided vines were also found at the site.) As the bison began moving toward the summit, hunters (perhaps wearing wolf hides) would leap up from their hiding places behind the rock fences and begin making loud noises. This would begin to stampede the herd, so that they could not stop at the cliff face and would plummet over it to their deaths. There are
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of the acreage to the Ulm
Buffalo Jump State Park. Marilyn and Ron Eustace, whose family had owned the property since the 1940s, had originally proposed a 250-acre (100 ha) land swap so that the state park could own more land on top of the cliff. But the state offered to buy the cliff-top land instead, along with the rest of the Eustace family ranch. The property had been the top item on the DFWP acquisition list. The purchase included the portion of the cliff not already owned by DFWP, and a large portion of the cliff and bone bed which had never been mined, quarried, or disturbed. Stone and braided vine "drive lines" and some
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404:. Each of these tribes has its own name for this pishkun. There is evidence that other tribes may also have used the pishkun, but this is not conclusive. The site was used heavily throughout this period. There is archeological evidence that members of these tribes camped on and near the pishkun. One indication of how frequented the site was is the bone bed, which extends along the entire length of the cliff and is 13 feet (4.0 m) deep. An archeological estimate based on the number of bones at the site indicates that at least 6,000 bison died there.
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479:) purchased a portion of the site in the 1930s. The lands were made part of the school trust lands – land held in trust for the benefit of the Montana public school system. Under a mandate from the Montana Constitution, these lands must be managed to obtain the maximum benefit possible. Amateur archeological activities began at the site in the 1950s and 1960s, which developed archeological evidence about the importance of the site. The first efforts to establish a state park occurred shortly thereafter but were unsuccessful.
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502:). The Ulm land ran directly along the cliff face and near the base of the hill leading up to the jump. This proposal was rejected, but Turner modified the proposal and asked for just 6,167 acres (2,496 ha) of state-owned land within the Flying D. The state accepted the deal in 1996, but was sued by four sportsmen's groups who argued that the state was gaining access to low-quality fisheries near Alder and losing access to high-quality ones on the Flying D. The
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591:. The prairie dogs, which were not native to the area, took over an area about 200 acres (81 ha) in size, denuding it of vegetation and altering the historic appearance of the summit of the buffalo jump. Park officials worried that arrowheads and other artifacts were being exposed by the activity of the prairie dogs, and that tourists were taking these artifacts from the park. The prairie dogs were also destroying the
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Game
Commission eventually leased the site directly and managed it on behalf of the Department of State Lands. From 1972 until 1998, the only amenities at the site were picnic tables and limited signage below the cliffs. Local private organizations assisted the Fish and Game Commission in maintaining the site. Scientific research, funded almost exclusively by private organizations, was conducted at the site in the 1990s.
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ANPA leased a 360-acre (150 ha) site against the park's border for $ 2,500 a year, while ANPA secretary Brad
Hamlett leased a 900-acre (360 ha) site to the park's south for $ 1,600 a year. The 900-acre section contained the last unprotected segment of the hill as it rose to the cliff face. Both leases were assigned to the DFWP for the term of the lease, which was 10 years (with an option to renew at the end).
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was the first pishkun visitor center in the state of
Montana and the nation. The DFWP also engaged in a land swap with the DNRC in December 1999, giving away 630 acres (250 ha) of flat land in exchange of 700 acres (280 ha) of DNRC land near the base of the hill leading to the jump. FWP announced that the land swap would allow it to construct hiking trails from the visitor center to the cliff summit.
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609:. The Ulm pishkun sale was the first purchase the Land Board had ever made. The 300 acres (120 ha) of land transferred to DFWP was non-productive; DNRC retained the remaining land, and said it intended to lease it for farming or grazing. The addition expanded the park to about 2,043 acres (827 ha). In February 2007, the DFWP purchased a $ 334,000 permanent
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deal, in 1997 the
Montana state legislature approved $ 950,000 for a new visitor center. The center was originally proposed for the top of the cliffs, but Native American tribes opposed that site. Instead, a 6,000-square-foot (560 m) center was sited at the base of the hill leading up to the cliffs.
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A "bison kill site" is any place where bison were killed by Native
American peoples. However, most of these sites are dead-end canyons, narrow or steep defiles, steep-sided watering holes, and similar places where buffalo could be trapped. These sites made it difficult for a bison to escape, allowing
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Under the most widely accepted scenario, hunters would slowly encircle a bison herd several miles from the jump and subtly drive them toward the base of the hill leading up to the cliff. It's not known how many hunters this required. Archeologists theorize that anywhere from 12 to 100 people may have
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could be driven up a hill and over a cliff. Prior to 1700 CE, Native
Americans lacked horses. Because they utilized dogs as hunting companions and for transportation, this time period is known as the "Dog Days" by many tribes. Bison served as a significant food source for many Native American tribes.
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In 2000, University of Idaho music professor Dan
Bukvich composed "Buffalo Jump Ritual," a symphonic piece inspired by a 1998 visit Bukvich made to the park. Commissioned by the Montana Bandmasters Association for the 2000 all-state high school band competition, "Buffalo Jump Ritual" utilizes Native
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The visitor's center consists of a main hall describing Native
American buffalo culture and how buffalo hunts were organized, a room displaying archeological finds from the site, a gift shop, and restrooms. A picnic area is adjacent to the visitor center. The fields nearby are also available for use
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The 2005 effort to expand the park culminated in 2006. In July, the
Montana Land Board, the state agency which supervises management of the state's school trust lands, agreed to buy the 898 acres (363 ha) of private land adjacent to the park's northern border for $ 763,000 and turn over a third
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The park began to reach its present size in 2002. In August, the DFWP leased more than 1,200 acres (490 ha) of DNRC land to the west of the park, doubling the size of the buffalo jump. Additionally, two privately leased portions of land next to the park were turned over to the DFWP as well. The
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to give the public access to the fisheries on his land. Four months later, the state Department of Natural Resources and Conservation (DNRC) gave 1,070 acres (430 ha) of land next to the pishkun to the state Fish and Wildlife Commission in exchange for 1,067 acres (432 ha) nearby. The DNRC
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leased the portion of the site owned by the state. The historical society turned its lease over to the Montana Fish and Game Commission (now the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks), which in 1972 turned the 160-acre (65 ha) site into a Montana State Historical Monument. The Fish and
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is available on a limited basis within the park (although hunting with firearms is not). Bow hunting is limited to those areas furthest away from the trails and other visitor areas. Hunters primarily stalk antelope and mule deer within the park. Hunting in the park boundaries is not common; only 25
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Many artifacts such as arrowheads, pieces of pottery, bone knives, and bone scrapers can be found exposed or only slightly buried at First Peoples Buffalo Jump State Park. It is illegal to disturb these items, dig them up, or remove them from the park. Park rangers should be alerted to the location
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First Peoples Buffalo Jump is managed by Region Four of the Montana state park system, and as of 2005 the park was operated by a full-time park manager, one full-time and two seasonal park rangers, and a part-time maintenance worker. The 1,481-acre (599 ha) park is open year-round. The park is
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also existed on the Eustace land. The purchase was made using funds from the Montana Land Banking program, a program established in 2003 that seeks to manage state lands more effectively, improve the value of state land, increase the earning potential for this land, and/or reduce the risk to school
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A series of major improvements occurred at the site in 1999. Cascade County and the city of Great Falls each contributed $ 100,000 to widen the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) road leading to the pishkun, and the state spent $ 300,000 to pave it. When the $ 2.2 million visitor center opened in May 1999, it
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Additional expansion was explored in 2009. In early 2009, the ANPA and Hamlett began seeking a way to have the DNRC transfer the lands they leased to the DFWP, and take it out of production as farmland. On March 30, the DFWP agreed to take over the leases for a year. The ANPA and Hamlett suggested
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The park underwent expansion again the following year. In 2001, the state traded some excess land at the southern end of the jump for a private landowner's property near the top of the jump, a transaction which not only connected all parts of the jump for the first time but which also acquired the
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In February 2000, the site was changed from a state monument to a state park, and named Ulm Pishkun Buffalo Jump State Park. The same year, the All Nations Pishkun Association (ANPA), a group of all Native American tribes in the state, was formed to support the park, provide educational activities
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People came together under temporary leadership to plan and carry out bison drives and in the huge butchering task that followed. Willingness to obey leaders lasted only so long as it was made necessary by the demands of the communal work. Communal hunts required leadership and organization, but
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traditions among some tribes about "buffalo runners" – swift, brave young men who would drape themselves in a buffalo robe and race ahead of the herd to help lead them toward the cliff summit. The young man would leap over the cliff and land on a ledge just out of sight below, while the herd would
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The land swap meant that a number of improvements to the park could now go forward. The Montana FWP had long sought to build an interpretive center at the site, but due to the small amount of land the state owned the project had never received permission. Although the land swap was not yet a done
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However, in 2011, park archeologists found a point (either a large arrowhead or a spearhead) that initial estimates indicated might be as much as 5,000 years old, which would force a radical revision in the date of earliest use. But this early use appears to be infrequent. Most evidence indicates
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In March 1999, the Blackfeet tribe of Montana asked that the public and state officials begin calling the site by a new name, Kakpayta Peyasu Pishkun (or Listening Thunder Pishkun). However, state officials said that since the site was used by many tribes and not just the Blackfeet, the old name
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The Native American Cultural Fair is held in the park in late September of each year. The event features an art show (which often features hand-made Native American decorative art and fancy dress), traditional Native American games, songs, demonstrations of buffalo hide tanning, and lectures and
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for use as fertilizer and in explosives manufacturing. The site was one of the two largest pishkuns in the United States mined for bison bone. A second attempt to mine the site for bone was made in the 1950s. But local rancher Earl Monroe, who wished to protect the site from further depredation,
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rings and sweat lodges placed at the top of the pishkun. The existence of the prairie dogs was also worrisome because the site was so poorly explored. In the summer of 2005, as park officials relocated a portion of the hiking trail leading to the top of the cliffs, they discovered three "blood
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Entrance to the north end of the park is via Taft Hill Road (which approaches the base of the cliff), McIver Road from West Central in Great Falls; and to the east end via Ulm-Vaughn Road (which leads to the visitor's center, the slope up the hill, and the summit of the cliffs). A 2-mile-long
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American instruments and melodies, as well as rocks crashing against one another as percussion. In 2009, the nearby town of Ulm named its annual founding day anniversary event "Ulm Buffalo Days" in honor of the nearby pishkun. The Jumping Buffalo Cafe in Ulm is also named for the site.
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coin and a football helmet adorned with the image of a bison. The visitor center exhibits were updated in 2006 to improve even further their historical accuracy. In 2009, eight new murals were unveiled which updated and provided more information about Montana's Native American tribes.
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The pishkun site became a popular one for members of the public to look for arrowheads and other Native American artifacts. From 1889 to 1905, the pishkun was used as a sandstone quarry. Several buildings in Great Falls and Helena were built with sandstone quarried from the site.
446:(a mineral used in fertilizer and explosives) was high. The state of Montana leased the site for $ 7,600 to the Frost Fertilizer Company, which began "mining" it for bone. More than 150 short tons (140 t) of bones were removed from the site, pulverized, and shipped to the
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by the public. Visitors can see a stuffed bison bull, cow, and calf; a life-size tipi made of buffalo hides; and a 160-foot (49 m) mural depicting the surrounding landscape. The importance of bison in modern culture is also emphasized, and visitors can view a
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tribes of North America. It has been described as, geographically speaking, either North America's largest buffalo jump or the world's largest. There is some evidence that it was the most utilized buffalo jump in the world. The site was added to the
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The slaughtering process changed over time. An analysis of the deep piles of bone at the site revealed that the earliest hunters probably just stripped the hides and meat off the dead animals. But around 500 CE, Native Americans began using
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on 418 acres (169 ha) of the DRNC-owned land. DFWP would pay a lease fee for five years on the land, during which time it would seek funding to pay the easement from the state legislature. The easement was purchased in March 2010.
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Efforts to expand the park even further occurred in 2005. State officials began working on yet another land purchase that would permanently double the size of the park. In March 2005, the DFWP spent $ 96,500 to eliminate a
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neither was carried over as a permanent feature of the sociopolitical system. When the drive and the distribution of dried meat was over the need for leadership was gone, and they returned to informal band organizations
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field between the cliff and the visitor center was removed and reseeded with native grass. Trails about 2 miles (3.2 km) long were also constructed in 2001 between the visitor center and the jump cliff.
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the native hunter to more safely kill the animal or pen one or several animals up for slaughter at leisure. Not all bison kill sites are buffalo jumps; a buffalo jump is a specific type of bison kill site.
423:. Settlement of the territory was sparse, especially the area around the pishkun. In 1878, the area containing the First Peoples Buffalo Jump fell under the control of William H. Ulm, a white settler from
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The site's cliff face is approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) long, and has been variously measured at between 30 and 50 feet (9.1 and 15.2 m) in height. The east–west-trending cliff is composed of
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Visitors are cautioned to be on the lookout for prairie rattlesnakes, which frequent the site. Visitors are asked to wear heavy hiking boots, watch small children closely, and keep pets on a leash.
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in the United States. The park is 1,481 acres (599 ha) and sits at an elevation of 3,773 feet (1,150 m). It is located about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) northwest of the small town of
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contest each September. The event, which draws participants from throughout the American West, features both accuracy and distance contests as well as atlatl-making courses.
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who homesteaded a 1,000-acre (400 ha) cattle ranch in the area. The pishkun itself was named Taft Hill. The nearby city of Great Falls was founded in 1883, and the
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518:, 286 Mont. 108, 951 P2d 29 (1997), and remanded the case back to the district court for further proceedings. In August 1998, Turner agreed to provide a 20-year
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Development of educational activities at the pishkun occurred in other ways, too. In June 2004, the ANPA, in cooperation with DFWP and DNRC, began housing four
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635:(3.2 km) trail leads from the visitor's center to the cliff summit and back again, and includes signage about the buffalo jump along the way as well as a
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that the additional lands be used to house a small group of buffalo, or to provide camp sites for visitors. But no action had been taken as of April 2011.
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Chasing the Hunter's Dream: 1001 of the World's Best Duck Marshes, Deer Runs, Elk Meadows, Pheasant Fields, Bear Woods, Safaris, and Extraordinary Hunts.
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in August 2015. The former name of the park was derived from the Blackfeet word "Pis'kun," meaning "deep kettle of blood," and the nearby town of Ulm.
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The prairie rattlesnake can be found at First Peoples Buffalo Jump State Park. Visitors are advised to wear heavy hiking boots when visiting the park.
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plummet over and past him. Others (primarily women and children) would kill any animals who did not die from the fall, and butcher all the carcasses.
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trust land. The Land Board funded the transaction by using a portion of $ 6.4 million earned from selling an isolated industrial parcel near
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With the arrival of the horse, Native American tribes began hunting buffalo from horseback, and the pishkun fell into disuse around 1700 CE.
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had gotten the land from Turner, and the swap occurred to help expand the southern portion of the pishkun by more than a mile.
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Archeological research and carbon dating of evidence at the site indicates that Native Americans used the site as early as 500
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was once held in place there). There are drinking water facilities, garbage cans, and public restrooms throughout the park.
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sites in Montana, First People's Buffalo Jump is one of only three protected buffalo jumps in the state. The other two are
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Wild horses from the Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range, like these, are stabled at First Peoples Buffalo Jump State Park.
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Several Native American tribes have an oral history which includes the First Peoples Buffalo Jump. These include the
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A wide variety of plants and animals can be found at the pishkun. Among the plant species which grow there are
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Alberta-Montana Heritage Partnership, p. 272; Gale, p. 143; Gottberg, Harris, and Haselsteiner, p. 579.
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Cheney, p. 229; Coleman, Travis. "Current and Past Ulm Residents Reminisce on Town's 120th Birthday."
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Last Stand: George Bird Grinnell, the Battle to Save the Buffalo, and the Birth of the New West.
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weekend. The event includes a 3-mile (4.8 km) walk, a 6.25-mile (10.06 km) run, and a
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The state of Montana obtained the site sometime prior to 1945. From 1945 to 1947, the need for
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Archaeology of Native North America, 2010, Dean R. Snow, Prentice-Hall, New York. pp. 259-260
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Aarstad, Rich; Arguimbau, Ellen; Baumler, Ellen; Prosild, Charlene L.; and Shovers, Brian.
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to cook or dry the meat, then pulverize it and mix it with dried berries and fat to create
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Davis, Leslie B. "The 20th-Century Commercial Mining of Northern Plains Bison Kills." In
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there, spread awareness of the park's existence, and encourage visitation to the site.
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Puckett, Karl. "Whites, Indians Alike See Pishkun as Bridge Between Their Cultures."
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Leslie B. Davis and Michael Wilson, eds. Lincoln, Neb.: Plains Anthropologist, 1978.
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that the pishkun began to be heavily frequented for hunting purposes around 900 CE.
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University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
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would stay. See: Puckett, Karl. "Group Says It Changed the Name of Ulm Pishkun."
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Native Peoples of the Northwest: A Traveler's Guide to Land, Art, and Culture.
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The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples.
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demonstrations of traditional Native American culture, stories, and culture.
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that is part of the bentonitic Taft Hill Member of the Blackleaf Formation.
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Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
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Regina, Sask.: University of Regina, Canadian Plains Research Center, 2007.
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Wilmot, Paula. "All-State High School Band to Play 'Buffalo Jump Ritual'."
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Dodd, Jeni. "Early Registration for UGF Buffalo Jump Fun Run Ends May 26."
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reached by road by traveling 10 miles (16 km) south of Great Falls on
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490:
The park underwent major expansion in the late 1990s. In 1993, media mogul
341:
256:
240:
179:
1676:
Miller, Jared. "Ulm Pishkun Doubles Its Acreage, Kicks Off Fund Raising."
1179:
Fifer, p. 111; Dunn and Kennedy, p. 367; Engel, Engel, and Swan, p. 251.
865:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Cascade County, Montana
672:
803:
681:
491:
443:
324:
3966:
List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
2055:
Alberta-Montana Discovery Guide: Museums, Parks & Historic Sites.
1077:"First Peoples Buffalo Jump designated as National Historic Landmark"
761:
757:
749:
636:
601:
420:
317:
838:
753:
362:
358:
2030:
Dodd, Jeni. "Ulm Buffalo Days Celebration Is Today and Saturday."
2742:
2274:
2069:
Names on the Face of Montana: The Story of Montana's Place Names.
1445:. Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks. December 2005. pp. 3–4
769:
765:
693:
435:(passing through Ulm on its way to Great Falls) in October 1887.
424:
415:
The area that is today known as the state of Montana was made an
236:
1058:
Puckett, Karl. "Bison Kill Site Yields Terrific Old Treasures."
946:
4052:
National Register of Historic Places in Cascade County, Montana
2118:
Lewis and Clark Road Trips: Exploring the Trail Across America.
1600:"Turner Public-Access Agreement Settles Cherry Creek Lawsuit."
928:. Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks. December 2005. p. iv
823:
713:
709:
308:
1934:. Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks. December 2005. p. 5
1884:
Gallagher, Susan. "Agency Looking Into State Park Expansion."
1581:
Skyline Sportsmen's Association v. Board of Land Commissioners
1515:. Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks. December 2005. p. 4
1396:. Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks. December 2005. p. 3
1262:. Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks. December 2005. p. 2
1113:. Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks. December 2005. p. 1
516:
Skyline Sportsmen's Association v. Board of Land Commissioners
3537:
741:
572:
571:, and are direct linear descendants of horses brought by the
63:
4057:
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
1012:
Wilson, p. 256; Wright, p. 7; Conklin, p. 40; Gilles, p. 52.
1786:
Newhouse, Eric. "State to Buy Second Half of Ulm Pishkun."
1561:
Puckett, Karl. "Land Deal Would Put Pishkun in FWP Hands."
737:
640:
592:
385:
2076:
Montana History Weekends: Fifty-Two Adventures in History.
1732:"Work Horses Placed Near Park to Enhance History Lesson."
1632:
Puckett, Karl. "Funds Found to Pave Road to Ulm Pishkun."
2201:
Frontier Farewell: The 1870s and the End of the Old West.
2130:
Gottberg, John; Harris, Richard; and Haselsteiner, Fran.
1822:
Newhouse, Eric. "New Program Enables 900-Acre Addition."
1658:
Perez, Jennifer. "Tepees Bring Blessing to Ulm Pishkun."
471:
A map of First Peoples Buffalo Jump State Park as of 2011
475:
The Montana Department of State Lands (now known as the
1985:
Ecke, Richard. "Ulm Pishkun Unveiled for Legislators."
2064:
Helena, Mont.: Montana Historical Society Press, 2010.
2050:
Helena, Mont.: Montana Historical Society Press, 2009.
1764:"Land Board Recommends Buying Land Near Ulm Pishkun."
451:
leased the land and kept it off-limits to the public.
2210:
Mesilla, N.M.: New Mexico Geographical Society, 2000.
1818:
1816:
1814:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1745:
Lee, Sonja. "Crews Tackle Road to Ulm Buffalo Jump."
1628:
1626:
563:
horses at the park. The Barbs were obtained from the
417:
organized incorporated territory of the United States
331:
The site was used as a "buffalo jump," a place where
247:. First Peoples Buffalo Jump State Park contains the
3568:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
2151:Hidy, Ralph W.; Hidy, Muriel E.; and Scott, Roy V.
949:"2023 Montana State Parks Annual Visitation Report"
2196:Billings, Mont.: Montana Geological Society, 2000.
2194:Montana/Alberta Thrust Belt and Adjacent Foreland.
2123:Gilles, T.J. "History, Horizons, and Hi-Line." In
2026:
2024:
1912:. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife & Parks
1811:
1773:
1623:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1415:
1413:
1411:
833:began hosting an annual Buffalo Jump Fun Run each
539:cliff for almost its entire length. In October, a
3599:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
2155:Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004.
1854:"First Peoples Buffalo Jump State Park Expands."
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
807:hunting permits were issued by the park in 2008.
621:
4013:
2078:Guilford, Conn. : Globe Pequot Press, 2002.
1716:Newhouse, Eric. "Pishkun Could Double in Size."
1672:
1670:
1668:
1645:Clayton, Kathryn. "Montana Has New State Park."
1419:Lee, Sonja. "Ancient Blood Kettles Discovered."
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
947:Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks (May 6, 2024).
477:Department of Natural Resources and Conservation
3991:National Register of Historic Places portal
2227:First Peoples Buffalo Jump State Park Trail Map
2095:Engel, Jeff; Engel, Sherol; and Swan, James A.
2083:Bison Procurement and Utilization: A Symposium.
2021:
2010:
2008:
1932:"Ulm Pishkun State Park Management Plan: Final"
1800:
1798:
1796:
1548:
1513:"Ulm Pishkun State Park Management Plan: Final"
1443:"Ulm Pishkun State Park Management Plan: Final"
1408:
1394:"Ulm Pishkun State Park Management Plan: Final"
1311:
1309:
1307:
1260:"Ulm Pishkun State Park Management Plan: Final"
1111:"Ulm Pishkun State Park Management Plan: Final"
926:"Ulm Pishkun State Park Management Plan: Final"
2269:
2163:The Buffalo and the Indians: A Shared Destiny.
1952:"Ulm Pishkun Visitor Center Update in Works."
1879:
1877:
1699:
1612:
1610:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1054:
1052:
1029:
940:
860:List of National Historic Landmarks in Montana
3523:
2255:
2071:Missoula, Mont.: University of Montana, 1971.
1759:
1757:
1755:
1690:"Group Seeks to Expand State Park Near Ulm."
1665:
1182:
1042:Puckett, Karl. "Historic Buffalo Jump Site."
2092:New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 1989.
2088:Dunn, Jerry Camarillo and Kennedy, Roger G.
2005:
1793:
1575:
1573:
1571:
312:Artist's depiction of a buffalo jump in use.
2189:Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2011.
2180:American Buffalo: In Search of a Lost Icon.
2048:Montana Place Names From Alzada to Zortman.
1874:
1834:
1832:
1616:"Land Trade Between Two Agencies Gets OK."
1607:
1532:
1530:
1284:
1049:
983:
981:
696:. Wildlife which can be seen there include
410:
4022:Protected areas of Cascade County, Montana
3530:
3516:
2262:
2248:
2208:Montana Places: Exploring Big Sky Country.
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1867:"Buffalo Jump Park Expanding Boundaries."
1850:
1848:
1752:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1545:Flannery, p. 323; Patent and Muñoz, p. 23.
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1317:"Auchly, Bruce. "Where the Buffalo Fell."
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1070:
1068:
920:
918:
916:
3539:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
2099:New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2007.
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1861:
1568:
1364:Hobbs, Nancy. "The Sacred Buffalo Jump."
1022:
1020:
1018:
999:
997:
995:
993:
664:of these items when they are discovered.
2192:Schalla, Robert A. and Johnson, Eric H.
2120:Omaha, Neb.: River Junction Press, 2006.
1972:"Pishkun's Panels Illuminate the Past."
1829:
1804:"Pishkun Makes Jump Toward the Future."
1728:
1726:
1527:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1224:"Buffalo Jump Expansion Unearths Gems."
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
978:
671:
639:(a ring of stones which indicate that a
625:
550:
466:
458:
431:arrived from the booming mining town of
347:
307:
2132:Hidden Rockies: The Adventurer's Guide.
1924:
1910:"First Peoples Buffalo Jump State Park"
1893:
1845:
1739:
1587:
1488:
1371:
1233:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1103:
1065:
913:
889:"First Peoples Buffalo Jump State Park"
596:kettles" mere feet from the old trail.
268:on December 17, 1974, and designated a
14:
4047:National Historic Landmarks in Montana
4014:
2153:The Great Northern Railway: A History.
2134:Berkeley, Calif.: Ulysses Press, 1995.
2127:Helena, Mont.: Montana Magazine, 1999.
2106:Helena, Mont.: Montana Magazine, 2001.
2057:Edmonton, Alb.: The Partnership, 1997.
2053:Alberta-Montana Heritage Partnership.
1959:
1015:
990:
883:
881:
879:
822:Since 2000, the park has also held an
575:to North America in the 16th century.
303:
3511:
2243:
2221:First Peoples Buffalo Jump State Park
2141:Mankato, Minn.: Capstone Press, 2004.
2104:Along the Trail With Lewis and Clark.
1723:
1339:
1139:
844:
667:
583:on Taft Hill Road, reduce the road's
221:First Peoples Buffalo Jump State Park
213:First Peoples Buffalo Jump State Park
1206:
266:National Register of Historic Places
4062:Protected areas established in 1972
2396:National historic and scenic trails
2182:New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2008.
2062:Montana Moments: History on the Go.
1583:, 286 Mont. 108, 951 P2d 29 (1997).
1074:
894:Geographic Names Information System
876:
24:
3954:National Historic Preservation Act
2236:Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks
2223:Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks
2172:New York: Smithsonian Books, 2007.
454:
203:Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks
25:
4078:
2214:
1838:"FWP Buys Ulm Pishkun Easement."
1485:Hidy, Hidy, and Scott, pp. 57-60.
275:Although there are more than 300
3996:
3995:
3984:
2144:Halliday, Jan and Chehak, Gail.
569:Pryor Mountains Wild Horse Range
62:
55:
42:
2711:National wild and scenic rivers
2187:Cascade County and Great Falls.
2148:Seattle: Sasquatch Books, 2000.
2040:
1992:
1979:
1946:
1683:
1652:
1639:
1539:
1479:
1466:
1457:
1435:
1426:
1274:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1125:
1094:
899:United States Geological Survey
510:in favor of the state, but the
4067:1972 establishments in Montana
3907:Federated States of Micronesia
3553:Architectural style categories
2165:New York: Clarion Books, 2006.
1006:
969:
622:Access, services, and wildlife
13:
1:
2125:Montana Weekender Road Trips.
778:Richardson's ground squirrels
4037:Hunting in the United States
1170:Halliday and Chehak, p. 283.
870:
243:, which is near the city of
152:3,773 ft (1,150 m)
7:
2338:Upper Missouri River Breaks
1026:Schalla and Johnson, p. 60.
853:
35:First Peoples Buffalo Jump
10:
4083:
3959:Historic Preservation Fund
3938:American Legation, Morocco
2860:Greycliff Prairie Dog Town
2835:First Peoples Buffalo Jump
2323:Little Bighorn Battlefield
2090:The Rocky Mountain States.
804:Hunting with bow and arrow
514:overturned this ruling in
484:Montana Historical Society
419:in 1864 after a series of
298:
270:National Historic Landmark
229:National Historic Landmark
144:1,481 acres (5.99 km)
27:State park in Montana, USA
3979:
3946:
3925:
3900:Lists by associated state
3899:
3858:
3591:
3545:
3485:
3469:
3462:
3086:
3033:
2750:
2741:
2709:
2616:
2558:
2447:National Wildlife Refuges
2445:
2427:
2394:
2371:National historical parks
2369:
2351:
2313:
2290:
2281:
2067:Cheney, Roberta Carkeek.
831:University of Great Falls
813:
702:black-tailed prairie dogs
589:black-tailed prairie dogs
565:Bureau of Land Management
500:Yellowstone National Park
208:
198:
194:34,195 (in 2023)
190:
174:
166:
156:
148:
140:
103:
93:
79:
50:
41:
34:
3881:Northern Mariana Islands
2429:National recreation area
2113:London: Heinemann, 2001.
482:In the early 1970s, the
411:Post-Native American use
2885:Lewis and Clark Caverns
2159:Patent, Dorothy Hinshaw
1321:September–October 2003"
1100:Aarstad et al., p. 272.
690:needle-and-thread grass
429:Montana Central Railway
84:Cascade County, Montana
4027:State parks of Montana
3876:Minor Outlying Islands
3859:Lists by insular areas
3573:Keeper of the Register
2990:Tongue River Reservoir
2651:Gates of the Mountains
2414:Continental Divide NST
2232:June 24, 2021, at the
798:yellow-bellied marmots
677:
631:
556:
472:
464:
353:
313:
125:47.48972°N 111.52917°W
3578:National Park Service
3558:Contributing property
3315:Lower Stillwater Lake
3058:Lubrecht Experimental
2419:Pacific Northwest NST
2381:Grant–Kohrs Ranch NHS
675:
629:
611:conservation easement
554:
520:conservation easement
512:Montana Supreme Court
470:
462:
351:
311:
3933:District of Columbia
3360:North Swan Valley CE
3300:Kootenai/Woods Ranch
3130:Blackfoot-Clearwater
2905:Madison Buffalo Jump
2765:Anaconda Smoke Stack
2568:Beaverhead–Deerlodge
2353:National battlefield
2161:and Muñoz, William.
2032:Great Falls Tribune.
2016:Great Falls Tribune.
2000:Great Falls Tribune.
1987:Great Falls Tribune.
1974:Great Falls Tribune.
1954:Great Falls Tribune.
1890:Accessed 2011-05-18.
1869:Great Falls Tribune.
1856:Great Falls Tribune.
1840:Great Falls Tribune.
1824:Great Falls Tribune.
1806:Great Falls Tribune.
1788:Great Falls Tribune.
1770:Accessed 2011-05-18.
1747:Great Falls Tribune.
1718:Great Falls Tribune.
1696:Accessed 2011-05-18.
1678:Great Falls Tribune.
1660:Great Falls Tribune.
1634:Great Falls Tribune.
1563:Great Falls Tribune.
1474:Great Falls Tribune.
1421:Great Falls Tribune.
1230:Accessed 2011-05-12.
1226:Great Falls Tribune.
1201:Great Falls Tribune.
1134:Great Falls Tribune.
1060:Great Falls Tribune.
1044:Great Falls Tribune.
794:western rattlesnakes
746:mountain cottontails
686:bluebunch wheatgrass
281:Madison Buffalo Jump
130:47.48972; -111.52917
98:Great Falls, Montana
2955:Rosebud Battlefield
2925:Missouri Headwaters
2618:National Wilderness
2404:Lewis and Clark NHT
2109:Flannery, Timothy.
782:sharp-tailed grouse
694:prickly pear cactus
304:Native American use
251:(also known as the
121: /
71:Location in Montana
3425:Thompson-Fisher CE
3325:Madison-Wall Creek
3320:Madison-Bear Creek
3255:Gravelly-Blacktail
2980:Spring Meadow Lake
2855:Granite Ghost Town
2800:Chief Plenty Coups
2719:East Rosebud Creek
2626:Absaroka–Beartooth
2470:Charles M. Russell
2373:and historic sites
2315:National monuments
2074:Conklin, David G.
1842:February 22, 2007.
1649:February 20, 2000.
1620:December 21, 1998.
1565:December 29, 1999.
1423:February 15, 2006.
1366:Salt Lake Tribune.
845:In popular culture
678:
668:Plants and animals
632:
557:
473:
465:
354:
314:
225:Montana state park
161:Montana state park
4009:
4008:
3563:Historic district
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3458:
3457:
3150:Buffalo Head Park
3020:Wild Horse Island
2737:
2736:
2691:Selway–Bitterroot
2671:Mission Mountains
2646:Cabinet Mountains
2199:Wilson, Garrett.
2018:October 20, 2000.
1886:Associated Press.
1826:October 18, 2006.
1808:October 20, 2006.
1766:Associated Press/
1734:Associated Press.
1720:January 24, 2005.
1694:January 25, 2005.
1692:Associated Press.
1618:Associated Press.
1602:Associated Press.
1319:Montana Outdoors.
901:. January 1, 1995
734:great horned owls
718:ferruginous hawks
218:
217:
94:Nearest city
16:(Redirected from
4074:
3999:
3998:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3912:Marshall Islands
3532:
3525:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3493:CSKT Bison Range
3477:American Prairie
3467:
3466:
3445:War Dance Island
3245:Garrity Mountain
3235:Fresno Tailwater
3230:Fresno Reservoir
3215:Fleecer Mountain
3140:Blue Eyed Nellie
2935:Parker Homestead
2748:
2747:
2636:Bear Trap Canyon
2631:Anaconda–Pintler
2560:National Forests
2288:
2287:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2206:Wright, John B.
2168:Punke, Michael.
2102:Fifer, Barbara.
2060:Baumler, Ellen.
2035:
2028:
2019:
2012:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1976:August 23, 2009.
1970:
1957:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1906:
1891:
1881:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1852:
1843:
1836:
1827:
1820:
1809:
1802:
1791:
1784:
1771:
1761:
1750:
1743:
1737:
1730:
1721:
1714:
1697:
1687:
1681:
1680:August 14, 2002.
1674:
1663:
1656:
1650:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1621:
1614:
1605:
1604:August 27, 1998.
1598:
1585:
1577:
1566:
1559:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1509:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1470:
1464:
1463:Rinella, p. 150.
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1417:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1390:
1369:
1362:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1323:. Archived from
1313:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1256:
1231:
1221:
1204:
1197:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1137:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1075:Sherman, David.
1072:
1063:
1056:
1047:
1040:
1027:
1024:
1013:
1010:
1004:
1001:
988:
985:
976:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
953:
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
922:
911:
910:
908:
906:
885:
790:Swainson's hawks
774:red-tailed hawks
698:American badgers
630:The buffalo jump
508:summary judgment
394:Piegan Blackfeet
259:utilized by the
253:Ulm Buffalo Jump
136:
135:
133:
132:
131:
126:
122:
119:
118:
117:
114:
66:
65:
59:
46:
32:
31:
21:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3985:
3983:
3975:
3942:
3921:
3895:
3854:
3587:
3541:
3536:
3506:
3497:
3481:
3454:
3280:Isaac Homestead
3091:
3089:
3082:
3029:
3000:Travelers' Rest
2940:Pictograph Cave
2875:Lake Mary Ronan
2845:Frenchtown Pond
2805:Clark's Lookout
2780:Beavertail Hill
2775:Beaverhead Rock
2733:
2705:
2612:
2603:Lewis and Clark
2554:
2475:Creedman Coulee
2441:
2423:
2390:
2372:
2365:
2347:
2309:
2277:
2271:Protected areas
2268:
2234:Wayback Machine
2217:
2176:Rinella, Steven
2043:
2038:
2029:
2022:
2013:
2006:
1997:
1993:
1989:March 14, 1999.
1984:
1980:
1971:
1960:
1956:March 19, 2006.
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1894:
1888:March 31, 2009.
1882:
1875:
1871:March 29, 2009.
1866:
1862:
1858:March 28, 2010.
1853:
1846:
1837:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1774:
1762:
1753:
1749:March 27, 2005.
1744:
1740:
1731:
1724:
1715:
1700:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1624:
1615:
1608:
1599:
1588:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1372:
1363:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1327:on July 2, 2011
1315:
1314:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1234:
1228:March 27, 2011.
1222:
1207:
1203:March 19, 1999.
1198:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1140:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1073:
1066:
1057:
1050:
1041:
1030:
1025:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:Baumler, p. 15.
1002:
991:
987:Robison, p. 13.
986:
979:
974:
970:
960:
958:
951:
945:
941:
931:
929:
924:
923:
914:
904:
902:
887:
886:
877:
873:
856:
847:
816:
730:gray partridges
670:
624:
457:
455:As a state park
413:
306:
301:
261:Native American
129:
127:
123:
120:
115:
112:
110:
108:
107:
75:
74:
73:
72:
69:
68:
67:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4080:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3993:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3891:Virgin Islands
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3866:American Samoa
3862:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3800:South Carolina
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3765:North Carolina
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3595:
3593:
3592:Lists by state
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3583:Property types
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3512:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3290:Kootenai/Falls
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3270:Horseshoe Lake
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3210:Flathead River
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3078:Thompson River
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3015:Whitefish Lake
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2985:Thompson Falls
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2945:Pirogue Island
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2915:Medicine Rocks
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2681:Red Rock Lakes
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:Red Rock Lakes
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2500:Lake Thibadeau
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2437:Bighorn Canyon
2433:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2335:
2328:Pompeys Pillar
2325:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2292:National parks
2285:
2279:
2278:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2224:
2216:
2215:External links
2213:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2185:Robison, Ken.
2183:
2173:
2166:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2034:June 12, 2009.
2020:
2004:
1991:
1978:
1958:
1945:
1923:
1892:
1873:
1860:
1844:
1828:
1810:
1792:
1790:July 27, 2006.
1772:
1768:July 28, 2006.
1751:
1738:
1736:June 28, 2004.
1722:
1698:
1682:
1664:
1651:
1638:
1636:March 3, 1999.
1622:
1606:
1586:
1567:
1547:
1538:
1536:Davis, p. 284.
1526:
1487:
1478:
1476:June 14, 2009.
1465:
1456:
1434:
1425:
1407:
1370:
1338:
1283:
1273:
1232:
1205:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1138:
1136:March 8, 1999.
1124:
1102:
1093:
1064:
1048:
1028:
1014:
1005:
989:
977:
968:
939:
912:
874:
872:
869:
868:
867:
862:
855:
852:
846:
843:
815:
812:
786:striped skunks
706:burrowing owls
669:
666:
657:buffalo nickel
623:
620:
504:district court
496:Alder, Montana
463:Visitor Center
456:
453:
412:
409:
352:American bison
333:American bison
305:
302:
300:
297:
255:), a historic
233:Cascade County
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
192:
188:
187:
176:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
81:
77:
76:
70:
61:
60:
54:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4079:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4032:Buffalo jumps
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4002:
3994:
3992:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3840:West Virginia
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:New Hampshire
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:Massachusetts
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3528:
3526:
3521:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:Seven Sisters
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:Kootenai/West
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:Howard Valley
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Freezout Lake
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3205:Flathead Lake
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:Dome Mountain
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3100:Amelia Island
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3035:State forests
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Painted Rocks
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2850:Giant Springs
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:Council Grove
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2701:Welcome Creek
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Medicine Lake
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:Medicine Lake
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:Nez Perce NHT
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2386:Nez Perce NHP
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2002:May 22, 2009.
2001:
1995:
1988:
1982:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1955:
1949:
1933:
1927:
1916:September 19,
1911:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1887:
1880:
1878:
1870:
1864:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1767:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1748:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1695:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1662:June 2, 2002.
1661:
1655:
1648:
1647:Deseret News.
1642:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1542:
1533:
1531:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1460:
1444:
1438:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1368:May 30, 1999.
1367:
1361:
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3805:South Dakota
3795:Rhode Island
3790:Pennsylvania
3770:North Dakota
3450:Warm Springs
3375:Robb-Ledford
3345:Mount Silcox
3335:Mount Haggin
3285:Judith River
3190:Ear Mountain
3175:Dodson Creek
3170:Canyon Ferry
3165:Canyon Creek
2975:Somers Beach
2965:Sluice Boxes
2834:
2641:Bob Marshall
2460:Black Coulee
2207:
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2137:Graf, Mike.
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2116:Gale, Kira.
2110:
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2041:Bibliography
2031:
2015:
1999:
1994:
1986:
1981:
1973:
1953:
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
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1541:
1517:. Retrieved
1481:
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1459:
1447:. Retrieved
1437:
1428:
1420:
1398:. Retrieved
1365:
1329:. Retrieved
1325:the original
1318:
1276:
1264:. Retrieved
1225:
1200:
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1133:
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1115:. Retrieved
1105:
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1084:. Retrieved
1080:
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959:. Retrieved
955:
942:
930:. Retrieved
903:. Retrieved
892:
848:
835:Memorial Day
828:
821:
817:
809:
802:
770:racer snakes
679:
662:
653:
645:
633:
616:
598:
581:hairpin turn
577:
561:Spanish Barb
558:
546:
541:winter wheat
537:
533:
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414:
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355:
342:oral history
338:
330:
322:
315:
277:buffalo kill
274:
257:buffalo jump
252:
248:
220:
219:
180:buffalo jump
29:
3926:Other areas
3886:Puerto Rico
3720:Mississippi
3635:Connecticut
3410:Smith River
3400:Silver Gate
3350:Nevada Lake
3340:Mount Jumbo
3305:Lake Helena
3250:Grant Marsh
2970:Smith River
2960:Salmon Lake
2950:Placid Lake
2790:Black Sandy
2760:Ackley Lake
2752:State parks
2676:Rattlesnake
2661:Lee Metcalf
2510:Lee Metcalf
2490:Hewitt Lake
2455:Benton Lake
2305:Yellowstone
1161:Graf, p. 20
1086:October 30,
905:October 26,
421:gold rushes
382:Assiniboine
285:Three Forks
249:Ulm Pishkun
245:Great Falls
167:Established
157:Designation
128: /
116:111°31′45″W
104:Coordinates
18:Ulm Pishkun
4016:Categories
3835:Washington
3755:New Mexico
3750:New Jersey
3625:California
3430:Three Mile
3405:Silver Run
3330:Milk River
3310:Lost Creek
3195:Elk Island
3180:Dodson Dam
3160:Calf Creek
3155:Bull River
3105:Aunt Molly
3090:Management
3073:Swan River
3063:Stillwater
3048:Coal Creek
3043:Clearwater
3025:Yellow Bay
3010:West Shore
2995:Tower Rock
2900:Lost Creek
2865:Hell Creek
2830:Fish Creek
2795:Brush Lake
2656:Great Bear
2573:Bitterroot
2540:Swan River
2515:Lost Trail
2495:Lake Mason
2480:Grass Lake
956:fwp.mt.gov
762:pronghorns
758:porcupines
682:blue grama
602:tipi rings
492:Ted Turner
448:West Coast
444:phosphorus
186:of Montana
113:47°29′23″N
37:State Park
3845:Wisconsin
3810:Tennessee
3715:Minnesota
3690:Louisiana
3470:Nonprofit
3435:Threemile
3420:Swan Lake
3415:Sun River
3370:Ray Kuhns
3135:Blackleaf
3115:Beartooth
3005:Wayfarers
2910:Makoshika
2895:Lone Pine
2880:Les Mason
2870:Lake Elmo
2840:Fort Owen
2686:Scapegoat
2550:War Horse
2505:Lamesteer
2485:Hailstone
871:Footnotes
754:pheasants
750:mule deer
637:tipi ring
607:Kalispell
506:issued a
359:fire pits
318:sandstone
175:Named for
149:Elevation
4001:Category
3830:Virginia
3780:Oklahoma
3760:New York
3735:Nebraska
3725:Missouri
3710:Michigan
3700:Maryland
3685:Kentucky
3665:Illinois
3640:Delaware
3630:Colorado
3620:Arkansas
3440:Vandalia
3385:Roundhom
3355:Ninepipe
3265:Hinsdale
3260:Haymaker
3240:Gallatin
3220:Fox Lake
3200:F Island
3125:Big Lake
3110:Badlands
3088:Wildlife
2920:Milltown
2729:Missouri
2724:Flathead
2598:Kootenai
2588:Gallatin
2583:Flathead
2525:Ninepipe
2361:Big Hole
2230:Archived
2139:Montana.
1938:June 30,
1519:June 30,
1449:June 30,
1400:June 30,
1266:June 30,
1117:June 30,
961:July 26,
932:June 30,
854:See also
766:raccoons
402:Shoshoni
390:Kalispel
378:A'aninin
367:biscuits
363:pemmican
191:Visitors
182:and the
80:Location
3947:Related
3850:Wyoming
3825:Vermont
3730:Montana
3670:Indiana
3650:Georgia
3645:Florida
3615:Arizona
3605:Alabama
3390:Sanders
3380:Rookery
3145:Bowdoin
3120:Beckman
3053:Lincoln
2820:Elkhorn
2785:Big Arm
2770:Bannack
2696:UL Bend
2545:UL Bend
2465:Bowdoin
2300:Glacier
2283:Federal
2275:Montana
1331:May 18,
714:curlews
710:coyotes
573:Spanish
425:Indiana
299:History
237:Montana
209:Website
3785:Oregon
3740:Nevada
3680:Kansas
3655:Hawaii
3610:Alaska
3546:Topics
3486:Tribal
2825:Finley
2810:Cooney
2593:Helena
2578:Custer
824:atlatl
814:Events
796:, and
692:, and
400:, and
398:Salish
287:, and
3917:Palau
3815:Texas
3695:Maine
3660:Idaho
3463:Other
3365:Pablo
3092:Areas
2890:Logan
2743:State
2530:Pablo
952:(PDF)
738:larks
585:grade
433:Butte
293:Havre
291:near
283:near
223:is a
3871:Guam
3820:Utah
3775:Ohio
3675:Iowa
3068:Sula
2608:Lolo
1940:2020
1918:2012
1521:2020
1451:2020
1402:2020
1333:2011
1268:2020
1119:2020
1088:2017
1081:KTVQ
963:2024
934:2020
907:2011
742:mice
641:tipi
593:tipi
386:Cree
227:and
170:1972
141:Area
2342:BLM
2332:BLM
2273:of
567:'s
241:Ulm
231:in
4018::
2178:.
2023:^
2007:^
1961:^
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954:.
915:^
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891:.
878:^
841:.
800:.
792:,
788:,
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724:,
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369:.
325:CE
235:,
178:A
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2340:(
2334:)
2330:(
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20:)
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