Unemployment - Knowledge

5161: 3697: 3549:, "unemployed workers" are those who are currently not working but are willing and able to work for pay, currently available to work, and have actively searched for work. Individuals who are actively seeking job placement must make the effort to be in contact with an employer, have job interviews, contact job placement agencies, send out resumes, submit applications, respond to advertisements, or some other means of active job searching within the prior four weeks. Simply looking at advertisements and not responding will not count as actively seeking job placement. Since not all unemployment may be "open" and counted by government agencies, official statistics on unemployment may not be accurate. In the United States, for example, the unemployment rate does not take into consideration those individuals who are not actively looking for employment, such as those who are still attending college. 3462:. Yet, it does not benefit workers; according to Karl Marx, the workers (proletariat) work to benefit the bourgeoisie through their production of capital. Capitalist systems unfairly manipulate the market for labour by perpetuating unemployment which lowers laborers' demands for fair wages. Workers are pitted against one another at the service of increasing profits for owners. As a result of the capitalist mode of production, Marx argued that workers experienced alienation and estrangement through their economic identity. According to Marx, the only way to permanently eliminate unemployment would be to abolish capitalism and the system of forced competition for wages and then shift to a socialist or communist economic system. For contemporary Marxists, the existence of persistent unemployment is proof of the inability of capitalism to ensure full employment. 3999: 3405: 5123: 5390: 5106: 4127: 4101: 5457: 3689: 946: 3458:" that creates downward pressure on wages. This is accomplished by dividing the proletariat into surplus labour (employees) and under-employment (unemployed). This reserve army of labour fight among themselves for scarce jobs at lower and lower wages. At first glance, unemployment seems inefficient since unemployed workers do not increase profits, but unemployment is profitable within the global capitalist system because unemployment lowers wages which are costs from the perspective of the owners. From this perspective low wages benefit the system by reducing 4599: 5351:"The laboring classes are comparatively few in number, but this is counterbalanced by, and indeed, may be one of the causes of the eagerness by which they call in the use of machinery in almost every department of industry. Wherever it can be applied as a substitute for manual labor, it is universally and willingly resorted to.... It is this condition of the labor market, and this eager resort to machinery wherever it can be applied, to which, under the guidance of superior education and intelligence, the remarkable prosperity of the United States is due." 3053: 3273: 3946: 4690: 3741: 3199: 4080:), normalized unemployment for men aged 25 to 54 was 4.6% in the US and 7.4% in France. At the same time and for the same population, the employment rate (number of workers divided by population) was 86.3% in the US and 86.7% in France. That example shows that the unemployment rate was 60% higher in France than in the US, but more people in that demographic were working in France than in the US, which is counterintuitive if it is expected that the unemployment rate reflects the health of the labour market. 12464: 5534: 2953: 55: 27: 4520: 3848: 4507:

unemployed. Other researchers have found that today's high school seniors place a lower value on work than those in the past, which is likely because they recognize the limited availability of jobs. At the other end of the age spectrum, studies have found that older individuals have more barriers than younger workers to employment, require stronger social networks to acquire work, and are also less likely to move from temporary to permanent positions. Additionally, some older people see

5276: 10509: 3933: 4348: 3250:, caused by the replacement of workers by machines might be counted as structural unemployment. Alternatively, technological unemployment might refer to the way in which steady increases in labour productivity mean that fewer workers are needed to produce the same level of output every year. The fact that aggregate demand can be raised to deal with the problem suggests that the problem is instead one of cyclical unemployment. As indicated by 1705: 882: 3122: 2709: 10499: 5410: 3335:", those working fewer hours than they would prefer or in a job that fails to make good use of their capabilities. In addition, those who are of working age but are currently in full-time education are usually not considered unemployed in government statistics. Traditional unemployed native societies who survive by gathering, hunting, herding, and farming in wilderness areas may or may not be counted in unemployment statistics. 5063:

more effective in boosting demand for goods and services than central banking strategies, which put the increased money supply mostly into the hands of wealthy persons and institutions. Monetarists suggest that increasing money supply in general increases short-term demand. As for the long-term demand, the increased demand is negated by inflation. A rise in fiscal expenditures is another strategy for boosting aggregate demand.

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was declared in January 2010 and unemployment peaked at nearly 2.7 million in 2011, appearing to ease fears of unemployment reaching 3 million. The unemployment rate of Britain's young black people was 47.4% in 2011. 2013/2014 has seen the employment rate increase from 1,935,836 to 2,173,012 as supported by showing the UK is creating more job opportunities and forecasts the rate of increase in 2014/2015 will be another 7.2%.

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instrument for conserving resources and the environment. It reduces the consumption of the unemployed across the board and only in the short term. Full employment of the unemployed workforce, all focused toward the goal of developing more environmentally efficient methods for production and consumption, might provide a more significant and lasting cumulative environmental benefit and reduced

3714:, defines unemployed as those persons between age 15 and 74 who are not working, have looked for work in the last four weeks, and are ready to start work within two weeks; this definition conforms to ILO standards. Both the actual count and the unemployment rate are reported. Statistical data are available by member state for the European Union as a whole (EU28) as well as for the 3009:

are supported through public welfare systems. In such cases, wages would have to be high enough to motivate people to choose employment over what they receive through public welfare. Wages below a livable wage are likely to result in lower labor market participation in the above-stated scenario. In addition, consumption of goods and services is the primary driver of increased

2979:" in the economics literature, a simple distinction is often applied. Voluntary unemployment is attributed to the individual's decisions, but involuntary unemployment exists because of the socio-economic environment (including the market structure, government intervention, and the level of aggregate demand) in which individuals operate. In these terms, much or most of 3840:

unemployment rate, and it differs from the ILO unemployment rate definition. Both sources have different classification criteria and usually produce differing results. Additional data are also available from the government, such as the unemployment insurance weekly claims report available from the Office of Workforce Security, within the U.S. Department of Labor's

3300:, and a mismatch can result between the characteristics of supply and demand. Such a mismatch can be related to skills, payment, work-time, location, seasonal industries, attitude, taste, and a multitude of other factors. New entrants (such as graduating students) and re-entrants (such as former homemakers) can also suffer a spell of frictional unemployment. 5903: 4476:

couples often stick together in "unhappy" or "unhealthy" marriages when they are unemployed to buffer financial costs. A 2014 study by Van der Meer found that the stigma that comes from being unemployed affects personal well-being, especially for men, who often feel as though their masculine identities are threatened by unemployment.

5188:, which often prevent individuals from having the capital to create their own jobs to be self-employed. An individual who cannot join an enterprise or create a job is unemployed. As individual farmers, ranchers, spinners, doctors and merchants are organized into large enterprises, those who cannot join or compete become unemployed. 5152:

services requires more workers, increasing employment. It is argued that supply-side policies, which include cutting taxes on businesses and reducing regulation, create jobs, reduce unemployment, and decrease labor's share of national income. Other supply-side policies include education to make workers more attractive to employers.

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more likely to experience greater stress, depression, and adverse effects from unemployment, largely stemming from the perceived threat to their role as breadwinner. The study found that men expect themselves to be viewed as "less manly" after a job loss than they actually are and so they engage in compensating behaviors, such as

2914:. Discussions of frictional unemployment focus on voluntary decisions to work based on individuals' valuation of their own work and how that compares to current wage rates added to the time and effort required to find a job. Causes and solutions for frictional unemployment often address job entry threshold and wage rates. 3319:, a downward-sloping, convex curve that shows a correlation between the unemployment rate on one axis and the vacancy rate on the other. Changes in the supply of or demand for labour cause movements along the curve. An increase or decrease in labour market frictions will shift the curve outwards or inwards. 5118:

of 1935. Although 90% of citizens are covered by unemployment insurance, less than 40% apply for and receive benefits. However, the number applying for and receiving benefits increases during recessions. For highly-seasonal industries, the system provides income to workers during the off-season, thus

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Unemployment can also bring personal costs in relation to gender. One study found that women are more likely to experience unemployment than men and that they are less likely to move from temporary positions to permanent positions. Another study on gender and unemployment found that men, however, are

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Statistics for the US economy as a whole hide variations among groups. For example, in January 2008, the US unemployment rates were 4.4% for adult men, 4.2% for adult women, 4.4% for Caucasians, 6.3% for Hispanics or Latinos (all races), 9.2% for African Americans, 3.2% for Asian Americans, and 18.0%

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There are also different ways national statistical agencies measure unemployment. The differences may limit the validity of international comparisons of unemployment data. To some degree, the differences remain despite national statistical agencies increasingly adopting the definition of unemployment

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According to classical economic theory, markets reach equilibrium where supply equals demand; everyone who wants to sell at the market price can do so. Those who do not want to sell at that price do not; in the labour market, this is classical unemployment. Monetary policy and fiscal policy can both

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There are many ways to stimulate demand for goods and services. Increasing wages to the working class (those more likely to spend the increased funds on goods and services, rather than various types of savings or commodity purchases) is one theory that is proposed. Increased wages are believed to be

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economists prefer to look at a range of economic statistics such as labour market participation rate, the percentage of people between 15 and 64 who are currently employed or searching for employment, the total number of full-time jobs in an economy, the number of people seeking work as a raw number

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Many economies industrialize and so experience increasing numbers of non-agricultural workers. For example, the United States' non-agricultural labour force increased from 20% in 1800 to 50% in 1850 and 97% in 2000. The shift away from self-employment increases the percentage of the population that

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Official statistics often underestimate unemployment rates because of hidden, or covered, unemployment. That is the unemployment of potential workers that are not reflected in official unemployment statistics because of how the statistics are collected. In many countries, only those who have no work

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and Lowell Gallaway argue that the empirical record of wages rates, productivity, and unemployment in America validates classical unemployment theory. Their data shows a strong correlation between adjusted real wage and unemployment in the United States from 1900 to 1990. However, they maintain that

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The clearest cases of involuntary unemployment are those with fewer job vacancies than unemployed workers even when wages are allowed to adjust and so even if all vacancies were to be filled, some unemployed workers would still remain. That happens with cyclical unemployment, as macroeconomic forces

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In 2008, when the recession brought on another increase in the United Kingdom, after 15 years of economic growth and no major rises in unemployment. In early 2009, unemployment passed the 2 million mark, and economists were predicting it would soon reach 3 million. However, the end of the recession

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Not everyone suffers equally from unemployment. In a prospective study of 9,570 individuals over four years, highly conscientious people suffered more than twice as much if they became unemployed. The authors suggested that may because of conscientious people making different attributions about why

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That implies that other factors may have contributed to women choosing to invest in advancing their careers. One factor may be that an increasing number of men delayed the age of marriage, which allowed women to marry later in life without them worrying about the quality of older men. Other factors

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It is possible to be neither employed nor unemployed by ILO definitions by being outside of the "labour force". Such people have no job and are not looking for one. Many of them go to school or are retired. Family responsibilities keep others out of the labour force. Still others have a physical or

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The last people are "involuntary part-time" workers, those who are underemployed, such as a computer programmer who is working in a retail store until he can find a permanent job, involuntary stay-at-home mothers who would prefer to work, and graduate and professional school students who are unable

3618:, such as unemployment benefits, are computed based on the number of persons insured representing the total labour force and the number of persons who are insured that are collecting benefits. This method has been heavily criticized because if the expiration of benefits before the person finds work. 3212:

occurs when a labour market is unable to provide jobs for everyone who wants one because there is a mismatch between the skills of the unemployed workers and the skills needed for the available jobs. Structural unemployment is hard to separate empirically from frictional unemployment except that it

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level, causing the number of job-seekers to exceed the number of vacancies. On the other hand, most economists argue that as wages fall below a livable wage, many choose to drop out of the labour market and no longer seek employment. That is especially true in countries in which low-income families

5468:(1935–43) was the largest make-work program. It hired men (and some women) off the relief roles ("dole") typically for unskilled labor. During the New Deal, over three million unemployed young men were taken out of their homes and placed for six months into more than 2600 work camps managed by the 5371:

As new territories were opened and federal land sales were conducted, land had to be cleared and new homesteads established. Hundreds of thousands of immigrants annually came to the US and found jobs digging canals and building railroads. Almost all work during most of the 19th century was done by

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In the US, the unemployment insurance allowance is based solely on previous income (not time worked, family size, etc.) and usually compensates for one third of previous income. To qualify, people must reside in their respective state for at least a year and work. The system was established by the

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movement. Women more accurately planned for their future in the work force by investing in more applicable majors in college that prepared them to enter and compete in the labor market. In the United States, the female labor force participation rate rose from approximately 33% in 1948 to a peak of

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In the United States, there have been four significant stages of women's participation in the labour force: increases in the 20th century and decreases in the 21st century. Male labor force participation decreased from 1953 to 2013. Since October 2013, men have been increasingly joining the labour

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is neither part of the labour force nor unemployed. Also, full-time students and prisoners are considered to be neither part of the labour force nor unemployed. The number of prisoners can be important. In 1999, economists Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger estimated that increased incarceration

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Marxists share the Keynesian viewpoint of the relationship between economic demand and employment, but with the caveat that the market system's propensity to slash wages and reduce labor participation on an enterprise level causes a requisite decrease in aggregate demand in the economy as a whole,

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Workers and employers accept a certain level of imperfection, risk or compromise, but usually not right away. They will invest some time and effort to find a better match. That is, in fact, beneficial to the economy since it results in a better allocation of resources. However, if the search takes

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and classical unemployment. Structural unemployment focuses on foundational problems in the economy and inefficiencies inherent in labor markets, including a mismatch between the supply and demand of laborers with necessary skill sets. Structural arguments emphasize causes and solutions related to

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In 1547, a bill was passed that subjected vagrants to some of the more extreme provisions of the criminal law: two years' servitude and branding with a "V" as the penalty for the first offense and death for the second. During the reign of Henry VIII, as many as 72,000 people are estimated to have

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Another personal cost of unemployment is its impact on relationships. A 2008 study from Covizzi, which examined the relationship between unemployment and divorce, found that the rate of divorce is greater for couples when one partner is unemployed. However, a more recent study has found that some

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benefits. However, since it is difficult or impossible to get unemployment insurance benefits without having worked in the past, those jobs and unemployment are more complementary than they are substitutes. (They are often held short-term, either by students or by those trying to gain experience;

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consumption, drug use, and lower rates of exercise. According to a study published in Social Indicator Research, even those who tend to be optimistic find it difficult to look on the bright side of things when unemployed. Using interviews and data from German participants aged 16 to 94, including

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The labor force participation rate explains how an increase in the unemployment rate can occur simultaneously with an increase in employment. If a large number of new workers enter the labor force but only a small fraction become employed, then the increase in the number of unemployed workers can

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laws. The use of birth control gave women the flexibility of opting to invest and to advance their career while they maintained a relationship. By having control over the timing of their fertility, they were not running a risk of thwarting their career choices. However, only 40% of the population

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Seasonal unemployment may be seen as a kind of structural unemployment since it is linked to certain kinds of jobs (construction and migratory farm work). The most-cited official unemployment measures erase this kind of unemployment from the statistics using "seasonal adjustment" techniques. That

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reported, "Nearly 75 million youth are unemployed around the world, an increase of more than 4 million since 2007. In the European Union, where a debt crisis followed the financial crisis, the youth unemployment rate rose to 18% last year from 12.5% in 2007, the ILO report shows." In March 2018,

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see employment as culturally overemphasized in modern countries. Such critics often propose quitting jobs when possible, working less, reassessing the cost of living to that end, creation of jobs that are "fun" as opposed to "work," and creating cultural norms in which work is seen as unhealthy.

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as women began leaving the labor force in the United States and other developed countries. The female labor force participation rate in the United States has steadily decreased since 2009, and as of April 2015, the female labor force participation rate has gone back down to 1988 levels of 56.6%.

3450:, unemployment is inherent within the unstable capitalist system and periodic crises of mass unemployment are to be expected. He theorized that unemployment was inevitable and even a necessary part of the capitalist system, with recovery and regrowth also part of the process. The function of the 3080:

With cyclical unemployment, the number of unemployed workers exceeds the number of job vacancies and so even if all open jobs were filled, some workers would still remain unemployed. Some associate cyclical unemployment with frictional unemployment because the factors that cause the friction are

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Unemployment in the United Kingdom remained above 3,000,000 until the spring of 1987, when the economy enjoyed a boom. By the end of 1989, unemployment had fallen to 1,600,000. However, inflation had reached 7.8%, and the following year, it reached a nine-year high of 9.5%; leading to increased

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policies believe those policies can solve the problem by making the labour market more flexible. These include removing the minimum wage and reducing the power of unions. Supply-siders argue that their reforms increase long-term growth by reducing labour costs. The increased supply of goods and

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Optimal unemployment has also been defended as an environmental tool to brake the constantly accelerated growth of the GDP to maintain levels that are sustainable in the context of resource constraints and environmental impacts. However, the tool of denying jobs to willing workers seems a blunt

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suggests that wages never bid down sufficiently to reach 0% unemployment. That occurs because employers know that when wages decrease, workers will shirk and expend less effort. Employers avoid shirking by preventing wages from decreasing so low that workers give up and become unproductive. The

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increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth because it is a waste of resources; generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions; drives people to poverty; constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility; and erodes self-esteem

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can inflate statistics by giving an incentive to register as unemployed. People who do not seek work may choose to declare themselves unemployed to get benefits; people with undeclared paid occupations may try to get unemployment benefits in addition to the money that they earn from their work.

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but are actively looking for work and/or qualifying for social security benefits are counted as unemployed. Those who have given up looking for work and sometimes those who are on government "retraining" programs are not officially counted among the unemployed even though they are not employed.

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laws raise the cost of some low-skill laborers above market equilibrium, resulting in increased unemployment as people who wish to work at the going rate cannot (as the new and higher enforced wage is now greater than the value of their labour). Laws restricting layoffs may make businesses less

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Full employment cannot be achieved because workers would shirk if they were not threatened with the possibility of unemployment. The curve for the no-shirking condition (labelled NSC) thus goes to infinity at full employment. The inflation-fighting benefits to the entire economy arising from a

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In particular, as of 2005, roughly 0.7% of the US population is incarcerated (1.5% of the available working population). Additionally, children, the elderly, and some individuals with disabilities are typically not counted as part of the labour force and so are not included in the unemployment

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government saw inflation reduced after 1979, unemployment soared in the early 1980s and in 1982, it exceeded 3,000,000, a level that had not been seen for some 50 years. That represented one in eight of the workforce, with unemployment exceeding 20% in some places that had relied on declining

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in the economy to provide jobs for everyone who wants to work. Demand for most goods and services falls, less production is needed and consequently, fewer workers are needed, wages are sticky and do not fall to meet the equilibrium level, and unemployment results. Its name is derived from the

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In 2021, the labor force participation rate for non-white women and women with children declined significantly during the covid-19 pandemic, with approximately 20 million women leaving the workforce. Men were not nearly as impacted, leading some to describe the phenomenon as a "she-cession".

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Costs of unemployment also vary depending on age. The young and the old are the two largest age groups currently experiencing unemployment. A 2007 study from Jacob and Kleinert found that young people (ages 18 to 24) who have fewer resources and limited work experiences are more likely to be

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Though many people care about the number of unemployed individuals, economists typically focus on the unemployment rate, which corrects for the normal increase in the number of people employed caused by increases in population and increases in the labour force relative to the population. The

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Internationally, some nations' unemployment rates are sometimes muted or appear less severe because of the number of self-employed individuals working in agriculture. Small independent farmers are often considered self-employed and so cannot be unemployed. That can impact non-industrialized

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Some critics believe that current methods of measuring unemployment are inaccurate in terms of the impact of unemployment on people as these methods do not take into account the 1.5% of the available working population incarcerated in US prisons (who may or may not be working while they are

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The main source used is the European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS). It collects data on all member states each quarter. For monthly calculations, national surveys or national registers from employment offices are used in conjunction with quarterly EU-LFS data. The exact calculation for

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On the other hand, cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment, and classical unemployment are largely involuntary in nature. However, the existence of structural unemployment may reflect choices made by the unemployed in the past, and classical (natural) unemployment may result from the

5525:. Unemployment began to increase, and by the end of 1992, nearly 3,000,000 in the United Kingdom were unemployed, a number that was soon lowered by a strong economic recovery. With inflation down to 1.6% by 1993, unemployment then began to fall rapidly and stood at 1,800,000 by early 1997. 4502:

very quickly. An Australian study on the mental health impacts of graduating during an economic downturn found that the negative mental health outcomes are greater and more scarring for men than women. The effect was particularly pronounced for those with vocational or secondary education.

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The Current Employment Statistics survey (CES), or "Payroll Survey", conducts a survey based on a sample of 160,000 businesses and government agencies, which represent 400,000 individual employers. Since the survey measures only civilian nonagricultural employment, it does not calculate an

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At the turn of the 21st century, the labor force participation began to reverse its long period of increase. Reasons for the change include a rising share of older workers, an increase in school enrollment rates among young workers, and a decrease in female labor force participation.

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Rising unemployment has traditionally been regarded by the public and the media in any country as a key guarantor of electoral defeat for any government that oversees it. That was very much the consensus in the United Kingdom until 1983, when Thatcher's Conservative government won a

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However, the labor market is not 100% efficient although it may be more efficient than the bureaucracy. Some argue that minimum wages and union activity keep wages from falling, which means that too many people want to sell their labour at the going price but cannot. That assumes

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In some towns and cities in the northeast of England, unemployment reached as high as 70%; the national unemployment level peaked at more than 22% in 1932. Unemployment in Canada reached 27% at the depth of the Depression in 1933. In 1929, the U.S. unemployment rate averaged 3%.

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The primary measure of unemployment, U3, allows for comparisons between countries. Unemployment differs from country to country and across different time periods. For example, in the 1990s and 2000s, the United States had lower unemployment levels than many countries in the

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Providing aid to the unemployed is a strategy that is used to prevent cutbacks in consumption of goods and services, which can lead to a vicious cycle of further job losses and further decreases in consumption and demand. Many countries aid the unemployed through social

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too long and mismatches are too frequent, the economy suffers since some work will not get done. Therefore, governments will seek ways to reduce unnecessary frictional unemployment by multiple means including providing education, advice, training, and assistance such as

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and the deaths of tens of millions and the destruction of much of the physical capital of Europe, is attributed to the poor economic conditions in Germany at the time, notably a high unemployment rate of above 20%; see Great Depression in Central Europe for details.

3153:. The "natural" rate of unemployment is defined as the rate of unemployment that exists when the labour market is in equilibrium, and there is pressure for neither rising inflation rates nor falling inflation rates. An alternative technical term for that rate is the 5059:, increasing wages and employment. The demand for labour in an economy is derived from the demand for goods and services. As such, if the demand for goods and services in the economy increases, the demand for labour will increase, increasing employment and wages. 4497:

said that evidence showed that men have more restricted social networks than women and that men have are heavily work-based. Therefore, the loss of a job for men means the loss of a whole set of social connections as well. That loss can then lead to men becoming

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Estimated US unemployment rate from 1800 to 1890. All data are estimates based on data compiled by Lebergott. See limitations section below on how to interpret unemployment statistics in self-employed, agricultural economies. See image information for complete

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One of the major problems with the NAIRU theory is that no one knows exactly what the NAIRU is, and it clearly changes over time. The margin of error can be quite high relative to the actual unemployment rate, making it hard to use the NAIRU in policy-making.

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Another cost for the unemployed is that the combination of unemployment, lack of financial resources, and social responsibilities may push unemployed workers to take jobs that do not fit their skills or allow them to use their talents. Unemployment can cause

4472:, and fear of job loss can spur psychological anxiety. As well as anxiety, it can cause depression, lack of confidence, and huge amounts of stress, which is increased when the unemployed are faced with health issues, poverty, and lack of relational support. 4233:

The labor force participation rate can decrease when the rate of growth of the population outweighs that of the employed and the unemployed together. The labor force participation rate is a key component in long-term economic growth, almost as important as

4058:, unemployment often rises. That is because people join the labour market (give up studying, start a job hunt, etc.) as a result of the improving job market, but until they have actually found a position, they are counted as unemployed. Similarly, during a 4034:

poll). According to the BLS, a number of Eastern European nations have instituted labour force surveys as well. The sample survey has its own problems because the total number of workers in the economy is calculated based on a sample, rather than a census.

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The tight labor market was a factor in productivity gains by allowing workers to maintain or to increase their nominal wages during the secular deflation that caused real wages to rise at various times in the 19th century, especially in its final decades.

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economies, such as the United States and Europe in the early 19th century, since overall unemployment was approximately 3% because so many individuals were self-employed, independent farmers; however, non-agricultural unemployment was as high as 80%.

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native societies had no concept of unemployment. The recognition of the concept of "unemployment" is best exemplified through the well documented historical records in England. For example, in 16th-century, England no distinction was made between

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are the most preferred method of unemployment rate calculation since they give the most comprehensive results and enables calculation of unemployment by different group categories such as race and gender. This method is the most internationally

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As a result of productivity, the work week declined considerably during the 19th century. By the 1920s, the average workweek in the US was 49 hours, but it was reduced to 40 hours (after which overtime premium was applied) as part of the 1933

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Into the 21st century, unemployment in the United Kingdom remained low and the economy remaining strong, and several other European economies, such as France and Germany, experienced a minor recession and a substantial rise in unemployment.

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theory since it is relatively easy to seek a new job without losing a current job. When more jobs are available for fewer workers (lower unemployment), that may allow workers to find the jobs that better fit their tastes, talents and needs.

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or wish to become self-employed, such as tradesmen or building contractors or information technology consultants; those who have retired before the official retirement age but would still like to work (involuntary early retirees); those on

5102:. Government-funded employment is not widely advocated as a solution to unemployment except in times of crisis. That is attributed to the public sector jobs' existence depending directly on the tax receipts from private sector employment. 3216:

Structural unemployment may also be encouraged to rise by persistent cyclical unemployment: if an economy suffers from longlasting low aggregate demand, it means that many of the unemployed become disheartened, and their skills (including

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The unemployment rate of an individual country is usually calculated and reported on a monthly, quarterly, and yearly basis by the National Agency of Statistics. Organisations like the OECD report statistics for all of its member states.

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From the late 19th century to the 1920s, very few women worked outside the home. They were young single women who typically withdrew from the labor force at marriage unless family needed two incomes. Such women worked primarily in the

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Poverty was a highly visible problem in the eighteenth century, both in cities and in the countryside. In France and Britain by the end of the century, an estimated 10 percent of the people depended on charity or begging for their

4168:(national population of the same age range). In the West, during the latter half of the 20th century, the labor force participation rate increased significantly because of an increase in the number of women entering the workplace. 3172:

unemployment rate. It would exclude all types of unemployment that represent forms of inefficiency. This type of "full employment" unemployment would correspond to only frictional unemployment (excluding that part encouraging the

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barrier" that is imposed by the four other kinds of unemployment to the extent that they exist. Historical experience suggests that low unemployment affects inflation in the short term but not the long term. In the long term, the

4226:, which aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex. Such legislation diminished sexual discrimination and encouraged more women to enter the labor market by receiving fair remuneration to help raising families and children. 7382: 10485: 5505:

However, it was a time of high unemployment in all other major industrialised nations as well. By the spring of 1983, unemployment had risen by 6% in the previous 12 months, compared to 10% in Japan, 23% in the US, and 34% in

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may also benefit. Some employers may expect that employees with no fear of losing their jobs will not work as hard or will demand increased wages and benefit. According to that theory, unemployment may promote general labour

4641:. Although hyperinflation has been blamed for damaging the credibility of democratic institutions, the Nazis did not assume government until 1933, ten years after the hyperinflation but in the midst of high unemployment. 5605:

in 2001 were unemployed as of 2011; 29.1% of male veterans aged 18–24 were unemployed. As of September 2016, the total veteran unemployment rate was 4.3 percent. By September 2017, that figure had dropped to 3 percent.

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The unemployment-to-population ratio calculates the share of unemployed for the whole population. This is in contrast to the unemployment rate, which calculates the percentage of unemployed persons in relation to the

4569:

since workers fear that foreigners are stealing their jobs. Efforts to preserve existing jobs of domestic and native workers include legal barriers against "outsiders" who want jobs, obstacles to immigration, and/or

3990:

pensions who do not possess full health but still wish to work in occupations suitable for their medical conditions; or those who work for payment for as little as one hour per week but would like to work full time.

3013:. Higher wages lead to workers having more income available to consume goods and services. Therefore, higher wages increase general consumption and as a result demand for labor increases and unemployment decreases. 3576:

The labour force, or workforce, includes both employed (employees and self-employed) and unemployed people but not the economically inactive, such as pre-school children, school children, students and pensioners.

14350: 4304:

population. Particularly, many young people between 15 and 24 are studying full-time and so are neither working nor looking for a job. That means that they are not part of the labor force, which is used as the

3392:, support for housing, transport, child and care services and rehabilitation. Each person would have a single point of contact to access this support, which would be implemented in partnership with employers. 2983:

is voluntary since it reflects individual search behavior. Voluntary unemployment includes workers who reject low-wage jobs, but involuntary unemployment includes workers fired because of an economic crisis,

6987:"Resolution concerning statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment, and underemployment, adopted by the Thirteenth International Conference of Labor Statisticians; see page 4" 4316:

ratios in the European Union range from 5.2 (Austria) to 20.6 percent (Spain). They are considerably lower than the standard youth unemployment rates, ranging from 7.9 (Germany) to 57.9 percent (Greece).

4219:

include the changing nature of work, with machines replacing physical labor, thus eliminating many traditional male occupations, and the rise of the service sector in which many jobs are gender neutral.

5082:

A direct demand-side solution to unemployment is government-funded employment of the able-bodied poor. This was notably implemented in Britain from the 17th century until 1948 in the institution of the

5582:

has been called a "mancession" because of the disproportionate number of men who lost their jobs as compared to women. The gender gap became wide in the United States in 2009, when 10.5% of men in the

4019:

is included in unemployment rates. When unemployment rates between countries or time periods are compared, it is best to consider differences in their levels of industrialization and self-employment.

10317: 3396:

In 2017–2019 it implemented the Long-Term Unemployment project to research solutions implemented by EU member states and produce a toolkit to guide government action. Progress was evaluated in 2019.

3225:

and a fall into the vicious cycle of poverty, which means that people affected in this way may not fit the job vacancies that are created when the economy recovers. The implication is that sustained

4191:, which reduced the time that was spent on household chores. From the 1950s to the early 1970s, most women were secondary earners working mainly as secretaries, teachers, nurses, and librarians ( 7854:

Boyce, Christopher J.; Wood, Alex M.; Brown, Gordon D.A. (2010). "The dark side of conscientiousness: Conscientious people experience greater drops in life satisfaction following unemployment".

7631: 4206:

A common theory in modern economics claims that the rise of women participating in the US labor force in the 1950s to the 1990s was caused by the introduction of a new contraceptive technology,

5372:

hand or with horses, mules, or oxen since there was very little mechanization. The workweek during most of the 19th century was 60 hours. Unemployment at times was between one and two percent.

3624:

are the least effective since they include only a monthly tally of unemployed persons who enter employment offices. This method also includes those who are not unemployed by the ILO definition.

5247:, one of the world's first government-sponsored welfare programs, made a clear distinction between those who were unable to work and those able-bodied people who refused employment. Under the 3595:, the unemployment rate is based on the number of people who are registered as unemployed. Other countries like the United States use a labour force survey to calculate the unemployment rate. 6568: 5613:. In April 2010, the US unemployment rate was 9.9%, but the government's broader U-6 unemployment rate was 17.1%. In April 2012, the unemployment rate was 4.6% in Japan. In a 2012 story, the 7073: 14343: 10101: 5079:, welfare, and subsidies to aid in retraining. The main goal of such programs is to alleviate short-term hardships and, more importantly, to allow workers more time to search for a job. 4581:

High unemployment can also cause social problems such as crime. If people have less disposable income than before, it is very likely that crime levels within the economy will increase.

7565: 7390: 3504: 2972:

and classical unemployment definition. Some additional types of unemployment that are occasionally mentioned are seasonal unemployment, hardcore unemployment, and hidden unemployment.

5126:

Tax decreases on high income earners (top 10%) are not correlated with employment growth, but tax decreases on lower-income earners (bottom 90%) are correlated with employment growth.

4432:

in 2000 on the effect of recessions on health found that several measures of health actually improve during recessions. As for the impact of an economic downturn on crime, during the

4187:

Between 1930 and 1950, female labor force participation increased primarily because of the increased demand for office workers, women's participation in the high school movement, and

7530: 2960:

The state of being without any work yet looking for work is called unemployment. Economists distinguish between various overlapping types of and theories of unemployment, including

3844:. The Bureau of Labor Statistics provides up-to-date numbers via a PDF linked here. The BLS also provides a readable concise current Employment Situation Summary, updated monthly. 3181:

stimulus without getting below the NAIRU and causing accelerating inflation (absent incomes policies). Training programs aimed at fighting structural unemployment would help here.

6601: 6271: 4410:

individuals coping with the stresses of real life and not just a volunteering student population, the researchers determined that even optimists struggled with being unemployed.

14336: 5236:

to deal with the problem of unemployment, which were to be funded by a tax on income and capital. A law that was passed a year later allowed vagabonds to be whipped and hanged.

3184:

To the extent that hidden unemployment exists, it implies that official unemployment statistics provide a poor guide to what unemployment rate coincides with "full employment".

15254: 7964:

Covizzi, Ilaria (1 July 2008). "Does Union Dissolution Lead to Unemployment? A Longitudinal Study of Health and Risk of Unemployment for Women and Men Undergoing Separation".

5232:. Also, the population was rising. Those unable to find work had a stark choice: starve or break the law. In 1535, a bill was drawn up calling for the creation of a system of 3254:, the demand side must grow sufficiently quickly to absorb not only the growing labour force but also the workers who are made redundant by the increased labour productivity. 3161:. Whatever its name, demand theory holds that if the unemployment rate gets "too low", inflation will accelerate in the absence of wage and price controls (incomes policies). 3133:

In demands based theory, it is possible to abolish cyclical unemployment by increasing the aggregate demand for products and workers. However, the economy eventually hits an "

3129:

before and after Expansionary Policy, with Long-Run Phillips Curve (NAIRU). Note, however, that the unemployment rate is an inaccurate predictor of inflation in the long term.

5559:

had the highest unemployment rate in the EU, at 22.3% for November 2009. Europe's young workers have been especially hard hit. In November 2009, the unemployment rate in the

15259: 5609:

About 25,000,000 people in the world's 30 richest countries lost their jobs between the end of 2007 and the end of 2010, as the economic downturn pushed most countries into

4062:, the increase in the unemployment rate is moderated by people leaving the labour force or being otherwise discounted from the labour force, such as with the self-employed. 5593:

article noted, "In regional giant South Africa, some 300,000 textile workers have lost their jobs in the past two years due to the influx of Chinese goods". The increasing

4682:, which keeps wages in check. However, the direct connection between full local employment and local inflation has been disputed by some because of the recent increase in 3355:(BLS), which reports current long-term unemployment rate at 1.9 percent, defines this as unemployment lasting 27 weeks or longer. Long-term unemployment is a component of 9372: 9314: 4674:

Unemployment is argued to be "beneficial" to the people who are not unemployed in the sense that it averts inflation, which itself has damaging effects, by providing (in

4452:

they became unemployed or through experiencing stronger reactions following failure. There is also the possibility of reverse causality from poor health to unemployment.

3024:

However, that argument overly simplifies the relationship between wage rates and unemployment by ignoring numerous factors that contribute to unemployment. Some, such as

10333: 9426: 8570:

He, Xiaohong (1998). "From Trade Among Nations to Trade Within Firms Across National Borders". In Mucchielli, Jean Louis; Buckley, Peter J.; Cordell, Victor V. (eds.).

4088:

and not a percentage, and the total number of person-hours worked in a month compared to the total number of person-hours people would like to work. In particular, the

8296:

Jacob, Marita; Kleinert, Corinna (1 April 2008). "Does Unemployment Help or Hinder Becoming Independent? The Role of Employment Status for Leaving the Parental Home".

7041: 4039:

mental disability that prevents them from participating in the labour force. Some people simply elect not to work and prefer to be dependent on others for sustenance.

8125:

Michniewicz, Kenneth S.; Vandello, Joseph A.; Bosson, Jennifer K. (19 January 2014). "Men's (Mis)Perceptions of the Gender Threatening Consequences of Unemployment".

8975: 5184:

There are relatively limited historical records on unemployment because it has not always been acknowledged or measured systematically. Industrialization involves

4448:

because unemployment insurance in the US generally does not replace most of the income that was received on the job, and one cannot receive such aid indefinitely.

9585: 5160: 3879:

U5: U4 + other "marginally attached workers," or "loosely attached workers", or those who "would like" and are able to work but have not looked for work recently.

15244: 3679: 3612:

are determined by a combination of information from one or more of the other three methods. The use of this method has been declining in favor of labour surveys.

4543:, it could have higher output if all of the workforce were usefully employed. However, there is a tradeoff between economic efficiency and unemployment: if all 4203:

60.3% in 2000. As of April 2015, the female labor force participation is at 56.6%, the male labor force participation rate is at 69.4%, and the total is 62.8%.

11607: 4198:

From the mid-1970s to the late 1990s, there was a period of revolution of women in the labor force brought on by various factors, many of which arose from the

3836:(CPS), or "Household Survey", conducts a survey based on a sample of 60,000 households. The survey measures the unemployment rate based on the ILO definition. 9062: 8398:

McVittie, Chris; McKinlay, Andy; Widdicombe, Sue (2008). "Passive and active non-employment: Age, employment and the identities of older non-working people".

8715: 3584:

Certain countries provide unemployment compensation for a certain period of time for unemployed citizens who are registered as unemployed at the government

15234: 5658: 8898: 3718:(EA19). Eurostat also includes a long-term unemployment rate, which is defined as part of the unemployed who have been unemployed for more than one year. 4414: 3091:

economists, on the other hand, see the lack of supply of jobs as potentially resolvable by government intervention. One suggested intervention involves

1662: 15224: 9452: 8447:

Steininger, M.; Rotte, R. (2009). "Crime, unemployment, and xenophobia?: An ecological analysis of right-wing election results in Hamburg, 1986–2005".

8186: 15229: 5109:

Supply-side economics proposes that lower taxes lead to employment growth. Historical state data from the United States shows a heterogeneous result.

7543: 6564: 3081:

partially caused by cyclical variables. For example, a surprise decrease in the money supply may suddenly inhibit aggregate demand and thus inhibit

14499: 14359: 8026:

Meer, Peter H. van der (21 November 2012). "Gender, Unemployment and Subjective Well-Being: Why Being Unemployed Is Worse for Men than for Women".

7065: 5704: 5601:(EPI). From 2000 to 2007, the United States lost a total of 3.2 million manufacturing jobs. 12.1% of US military veterans who had served after the 4547:

accepted the first job that they were offered, they would be likely to be operating at below their skill level, reducing the economy's efficiency.

4030:

However, in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia, Japan, and the European Union, unemployment is measured using a sample survey (akin to a

1747: 9261: 8789:

Whaples, Robert (1991). "The Shortening of the American Work Week: An Economic and Historical Analysis of Its Context, Causes, and Consequences".

8482: 7664: 3855:

The Bureau of Labor Statistics also calculates six alternate measures of unemployment, U1 to U6, which measure different aspects of unemployment:

3696: 3376:

offer a tailor-made job integration agreement (JIA) to all registered long-term unemployed within 18 months. These might include measures such as

3373:

provide each registered long-term unemployed person with an individual in-depth assessment to identify their needs and potential within 18 months;

13813: 13669: 7089: 5482:

Fredrick Mills found that in the US, 51% of the decline in work hours was due to the fall in production and 49% was from increased productivity.

5144:

exists in the labour market, specifically that no single entity is large enough to affect wage levels and that employees are similar in ability.

14328: 10312:

Dimsdale, Nicholas H., Nicholas Horsewood, and Arthur Van Riel. "Unemployment in interwar Germany: an analysis of the labor market, 1927-1936."

9401:; Zoega, Gylfi (2002). "The Incidence of Increased Unemployment in the Group of Seven, 1970–94". In Bitros, George; Katsoulacos, Yannis (eds.). 7329: 3296:

and can be voluntary, based on the circumstances of the unemployed individual. Frictional unemployment exists because both jobs and workers are

3421: 2319: 6784: 8072:

Fang, Tony; MacPhail, Fiona (27 November 2007). "Transitions from Temporary to Permanent Work in Canada: Who Makes the Transition and Why?".

7494: 7359: 6814: 5724: 5335: 3683: 3177:

management strategy) and so would be very low. However, it would be impossible to attain this full-employment target using only demand-side

14742: 14367: 9560: 5917: 4539:

An economy with high unemployment is not using all of the resources, specifically labour, available to it. Since it is operating below its

4362:

Unemployed individuals are unable to earn money to meet financial obligations. Failure to pay mortgage payments or to pay rent may lead to

2751: 10267:(2001). "Financial Liberalization, the European Single Currency and the Problem of Unemployment". In Franzini, M.; Pizzuti, F. R. (eds.). 9081: 6953:

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Table A-15. Alternative measures of labour underutilization Retrieved 5 August 2010.

6456: 5347:

The scarcity and the high price of labor in the US in the 19th century was well documented by contemporary accounts, as in the following:

5022:

Societies try a number of different measures to get as many people as possible into work, and various societies have experienced close to

13613: 13569: 9848: 5032: 3487: 912: 844: 7999:

Amato, Paul R.; Beattie, Brett (1 May 2011). "Does the unemployment rate affect the divorce rate? An analysis of state data 1960–2005".

7752:

Brenner, M. Harvey (1979). "Influence of the Social Environment on Psychology: The Historical Perspective". In Barrett, James E. (ed.).

6181: 15102: 15049: 11445: 11423: 9910: 7131:

Western, Bruce; Beckett, Katherine (1999). "How Unregulated Is the U.S. Labor Market? The Penal System as a Labor Market Institution".

3876:", or those who have stopped looking for work because current economic conditions make them believe that no work is available for them. 9996: 8771: 8642: 5191:

Recognition of unemployment occurred slowly as economies across the world industrialized and bureaucratized. Before that, traditional

4697:

of efficiency wages, workers are paid at a level that dissuades shirking. That prevents wages from dropping to market clearing levels.

3213:

lasts longer. As with frictional unemployment, simple demand-side stimulus will not work to abolish this type of unemployment easily.

12349: 10558: 10322:

Heimberger, Philipp, Jakob Kapeller, and Bernhard Schütz. "The NAIRU determinants: What’s structural about unemployment in Europe?."

6366: 4441: 10305:

Broadberry, Stephen N., and Albrecht Ritschl. "Real Wages, Productivity, and Unemployment in Britain and Germany during the 1920s."

9284: 3897:

and among the changes the measure representing the official unemployment rate was renamed U3 instead of U5. In 2013, Representative

14960: 14567: 12193: 11755: 10875: 9787: 9216: 5719: 5586:

were unemployed, compared with 8% of women. Three quarters of the jobs that were lost in the recession in the US were held by men.

5326:

By 1776, some 1,912 parish and corporation workhouses had been established in England and Wales and housed almost 100,000 paupers.

4417:

found that for every 10% increase in the number of unemployed, there is an increase of 1.2% in total mortality, a 1.7% increase in

10597: 10332:

Kato, Michiya. "Unemployment and Public Works Policy in Interwar Britain and Japan: An International Comparison." (2010): 69-101.

8425: 7778: 6738: 6565:

Measurement of employment, unemployment and underemployment – Current international standards and issues in their application

5475:

Unemployment in the United Kingdom fell later in the 1930s as the Depression eased, and it remained low (in single figures) after

5340:. In the preface to the 1892 edition, Engels noted that the extreme poverty he had written about in 1844 had largely disappeared. 4184:. That profession empowered women and allowed them to earn a living wage. At times, they were a financial help to their families. 3666:

LU4: Composite measure of labour underutilization: [(persons in time-related underemployment + persons in unemployment + potential

14572: 14363: 12374: 9958: 9478: 6246: 5489:

had crept back up above 1,000,000, and it was even higher by the end of the decade, with inflation also being high. Although the

3820:

measures employment and unemployment (of those over 17 years of age) by using two different labor force surveys conducted by the

3362:

In 2015 the European Commission published recommendations on how to reduce long-term unemployment. These advised governments to:

9099: 8595: 14938: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14654: 12245: 11691: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10989: 9725: 9376: 9318: 6371: 5709: 5594: 5560: 5087:, which provided jobs for the unemployed with harsh conditions and poor wages to dissuade their use. A modern alternative is a 3998: 3841: 3471: 1281: 1057: 10350: 3865:

U3: Official unemployment rate, per the ILO definition, occurs when people are without jobs and they have actively looked for

14943: 14472: 10441: 10368: 10276: 10253: 10231: 10141: 9410: 9351: 9180: 9156: 8881: 8698: 8579: 7761: 7243:

Coen, Robert M. (1973). "Labor Force and Unemployment in the 1920s and 1930s: A Re-Examination Based on Postwar Experience".

6486: 6220: 6191: 6161: 5964: 4634: 3891:

Note: "Marginally attached workers" are added to the total labour force for unemployment rate calculation for U4, U5, and U6.

3359:, which results in long-term unemployment existing in every social group, industry, occupation, and all levels of education. 9233: 7049: 6609: 15294: 15191: 13650: 12250: 11143: 10625: 9876: 6083:

Anyadike-Danes, Michael; Godley, Wyne (1989). "Real Wages and Employment: A Skeptical View of Some Recent Empirical Work".

5714: 5027: 4650: 4646: 4089: 3825: 2790:

Unemployment is measured by the unemployment rate, which is the number of people who are unemployed as a percentage of the

1740: 10012: 9602: 6754: 5344:

also noted that living conditions in England had improved near the end of the 19th century and that unemployment was low.

12617: 12540: 8979: 5744: 5449:

impact unemployment across the globe. In Germany and the United States, the unemployment rate reached about 25% in 1932.

4780:, and agricultural mechanization were believed to have ended the need for a large number of previously employed workers. 3056:

US unemployment rate, 1990—2022. The increase in unemployment during recessions (shaded) is called cyclical unemployment.

2771:(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), is people above a specified age (usually 15) not being in paid 10401:. The National Committee for the Prevention of Destitution. (First ed.). Letchworth, Herts.: Garden City Press Ltd. 3559:"An unemployed person is defined by Eurostat, according to the guidelines of the International Labour Organization, as: 15087: 10579: 10056: 7687: 7245: 6710: 6350: 5648: 5486: 1418: 1266: 10029: 3905:

for teenagers. Also, the US unemployment rate would be at least 2% higher if prisoners and jail inmates were counted.

12487: 11662: 11450: 11418: 9770: 9524: 8524: 7656: 7431: 6654: 6640: 5879: 5668: 5319: 4077: 3829: 3731: 3569:

available to start work within the next two weeks (or has already found a job to start within the next three months);

3546: 3347:

statistics as unemployment lasting for longer than one year (while unemployment lasting over two years is defined as

3233:

structural unemployment. This theory of persistence in structural unemployment has been referred to as an example of

2918: 2246: 5131:

be used to increase short-term growth in the economy, increasing the demand for labour and decreasing unemployment.

4022:

Additionally, the measures of employment and unemployment may be "too high". In some countries, the availability of

3894: 3645:. However, large economic events like the Great Depression can lead to similar unemployment rates across the globe. 14933: 12472: 10470:

Sundstrom, William A. "Last hired, first fired? Unemployment and urban black workers during the Great Depression."

10392: 10345:

Nickell, Stephen, Luca Nunziata, and Wolfgang Ochel. "Unemployment in the OECD since the 1960s. What do we know?."

9430: 9058: 8674: 8341:

Wray-Lake, Laura; Syvertsen, Amy K.; Briddell, Laine; Osgood, D. Wayne; Flanagan, Constance A. (1 September 2011).

5043:

discussions of full employment since the 1970s suggest that attempts to reduce the level of unemployment below the

4769: 4207: 3588:. Furthermore, pension receivables or claims could depend on the registration at the government employment agency. 3478:

of the International Labour Organization. To facilitate international comparisons, some organizations, such as the

2744: 1359: 9539: 7457: 6367:"COUNCIL RECOMMENDATION of 15 February 2016 on the integration of the long-term unemployed into the labour market" 5122: 4637:

is not directly blamed for the Nazi rise. Hyperinflation occurred primarily in 1921 to 1923, the year of Hitler's

3535:{\displaystyle {\text{Unemployment rate}}={\frac {\text{Unemployed workers}}{\text{Total labor force}}}\times 100} 15151: 14358: 12482: 11562: 10522: 9818: 9506: 9032: 6528: 6085: 6019: 5284: 4540: 1733: 905: 10480:

Temin, Peter. "Socialism and Wages in the Recovery from the Great Depression in the United States and Germany."

9983: 6499: 14885: 13051: 12492: 12255: 11627: 11579: 10850: 10798: 7819: 6841: 6056: 5673: 5579: 4710:

Before current levels of world trade were developed, unemployment was shown to reduce inflation, following the

4455:

Some researchers hold that many of the low-income jobs are not really a better option than unemployment with a

2933: 8723: 7412: 7114: 6411: 5389: 4374:. Across the United States the growing ranks of people made homeless in the foreclosure crisis are generating 2921:(ILO), there were 172 million people worldwide (or 5% of the reported global workforce) without work in 2018. 14913: 14629: 14179: 13021: 13011: 12704: 12343: 12235: 11647: 11200: 10552: 10102:"Women of color and women with children disproportionately left the labor force during the COVID-19 pandemic" 7133: 6136: 5678: 5639: 5465: 5099: 4613:

High levels of unemployment can be causes of civil unrest, in some cases leading to revolution, particularly

3016:

Many economists have argued that unemployment increases with increased governmental regulation. For example,

2510: 2168: 1464: 1271: 243: 13232: 9573: 8261:

Kaberi Gayen; Ronald McQuaid; Robert Raeside (22 June 2010). "Social networks, age cohorts and employment".

5105: 505: 14795: 13763: 13171: 13144: 12424: 11597: 10653: 9172:

Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well-Being of Society

8957: 7200: 5365: 5044: 4715: 3150: 2885:

In addition to theories of unemployment, a few categorisations of unemployment are used for more precisely

2560: 2550: 1403: 1391: 9258: 8204: 7281: 6481:

Marx, Karl (2009). Capital: An Abridged Edition. Edited by David McLellan, Oxford Paperbacks, Oxford, UK.

15299: 15109: 14891: 14823: 14288: 13828: 13598: 13579: 13156: 13001: 12967: 12952: 12931: 12926: 12409: 11622: 8791: 6986: 6584: 6114:"The Poverty of Conventional Economic Wisdom and the Search for Alternative Economic and Social Policies" 5663: 5469: 5288: 3917: 3821: 3404: 2737: 2256: 2193: 2126: 2104: 1293: 1123: 1047: 975: 854: 74: 64: 10569: 4489:-taking and increased assertiveness. Unemployment has been linked to extremely adverse effects on men's 15166: 15141: 14996: 14991: 14950: 14918: 14705: 14623: 13995: 13573: 13149: 12839: 12829: 12338: 12220: 11696: 11153: 10845: 10753: 10155: 6630:

Coy, P. (11 September 2012). U.S. jobless rate drops for the worst of all reasons. Businessweek.Com, 5.

5982: 5980:

Garegnani, P. (1970). "Heterogeneous Capital, the Production Function and the Theory of Distribution".

5759: 5618:

according to US Unemployment Rate Statistics, the unemployment rate was 4.1%, below the 4.5–5.0% norm.

4703: 4694: 3956: 3817: 3553: 3352: 3297: 3246: 2924:

Because of the difficulty in measuring the unemployment rate by, for example, using surveys (as in the

2889:

the effects of unemployment within the economic system. Some of the main types of unemployment include

2565: 2081: 1413: 1396: 1276: 898: 848: 378: 368: 4042:

Typically, employment and the labour force include only work that is done for monetary gain. Hence, a

2996:

cause microeconomic unemployment, which can boomerang back and exacerbate those macroeconomic forces.

15186: 15176: 14923: 14123: 13935: 13798: 12719: 12502: 12497: 12318: 11992: 11903: 11782: 10396: 9940: 9456: 8613:

Shapiro, Carl; Stiglitz, Joseph E. (1984). "Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device".

7337: 5598: 5442:. Ford Motor Co. doubled wages to reduce turnover. After 1925, unemployment gradually began to rise. 5280: 5076: 4330:

promoting social dislocation, unrest, and conflict. The 2013 winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics,

3833: 3722:

individual countries, resulting in harmonized monthly data, depends on the availability of the data.

3434: 3367: 2339: 2026: 1298: 258: 7902: 5329:

A description of the miserable living standards of the mill workers in England in 1844 was given by

3648:

In 2013, the ILO adopted a resolution to introduce new indicators to measure the unemployment rate.

15076: 14864: 13904: 13868: 13643: 13603: 13549: 13292: 13247: 13086: 12957: 12834: 12507: 12477: 12168: 11970: 11729: 11686: 11652: 11158: 11148: 10830: 10618: 9187:

RECENT ECONOMIC CHANGES AND THEIR EFFECT ON DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH AND WELL BEING OF SOCIETY WELLS.

8615: 7882: 5699: 5511: 5030:. The United Kingdom in the 1950s and 1960s averaged 1.6% unemployment, and in Australia, the 1945 4401:. In addition, unemployed people have higher rates of medication use, poor diet, physician visits, 2976: 2902: 2613: 2309: 2156: 1995: 1969: 1891: 1836: 1487: 1452: 1288: 827: 565: 520: 373: 142: 86: 14079: 13307: 8745: 7505: 6895:

U.S. Department of Labor, Employment & Training Administration, Office of Workforce Security,

6818: 6771: 3004:

Classical, natural, or real-wage unemployment, occurs when real wages for a job are set above the

580: 15181: 15171: 15161: 15156: 15146: 15026: 15021: 15016: 14537: 14268: 14162: 13698: 13257: 13091: 13081: 13071: 13061: 12799: 12789: 12749: 12739: 12612: 12533: 12434: 12313: 12215: 12153: 11965: 11592: 11479: 11413: 11331: 10588: 10075:"The She-cession: How the Pandemic Forced Women from the Workplace and How Employers Can Respond" 10000: 7588: 6054:

Opocher, Arrigo; Steedman, Ian (2009). "Input Price-Input Quantity Relations and the Numéraire".

5498: 4544: 4051:

statistics. However, some elderly and many disabled individuals are active in the labour market.

3356: 3267: 3209: 3193: 2980: 2969: 2965: 2894: 2890: 2505: 2151: 2146: 2136: 1831: 1457: 1379: 1374: 1346: 929: 530: 338: 328: 288: 278: 185: 108: 9788:

http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/2014_2015re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-226710

9045: 8836:

Productivity, Wages and National Income, The Institute of Economics of the Brookings Institution

7184: 6896: 4334:, said that rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere is the most important problem. 2866:

Unemployment and the status of the economy can be influenced by a country through, for example,

14928: 14858: 14690: 14238: 14233: 14148: 14118: 13427: 13272: 13132: 13075: 13031: 12994: 12744: 12684: 12659: 12629: 12602: 12288: 12240: 12210: 12047: 12015: 12005: 11822: 11807: 11787: 11669: 11440: 11435: 10715: 9078: 8690: 8557:

Work Values: Education, Organization and Religious Concerns (Value Inquiry Book Series , No 28)

7897: 6908: 6883: 6785:"Resolution I Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labour underutilization" 6682: 6460: 5769: 5764: 5072: 4679: 4671:

away from their existing employers. That permits both new and old businesses to take on staff.

4460: 4418: 4382: 3455: 3425: 3028:, suggest that even social taboos can prevent wages from falling to the market-clearing level. 2658: 2535: 2329: 2188: 2119: 2006: 1964: 1689: 1440: 1256: 1251: 1236: 1203: 1062: 700: 545: 283: 223: 180: 127: 10211: 10183: 8931: 6802:

The Contentious Politics of Unemployment in Europe: Welfare States and Political Opportunities

4126: 4100: 3556:

the unemployment rate is the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the labour force.

15289: 15114: 15097: 15092: 15081: 15044: 15039: 15033: 14644: 14613: 14511: 14298: 14273: 14258: 14189: 14174: 14009: 13975: 13898: 13883: 13768: 13683: 13559: 13242: 13217: 13202: 13176: 13115: 12794: 12734: 12714: 12709: 12230: 12225: 12163: 12108: 12057: 11679: 11215: 11188: 10860: 10788: 6197: 5684: 5522: 5221: 4751: 4425:

cases, 1.7% more suicides, 4.0% more arrests, and 0.8% more assaults reported to the police.

4223: 4177: 4047:

lowered measured unemployment in the United States by 0.17% between 1985 and the late 1990s.

4023: 3901:

proposed that the Bureau of Labor Statistics use the U5 rate instead of the current U3 rate.

3563:

someone aged 15 to 74 (in Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, Iceland, Norway: 16 to 74 years);

2907: 2898: 2780: 2638: 2623: 2545: 2525: 2480: 2377: 2236: 2226: 2198: 2071: 2061: 1989: 1529: 1504: 1408: 1341: 1067: 1030: 1008: 1003: 834: 515: 490: 475: 333: 273: 253: 248: 20: 13893: 8682: 5918:"Tax identification numbers (TINs) - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development" 5829: 5456: 4092:

does not use the unemployment rate but prefers various employment rates to date recessions.

1984: 14680: 14525: 13915: 13878: 13753: 13718: 13608: 13312: 13056: 13026: 12979: 12942: 12868: 12819: 12784: 12724: 12689: 12624: 12607: 12298: 12074: 12027: 11847: 11842: 11617: 11612: 11587: 11527: 11371: 11308: 11178: 11093: 10931: 10184:"Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy" 9799: 8775: 8649: 8343:"Exploring the Changing Meaning of Work for American High School Seniors From 1976 to 2005" 7589:"Unemployment and long-run economic growth: The role of income inequality and urbanisation" 7480: 6804:(Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) covers Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and Switzerland. 6387:"LTU project - Long Term Unemployment project - EUROPEAN SOCIAL FUND - European Commission" 6113: 5602: 5552: 5244: 5240:

been executed. In the 1576 Act, each town was required to provide work for the unemployed.

5040: 4744: 4494: 4199: 3913: 3443: 2688: 2643: 2618: 2585: 2289: 2284: 2221: 2216: 1974: 1811: 1447: 1261: 1106: 585: 407: 358: 323: 263: 228: 132: 122: 69: 13778: 12557: 10563: 10513: 9854: 9343:

The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era

4686:

that supplies low-priced goods even while local employment rates rise to full employment.

8: 14779: 14634: 14542: 14494: 14462: 14443: 14228: 14223: 14108: 13940: 13910: 13723: 13703: 13636: 13538: 13347: 13166: 13066: 13046: 13006: 12962: 12947: 12903: 12844: 12769: 12759: 12729: 12652: 12203: 12198: 12136: 12084: 11802: 11770: 11760: 11642: 11632: 11168: 11163: 10984: 10964: 10885: 10805: 10783: 10763: 10611: 10455: 10338:

Kaufman, Roger T. "Patterns of Unemployment in North America, Western Europe and Japan."

9280: 9159:). Report of the British Commissioners to the New York Industrial Exhibition, London 1854 8873: 8866: 8170:

Facing the Challenge: The Impact of Recession and Unemployment on Men's Health in Ireland

5597:

with China cost 2.4 million American jobs between 2001–2008, according to a study by the

5192: 5141: 5115: 4683: 4667:

The primary benefit of unemployment is that people are available for hire, without being

4598: 4326: 4165: 4031: 3873: 3281: 3142:

supply measures such as the MZM ("money zero maturity", representing cash and equivalent

3061: 2985: 2819: 2402: 2324: 2279: 2274: 2141: 2131: 2031: 1841: 1806: 1764: 1657: 1534: 1369: 1331: 1072: 1035: 811: 620: 442: 383: 308: 298: 268: 195: 103: 13207: 12639: 10503: 9894: 9213: 9170: 6386: 3882:

U6: U5 + Part-time workers who want to work full-time, but cannot for economic reasons (

1494: 480: 15264: 15249: 15239: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15198: 14516: 14484: 14248: 14069: 14000: 13960: 13823: 13593: 13564: 13522: 13327: 13036: 13016: 12984: 12898: 12893: 12873: 12824: 12764: 12754: 12699: 12694: 12526: 12303: 12267: 12131: 12020: 12000: 11873: 11837: 11724: 11706: 11637: 11278: 11138: 11118: 11073: 10974: 10959: 10430: 10199: 10174: 9927: 9483: 8816: 8808: 8678: 8624: 8464: 8375: 8342: 8240: 8150: 8107: 8051: 7836: 7811: 7785: 7262: 7225: 7217: 7177: 7150: 6098: 6036: 5999: 5804: 5749: 5540: 5256: 5185: 4789: 4732: 4707:

higher wages perpetuate unemployment, but the threat of unemployment reduces shirking.

4550:

During a long period of unemployment, workers can lose their skills, causing a loss of

4508: 4406: 4313: 3978: 3633:, which had significant internal variation, with countries like the United Kingdom and 3052: 3041: 2871: 2847: 2648: 2608: 2485: 2334: 2299: 2086: 2046: 2001: 1921: 1876: 1856: 1609: 1336: 1303: 1241: 839: 795: 600: 437: 432: 412: 363: 303: 293: 238: 233: 205: 200: 170: 38: 6243: 4649:, despite overseeing a rise in unemployment from 1.5 million to 3.2 million since the 3272: 14985: 14979: 14973: 14579: 14552: 14489: 14477: 14438: 14407: 14218: 14089: 14084: 14041: 13985: 13955: 13920: 13863: 13728: 13457: 13432: 13342: 13222: 13110: 12913: 12849: 12814: 12804: 12674: 12414: 12394: 12126: 12091: 11923: 11817: 11797: 11716: 11569: 11504: 11183: 11133: 11108: 11068: 11063: 10994: 10840: 10437: 10425: 10364: 10293: 10272: 10264: 10249: 10227: 10207: 10203: 10137: 9520: 9406: 9347: 9176: 9152: 9144: 9135: 9105: 8906: 8877: 8820: 8694: 8683: 8575: 8468: 8380: 8362: 8323: 8278: 8244: 8232: 8224: 8154: 8142: 8111: 8099: 8055: 8043: 8012: 7981: 7934: 7915: 7757: 7420:

unemployment measure is less and less meaningful to measure labour market efficiency.

6482: 6216: 6187: 6157: 6040: 6032: 5960: 5885: 5875: 5494: 5419:

men, marching for jobs during the Great Depression to Bathurst Street United Church,

5315: 5252: 5197: 4723: 4675: 4607: 4394: 4331: 4073: 3909: 3688: 3585: 3385: 3139: 2860: 2713: 2580: 2447: 2437: 2382: 2304: 2178: 2163: 2041: 2011: 1941: 1931: 1866: 1684: 1672: 1629: 1474: 1469: 1193: 1118: 730: 705: 615: 495: 452: 388: 353: 343: 175: 137: 93: 13382: 10151: 8220: 7840: 7229: 7154: 6668: 3095:

to boost employment and goods demand. Another intervention involves an expansionary

1544: 655: 15066: 15061: 14907: 14896: 14557: 14547: 14457: 14417: 14412: 14387: 14382: 14378: 14308: 14283: 14278: 14184: 14074: 14036: 14031: 13990: 13980: 13970: 13930: 13748: 13733: 13507: 13452: 13437: 13422: 13407: 13337: 13317: 13297: 13252: 12859: 12809: 12779: 12774: 12664: 12590: 12384: 12173: 12141: 12101: 12096: 11893: 11883: 11701: 11532: 11489: 11462: 11457: 11316: 11283: 11273: 11123: 11051: 10855: 10793: 10773: 10758: 10536: 10413:

Jensen, Richard J. "The causes and cures of unemployment in the Great Depression."

10191: 10170: 9512: 9398: 8800: 8456: 8407: 8370: 8354: 8313: 8305: 8270: 8216: 8134: 8089: 8081: 8035: 8008: 7973: 7946: 7907: 7863: 7828: 7603: 7254: 7209: 7142: 7011: 6932: 6548: 6287: 6094: 6065: 6028: 5991: 5754: 5739: 5653: 5446: 5356: 5341: 5165: 4689: 4638: 4499: 4433: 4429: 4390: 4084: 3898: 3092: 3074: 3065: 3010: 2886: 2784: 2515: 2490: 2442: 2422: 2367: 2344: 2294: 2173: 2076: 2066: 2056: 2021: 1911: 1861: 1851: 1846: 1619: 1604: 1130: 1101: 1089: 1079: 1015: 995: 965: 960: 780: 725: 710: 695: 680: 610: 590: 570: 525: 398: 348: 318: 313: 13387: 10418: 9647: 9621: 8572:

Globalization and Regionalization: Strategies, Policies, and Economic Environments

6963: 6513: 6352:

Lagging Demand, Not Unemployability, Is Why Long-term Unemployment Remains So High

6332:

The Real U.S. Unemployment Rate Is Twice the Official Rate, and the Phillips Curve

6330: 5567:

was 43.8%. Unemployment has risen in two thirds of European countries since 2010.

5036:

established a government policy of full employment, which lasted until the 1970s.

4070: 3740: 3198: 660: 15135: 15125: 14875: 14816: 14811: 14805: 14397: 14303: 14293: 14263: 14169: 13803: 13713: 13618: 13512: 13477: 13442: 13377: 13302: 13287: 13181: 13137: 12974: 12908: 12883: 12878: 12854: 12585: 12570: 12444: 12379: 12188: 12158: 12146: 12010: 11908: 11775: 11113: 10880: 10683: 10658: 10648: 10592: 10358: 9341: 9288: 9265: 9237: 9220: 9129: 9085: 9066: 8411: 6758: 6572: 6250: 5784: 5734: 5400: 5330: 5311: 5260: 5023: 4777: 4773: 4662: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4555: 4469: 4402: 4242: 4211: 4188: 4181: 3952: 3883: 3332: 3316: 3277: 3234: 3116: 3100: 3096: 3025: 3005: 2940:

and the economy if they were based on people who are registered, for example, as

2879: 2776: 2725: 2570: 2475: 2432: 2412: 2407: 2397: 2392: 2314: 2109: 1721: 1624: 1584: 1564: 1430: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1188: 1160: 1020: 874: 785: 750: 715: 650: 575: 560: 447: 422: 417: 393: 165: 160: 10384:

Topp, Niels-Henrik. "Unemployment and Economic Policy in Denmark in the 1930s."

9001: 8899:"Having a constant pool of unemployed workers is deliberate policy | Van Badham" 7198:

Romer, Christina (1986). "Spurious Volatility in Historical Unemployment Data".

5953: 3149:

Some demand theory economists see the inflation barrier as corresponding to the

14424: 14402: 14021: 13965: 13945: 13783: 13738: 13693: 13688: 13532: 13517: 13482: 13467: 13447: 13417: 13237: 12888: 12597: 12565: 12429: 12178: 12079: 12032: 11734: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11393: 11326: 11083: 11041: 10725: 10693: 10574: 10074: 9545: 9269: 8537: 6867: 6752: 5548: 4711: 4486: 4355: 3921: 3711: 3701: 3630: 3442:

causing crises of unemployment and periods of low economic activity before the

3344: 3305: 3143: 3126: 3070: 3036: 2856: 2678: 2663: 2633: 2555: 2051: 1896: 1886: 1816: 1801: 1796: 1679: 1594: 1589: 1246: 1096: 1052: 970: 945: 937: 805: 790: 755: 740: 720: 690: 510: 427: 117: 113: 13267: 8804: 8504:"The young people's labour market and crisis of integration in European Union" 8460: 8274: 8138: 8085: 8039: 7950: 7867: 7330:"New Trend in Unemployment?: The High-Pressure U.S. Labor Market of the 1990s" 3945: 2952: 2417: 1514: 540: 15283: 14852: 14846: 14837: 14831: 14773: 14764: 14755: 14737: 14726: 14714: 14684: 14506: 14253: 14128: 14046: 13950: 13818: 13788: 13758: 13497: 13487: 13462: 13402: 13397: 13392: 13372: 13362: 13332: 13322: 13227: 13127: 13100: 12864: 12404: 12323: 12308: 12293: 12064: 12042: 11948: 11832: 11765: 11739: 11674: 11517: 11474: 11469: 11321: 11205: 11103: 10825: 10678: 10663: 8910: 8366: 8358: 8327: 8282: 8228: 8146: 8103: 8047: 7985: 7709: 7282:"Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 1940 to date" 6440: 5729: 5694: 5563:

for those aged 15–24 was 18.3%. For those under 25, the unemployment rate in

5551:(EU) countries that use the euro rose to 10% in December 2009 as a result of 5533: 5296: 5201: 5177: 5088: 4575: 4566: 4551: 4490: 4456: 4055: 3982: 3598:

The ILO describes four different methods to calculate the unemployment rate:

3459: 3312: 3289: 3251: 3202: 3104: 2992:

legislative and economic choices made by labour unions or political parties.

2925: 2911: 2867: 2815: 2668: 2540: 2500: 2372: 2036: 1936: 1916: 1614: 1599: 1574: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1524: 1519: 1183: 1145: 1042: 770: 760: 735: 675: 670: 665: 645: 635: 605: 595: 500: 403: 7832: 7727: 7434:. The National Bureau of Economic Research. 28 November 2008. Archived from 7302: 5889: 5275: 3995:

to find worthwhile jobs after they graduated with their bachelor's degrees.

3932: 54: 14589: 14584: 14453: 14448: 14392: 14199: 14133: 14064: 13925: 13873: 13708: 13527: 13472: 13367: 13357: 13352: 13277: 13122: 12647: 12575: 12439: 12419: 12399: 12389: 12364: 11953: 11933: 11918: 11888: 11878: 11657: 11512: 11494: 11430: 11408: 11366: 11356: 11258: 11248: 11220: 10951: 10941: 10768: 10708: 10219: 10136:(Second ed.). Cincinnati: South-Western Publishing. pp. 173–192. 10129: 9607: 8487: 8384: 8236: 8187:

Social isolation a key risk factor for suicide among Australian men – study

7919: 6602:"Official unemployment numbers omit discouraged seekers, part-time workers" 6017:

Vienneau, Robert L. (2005). "On Labour Demand and Equilibria of the Firm".

5507: 5476: 5267:

was a place people unable to support themselves could go to live and work.

5233: 5229: 5095: 5056: 4728: 4626: 4386: 4363: 4235: 4007: 3847: 3735: 3572:

actively having sought employment at some time during the last four weeks."

3222: 3107:, which, in turn, should lead to an increase in non-governmental spending. 3082: 3017: 2875: 2791: 2590: 2530: 2457: 2241: 2016: 1926: 1709: 1634: 1579: 1539: 1326: 1198: 1155: 1113: 990: 985: 886: 800: 745: 640: 630: 625: 550: 98: 8193:. Author - Melissa Davey. Published 25 June 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2018. 7632:"Rising inequality 'most important problem,' says Nobel-winning economist" 7413:

Avec 1,2 % de baisse fin avril, le taux de chômage continue sa décrue

4702:

presumed optimum level of unemployment have been studied extensively. The

3288:

Frictional unemployment is the time period between jobs in which a worker

26: 15006: 14562: 14521: 14467: 14318: 14103: 14026: 14016: 13843: 13793: 13743: 13502: 13492: 13282: 13161: 13105: 12580: 12052: 11975: 11943: 11403: 11351: 10969: 10926: 10901: 10870: 10865: 10820: 10745: 10735: 10720: 10673: 10241: 10195: 9743: 9699: 9673: 8309: 7977: 6154:

Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in the Twentieth-Century America

6069: 5583: 5439: 5148: 4772:. During the Great Depression, the enormous productivity gains caused by 4528: 4519: 4375: 4367: 4306: 4192: 4161: 4003: 3451: 3381: 3218: 3033:

Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in the Twentieth-Century America

2811: 2673: 2575: 2495: 2251: 1946: 1901: 1871: 1826: 1639: 1150: 1135: 775: 765: 555: 190: 10508: 9315:"National Park History: "The Spirit of the Civilian Conservation Corps"" 9234:"Social conditions in Britain in the 1930s: employment and unemployment" 9104:. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. pp. 45, 48–53. Archived from 8260: 8168: 7310:

Employment and Earnings. Household Data Explanatory Notes, February 2006

7090:"The Unemployment Rate Is a Farce That Needs Fixing: Rep. Duncan Hunter" 4347: 3862:

U2: Percentage of labor force who lost jobs or completed temporary work.

14790: 14138: 14113: 14051: 13838: 13659: 13412: 13212: 12989: 12262: 12069: 11982: 11960: 11928: 11827: 11812: 11792: 11557: 11522: 11484: 11398: 11361: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11253: 11210: 11195: 11173: 11098: 10936: 10916: 10835: 10703: 10698: 10668: 10634: 10475: 8812: 8628: 8318: 7608: 7266: 7221: 7066:"GOP lawmaker calls for change to how government measures unemployment" 6003: 5490: 5225: 4586: 4562: 3987: 3866: 3495: 3377: 3238: 2843: 2838: 2825: 2772: 2653: 2362: 2183: 2114: 1772: 1569: 1499: 1435: 1386: 685: 485: 10248:(Fourth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 456–512. 9586:

November 2009 Euro area unemployment rate up to 10.0% EU27 up to 9.5%

8094: 7708:

Meade, Barbara J.; Glenn, Margaret K.; Wirth, Oliver (29 March 2013).

7435: 6412:"Commission publishes report on reintegration of long-term unemployed" 4590:, estimates that unemployment causes 45,000 suicides a year globally. 4436:, the crime rate did not decrease. The unemployed in the US often use 3479: 3168:

Another, normative, definition of full employment might be called the

3146:) velocity is far more predictive of inflation than low unemployment. 14601: 14532: 14433: 14429: 14313: 14243: 14213: 14143: 13888: 13833: 13808: 13773: 13262: 13192: 12549: 12449: 12369: 12183: 11868: 11227: 11128: 11088: 11058: 10979: 10815: 10778: 9516: 8426:"Price Theory: First Edition, Chapter 22: Inflation and Unemployment" 7911: 6855: 6434: 6432: 5610: 5416: 5292: 5264: 5213: 5084: 4756: 4736: 4668: 4422: 4059: 4043: 3663:

LU3: Combined rate of unemployment and potential labour force: × 100

3655:

LU2: Combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment:

3447: 3408: 3178: 3134: 3088: 2937: 2829: 2806: 2693: 2683: 2628: 2452: 2387: 2231: 1979: 1786: 1667: 1509: 1140: 1025: 980: 535: 466: 46: 9148: 8503: 7853: 7258: 6964:"Labor Force Statistics (CPS), Alternative Measures U-1 through U-6" 5995: 5869: 3221:

skills) become "rusty" and obsolete. Problems with debt may lead to

13041: 12283: 11346: 11336: 11268: 11263: 11232: 11078: 11033: 10911: 10906: 10810: 10688: 10016: 9589: 8716:"Counter-Point: 4 Reasons Why Recession is BAD for the Environment" 7935:"Unemployment and underemployment: A narrative analysis about loss" 7933:

Blustein, David L.; Kozan, Saliha; Connors-Kellgren, Alice (2013).

7213: 7146: 7115:"The Punishing Decade: Prison and Jail Estimates at the Millennium" 6696: 6551:

by Constance Sorrentino, Monthly Labor Review, June 2000, pp. 3–20.

5779: 5774: 5689: 5248: 5173: 4371: 3951:

Estimated US unemployment rate since 1890; 1890–1930 data are from

3715: 3707: 3483: 3389: 3292:

for or transitions from one job to another. It is sometimes called

3205:

interprets unemployment as a function of the rate of growth in GDP.

2941: 2520: 2427: 1881: 1791: 9301:

Put to Work: The WPA and Public Employment in the Great Depression

8205:"Effects of graduating during economic downturns on mental health" 6429: 5409: 5224:

had helped the poor. In addition, there was a significant rise in

3700:

Unemployment rates from 2000 to 2019 for United States, Japan and

3490:, adjust data on unemployment for comparability across countries. 3121: 14194: 14056: 11913: 11863: 11602: 11552: 11341: 11046: 10730: 10498: 10465: 8483:

Unemployment causes 45,000 suicides a year worldwide, finds study

7883:"Unemployment and self-assessed health: evidence from panel data" 7531:"Taking Apart Taking Part: Local Labor Force Participation Rates" 5424: 5420: 5396: 5217: 5169: 5068: 4603: 4437: 4398: 3634: 3592: 3470:"Unemployment rate" redirects here. For a list of countries, see 3446:(investment) phase of economic growth can continue. According to 3110: 3021:

likely to hire in the first place, as hiring becomes more risky.

2802: 2794:(the total number of people employed added to those unemployed). 2708: 1821: 9201:

Mass Production, the Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression

9139: 9022:

R. O. Bucholz, Newton Key, Early modern England, 1485–1714, p176

8574:. Binghamton, NY: International Business Press. pp. 15–73. 8340: 7688:"U.S. tent cities highlight new realities as recession wears on" 7586: 7566:"File:Youth unemployment, 2012Q4 (%).png - Statistics Explained" 6984: 6213:

The New Economics: Keynes' Influence on Theory and Public Policy

3908:

The unemployment rate is included in a number of major economic

2878:, can influence the availability and cost for money through its 13848: 12037: 11385: 11029: 10547: 10432:

Out of Work: The First Century of Unemployment in Massachusetts

7012:"BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures" 6671:. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 6585:

The Thirteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians

6316:

Mechanization in Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research

5633: 5556: 5428: 5403:

reached almost 30% of the workforce after the Great Depression.

4571: 4524: 4104:

US labor force participation rate from 1948 to 2021, by gender

3851:

U1–U6 since 1950, as reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics

3642: 2975:

Though there have been several definitions of "voluntary" and "

2929: 2834: 2720: 1716: 869: 9429:. Conservative Party Archive Poster Collection. Archived from 7495:"Interpreting the Recent Decline in Labor Force Participation" 7432:"Determination of the December 2007 Peak in Economic Activity" 6272:"US Money Demand, Monetary Overhang, and Inflation Prediction" 5055:

Increases in the demand for labour move the economy along the

4222:

Another factor that may have contributed to the trend was the

3977:

incarcerated); those who have lost their jobs and have become

3284:

and unemployment rate (from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics)

3258:

results in substantial and permanent structural unemployment.

3073:, but unemployment can also be persistent, such as during the 13628: 11898: 10603: 10450:

Margo, Robert A. "Employment and Unemployment in the 1930s."

7932: 7458:"Women Workers in the British Industrial Revolution – EH.net" 5564: 5270: 5047:

will fail but result only in less output and more inflation.

4532: 3638: 3174: 3154: 1906: 1308: 1084: 12518: 9726:"UK youth unemployment at its highest in two decades: 22.5%" 8749: 6549:"International Unemployment Rates: How Comparable are They?" 4750:

Some critics of the "culture of work" such as the anarchist

4160:

The labor force participation rate is the ratio between the

3859:

U1: Percentage of labor force unemployed 15 weeks or longer.

11938: 11381: 8950: 7179:

Manpower in Economic Growth: The American Record since 1800

6725:"Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey" 6724: 4445: 4066: 3725: 2797:

Unemployment can have many sources, such as the following:

2768: 9959:"Utilities open employment arms to U.S. military veterans" 9151:); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, ( 8397: 7880: 7476: 7474: 6839: 5850: 5091:

in which the government guarantees work at a living wage.

3366:

encourage long-term unemployed people to register with an

10921: 10598:

Thermal maps of the world's unemployment percentage rates

9997:

Broader U-6 Unemployment Rate Increases to 17.1% in April

8689:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 8124: 6118:

The Drawing Board: An Australian Review of Public Affairs

2852: 7784:. Virginia Tech, Department of Economics. Archived from 7352: 6583:

International Labour Organization, Bureau of Statistics,

3981:

over time from actively looking for work; those who are

2936:

might be more suitable for evaluating the status of the

2928:) or through registered unemployed citizens (as in some 10360:

Unemployment and the Great Depression in Weimar Germany

9769:

Ball, James; Milmo, Dan; Ferguson, Ben (9 March 2012).

9143:. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 ( 7710:"Mission Critical: Getting Vets With PTSD Back to Work" 7471: 7327: 6882:

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, "

6563:

International Labour Organization Bureau of Statistics

6010: 5830:"Employment - Employment rate by age group - OECD Data" 3680:

List of sovereign states in Europe by unemployment rate

2988:, company bankruptcy, or organizational restructuring. 11608:

List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents

9928:

China trade blamed for 2.4 million lost US jobs-report

8673: 7279: 7042:"Rep. Hunter Seeks to Change Jobless Reporting Method" 7021:. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 6866:

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,

5904:"International Labour Organization: Unemployment rate" 3955:. 1930–1940 data is from Coen. 1940–2011 data is from 10585: 9101:

The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844

3507: 3424:

to overwork some workers while keeping the rest as a

10057:"Current U.S. Unemployment Rate Statistics and News" 8263:

International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy

7383:"Wall Street Journal Gets German Unemployment Wrong" 6442:

Theorien über den Mehrwert (Theory of Surplus Value)

6183:

The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money

6082: 5659:

Economics terminology that differs from common usage

5629: 4002:

A government unemployment office with job listings,

3828:) and/or the Bureau of Labor Statistics (within the 3692:

Unemployment in Europe (2021) according to Worldbank

9403:

Essays in Economic Theory, Growth and Labor Markets

9203:. New York, Lincoln, Shanghi: Authors Choice Press. 5537:

Unemployment rate of Japan. Red line is G7 average.

5364:Scarcity of labor was a factor in the economics of 5119:encouraging them to stay attached to the industry. 4294: 4265:(generally defined as all men and women aged 15–64) 2947: 10429: 9853:, Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis, archived from 9455:. Safalra's Website. 15 April 2010. Archived from 9367: 9365: 9363: 8865: 8635: 8176:, Institute of Public Health in Ireland, June 2011 7587:Castells-Quintana, David; Vicente Royuela (2012). 7411:Raymond Torres, OECD head of Employment Analysis, 7176: 6842:"Labor force data by county, 2008 annual averages" 6774:Center for Economic and Policy Research. May 2009. 5952: 5200:and the jobless; both were simply categorized as " 4714:, or to decelerate inflation, following the NAIRU/ 3534: 10262: 10224:Aftershock: The Next Economy and America's Future 9768: 9134:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 6985:International Labor Organization (October 1982). 6105: 6047: 4095: 3832:) that gather employment statistics monthly. The 3399: 15281: 10462:American Unemployment: Past, Present, and Future 10100:Lim, Katherine; Zabek, Mike (28 February 2022). 9540:Euro-zone unemployment climbs to 10 percent high 8554: 8508:International Conference on European Integration 7728:"Even Optimists Get the Blues When Pink-slipped" 7544:"Unemployment statistics - Statistics Explained" 7170: 7168: 7166: 7164: 6076: 5973: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5705:List of countries by long-term unemployment rate 19:For payments tax paid to unemployed people, see 13814:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought 10286: 10269:Globalization, Institutions and Social Cohesion 9899:, originally ran in USA Today on 12 August 2009 9771:"Half of UK's young black males are unemployed" 9479:"Jobless Rate in Britain Drops to Six-Year Low" 9360: 8612: 8446: 8418: 7707: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7063: 6338:. CesIfo working paper No 7859. pp. 54–74. 6254:Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review 6053: 5460:WPA poster promoting the benefits of employment 4325:High and the persistent unemployment, in which 3670:labour force) / (extended labour force)] × 100 3159:Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment 9846: 9453:"Historical UK Inflation And Price Conversion" 9405:. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. pp. 177–210. 9339: 9283:, Frank G. Steindl, Oklahoma State University 8643:"Efficiency wages, the Shapiro-Stiglitz Model" 7776: 7629: 7481:Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate: Women 7130: 6770:Schmitt, John; Rho, Hye Jin; Fremstad, Shawn. 6309: 6307: 6305: 6186:. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. 6175: 6173: 6151: 5026:for extended periods, particularly during the 3744:Unemployment rate in the US by county in 2008 3454:within the capitalist system is to provide a " 14344: 13644: 12534: 10619: 9603:Global unemployment outlook gloomy, warns ILO 8525:Why are We Afraid to Create the Jobs We Need? 8295: 7161: 7039: 7009: 6595: 6593: 5939: 5725:List of European regions by unemployment rate 5336:The Condition of the Working Class in England 5071:programs. Such unemployment benefits include 4795:United States families on relief (in 1,000s) 4735:by increasing employers' rationale for their 4241:A historic shift began around the end of the 4131:US Work Force Participation Rate by Age Group 4065:For the fourth quarter of 2004, according to 3684:List of European regions by unemployment rate 3315:are sometimes illustrated graphically with a 3064:unemployment occurs when there is not enough 2745: 1741: 906: 16:People without work and actively seeking work 10407: 9543: 9333: 8071: 7998: 7881:Bockerman, Petri; Ilmakunnas, Pekka (2009). 7657:"Suburban Homeless: Rising Tide of Families" 7316: 7010:Bregger, John E.; Haugen, Steven E. (1995). 6966:. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 6 January 2012 6751:International Labour Organization, LABORSTA, 6683:"Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion" 4249:Participation rates are defined as follows: 3971: 3673: 3552:According to the OECD, Eurostat, and the US 2932:countries), statistical figures such as the 10398:How the Government Can Prevent Unemployment 10188:(2022) 51(3) Industrial Law Journal 511–559 9397: 7502:KC Fed Economic Review, First Quarter, 2012 7328:Krueger, Alan B.; Lawrence F. Katz (1999). 6348: 6302: 6290:. Research.stlouisfed.org. 20 December 2012 6275:International Network for Economic Research 6266: 6264: 6262: 6170: 5033:White Paper on Full Employment in Australia 4464:turnover in most low-paying jobs is high.) 3343:Long-term unemployment (LTU) is defined in 14351: 14337: 13651: 13637: 12541: 12527: 10626: 10612: 10582:by Lebanese-economy-forum, World Bank data 9744:"UK unemployment increases to 2.5 million" 9088:", The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen. 8978:. Probertencyclopaedia.com. Archived from 8555:Natale, Samuel; Rothschild, Brian (1995). 7779:"Fact sheet on the impact of unemployment" 7087: 6854:United States, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 6590: 6559: 6557: 6152:Vedder, Richard; Gallaway, Lowell (1997). 5287:violently attacking unemployed workers in 5271:Industrial Revolution to late 19th century 4722:As in the Marxian theory of unemployment, 4511:as the reason for them not getting hired. 4309:when the unemployment rate is calculated. 3261: 3187: 2961: 2752: 2738: 1748: 1734: 913: 899: 12350:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act 10292: 10181: 10036:. Business.financialpost.com. 23 May 2012 9892: 9317:. National Parks Traveler. Archived from 9281:Economic Recovery in the Great Depression 9198: 8374: 8317: 8093: 7901: 7607: 7492: 7174: 6935:. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 8 July 2011 6909:"The Employment Situation: February 2010" 6599: 5979: 5547:The official unemployment rate in the 16 5204:", who were to be punished and moved on. 5164:Unemployed men outside a soup kitchen in 4381:Unemployment increases susceptibility to 3338: 2999: 12194:Job losses caused by the Great Recession 10876:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates 10356: 10099: 9561:Eurozone unemployment hits double digits 9499: 8932:"Introduction to Unemployment Insurance" 8518: 7685: 7630:Christoffersen, John (14 October 2013). 6772:U.S. Unemployment Now As High as Europe. 6259: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6134: 6016: 5950: 5720:List of U.S. states by unemployment rate 5532: 5455: 5274: 5159: 5134: 5121: 5104: 5050: 4762: 4688: 4597: 4518: 4346: 4125: 4099: 3997: 3846: 3739: 3726:United States Bureau of Labor statistics 3695: 3687: 3403: 3271: 3197: 3120: 3051: 3047: 2951: 25: 12375:Credentialism and educational inflation 10586:JobCity is Right Platform for Govt Jobs 10424: 10150: 10030:"Global youth unemployment rate climbs" 9941:Factory jobs: 3 million lost since 2000 9312: 9059:Social Classes in Shakespeare's England 8788: 8714:Richard, Michael Graham (2 June 2008). 8713: 8538:"Whatever happened to full employment?" 7963: 7751: 6554: 5959:(Fourth ed.). Ormskirk: Causeway. 5935:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4554:. Being unemployed can also reduce the 3566:without work during the reference week; 3488:International Labor Comparisons Program 3331:The statistic also does not count the " 15282: 12246:List of countries by unemployment rate 10156:"Political aspects of full employment" 10128: 10054: 9816: 9097: 8936:Center on Budget and Policy Priorities 8896: 8863: 8848: 8501: 8256: 8254: 8202: 7812:"Are Recessions Good for Your Health?" 6884:The Employment Situation: January 2008 6372:Official Journal of the European Union 6328: 6313: 6210: 6179: 6141:. Princeton: Van Nostrand. p. 45. 5867: 5845: 5843: 5710:List of countries by unemployment rate 4523:Demonstration against unemployment in 4215:actually used the birth control pill. 3842:Employment and Training Administration 3472:List of countries by unemployment rate 3322: 3040:their data does not take into account 1058:Measures of national income and output 14332: 13632: 12522: 10607: 10570:Current unemployment rates by country 10464:(University of Illinois Press, 2020) 10240: 10218: 9956: 9911:Asia strips Africa's textile industry 9313:Finegan, Chance (11 September 2008). 9168: 9035:". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). 8067: 8065: 7703: 7701: 7667:from the original on 19 February 2010 7197: 7120:. Justice Policy Institute. May 2000. 6229: 6111: 5930: 4635:hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic 4115: Total labor force participation 3924:measure of the state of the economy. 11144:Practice-based professional learning 10415:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10391: 10386:Scandinavian Economic History Review 9984:Unemployment hits highest since 1995 9874: 8833: 8025: 7809: 7803: 7242: 7019:Monthly Labor Review, October: 19–29 6878: 6876: 6739:"Glossary:Labour force survey (LFS)" 6445:. pp. 478 or at MEW, 26.3, 300. 6438: 5715:List of films featuring unemployment 5523:recession occurred from 1990 to 1992 5028:post-World War II economic expansion 4268:p = participation rate = LF / LFpop 4090:National Bureau of Economic Research 3826:United States Department of Commerce 3494:unemployment rate is expressed as a 3111:Unemployment under "full employment" 12618:Agent-based computational economics 11692:Workers' right to access the toilet 10106:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis 9700:"UK economy emerges from recession" 9648:"Jobless rise highest for 17 years" 9236:. Blacksacademy.net. Archived from 9127: 8596:"What full employment really means" 8251: 6840:Bureau of Labor Statistics (2009). 6699:. United States government website. 6600:Zuckerman, Sam (17 November 2002). 6244:"Is Low Unemployment Inflationary?" 5840: 5745:Scottish Unemployed Workers Network 4276:e = rate of employment = E / LFpop 3959:. See image info for complete data. 13: 14655:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 10300:(1st ed.). Allen & Unwin. 10182:McGaughey, Ewan (September 2022). 10175:10.1111/j.1467-923X.1943.tb01016.x 9131:English and American Tool Builders 8569: 8481:Sarah Boseley (11 February 2015). 8062: 7856:Journal of Research in Personality 7714:NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health 7698: 7686:Burkeman, Oliver (26 March 2009). 7246:Review of Economics and Statistics 7183:. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 6868:Current Population Survey overview 6099:10.1111/j.1467-9957.1989.tb00809.x 5649:Career and Life Planning Education 5487:unemployment in the United Kingdom 5438:There were labor shortages during 4291:outpace the growth in employment. 4284:u = rate of unemployment = U / LF 2962:cyclical or Keynesian unemployment 14: 15311: 14368:Commonwealth of Nations countries 10492: 10342:(Palgrave Macmillan, 1980). 3-35. 10340:Unemployment in Western countries 10298:Full Employment in a Free Society 10226:(1st ed.). Alfred A. Knopf. 9893:Vanderkam, Laura (4 March 2012), 9819:"Women are victors in 'mancession 9674:"Unemployment passes two million" 9508:OECD Labour Force Statistics 2020 8872:. London: Prentice Hall. p. 8449:Jahrbuch für Regionalwissenschaft 7770: 7483:Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7380: 7076:from the original on 24 June 2013 6978: 6873: 6500:"Communist Manifesto (Chapter 1)" 6457:"Marx and Keynes on Unemployment" 6375:. 20 February 2016. 2016/C 67/01. 5669:Employment protection legislation 4647:landslide in the general election 4593: 4558:of workers by about seven years. 4479: 3830:United States Department of Labor 3732:Unemployment in the United States 3547:International Labour Organization 2919:International Labour Organization 13076:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis 12463: 12462: 11756:Corporate collapses and scandals 10546: 10507: 10497: 10452:Journal of Economic Perspectives 10307:Explorations in Economic History 10093: 10067: 10048: 10022: 10006: 9989: 9976: 9950: 9933: 9920: 9903: 9886: 9875:Daum, Meghan (20 October 2011), 9868: 9840: 9810: 9792: 9781: 9762: 9736: 9718: 9692: 9666: 9640: 9614: 9595: 9579: 9576:". Foreign Policy. 13 July 2009. 9566: 9553: 9532: 9471: 9445: 9419: 9391: 9375:. Politics.co.uk. Archived from 9306: 9293: 9274: 9259:1929–1939 – The Great Depression 9252: 9226: 9207: 9192: 9175:. New York: D. Appleton and Co. 9162: 9121: 9091: 9079:British social policy, 1601–1948 9071: 9051: 9038: 9025: 9016: 8994: 8968: 8924: 8890: 8857: 8842: 8827: 8782: 8764: 8738: 8707: 8667: 8606: 8588: 8563: 8559:. Brill Rodopi. pp. 91–100. 8548: 8530: 8495: 8475: 8440: 8391: 8334: 8289: 8196: 8013:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.12.012 7533:University of Connecticut, 2004. 7064:Molly K. Hooper (8 April 2012). 6526: 6349:Bivens, Josh; Shierholz, Heidi, 6033:10.1111/j.1467-9957.2005.00467.x 5632: 5502:industries such as coal mining. 5408: 5388: 5312:Western Civilization: Since 1500 4770:National Industrial Recovery Act 4561:High unemployment can encourage 4295:Unemployment-to-population ratio 3944: 3931: 3710:, the statistical office of the 3420:It is in the very nature of the 2948:Definitions, types, and theories 2719: 2707: 1715: 1703: 944: 880: 868: 53: 14364:recessions in the United States 10055:AMADEO, KIMBERLY (April 2018). 9847:Howard J. Wall (October 2009), 8772:"Hours of Work in U.S. History" 8685:Economics: Principles in Action 8221:10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.12.005 8180: 8161: 8118: 8019: 7992: 7957: 7926: 7874: 7847: 7745: 7720: 7679: 7649: 7623: 7580: 7558: 7536: 7529:Peter Barth and Dennis Heffley 7523: 7486: 7450: 7424: 7405: 7374: 7295: 7273: 7236: 7191: 7124: 7107: 7040:Honathan Horn (24 April 2013). 7033: 7003: 6956: 6947: 6925: 6901: 6889: 6860: 6848: 6833: 6815:"European Commission, Eurostat" 6807: 6794: 6777: 6764: 6745: 6731: 6717: 6703: 6689: 6675: 6661: 6647: 6633: 6624: 6577: 6542: 6520: 6506: 6492: 6475: 6449: 6404: 6379: 6359: 6342: 6322: 6280: 6204: 6145: 6128: 5528: 5379: 5310:Jackson J. Spielvogel, , 2008, 5207: 5094:Temporary measures can include 4541:production possibility frontier 4263:LFpop = labor force population 4210:, as well as the adjustment of 3966: 3060:Cyclical, deficient-demand, or 2805:, which can be influenced by a 155:Concepts, theory and techniques 13658: 12256:Employment-to-population ratio 11628:Occupational health psychology 10633: 10436:. Cambridge University Press. 9957:Riley, Kim (11 October 2017). 9850:The 'Man-Cession' of 2008-2009 9373:"Unemployment, issue briefing" 9199:Beaudreau, Bernard C. (1996). 9046:Poverty in Elizabethan England 8203:Li, Ang; Toll, Mathew (2021). 7939:Journal of Vocational Behavior 7820:Quarterly Journal of Economics 6933:"Employment Situation Summary" 6180:Keynes, John Maynard (2007) . 6057:Cambridge Journal of Economics 5924: 5910: 5896: 5861: 5822: 5797: 5674:Employment-to-population ratio 4493:. Professor Ian Hickie of the 4164:and the overall size of their 4096:Labor force participation rate 3652:LU1: Unemployment rate: × 100 3465: 3400:Marxian theory of unemployment 3069:frequent ups and downs in the 2934:employment-to-population ratio 1663:Publications in macroeconomics 1: 14180:Critique of political economy 13012:Critique of political economy 12548: 12344:Works Progress Administration 12236:Unemployment Convention, 1919 11648:Personal protective equipment 11201:Occupational Outlook Handbook 10512:The dictionary definition of 10122: 9817:Baxter, Sarah (7 June 2009), 8851:WPA and Federal Relief Policy 7134:American Journal of Sociology 6727:. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 5679:Federal Reserve Economic Data 5640:Business and economics portal 5466:Works Progress Administration 5100:Works Progress Administration 4578:against foreign competitors. 4342: 4083:Those deficiencies make many 3422:capitalist mode of production 2511:Critique of political economy 2169:Critique of political economy 13764:History of capitalist theory 12425:Psychopathy in the workplace 11598:Human factors and ergonomics 10575:OECD Unemployment statistics 10564:Current unemployment figures 10287:Historical: Europe and Japan 9574:Europe's New Lost Generation 9128:Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916), 9033:History of the Death Penalty 8897:Badham, Van (26 July 2019). 8412:10.1016/j.jaging.2007.04.003 8298:European Sociological Review 7966:European Sociological Review 7280:Bureau of Labor Statistics. 7201:Journal of Political Economy 7088:Matt Nesto (2 August 2012). 5366:slavery in the United States 5045:natural rate of unemployment 4998:Coverage (cases/unemployed) 4873:Other federal work projects 4716:natural rate of unemployment 4623:Adolf Hitler's rise to power 3622:Employment Office Statistics 3151:natural rate of unemployment 2779:but currently available for 2561:Periodizations of capitalism 7: 15295:Personal financial problems 15110:1997 Asian financial crisis 14743:Civil War-era United States 12410:Narcissism in the workplace 11623:Occupational exposure limit 10482:Journal of Economic History 10472:Journal of Economic History 10314:Journal of Economic History 9877:"Inside the mating economy" 9563:". UPI.com. 8 January 2010. 9346:. Putnam Publishing Group. 8958:"Tax Cuts for Job Creators" 8792:Journal of Economic History 8527:, Les Leopold, 5 March 2010 8492:Retrieved 13 February 2015. 7568:. Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu 7546:. Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu 7175:Lebergott, Stanley (1964). 6355:, Economic Policy Institute 6211:Harris, Seymour E. (2005). 5933:The Constitution of Country 5664:Effective unemployment rate 5625: 5470:Civilian Conservation Corps 5314:. Cengage Learning. p.566. 4896:Cases on public assistance 4783: 4739:-like power (and profits). 4656: 3918:Index of Leading Indicators 3895:BLS revised the CPS in 1994 3869:within the past four weeks. 3822:United States Census Bureau 3616:Social Insurance Statistics 3603:Labour Force Sample Surveys 3498:and calculated as follows: 3349:very long-term unemployment 2956:Unemployment in Mexico 2009 2257:Simple commodity production 10: 15316: 14886:Post–World War I recession 14706:Post-Napoleonic Depression 13150:Real business-cycle theory 12339:Civil Works Administration 12221:Technological unemployment 11697:Workplace health promotion 11154:Professional certification 10851:Personality–job fit theory 10324:Journal of Policy Modeling 9930:". Reuters. 23 March 2010. 9622:"Germany's recession ends" 9214:About the Great Depression 8849:Howard, Donald S. (1943). 8074:Social Indicators Research 8028:Social Indicators Research 7810:Ruhm, Christopher (2000). 7754:Stress and Mental Disorder 7596:Investigaciones Regionales 7303:"Historical Comparability" 6713:. Statistisches Bundesamt. 6138:America's Great Depression 5983:Review of Economic Studies 5760:Technological unemployment 5580:2008–2012 global recession 5155: 4787: 4755:These people advocate an " 4660: 4584:A 2015 study published in 4320: 4121: Female participation 4054:In the early stages of an 3957:Bureau of Labor Statistics 3818:Bureau of Labor Statistics 3729: 3677: 3591:In many countries like in 3554:Bureau of Labor Statistics 3469: 3413:Theorien über den Mehrwert 3353:Bureau of Labor Statistics 3265: 3247:technological unemployment 3191: 3114: 2874:of a country, such as the 2566:Perspectives on capitalism 1414:New neoclassical synthesis 1397:Real business-cycle theory 18: 15124: 15060: 15005: 14959: 14874: 14796:2nd Industrial Revolution 14789: 14736: 14729:(1836–1838 and 1839–1843) 14645:1st Industrial Revolution 14643: 14612: 14413:Price-and-wage stickiness 14374: 14207: 14161: 14124:Labour market flexibility 14097: 14008: 13857: 13799:Multinational corporation 13676: 13666: 13590: 13548: 13190: 12924: 12673: 12638: 12556: 12458: 12357: 12319:Guaranteed minimum income 12276: 12117: 11991: 11904:Organizational commitment 11856: 11748: 11715: 11578: 11503: 11380: 11307: 11241: 11028: 10950: 10894: 10744: 10641: 10559:Economic Policy Institute 10537:Resources in your library 10408:Historical: United States 10363:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 9544: 9287:28 September 2013 at the 9098:Engels, Fredrick (1892). 8805:10.1017/s0022050700039073 8461:10.1007/s10037-008-0032-0 8275:10.1108/01443331011054208 8139:10.1007/s11199-013-0339-3 8086:10.1007/s11205-007-9210-7 8040:10.1007/s11205-012-0207-5 7951:10.1016/j.jvb.2013.02.005 7868:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.05.001 7756:. New York: Raven Press. 7360:"Reporting benefit fraud" 6857:. Retrieved 23 July 2007. 6761:. Retrieved 22 July 2007. 6571:24 September 2011 at the 6529:"The Communist Manifesto" 6135:Rothbard, Murray (1963). 5868:Hawins, Kevin H. (1987). 5599:Economic Policy Institute 5539:15-24 age (thin line) is 5077:unemployment compensation 4975:Unemployed workers (BLS) 4946: 4901:Social security programs 4895: 4821: 4514: 4258:LF = labor force = U + E 3972:Limitations of definition 3834:Current Population Survey 3674:European Union (Eurostat) 15077:1990s United States boom 14865:Financial crisis of 1914 12488:Aspects of organizations 12169:Involuntary unemployment 11730:Equal pay for equal work 11653:Repetitive strain injury 11159:Professional development 11149:Professional association 10831:Letter of recommendation 10271:. Heidelberg: Springer. 10244:(2011). "Unemployment". 10132:(2001). "Unemployment". 9223:, University of Illinois 9219:20 December 2008 at the 9169:Wells, David A. (1891). 8616:American Economic Review 8400:Journal of Aging Studies 8359:10.1177/0044118X10381367 6870:. Retrieved 25 May 2007. 6567:. Retrieved August 2010 6277:working paper no. 2010.4 6249:13 November 2013 at the 6215:. Kessinger Publishing. 5951:Anderton, Alain (2006). 5791: 5399:, 1928. Unemployment in 4337: 4281:U = number of unemployed 4109: Male participation 2977:involuntary unemployment 2903:involuntary unemployment 1837:Economic interventionism 1419:Saltwater and freshwater 143:JEL classification codes 14892:Depression of 1920–1921 14824:Depression of 1882–1885 14738:Early Victorian Britain 14473:Real and nominal values 14269:Individualist anarchism 12790:Industrial organization 12613:Computational economics 12473:Aspects of corporations 12435:Slow movement (culture) 12314:Employer of last resort 12216:Structural unemployment 12154:Frictional unemployment 11593:Epilepsy and employment 11480:Performance-related pay 11414:National average salary 11332:996 working hour system 10600:– by country, 2007–2010 10580:Unemployment statistics 10357:Stachura, P.D. (1986). 10246:Advanced Macroeconomics 10163:The Political Quarterly 10013:Unemployment statistics 10001:The Wall Street Journal 9427:"CPA Poster Collection" 9340:Rifkin, Jeremy (1995). 9264:27 January 2009 at the 8834:Bell, Spurgeon (1940). 8001:Social Science Research 7833:10.1162/003355300554872 7777:Richard Ashley (2007). 7716:. Medscape & NIOSH. 7636:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 7493:Van Zandweghe, Willem. 7046:San Diego Union Tribune 6655:"Glossary:Labour force" 6641:"Glossary:Unemployment" 6606:San Francisco Chronicle 6587:, received 21 July 2007 6514:"Glossary of Terms: Al" 6270:Oliver Hossfeld (2010) 6156:. New York: NYU Press. 5216:in the 1530s increased 4545:frictionally unemployed 4071:Employment Outlook 2005 3435:Theory of Surplus Value 3357:structural unemployment 3268:Frictional unemployment 3262:Frictional unemployment 3210:Structural unemployment 3194:Structural unemployment 3188:Structural unemployment 2981:frictional unemployment 2970:structural unemployment 2966:frictional unemployment 2908:disruptive technologies 2895:frictional unemployment 2891:structural unemployment 2506:Criticism of capitalism 1347:International economics 1272:Overlapping generations 329:Industrial organization 186:Computational economics 30:Unemployment rate, 2021 14997:Recession of 1969–1970 14992:Recession of 1960–1961 14951:Recession of 1937–1938 14234:Collectivist anarchism 14149:Social venture capital 14119:Freedom of association 12995:Modern monetary theory 12660:Experimental economics 12630:Pluralism in economics 12603:Mathematical economics 12483:Aspects of occupations 12289:Unemployment insurance 12241:Unemployment extension 12211:Reserve army of labour 12016:Constructive dismissal 11823:Sleeping while on duty 11788:Exploitation of labour 11670:Sick building syndrome 10846:Person–environment fit 10716:Independent contractor 10502:Quotations related to 10326:39.5 (2017): 883-908. 10263:Simonazzi, Annamaria; 9048:". BBC – History. 8774:. 2010. Archived from 8209:Annals of Epidemiology 7504:: 5–34. Archived from 6685:. European Commission. 6314:Jerome, Harry (1934). 6112:White, Graham (2001). 5770:Universal basic income 5765:Unemployment extension 5544: 5461: 5362: 5324: 5300: 5181: 5127: 5110: 5073:unemployment insurance 4952:Total families helped 4704:Shapiro–Stiglitz model 4698: 4695:Shapiro–Stiglitz model 4680:reserve army of labour 4625:, which culminated in 4610: 4536: 4461:unemployment insurance 4419:cardiovascular disease 4383:cardiovascular disease 4359: 4255:Pop = total population 4157: 4123: 4011: 3852: 3813: 3704: 3693: 3536: 3456:reserve army of labour 3439: 3428:of unemployed paupers. 3416: 3339:Long-term unemployment 3285: 3206: 3130: 3103:, which should reduce 3057: 3000:Real wage unemployment 2957: 2917:According to the UN's 2536:Exploitation of labour 2247:Primitive accumulation 1690:Mathematical economics 1441:Modern monetary theory 1204:Universal basic income 181:Experimental economics 31: 15115:Early 2000s recession 15082:Early 1990s recession 15034:Early 1980s recession 14614:Commercial revolution 14512:Nominal interest rate 14299:Post-scarcity economy 14274:Libertarian socialism 14259:Free-market socialism 14190:Market fundamentalism 14175:Capitalist propaganda 13769:Industrial Revolution 13684:Anarchy of production 12493:Aspects of workplaces 12231:Unemployment benefits 12226:Types of unemployment 12164:Graduate unemployment 12058:Letter of resignation 11687:Workers' compensation 11680:Occupational fatality 11189:Vocational university 10789:Employment counsellor 10417:19.4 (1989): 553-583 10349:115.500 (2005): 1-27 10309:32.3 (1995): 327-349. 10294:Beveridge, William H. 9986:". 16 September 2009. 9065:16 March 2010 at the 8864:Sloman, John (2003). 8746:"The Idle Foundation" 8502:Sulich, Adam (2016). 7418:, 30 mai 2007 : 7387:The American Prospect 6329:Komlos, John (2019). 6086:The Manchester School 6020:The Manchester School 5931:Hayek, F. A. (1960). 5700:Jobseeker's Allowance 5685:Graduate unemployment 5536: 5493:economic policies of 5459: 5349: 5302: 5281:Depression of 1873–79 5278: 5222:Roman Catholic Church 5163: 5135:Supply-side solutions 5125: 5108: 5098:programs such as the 5051:Demand-side solutions 4763:Decline in work hours 4692: 4602:Unemployment rate in 4601: 4522: 4350: 4224:Equal Pay Act of 1963 4178:textile manufacturing 4129: 4103: 4024:unemployment benefits 4001: 3850: 3743: 3699: 3691: 3678:Further information: 3537: 3418: 3407: 3351:). The United States 3311:The frictions in the 3275: 3201: 3124: 3055: 3048:Cyclical unemployment 2955: 2899:cyclical unemployment 2714:Capitalism portal 2526:Culture of capitalism 2481:Capitalist propaganda 2237:Industrial Revolution 2227:Commercial Revolution 1530:Wesley Clair Mitchell 1505:Thomas Robert Malthus 1342:Development economics 29: 21:Unemployment benefits 14681:Copper Panic of 1789 13754:Financial Revolution 13719:Economic development 12869:Social choice theory 12625:Behavioral economics 12608:Complexity economics 12299:Job creation program 12075:Mandatory retirement 12028:Employee offboarding 11848:Workplace incivility 11843:Workplace harassment 11618:Occupational disease 11613:Occupational burnout 11528:Disability insurance 11372:Workweek and weekend 11179:Vocational education 11094:Continuing education 10932:Permanent employment 10591:3 March 2020 at the 10555:at Wikimedia Commons 10196:10.2139/ssrn.3044448 9963:Daily Energy Insider 9896:The Princess Problem 9240:on 10 September 2011 9084:30 June 2007 at the 9004:. Localhistories.org 8428:. Daviddfriedman.com 7663:. 16 February 2010. 7393:on 30 September 2007 6391:EUROPEAN SOCIAL FUND 5603:September 11 attacks 5510:(seven years before 5289:Tompkins Square Park 5285:New York City police 5245:Poor Relief Act 1601 4745:resource consumption 4495:University of Sydney 4200:second-wave feminism 3505: 3444:capital accumulation 2689:Right-libertarianism 2619:Classical liberalism 2586:Venture philanthropy 2222:Capitalism and Islam 2217:Age of Enlightenment 1812:Capital accumulation 1267:Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans 1107:Liquidity preference 408:Social choice theory 15017:1973–1975 recession 14961:Post–WWII expansion 14635:Great Frost of 1709 14463:Neutrality of money 14444:Classical dichotomy 14360:Economic expansions 14229:Anarcho-syndicalism 14224:Anarcho-primitivism 14109:Economic inequality 13724:Economic liberalism 12953:American (National) 12653:Economic statistics 12204:Recession-proof job 12199:Lists of recessions 12137:Economic depression 12085:Retirement planning 11966:Work–life interface 11803:Employee monitoring 11771:Corporate behaviour 11761:Accounting scandals 11643:Occupational stress 11633:Occupational injury 11169:Reflective practice 11164:Professional school 10886:Work-at-home scheme 10806:Induction programme 10784:Employment contract 10764:Business networking 10454:7.2 (1993): 41-59. 10388:56.1 (2008): 71-90. 10302:, in Great Britain. 10130:Farmer, Roger E. A. 9321:on 5 September 2010 8778:on 26 October 2011. 8679:Sheffrin, Steven M. 8347:Youth & Society 7438:on 5 September 2013 6821:on 26 November 2009 6757:7 July 2007 at the 6711:"Arbeitslosenquote" 6697:"Unemployment Help" 6669:"Unemployment rate" 6439:Marx, Karl (1863). 5805:"Unemployment rate" 5212:The closing of the 5142:perfect competition 5116:Social Security Act 5041:mainstream economic 4796: 4684:international trade 4327:economic inequality 4273:E = number employed 4208:birth control pills 3874:discouraged workers 3323:Hidden unemployment 3294:search unemployment 2870:. Furthermore, the 2820:international trade 2767:, according to the 2726:Business portal 1842:Economic liberalism 1832:Competitive markets 1722:Business portal 1658:Macroeconomic model 1535:John Maynard Keynes 1332:Economic statistics 1277:General equilibrium 875:Business portal 196:Operations research 176:National accounting 15300:Waste of resources 15199:COVID-19 recession 14859:Panic of 1910–1911 14691:Panic of 1796–1797 14517:Real interest rate 14485:Economic expansion 14249:Economic democracy 14070:Private foundation 12467:See also templates 12304:Job creation index 12268:Youth unemployment 12132:Discouraged worker 12021:Wrongful dismissal 12001:At-will employment 11874:Civil conscription 11838:Workplace bullying 11725:Affirmative action 11707:Workplace wellness 11638:Occupational noise 11279:Long service leave 11139:Overspecialization 11119:Induction training 11074:Career development 10426:Keyssar, Alexander 10403:, in Great Britain 10265:Vianello, Fernando 9550:. 29 January 2010. 9484:The New York Times 9118:Link is to excerpt 9108:on 12 October 2014 8964:. 19 October 2012. 8962:The New York Times 8938:. 15 December 2008 8726:on 9 February 2008 8675:O'Sullivan, Arthur 8544:. 13 October 2011. 8310:10.1093/esr/jcm038 7978:10.1093/esr/jcn006 7791:on 25 October 2007 7511:on 15 January 2013 7052:on 3 December 2013 6800:Marco Giugni, ed. 6070:10.1093/cje/bep005 5750:Short-time working 5545: 5541:youth unemployment 5462: 5445:The 1930s saw the 5301: 5186:economies of scale 5182: 5128: 5111: 4794: 4790:Job creation index 4759:" ethic for life. 4699: 4617:. The fall of the 4611: 4537: 4535:on 27 January 2004 4509:age discrimination 4407:alcoholic beverage 4360: 4314:youth unemployment 4158: 4124: 4012: 3853: 3814: 3705: 3694: 3610:Official Estimates 3545:As defined by the 3532: 3519:Unemployed workers 3417: 3368:employment service 3286: 3207: 3131: 3058: 2986:industrial decline 2958: 2872:monetary authority 2801:the status of the 2486:Capitalist realism 1877:Goods and services 1857:Fictitious capital 1610:Edward C. Prescott 1337:Monetary economics 206:Industrial complex 201:Middle income trap 32: 15275: 15274: 14986:Recession of 1958 14980:Recession of 1953 14974:Recession of 1949 14671:Thirteen Colonies 14478:Velocity of money 14408:Paradox of thrift 14326: 14325: 14219:Anarcho-communism 14090:Spontaneous order 14085:Social alienation 14042:Economic mobility 13729:Economic planning 13626: 13625: 13157:New institutional 12516: 12515: 12415:Post-work society 12395:Kiss up kick down 12127:Barriers to entry 12092:Severance package 11924:Human trafficking 11818:Sexual harassment 11798:Employee handbook 11717:Equal opportunity 11580:Safety and health 11570:Take-home vehicle 11184:Vocational school 11134:Lifelong learning 11109:Further education 11069:Career counseling 11064:Career assessment 10841:Overqualification 10551:Media related to 10523:Library resources 10474:(1992): 415-429. 10460:Stricker, Frank. 10443:978-0-521-23016-2 10370:978-1-349-18355-5 10316:(2006): 778-808. 10278:978-3-540-67741-3 10255:978-0-07-351137-5 10233:978-0-307-59281-1 10143:978-0-324-14964-7 10081:. 20 January 2022 9881:Los Angeles Times 9857:on 29 August 2014 9706:. 27 January 2010 9654:. 15 October 2008 9592:. 8 January 2010. 9487:. 16 January 1997 9459:on 30 August 2012 9433:on 12 August 2011 9412:978-1-84064-739-6 9399:Phelps, Edmund S. 9353:978-0-87477-779-6 9182:978-0-543-72474-8 9157:978-0-917914-73-7 8883:978-0-273-65574-9 8700:978-0-13-063085-8 8581:978-0-7890-0513-7 7763:978-0-89004-384-4 6487:978-0-19-953570-5 6242:Chang, R. (1997) 6222:978-1-4191-4534-6 6200:on 16 March 2009. 6193:978-0-230-00476-4 6163:978-0-8147-8792-2 5966:978-1-902796-92-5 5851:"OECD Statistics" 5809:Our World in Data 5553:another recession 5495:Margaret Thatcher 5253:England and Wales 5020: 5019: 4822:Workers employed 4724:special interests 4500:socially isolated 4440:programs such as 4415:M. Harvey Brenner 4391:anxiety disorders 4332:Robert J. Shiller 4288: 4287: 3912:including the US 3586:employment agency 3524: 3523: 3522:Total labor force 3520: 3511: 3510:Unemployment rate 3386:further education 3140:velocity of money 2861:natural disasters 2762: 2761: 2581:Spontaneous order 2551:History of theory 2194:New institutional 2164:Market monetarism 2099:Economic theories 1932:Supply and demand 1867:Free price system 1758: 1757: 1685:Political economy 1640:N. Gregory Mankiw 1630:Thomas J. Sargent 1475:Market monetarism 1289:Endogenous growth 1119:National accounts 923: 922: 15307: 15067:Great Regression 15062:Great Moderation 14908:Great Depression 14897:Roaring Twenties 14418:Underconsumption 14388:Effective demand 14379:Aggregate demand 14353: 14346: 14339: 14330: 14329: 14309:Social anarchism 14284:Market socialism 14279:Market anarchism 14185:Critique of work 14075:Private property 14037:Economic freedom 14032:Decentralization 14010:Cultural aspects 13971:Regulated market 13749:Financial crisis 13734:Entrepreneurship 13653: 13646: 13639: 13630: 13629: 12830:Natural resource 12665:Economic history 12591:Mechanism design 12543: 12536: 12529: 12520: 12519: 12503:Critique of work 12498:Corporate titles 12466: 12465: 12385:Evil corporation 12251:Employment rates 12174:Jobless recovery 12142:Great Depression 12102:Golden parachute 12097:Golden handshake 11894:Job satisfaction 11884:Critique of work 11702:Workplace phobia 11533:Health insurance 11490:Wage compression 11458:Progressive wage 11317:35-hour workweek 11284:No call, no show 11274:Leave of absence 11124:Knowledge worker 11052:Master craftsman 10856:Personality hire 10794:Executive search 10774:Curriculum vitae 10759:Background check 10628: 10621: 10614: 10605: 10604: 10550: 10511: 10501: 10484:(1990): 297-307 10447: 10435: 10402: 10381: 10379: 10377: 10347:Economic Journal 10301: 10282: 10259: 10237: 10220:Reich, Robert B. 10215: 10178: 10160: 10147: 10117: 10116: 10114: 10112: 10097: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10086: 10071: 10065: 10064: 10052: 10046: 10045: 10043: 10041: 10026: 10020: 10010: 10004: 9993: 9987: 9980: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9954: 9948: 9947:. 20 April 2007. 9937: 9931: 9924: 9918: 9917:. 26 April 2005. 9907: 9901: 9900: 9890: 9884: 9883: 9872: 9866: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9844: 9838: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9827:The Sunday Times 9822: 9814: 9808: 9807: 9796: 9790: 9785: 9779: 9778: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9740: 9734: 9733: 9732:. 15 April 2012. 9722: 9716: 9715: 9713: 9711: 9696: 9690: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9670: 9664: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9644: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9618: 9612: 9611:. 30 April 2012. 9599: 9593: 9583: 9577: 9570: 9564: 9557: 9551: 9549: 9548: 9536: 9530: 9529: 9517:10.1787/23083387 9503: 9497: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9475: 9469: 9468: 9466: 9464: 9449: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9438: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9395: 9389: 9388: 9386: 9384: 9369: 9358: 9357: 9337: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9326: 9310: 9304: 9297: 9291: 9278: 9272: 9256: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9230: 9224: 9211: 9205: 9204: 9196: 9190: 9189: 9166: 9160: 9142: 9125: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9095: 9089: 9075: 9069: 9055: 9049: 9042: 9036: 9029: 9023: 9020: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9009: 8998: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8976:"Sturdy Beggars" 8972: 8966: 8965: 8954: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8928: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8894: 8888: 8887: 8871: 8861: 8855: 8854: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8786: 8780: 8779: 8768: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8748:. 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Rose, 9298: 9294: 9289:Wayback Machine 9279: 9275: 9266:Wayback Machine 9257: 9253: 9243: 9241: 9232: 9231: 9227: 9221:Wayback Machine 9212: 9208: 9197: 9193: 9183: 9167: 9163: 9126: 9122: 9111: 9109: 9096: 9092: 9086:Wayback Machine 9076: 9072: 9067:Wayback Machine 9056: 9052: 9043: 9039: 9030: 9026: 9021: 9017: 9007: 9005: 9000: 8999: 8995: 8985: 8983: 8974: 8973: 8969: 8956: 8955: 8951: 8941: 8939: 8930: 8929: 8925: 8915: 8913: 8895: 8891: 8884: 8862: 8858: 8847: 8843: 8832: 8828: 8787: 8783: 8770: 8769: 8765: 8755: 8753: 8744: 8743: 8739: 8729: 8727: 8712: 8708: 8701: 8672: 8668: 8658: 8656: 8655:on 15 July 2011 8652: 8645: 8641: 8640: 8636: 8611: 8607: 8594: 8593: 8589: 8582: 8568: 8564: 8553: 8549: 8536: 8535: 8531: 8523: 8519: 8500: 8496: 8480: 8476: 8445: 8441: 8431: 8429: 8424: 8423: 8419: 8396: 8392: 8339: 8335: 8294: 8290: 8259: 8252: 8201: 8197: 8185: 8181: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8162: 8123: 8119: 8070: 8063: 8024: 8020: 7997: 7993: 7962: 7958: 7931: 7927: 7903:10.1.1.719.5903 7885: 7879: 7875: 7852: 7848: 7814: 7808: 7804: 7794: 7792: 7788: 7781: 7775: 7771: 7764: 7750: 7746: 7736: 7734: 7726: 7725: 7721: 7706: 7699: 7684: 7680: 7670: 7668: 7655: 7654: 7650: 7640: 7638: 7628: 7624: 7614: 7612: 7602:(24): 153–173. 7591: 7585: 7581: 7571: 7569: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7549: 7547: 7542: 7541: 7537: 7528: 7524: 7514: 7512: 7508: 7497: 7491: 7487: 7479: 7472: 7462: 7460: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7441: 7439: 7430: 7429: 7425: 7410: 7406: 7396: 7394: 7379: 7375: 7365: 7363: 7358: 7357: 7353: 7343: 7341: 7326: 7317: 7305: 7301: 7300: 7296: 7286: 7284: 7278: 7274: 7259:10.2307/1927993 7241: 7237: 7196: 7192: 7173: 7162: 7129: 7125: 7117: 7113: 7112: 7108: 7098: 7096: 7086: 7079: 7077: 7062: 7055: 7053: 7038: 7034: 7024: 7022: 7014: 7008: 7004: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6983: 6979: 6969: 6967: 6962: 6961: 6957: 6952: 6948: 6938: 6936: 6931: 6930: 6926: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6907: 6906: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6886:," January 2008 6881: 6874: 6865: 6861: 6853: 6849: 6838: 6834: 6824: 6822: 6813: 6812: 6808: 6799: 6795: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6778: 6769: 6765: 6759:Wayback Machine 6750: 6746: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6709: 6708: 6704: 6695: 6694: 6690: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6653: 6652: 6648: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6613: 6612:on 29 June 2011 6598: 6591: 6582: 6578: 6573:Wayback Machine 6562: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6533: 6531: 6525: 6521: 6512: 6511: 6507: 6498: 6497: 6493: 6480: 6476: 6466: 6464: 6463:on 15 June 2018 6455: 6454: 6450: 6437: 6430: 6420: 6418: 6410: 6409: 6405: 6395: 6393: 6385: 6384: 6380: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6347: 6343: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6312: 6303: 6293: 6291: 6286: 6285: 6281: 6269: 6260: 6251:Wayback Machine 6241: 6230: 6223: 6209: 6205: 6194: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6150: 6146: 6133: 6129: 6110: 6106: 6081: 6077: 6052: 6048: 6015: 6011: 5996:10.2307/2296729 5978: 5974: 5967: 5949: 5940: 5929: 5925: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5882: 5866: 5862: 5849: 5848: 5841: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5803: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5785:Youth exclusion 5735:Refusal of work 5638: 5631: 5628: 5538: 5531: 5464:In the US, the 5436: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5413: 5405: 5404: 5393: 5382: 5361: 5355: 5331:Fredrick Engels 5323: 5309: 5273: 5210: 5193:self-sufficient 5158: 5137: 5053: 5024:full employment 4924:General relief 4792: 4786: 4778:mass production 4774:electrification 4765: 4665: 4663:Full employment 4659: 4619:Weimar Republic 4615:totalitarianism 4596: 4556:life expectancy 4517: 4482: 4470:underemployment 4403:tobacco smoking 4345: 4340: 4323: 4297: 4264: 4243:Great Recession 4212:age of majority 4189:electrification 4180:industry or as 4156: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4132: 4122: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4098: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3953:Christina Romer 3949: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3884:underemployment 3812: 3811: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3738: 3728: 3686: 3676: 3516: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3475: 3468: 3438: 3432: 3402: 3341: 3325: 3317:Beveridge curve 3306:daycare centers 3278:Beveridge curve 3270: 3264: 3235:path dependence 3196: 3190: 3144:demand deposits 3119: 3117:Full employment 3113: 3101:supply of money 3097:monetary policy 3050: 3026:Murray Rothbard 3006:market-clearing 3002: 2950: 2880:monetary policy 2777:self-employment 2758: 2718: 2706: 2699: 2698: 2604: 2596: 2595: 2571:Post-capitalism 2476:Anti-capitalism 2471: 2463: 2462: 2358: 2350: 2349: 2270: 2262: 2261: 2212: 2204: 2203: 2100: 2092: 2091: 2082:State-sponsored 1960: 1952: 1951: 1817:Capital markets 1782: 1754: 1714: 1704: 1702: 1695: 1694: 1653: 1645: 1644: 1625:Joseph Stiglitz 1585:Milton Friedman 1565:Friedrich Hayek 1490: 1480: 1479: 1362: 1352: 1351: 1322: 1314: 1313: 1299:Mundell–Fleming 1294:Matching theory 1232:Keynesian cross 1217: 1209: 1208: 1179: 1171: 1170: 956: 919: 881: 879: 867: 860: 859: 830: 820: 819: 818: 817: 581:von Böhm-Bawerk 469: 458: 457: 219: 211: 210: 166:Economic growth 156: 148: 147: 89: 87:classifications 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15313: 15303: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15273: 15272: 15270: 15269: 15268: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15255:United Kingdom 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15196: 15195: 15194: 15189: 15187:United Kingdom 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15132: 15130: 15129:(2007–present) 15122: 15121: 15119: 15118: 15112: 15107: 15106: 15105: 15100: 15098:United Kingdom 15095: 15090: 15079: 15073: 15071: 15058: 15057: 15055: 15054: 15053: 15052: 15047: 15045:United Kingdom 15042: 15031: 15030: 15029: 15024: 15022:United Kingdom 15013: 15011: 15003: 15002: 15000: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14983: 14977: 14971: 14967: 14965: 14957: 14956: 14954: 14953: 14948: 14947: 14946: 14941: 14939:United Kingdom 14936: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14905: 14902: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14882: 14880: 14872: 14871: 14869: 14868: 14862: 14856: 14850: 14844: 14841: 14835: 14829: 14826: 14821: 14820: 14819: 14814: 14812:United Kingdom 14802: 14800: 14787: 14786: 14784: 14783: 14777: 14771: 14768: 14762: 14759: 14753: 14749: 14747: 14734: 14733: 14731: 14730: 14724: 14721: 14718: 14712: 14709: 14703: 14700: 14697: 14694: 14688: 14678: 14675: 14674: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14651: 14649: 14641: 14640: 14638: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14620: 14618: 14610: 14609: 14607: 14606: 14605: 14604: 14594: 14593: 14592: 14587: 14577: 14576: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14530: 14529: 14528: 14519: 14514: 14504: 14503: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14482: 14481: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14427: 14425:Business cycle 14422: 14421: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14403:Overproduction 14400: 14395: 14390: 14375: 14372: 14371: 14356: 14355: 14348: 14341: 14333: 14324: 14323: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14209: 14205: 14204: 14202: 14197: 14192: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14165: 14159: 14158: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14099: 14098:Social aspects 14095: 14094: 14092: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14022:American Dream 14019: 14014: 14012: 14006: 14005: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13859: 13855: 13854: 13852: 13851: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13784:Market failure 13781: 13779:Market economy 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13739:Ecopreneurship 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13694:Centralization 13691: 13689:Business cycle 13686: 13680: 13678: 13674: 13673: 13667: 13664: 13663: 13656: 13655: 13648: 13641: 13633: 13624: 13623: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13588: 13587: 13583: 13582: 13577: 13567: 13562: 13556: 13555: 13554: 13552: 13546: 13545: 13543: 13542: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13199: 13197: 13191: 13188: 13187: 13185: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13153: 13152: 13142: 13141: 13140: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13119: 13118: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13097: 13096: 13095: 13094: 13084: 13079: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13022:Disequilibrium 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12998: 12997: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12971: 12970: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12939: 12937: 12925: 12922: 12921: 12917: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12835:Organizational 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12681: 12680: 12679: 12677: 12671: 12670: 12668: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12656: 12655: 12644: 12642: 12636: 12635: 12633: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12621: 12620: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12598:Macroeconomics 12595: 12594: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12566:Microeconomics 12562: 12560: 12554: 12553: 12546: 12545: 12538: 12531: 12523: 12514: 12513: 12511: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12469: 12468: 12459: 12456: 12455: 12453: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12430:Sunday scaries 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12361: 12359: 12355: 12354: 12347: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12280: 12278: 12274: 12273: 12271: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12259: 12258: 12253: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12207: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12181: 12179:Phillips curve 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12150: 12149: 12144: 12134: 12129: 12123: 12121: 12115: 12114: 12112: 12111: 12106: 12105: 12104: 12099: 12089: 12088: 12087: 12082: 12080:Retirement age 12077: 12067: 12062: 12061: 12060: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12033:Exit interview 12030: 12025: 12024: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12003: 11997: 11995: 11989: 11988: 11986: 11985: 11980: 11979: 11978: 11973: 11963: 11958: 11957: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11860: 11858: 11854: 11853: 11851: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11783:Discrimination 11780: 11779: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11752: 11750: 11746: 11745: 11743: 11742: 11737: 11735:Gender pay gap 11732: 11727: 11721: 11719: 11713: 11712: 11710: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11683: 11682: 11672: 11667: 11666: 11665: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11584: 11582: 11576: 11575: 11573: 11572: 11567: 11566: 11565: 11555: 11550: 11548:Parental leave 11545: 11543:Marriage leave 11540: 11538:Life insurance 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11509: 11507: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11466: 11465: 11455: 11454: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11428: 11427: 11426: 11421: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11394:Income bracket 11390: 11388: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11327:Eight-hour day 11324: 11319: 11313: 11311: 11305: 11304: 11302: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11245: 11243: 11239: 11238: 11236: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11224: 11223: 11218: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11192: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11086: 11084:Creative class 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11055: 11054: 11044: 11042:Apprenticeship 11038: 11036: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11010:Scarlet-collar 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10956: 10954: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10898: 10896: 10892: 10891: 10889: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10802: 10801: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10750: 10748: 10742: 10741: 10739: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10726:Temporary work 10723: 10718: 10713: 10712: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10694:Skilled worker 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10645: 10643: 10639: 10638: 10631: 10630: 10623: 10616: 10608: 10602: 10601: 10595: 10583: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10561: 10556: 10540: 10539: 10533: 10532: 10521: 10520: 10518:at Wiktionary 10494: 10493:External links 10491: 10490: 10489: 10478: 10468: 10458: 10448: 10442: 10422: 10409: 10406: 10405: 10404: 10389: 10382: 10369: 10354: 10343: 10336: 10330: 10320: 10310: 10303: 10288: 10285: 10284: 10283: 10277: 10260: 10254: 10238: 10232: 10216: 10179: 10169:(4): 322–331. 10148: 10142: 10134:Macroeconomics 10124: 10121: 10119: 10118: 10092: 10066: 10047: 10034:Financial Post 10021: 10005: 9988: 9975: 9949: 9932: 9919: 9902: 9885: 9867: 9839: 9809: 9791: 9780: 9761: 9735: 9717: 9691: 9665: 9639: 9613: 9594: 9578: 9565: 9552: 9546:Deutsche Welle 9531: 9525: 9511:, OECD, 2020, 9498: 9470: 9444: 9418: 9411: 9390: 9379:on 9 June 2011 9359: 9352: 9332: 9305: 9303:(2nd ed. 2009) 9292: 9273: 9270:Bank of Canada 9251: 9225: 9206: 9191: 9181: 9161: 9120: 9090: 9070: 9050: 9037: 9024: 9015: 8993: 8982:on 8 June 2011 8967: 8949: 8923: 8889: 8882: 8856: 8841: 8826: 8799:(2): 454–457. 8781: 8763: 8752:on 9 July 2012 8737: 8706: 8699: 8666: 8634: 8623:(3): 433–444. 8605: 8587: 8580: 8562: 8547: 8529: 8517: 8494: 8474: 8439: 8417: 8406:(3): 248–255. 8390: 8333: 8304:(2): 141–153. 8288: 8250: 8195: 8179: 8160: 8133:(3–4): 88–97. 8117: 8061: 8018: 8007:(3): 705–715. 7991: 7972:(3): 347–361. 7956: 7945:(3): 256–265. 7925: 7896:(2): 161–179. 7873: 7862:(4): 535–539. 7846: 7827:(2): 617–650. 7802: 7769: 7762: 7744: 7719: 7697: 7678: 7648: 7622: 7579: 7557: 7535: 7522: 7485: 7470: 7449: 7423: 7404: 7373: 7351: 7340:on 11 May 2011 7315: 7294: 7272: 7235: 7214:10.1086/261361 7190: 7160: 7147:10.1086/210135 7123: 7106: 7094:Yahoo! Finance 7032: 7002: 6977: 6955: 6946: 6924: 6900: 6888: 6872: 6859: 6847: 6832: 6806: 6793: 6776: 6763: 6744: 6730: 6716: 6702: 6688: 6674: 6660: 6646: 6632: 6623: 6589: 6576: 6553: 6541: 6519: 6505: 6491: 6474: 6448: 6428: 6403: 6378: 6358: 6341: 6321: 6301: 6288:"MZM velocity" 6279: 6258: 6228: 6221: 6203: 6192: 6169: 6162: 6144: 6127: 6104: 6093:(2): 172–187. 6075: 6064:(5): 937–948. 6046: 6027:(5): 612–619. 6009: 5990:(3): 407–436. 5972: 5965: 5938: 5923: 5909: 5895: 5880: 5860: 5855:stats.oecd.org 5839: 5821: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5627: 5624: 5615:Financial Post 5549:European Union 5530: 5527: 5414: 5407: 5406: 5395:An unemployed 5394: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5353: 5307: 5272: 5269: 5209: 5206: 5202:sturdy beggars 5157: 5154: 5136: 5133: 5052: 5049: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4785: 4782: 4764: 4761: 4712:Phillips curve 4661:Main article: 4658: 4655: 4595: 4594:Sociopolitical 4592: 4576:trade barriers 4516: 4513: 4487:financial risk 4481: 4480:Gender and age 4478: 4356:Dorothea Lange 4352:Migrant Mother 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4322: 4319: 4296: 4293: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4269: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4256: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4097: 4094: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3950: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3888: 3887: 3880: 3877: 3870: 3863: 3860: 3806: 3804: 11.1–13% 3800: 3798: 10.1–11% 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3727: 3724: 3712:European Union 3702:European Union 3675: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3664: 3657: 3656: 3653: 3637:outperforming 3631:European Union 3626: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3574: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3543: 3542: 3531: 3528: 3515: 3467: 3464: 3460:economic rents 3430: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3393: 3374: 3371: 3345:European Union 3340: 3337: 3324: 3321: 3266:Main article: 3263: 3260: 3192:Main article: 3189: 3186: 3127:Phillips curve 3115:Main article: 3112: 3109: 3105:interest rates 3071:business cycle 3049: 3046: 3037:Richard Vedder 3001: 2998: 2949: 2946: 2864: 2863: 2857:civil disorder 2850: 2841: 2832: 2822: 2809: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2749: 2742: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2716: 2701: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2679:Ordoliberalism 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2556:Market economy 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2472: 2470:Related topics 2469: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2340:State monopoly 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2112: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1897:Liberalization 1894: 1889: 1887:Invisible hand 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1802:Businessperson 1799: 1797:Business cycle 1794: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1756: 1755: 1753: 1752: 1745: 1738: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1712: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1680:Microeconomics 1677: 1676: 1675: 1665: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1595:Lawrence Klein 1592: 1590:Paul Samuelson 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1545:Michał Kalecki 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1491: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1465:Disequilibrium 1462: 1461: 1460: 1453:Post-Keynesian 1450: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1433: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1389: 1384: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1323: 1321:Related fields 1320: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1247:Phillips curve 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1116: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1099: 1097:Money creation 1094: 1093: 1092: 1082: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1055: 1053:Liquidity trap 1050: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1006: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 971:Business cycle 968: 963: 957: 955:Basic concepts 954: 953: 950: 949: 941: 940: 938:Macroeconomics 934: 933: 921: 920: 918: 917: 910: 903: 895: 892: 891: 890: 889: 877: 862: 861: 858: 857: 852: 842: 837: 831: 826: 825: 822: 821: 816: 815: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 472: 471: 470: 464: 463: 460: 459: 456: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 374:Organizational 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 220: 218:By application 217: 216: 213: 212: 209: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149: 146: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 111: 106: 101: 96: 90: 84: 83: 80: 79: 78: 77: 72: 67: 59: 58: 50: 49: 43: 42: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15312: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15287: 15285: 15278: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15260:United States 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15202: 15201: 15200: 15197: 15193: 15192:United States 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15139: 15138: 15137: 15134: 15133: 15131: 15127: 15123: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15104: 15103:United States 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15085: 15084: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15074: 15072: 15068: 15063: 15059: 15051: 15050:United States 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15037: 15036: 15035: 15032: 15028: 15027:United States 15025: 15023: 15020: 15019: 15018: 15015: 15014: 15012: 15008: 15004: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14987: 14984: 14981: 14978: 14975: 14972: 14969: 14968: 14966: 14962: 14958: 14952: 14949: 14945: 14944:United States 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14911: 14910: 14909: 14906: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14887: 14884: 14883: 14881: 14877: 14873: 14866: 14863: 14860: 14857: 14854: 14853:Panic of 1907 14851: 14848: 14847:Panic of 1901 14845: 14842: 14839: 14838:Panic of 1893 14836: 14833: 14832:Baring crisis 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14818: 14817:United States 14815: 14813: 14809: 14808: 14807: 14804: 14803: 14801: 14797: 14792: 14788: 14781: 14778: 14775: 14774:Panic of 1866 14772: 14769: 14766: 14765:Panic of 1857 14763: 14760: 14757: 14756:Panic of 1847 14754: 14751: 14750: 14748: 14744: 14739: 14735: 14728: 14727:Panic of 1837 14725: 14722: 14719: 14716: 14715:Panic of 1825 14713: 14710: 14707: 14704: 14701: 14698: 14695: 14692: 14689: 14686: 14685:Panic of 1792 14682: 14679: 14676: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14658: 14657: 14656: 14653: 14652: 14650: 14646: 14642: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14630:Slump of 1706 14628: 14625: 14622: 14621: 14619: 14615: 14611: 14603: 14600: 14599: 14598: 14595: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14582: 14581: 14578: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14538:Balance sheet 14536: 14535: 14534: 14531: 14527: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14509: 14508: 14507:Interest rate 14505: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14487: 14486: 14483: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14436: 14435: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14385: 14384: 14380: 14377: 14376: 14373: 14369: 14365: 14361: 14354: 14349: 14347: 14342: 14340: 14335: 14334: 14331: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14254:Eco-socialism 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14206: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14164: 14160: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14129:Labour supply 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14096: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14047:Individualism 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14011: 14007: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13906: 13905:Laissez-faire 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13869:Authoritarian 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13856: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13819:Privatization 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13789:Merchantilism 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13759:Globalization 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13681: 13679: 13675: 13671: 13665: 13661: 13654: 13649: 13647: 13642: 13640: 13635: 13634: 13631: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13589: 13581: 13578: 13575: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13557: 13553: 13551: 13547: 13541: 13540: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13203:de Mandeville 13201: 13200: 13198: 13194: 13189: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13151: 13148: 13147: 13146: 13145:New classical 13143: 13139: 13136: 13135: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13117: 13114: 13113: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13101:Malthusianism 13099: 13093: 13090: 13089: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13077: 13073: 13070: 13069: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13062:Institutional 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12996: 12993: 12992: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12969: 12966: 12965: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12940: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12866: 12865:Public choice 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12840:Participation 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12800:Institutional 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12750:Expeditionary 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12740:Environmental 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12682: 12678: 12676: 12672: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12654: 12651: 12650: 12649: 12646: 12645: 12643: 12641: 12637: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12619: 12616: 12615: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12568: 12567: 12564: 12563: 12561: 12559: 12555: 12551: 12544: 12539: 12537: 12532: 12530: 12525: 12524: 12521: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12470: 12461: 12460: 12457: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12405:Make-work job 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12362: 12360: 12356: 12352: 12351: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12324:Right to work 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12309:Job guarantee 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12294:Make-work job 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12281: 12279: 12275: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12248: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12186: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12139: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12124: 12122: 12120: 12116: 12110: 12107: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12094: 12093: 12090: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12072: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12065:Restructuring 12063: 12059: 12056: 12055: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12043:Notice period 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12008: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11998: 11996: 11994: 11990: 11984: 11981: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11968: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11949:Unfree labour 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11919:Bonded labour 11917: 11916: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11861: 11859: 11855: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11833:Whistleblower 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11766:Control fraud 11764: 11762: 11759: 11758: 11757: 11754: 11753: 11751: 11747: 11741: 11740:Glass ceiling 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11722: 11720: 11718: 11714: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11681: 11678: 11677: 11676: 11675:Work accident 11673: 11671: 11668: 11664: 11663:United States 11661: 11660: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11585: 11583: 11581: 11577: 11571: 11568: 11564: 11563:United States 11561: 11560: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11518:Casual Friday 11516: 11514: 11511: 11510: 11508: 11506: 11502: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11475:Paid time off 11473: 11471: 11470:Overtime rate 11468: 11464: 11461: 11460: 11459: 11456: 11452: 11451:United States 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11432: 11429: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11416: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11391: 11389: 11387: 11383: 11379: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11322:Four-day week 11320: 11318: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11310: 11306: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11244: 11240: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11206:Practice firm 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11104:Employability 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11091: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11053: 11050: 11049: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11037: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11005:Orange-collar 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10957: 10955: 10953: 10952:Working class 10949: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10899: 10897: 10893: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10826:Job interview 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10800: 10797: 10796: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10751: 10749: 10747: 10743: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10696: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10679:Part-time job 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10664:Full-time job 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10646: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10629: 10624: 10622: 10617: 10615: 10610: 10609: 10606: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10590: 10587: 10584: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10554: 10549: 10545: 10544: 10538: 10535: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10517: 10516: 10510: 10506:at Wikiquote 10505: 10500: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10467: 10466:online review 10463: 10459: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10439: 10434: 10433: 10427: 10423: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10411: 10400: 10399: 10394: 10390: 10387: 10383: 10372: 10366: 10362: 10361: 10355: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10341: 10337: 10335: 10331: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10308: 10304: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10290: 10280: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10261: 10257: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10235: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10180: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10126: 10107: 10103: 10096: 10080: 10076: 10070: 10062: 10058: 10051: 10035: 10031: 10025: 10019:. April 2012. 10018: 10014: 10009: 10003:. 7 May 2010. 10002: 9998: 9992: 9985: 9979: 9964: 9960: 9953: 9946: 9942: 9936: 9929: 9923: 9916: 9912: 9906: 9898: 9897: 9889: 9882: 9878: 9871: 9856: 9852: 9851: 9843: 9828: 9824: 9813: 9805: 9801: 9795: 9789: 9784: 9776: 9772: 9765: 9749: 9745: 9739: 9731: 9727: 9721: 9705: 9701: 9695: 9679: 9675: 9669: 9653: 9649: 9643: 9628:. 23 May 2002 9627: 9623: 9617: 9610: 9609: 9604: 9598: 9591: 9587: 9582: 9575: 9569: 9562: 9556: 9547: 9541: 9535: 9528: 9526:9789264687714 9522: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9509: 9502: 9486: 9485: 9480: 9474: 9458: 9454: 9448: 9432: 9428: 9422: 9414: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9394: 9378: 9374: 9368: 9366: 9364: 9355: 9349: 9345: 9344: 9336: 9320: 9316: 9309: 9302: 9296: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9277: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9260: 9255: 9239: 9235: 9229: 9222: 9218: 9215: 9210: 9202: 9195: 9188: 9184: 9178: 9174: 9173: 9165: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9132: 9124: 9107: 9103: 9102: 9094: 9087: 9083: 9080: 9074: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9054: 9047: 9041: 9034: 9028: 9019: 9003: 9002:"Poor Tudors" 8997: 8981: 8977: 8971: 8963: 8959: 8953: 8937: 8933: 8927: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8893: 8885: 8879: 8875: 8870: 8869: 8860: 8853:. p. 34. 8852: 8845: 8837: 8830: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8793: 8785: 8777: 8773: 8767: 8751: 8747: 8741: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8710: 8702: 8696: 8692: 8687: 8686: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8651: 8644: 8638: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8617: 8609: 8601: 8600:The Economist 8597: 8591: 8583: 8577: 8573: 8566: 8558: 8551: 8543: 8539: 8533: 8526: 8521: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8498: 8491: 8489: 8484: 8478: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8443: 8427: 8421: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8394: 8386: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8337: 8329: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8292: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8257: 8255: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8215:(55): 41–49. 8214: 8210: 8206: 8199: 8192: 8188: 8183: 8172: 8171: 8164: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8121: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8068: 8066: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8022: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7995: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7960: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7929: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7884: 7877: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7850: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7821: 7813: 7806: 7787: 7780: 7773: 7765: 7759: 7755: 7748: 7733: 7729: 7723: 7715: 7711: 7704: 7702: 7693: 7689: 7682: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7652: 7637: 7633: 7626: 7610: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7567: 7561: 7545: 7539: 7532: 7526: 7507: 7503: 7496: 7489: 7482: 7477: 7475: 7459: 7453: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7421: 7417: 7414: 7408: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7381:Baker, Dean. 7377: 7361: 7355: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7311: 7304: 7298: 7283: 7276: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7247: 7239: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7202: 7194: 7186: 7181: 7180: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7135: 7127: 7116: 7110: 7095: 7091: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7036: 7020: 7013: 7006: 6988: 6981: 6965: 6959: 6950: 6934: 6928: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6885: 6879: 6877: 6869: 6863: 6856: 6851: 6843: 6836: 6820: 6816: 6810: 6803: 6797: 6786: 6780: 6773: 6767: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6748: 6740: 6734: 6726: 6720: 6712: 6706: 6698: 6692: 6684: 6678: 6670: 6664: 6656: 6650: 6642: 6636: 6627: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6596: 6594: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6550: 6545: 6530: 6523: 6515: 6509: 6501: 6495: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6462: 6458: 6452: 6444: 6443: 6435: 6433: 6417: 6413: 6407: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6354: 6353: 6345: 6334: 6333: 6325: 6317: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6289: 6283: 6276: 6273: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6224: 6218: 6214: 6207: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6176: 6174: 6165: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6140: 6139: 6131: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6108: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6079: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6021: 6013: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5976: 5968: 5962: 5957: 5956: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5934: 5927: 5919: 5913: 5905: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5881:0-14-022763-6 5877: 5873: 5872: 5864: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5844: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5796: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5730:Practice firm 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5695:Job migration 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5635: 5630: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5607: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5542: 5535: 5526: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5513: 5512:Reunification 5509: 5503: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5448: 5443: 5441: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5321: 5320:0-495-50287-1 5317: 5313: 5306: 5298: 5297:New York City 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5187: 5179: 5178:United States 5175: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5153: 5150: 5147:Advocates of 5145: 5143: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5107: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5090: 5089:job guarantee 5086: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5060: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5035: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4791: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4760: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4746: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4733:profitability 4730: 4725: 4720: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4705: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4670: 4664: 4654: 4652: 4651:1979 election 4648: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4567:protectionism 4564: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4552:human capital 4548: 4546: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4512: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4491:mental health 4488: 4477: 4473: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4457:welfare state 4453: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4335: 4333: 4328: 4318: 4315: 4310: 4308: 4303: 4292: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4231: 4227: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4201: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4128: 4102: 4093: 4091: 4086: 4085:labour market 4081: 4079: 4078:92-64-01045-9 4075: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4056:economic boom 4052: 4048: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4033: 4028: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3984: 3983:self-employed 3980: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3934: 3925: 3923: 3922:macroeconomic 3919: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3849: 3845: 3843: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3792: 9.1–10% 3742: 3737: 3733: 3723: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3698: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3550: 3548: 3529: 3526: 3513: 3501: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3436: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3397: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3333:underemployed 3329: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3313:labour market 3309: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3298:heterogeneous 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3259: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3219:job-searching 3214: 3211: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3084: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3054: 3045: 3043: 3038: 3035:, economists 3034: 3029: 3027: 3022: 3019: 3014: 3012: 3007: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2954: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2926:United States 2922: 2920: 2915: 2913: 2912:globalization 2909: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2868:fiscal policy 2862: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2816:globalization 2813: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2702: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2669:Neoliberalism 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2614:Authoritarian 2612: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2541:Globalization 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2501:Crisis theory 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2357:Intellectuals 2354: 2353: 2346: 2345:Technological 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2137:Institutional 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1997: 1996:Laissez-faire 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1970:Authoritarian 1968: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1937:Surplus value 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1917:Privatization 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1615:Peter Diamond 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1600:Edmund Phelps 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1575:Richard Stone 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1560:Joan Robinson 1558: 1556: 1555:Simon Kuznets 1553: 1551: 1550:Gunnar Myrdal 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1525:Irving Fisher 1523: 1521: 1520:Knut Wicksell 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1484: 1483: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1392:New classical 1390: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1355: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1318: 1317: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1146:Shrinkflation 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1043:Interest rate 1041: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1001: 1000:Expectations 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 958: 952: 951: 947: 943: 942: 939: 936: 935: 931: 927: 926: 916: 911: 909: 904: 902: 897: 896: 894: 893: 888: 878: 876: 871: 866: 865: 864: 863: 856: 853: 850: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 832: 829: 824: 823: 814: 813: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 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279:Environmental 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 221: 215: 214: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 158: 152: 151: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 115: 112: 110: 109:International 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 91: 88: 85:Branches and 82: 81: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 62: 61: 60: 56: 52: 51: 48: 45: 44: 40: 36: 35: 28: 22: 15290:Unemployment 15277: 15177:South Africa 14934:South Africa 14780:Black Friday 14597:Unemployment 14596: 14454:Money supply 14449:Disinflation 14393:General glut 14200:Wage slavery 14154:Unemployment 14153: 14134:Productivity 14065:Philanthropy 13926:Mercantilist 13903: 13874:Conservative 13709:Deregulation 13670:perspectives 13668:Aspects and 13614:Publications 13570:Publications 13537: 13133:Neoclassical 13123:Mercantilism 13032:Evolutionary 12894:Sociological 12867: / 12765:Geographical 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Retrieved 10359: 10346: 10339: 10323: 10313: 10306: 10297: 10268: 10245: 10242:Romer, David 10223: 10187: 10166: 10162: 10133: 10109:. Retrieved 10105: 10095: 10083:. Retrieved 10078: 10069: 10060: 10050: 10038:. Retrieved 10033: 10024: 10008: 9991: 9978: 9966:. Retrieved 9962: 9952: 9944: 9935: 9922: 9914: 9905: 9895: 9888: 9880: 9870: 9859:, retrieved 9855:the original 9849: 9842: 9831:, retrieved 9826: 9812: 9803: 9794: 9783: 9775:The Guardian 9774: 9764: 9752:. Retrieved 9747: 9738: 9729: 9720: 9708:. Retrieved 9703: 9694: 9682:. Retrieved 9677: 9668: 9656:. Retrieved 9651: 9642: 9630:. Retrieved 9625: 9616: 9608:The Guardian 9606: 9597: 9581: 9568: 9555: 9534: 9507: 9501: 9489:. Retrieved 9482: 9473: 9461:. Retrieved 9457:the original 9447: 9435:. Retrieved 9431:the original 9421: 9402: 9393: 9381:. Retrieved 9377:the original 9342: 9335: 9323:. Retrieved 9319:the original 9308: 9300: 9295: 9276: 9254: 9242:. 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Retrieved 8420: 8403: 8399: 8393: 8350: 8346: 8336: 8301: 8297: 8291: 8266: 8262: 8212: 8208: 8198: 8191:The Guardian 8190: 8182: 8169: 8163: 8130: 8126: 8120: 8080:(1): 51–74. 8077: 8073: 8034:(1): 23–44. 8031: 8027: 8021: 8004: 8000: 7994: 7969: 7965: 7959: 7942: 7938: 7928: 7893: 7889: 7876: 7859: 7855: 7849: 7824: 7818: 7805: 7793:. Retrieved 7786:the original 7772: 7753: 7747: 7735:. Retrieved 7731: 7722: 7713: 7692:The Guardian 7691: 7681: 7669:. Retrieved 7660: 7651: 7639:. Retrieved 7635: 7625: 7613:. Retrieved 7599: 7595: 7582: 7570:. Retrieved 7560: 7548:. Retrieved 7538: 7525: 7513:. Retrieved 7506:the original 7501: 7488: 7461:. Retrieved 7452: 7440:. Retrieved 7436:the original 7426: 7419: 7415: 7407: 7395:. Retrieved 7391:the original 7386: 7376: 7364:. Retrieved 7354: 7342:. Retrieved 7338:the original 7333: 7309: 7297: 7285:. Retrieved 7275: 7253:(1): 46–55. 7250: 7244: 7238: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7178: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7109: 7097:. Retrieved 7093: 7078:. 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Retrieved 5808: 5799: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5590: 5588: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5546: 5529:21st century 5520: 5516: 5508:West Germany 5504: 5499:Conservative 5484: 5481: 5477:World War II 5474: 5463: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5380:20th century 5374: 5370: 5363: 5350: 5346: 5334: 5328: 5325: 5303: 5242: 5238: 5234:public works 5230:Tudor period 5211: 5208:16th century 5190: 5183: 5146: 5138: 5129: 5112: 5096:public works 5093: 5081: 5065: 5061: 5057:demand curve 5054: 5038: 5031: 5021: 4850:CCC and NYA 4766: 4749: 4741: 4729:productivity 4721: 4709: 4700: 4673: 4666: 4643: 4633:However the 4632: 4627:World War II 4621:in 1933 and 4612: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4574:and similar 4560: 4549: 4538: 4505: 4483: 4474: 4466: 4454: 4450: 4427: 4421:, 1.3% more 4412: 4387:somatization 4380: 4364:homelessness 4361: 4351: 4324: 4311: 4301: 4298: 4289: 4248: 4240: 4236:productivity 4232: 4228: 4221: 4217: 4205: 4197: 4186: 4174: 4170: 4159: 4082: 4064: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4008:West Germany 3993: 3975: 3967:Alternatives 3907: 3903: 3890: 3889: 3854: 3838: 3824:(within the 3815: 3786: 8.1–9% 3780: 7.1–8% 3774: 6.1–7% 3768: 5.1–6% 3762: 4.1–5% 3756: 3.1–4% 3750: 1.2–3% 3736:JOLTS report 3720: 3706: 3669: 3658: 3647: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3602: 3597: 3590: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3558: 3551: 3544: 3492: 3476: 3440: 3426:reserve army 3419: 3412: 3395: 3380:, help with 3361: 3348: 3342: 3330: 3326: 3310: 3302: 3293: 3287: 3256: 3245: 3243: 3230: 3226: 3223:homelessness 3215: 3208: 3183: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3148: 3132: 3087: 3083:labor demand 3079: 3059: 3032: 3030: 3023: 3018:minimum wage 3015: 3003: 2994: 2990: 2974: 2959: 2923: 2916: 2884: 2876:central bank 2865: 2826:technologies 2796: 2792:labour force 2789: 2765:Unemployment 2764: 2763: 2591:Wage slavery 2531:Evergreening 2242:Mercantilism 2189:Neoclassical 2017:Mercantilist 1994: 1927:Rent seeking 1892:Visible hand 1635:Paul Krugman 1580:Hyman Minsky 1540:Alvin Hansen 1424: 1423: 1364: 1327:Econometrics 1304:Overshooting 1257:Harrod–Domar 1252:Arrow–Debreu 1199:Central bank 1166:Unemployment 1165: 1156:Supply shock 1114:Money supply 991:Disinflation 986:Demand shock 845:Publications 810: 433:Sociological 406: / 304:Geographical 284:Evolutionary 259:Digitization 224:Agricultural 128:Mathematical 99:Econometrics 15245:New Zealand 15203:2020–2022; 15167:New Zealand 15140:2007–2009; 15086:1990–1991; 15070:(1982–2007) 15038:1980–1982; 15010:(1973–1982) 14988:(1957–1958) 14982:(1953–1954) 14976:(1948–1949) 14964:(1945–1973) 14929:New Zealand 14912:1929–1939; 14888:(1918–1919) 14879:(1918–1939) 14861:(1910–1912) 14855:(1907–1908) 14849:(1902–1904) 14840:(1893–1897) 14834:(1890–1891) 14810:1873–1879; 14799:(1870–1914) 14782:(1869–1870) 14776:(1865–1867) 14767:(1857–1858) 14758:(1847–1848) 14746:(1840–1870) 14717:(1825–1826) 14708:(1815–1821) 14693:(1796–1799) 14687:(1789–1793) 14659:1772–1774; 14648:(1760–1840) 14626:(1430–1490) 14624:Great Slump 14617:(1000–1760) 14563:Stagflation 14522:Yield curve 14468:Price level 14319:Syndicalism 14239:Communalism 14104:Corporatism 14080:Rule of law 14027:Consumerism 14017:Advertising 13916:Libertarian 13894:Free-market 13864:Anglo-Saxon 13844:Wage labour 13794:Meritocracy 13744:Externality 13699:Competition 13408:von Neumann 13177:Supply-side 13162:Physiocracy 13106:Marginalism 12795:Information 12735:Engineering 12715:Development 12710:Demographic 12581:Game theory 12558:Theoretical 12329:Historical: 12053:Resignation 11993:Termination 11976:Slow living 11944:Truck wages 11929:Labour camp 11857:Willingness 11749:Infractions 11404:Living wage 11352:Remote work 11020:Gold-collar 10975:Pink-collar 10970:Grey-collar 10960:Blue-collar 10927:Labour hire 10902:Cooperative 10866:Recruitment 10821:Job hunting 10754:Application 10736:Wage labour 10721:Labour hire 10674:Job sharing 10566:, CEIC Data 10061:The Balance 9112:21 December 8730:11 February 8319:10419/31878 7609:10017/27066 7362:. Directgov 7344:18 February 7208:(1): 1–37. 6995:26 November 6917:16 December 6741:. Eurostat. 6657:. Eurostat. 6643:. Eurostat. 6124:(2): 67–87. 5874:. Penguin. 5584:labor force 5440:World War I 5415:Unemployed 5251:systems of 5228:during the 5214:monasteries 5149:supply-side 4606:in 2003 by 4529:South India 4459:, with its 4442:food stamps 4428:A study by 4376:tent cities 4368:foreclosure 4307:denominator 4193:pink-collar 4162:labor force 4155: 16-19 4149: 20-24 4143: 25-54 4004:West Berlin 3979:discouraged 3606:comparable. 3466:Measurement 3452:proletariat 3282:job vacancy 3229:demand may 2812:competition 2783:during the 2674:Objectivism 2659:Libertarian 2576:Speculation 2496:Consumerism 2330:Progressive 2269:Development 2252:Physiocracy 2199:Supply-side 2007:Libertarian 1985:Free-market 1965:Anglo-Saxon 1947:Wage labour 1902:Marginalism 1872:Free market 1827:Corporation 1515:Léon Walras 1409:Supply-side 1242:Accelerator 1151:Stagflation 1136:Price level 1031:Demand-pull 681:von Neumann 334:Information 274:Engineering 254:Development 249:Demographic 191:Game theory 133:Methodology 15284:Categories 15210:Bangladesh 15147:Bangladesh 14791:Gilded Age 14543:Depression 14495:Stagnation 14208:Antithesis 14139:Prosperity 14114:Employment 14061:Mainstream 14052:Liberalism 13976:Regulatory 13951:Neoliberal 13899:Humanistic 13884:Democratic 13839:Regulation 13704:Depression 13660:Capitalism 13565:Economists 13438:Schumacher 13343:Schumpeter 13313:von Wieser 13233:von Thünen 13193:Economists 13092:Circuitism 13057:Humanistic 13052:Historical 13027:Ecological 13017:Democratic 12990:Chartalism 12980:Behavioral 12943:Mainstream 12904:Statistics 12899:Solidarity 12820:Managerial 12785:Humanistic 12780:Historical 12725:Ecological 12690:Behavioral 12263:Wage curve 12070:Retirement 11983:Workaholic 11961:Work ethic 11828:Wage theft 11813:Labour law 11808:Evaluation 11793:Dress code 11558:Sick leave 11523:Child care 11485:Salary cap 11399:Income tax 11362:Shift work 11299:Time clock 11294:Sick leave 11289:Sabbatical 11254:Break room 11242:Attendance 11211:Profession 11196:Mentorship 11174:Retraining 11099:E-learning 10995:New-collar 10990:Red-collar 10937:Supervisor 10917:Internship 10836:Onboarding 10704:Technician 10699:Journeyman 10669:Gig worker 10635:Employment 10123:References 9968:23 October 9915:Asia Times 9804:ons.gov.uk 9730:MercoPress 9437:17 October 9268:, Source: 8942:21 October 8916:24 October 8720:TreeHugger 8514:: 926–934. 8095:10315/6293 7795:11 October 7737:27 October 7641:19 October 7615:17 October 6825:5 November 6534:22 October 5591:Asia Times 5491:monetarist 5226:enclosures 5166:Depression 4788:See also: 4669:headhunted 4587:The Lancet 4563:xenophobia 4395:depression 4343:Individual 3988:disability 3872:U4: U3 + " 3730:See also: 3496:percentage 3382:job search 3252:Okun's law 3239:hysteresis 3203:Okun's Law 3125:Short-run 2844:regulation 2839:government 2830:inventions 2814:caused by 2773:employment 2654:Liberalism 2639:Humanistic 2624:Democratic 2603:Ideologies 2438:Schumpeter 2184:Monetarist 2115:Chartalism 2062:Regulatory 2037:Neoliberal 1990:Humanistic 1773:Capitalism 1570:John Hicks 1500:Adam Smith 1458:Circuitism 1448:Ecological 1436:Chartalism 1387:Monetarism 1365:Mainstream 1262:Solow–Swan 1237:Multiplier 1194:Commercial 1090:Endogenous 1048:Investment 840:Economists 711:Schumacher 616:Schumpeter 586:von Wieser 506:von Thünen 467:economists 443:Statistics 438:Solidarity 359:Managerial 324:Humanistic 319:Historical 264:Ecological 229:Behavioral 123:Mainstream 15250:Singapore 15205:Australia 15182:Sri Lanka 15142:Australia 15088:Australia 14914:Australia 14904:1926–1927 14901:1923–1924 14867:(1913–14) 14843:1899–1900 14699:1807–1810 14696:1802–1804 14677:1785–1788 14602:Sahm rule 14533:Recession 14434:Inflation 14430:Deflation 14314:Socialism 14289:Mutualism 14244:Communism 14214:Anarchism 14163:Criticism 14144:Syndicate 13879:Corporate 13834:Recession 13809:Oligopoly 13774:Invention 13483:Greenspan 13448:Samuelson 13428:Galbraith 13398:Tinbergen 13338:von Mises 13333:Heckscher 13293:Edgeworth 13172:Stockholm 13167:Socialist 13067:Keynesian 13047:Happiness 13007:Classical 12968:Mutualism 12963:Anarchist 12948:Heterodox 12845:Personnel 12805:Knowledge 12770:Happiness 12760:Financial 12730:Education 12705:Democracy 12640:Empirical 12550:Economics 12450:Workhouse 12370:Busy work 12184:Recession 12048:Pink slip 12006:Dismissal 11869:Careerism 11463:Singapore 11441:Hong Kong 11309:Schedules 11228:Tradesman 11129:Licensure 11089:Education 11059:Avocation 11000:No-collar 10980:Precariat 10861:Probation 10816:Job fraud 10204:219336439 9945:USA Today 9777:. London. 8911:0261-3077 8868:Economics 8821:153813437 8756:26 August 8469:161133018 8367:0044-118X 8328:0266-7215 8283:0144-333X 8245:229693054 8229:1047-2797 8155:144321429 8147:0360-0025 8127:Sex Roles 8112:154555810 8104:0303-8300 8056:145056657 8048:0303-8300 7986:0266-7215 7898:CiteSeerX 7694:. London. 6970:6 January 6256:1Q97:4–13 6041:153778021 5955:Economics 5611:recession 5485:By 1972, 5293:Manhattan 5265:workhouse 5220:, as the 5085:workhouse 5039:However, 4757:anti-work 4752:Bob Black 4737:monopsony 4678:terms) a 4423:cirrhosis 4413:In 1979, 4137: 55+ 4060:recession 4044:homemaker 3527:× 3448:Karl Marx 3409:Karl Marx 3378:mentoring 3179:Keynesian 3135:inflation 3089:Keynesian 3062:Keynesian 2942:taxpayers 2938:workforce 2887:modelling 2807:recession 2694:Third Way 2684:Privatism 2644:Inclusive 2629:Dirigisme 2423:von Mises 2310:Illiberal 2290:Corporate 2285:Community 2232:Feudalism 2142:Keynesian 2132:Classical 1975:Corporate 1787:Austerity 1668:Economics 1510:Karl Marx 1425:Heterodox 1404:Stockholm 1370:Keynesian 1141:Recession 1036:Cost-push 1026:Inflation 981:Deflation 756:Greenspan 721:Samuelson 701:Galbraith 671:Tinbergen 611:von Mises 606:Heckscher 566:Edgeworth 384:Personnel 344:Knowledge 309:Happiness 299:Financial 269:Education 244:Democracy 138:Political 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