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expiration of the PTC and a dramatic decrease in installed wind capacity in years where the PTC has lapsed. In 2003, 1687 MW of capacity were installed leading up to a lapse of the PTC in 2004. In 2004, only 400 MW of capacity were installed in the United States. With the PTC reinstated in 2005, 2431 MW of capacity were installed which was a record at the time for the United States. The PTC allowed for the United States to lead the world in wind power additions in 2005 and 2006 with 16% of the worldwide capacity being installed in 2006 coming from the United States. The planning and permitting process for wind energy can take up to two years. With short-term extensions of the PTC, big investments from companies for research and development are less likely to occur. The current trend of short-term extensions of the
Production Tax Credit have led to a boom and bust cycle of short-term planning and low number of investments. As the PTC expires many investors hurry to finish projects thus producing smaller capacity installations and creating higher electricity costs. Longer term Production Tax Credit policy would stimulate low-cost wind development and establish a more stable policy for wind development. Having short-term extensions on the PTC can potentially slow wind development, raise costs, require a greater reliance on foreign manufacturing, produce transmission issues, and most importantly can reduce the amount of research and development of wind energy. The world energy council has estimated that new wind capacity worldwide will amount to $ 150 to $ 400 billion in new business over the next twenty years. The 2015 extension is expected to add $ 35 billion of investment for 20 Gigawatts of wind power. Similar figures are expected for
655:(P.L. 111-5), signed into law by President Obama. In terms of wind energy, five areas were advanced: 1. an extension was given for the federal production tax credit (PTC) until December 31, 2012; 2. wind energy facilities can make use of an investment tax credit (ITC) for certain property in substitution for PTC; 3. wind projects initiated in 2009 and 2010 can receive a 30% grant from the Treasury Department for the cost of the property; 4. general business credits were modified; 5. the 2009 bonus depreciation was extended. Qualifying for an ITC gives a credit of 30% on the cost of the property used for a wind facility. Cash grants eliminate the need for a partner to utilize tax credits. The carryback period was extended for the business credit, along with the bonus depreciation. Additional related incentives include 30% investment credits for manufacturers of renewable energy technologies, an increase in new clean renewable energy bonds to finance wind facilities, and funding towards advancing the electrical grid.
2872:, who at the time were responsible for granting leases under Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899. Immediately following, the Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound was created to oppose the project. In 2002 the Corps announced that an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) would be required from the Cape Wind Associates. The EIS was submitted in 2004 stating that the project would bring many benefits to the people of Cape Cod and had positive environmental impacts. After the Energy Policy Act of 2005, the Department of the Interior assumed main responsibility for granting a lease to the project and acknowledged the need for a new EIS. In 2009, the new EIS was released to the public, and in April 2010 the project was approved. On October 6, 2010, Secretary of the Department of the Interior Ken Salazar signed the first offshore lease with the Cape Wind Associates.
311:
developing more reliable and efficient wind turbines to increase the cost competitiveness of wind energy. Research efforts shall emphasize: (i) activities that address near-term technical problems and assist private sector exploitation of market opportunities of the wind energy industry; (ii) developing technologies such as advanced airfoils and variable speed generators to increase wind turbine output and reduce maintenance costs by decreasing structural stress and fatigue;(iii) increasing the basic knowledge of aerodynamics,structural dynamics, fatigue, and electrical systems interactions as applied to wind energy technology; and (iv) improving the compatibility of electricity produced from wind farms with conventional utility needs."
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affordable. These tax credits are towards personal finances or property value. Renewable
Portfolio Standard (RPS) and state grant programs are also used to increase wind energy usage in the United States. By using these incentives, the US can make wind power more prominent to push for renewable energy sources, in an effort to lessen its dependence on foreign oil, protect the environment, and stabilize its energy costs. This section outlines different financial incentives available by state, and programs designed to increase the development and use of wind power. It also displays state permitting and ordinance requirements, usually done on a county level, that are important to know before installing wind turbines.
578:(PL 110-140) had very few policy provisions with regards to the wind industry. The only major stipulation regarding wind is in section 656 of the act. It directs the DOE to set up a cost-shared Renewable Energy Innovation Manufacturing Partnership Program. This program would make awards to support research, development and demonstration of advanced manufacturing processes, materials and infrastructure for renewable energy technologies. Wind systems are one of the several alternative forms of energy equipment that are eligible for these rewards. This section sets further goals to increase domestic renewable energy production as well as to better coordinate federal state and private sector resources.
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clear goals and objectives, and designing a clear and easy-to-use accounting system for compliance. It is also important to conduct a mid-term performance review. This should be done to identify the causes for any delay in meeting the RPS targets, and to make program changes as needed to meet the original goals of the RPS. As of 2009 33 states including
Washington DC had enacted successful Renewable Portfolio Standards, and currently there are 37. In 2003 RPS programs produced more than 2,300 megawatts (MW) of new renewable energy capacity. In February 2009, the Union of Concerned Scientists project stated that RPS will account for 76,750 megawatts (MW) of new renewable power by 2025.
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2003 the PTC expired for a third time until a one-year extension was granted in
October 2004. With the 2004 extension, former President George Bush included the Production Tax Credit within a group of tax incentives for businesses. The PTC was extended through 2005 and also expanded the different types of renewable energies that would be included under the bill. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (H.R. 6) modified the credit and extended it through the end of 2007. In December 2006, the PTC was extended for another year by the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006 (H.R. 6111). President
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renewable energy technologies like wind power. They can be used to exempt wind energy equipment from sales taxes to reduce capital investment. They can also be used to reduce property taxes for wind power facilities, or to reduce federal income taxes for qualified tax-paying owners based on the capital investments incurred in wind project development. At the state level, the terms of credit, the amount of credit, and the cost of the credit differs between states. Using state incentives and tax credits helps meet state clean energy policy objectives.
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258:(P.L. 94-163). Wind energy was among the renewable energy options incorporated in energy policy beginning in the 1970s and continuing into the present day. The growth in wind energy can largely be accredited to the public policy's providing incentives and technological advances, making wind energy one of the few cost competitive renewable energy options. Although there has been a significant decrease in the cost per kilowatt hour of wind energy since the 1980s, wind energy only accounts for a small portion of the U.S.'s electrical demand.
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2798:(Pub.L. 109-58) amends the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act ((43 U.S.C. 1337)). The amendment states that the Secretary of the Interior may grant a lease, easement, or right-of-way on the outer Continental Shelf not otherwise stated in the Act. Offshore wind related projects could now be given leases at the disposal of the Secretary of the Interior within the federal regulating agency of BOEMRE. Prior to any lease agreements, all alternate energy projects must meet the standards of the National Environmental Policy Act.
2810:(42 U.S.C. 4321-4347) was enacted as the framework for environmental policy making in the U.S., with a goal of protecting, restoring, and enhancing the environment. The BOEMRE created documents for energy development planning to meet NEPA standards. They prepare Environmental Assessments (EA) to determine if there are environmental consequences for a potential offshore project, and also Categorical Exclusion Reviews (CER) to verify if and EA or an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is necessary in the first place.
2769:. The President announced on April 22, 2009 that the Interior Department completed the Final Renewable Energy Framework to govern management of the Renewable Energy Program. "The final rule establishes a program to grant leases, easements, and rights-of-way for orderly, safe, and environmentally responsible renewable energy development activities, such as the sitting and construction of offshore wind farms on the OCS as well as other forms of renewable energy such as wave, current, and solar.".
302:(PURPA P.L. 95-617) passed in 1978 was very important to increasing electricity production from renewable energy facilities. PURPA required that electric utilities must interconnect with renewable power production facilities. They then would have to buy that power at a price mandated by their state equal to avoided cost; avoided cost is the cost a utility escapes by purchasing this power, opposed to building a new plant, consisting of capital and operating costs of the forgone plant.
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2702:(NEPA). While the DOE focused on onshore wind development, several coastal states launched significant initiatives to attract, incentivize, and plan for wind development offshore. In 2009, the U.S. Offshore Wind Collaborative (USOWC) released the paper " U.S. Offshore Wind Energy: A Path Forward". This document presents a snapshot of U.S. offshore wind energy and serves as a resource for government, industry, and non-governmental stakeholders.
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costs in wind development projects. They can also be used to support research and development. They are obtained by applying to the different state programs and are offered in the form of cash or tax credits. Grant programs offer a way to pay for large portions of wind project initial costs and help support a national renewable energy system to be less dependent on traditional energy sources, and to protect the environment from future harm.
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the
Production Tax Credit. This only applied if the projects were placed in service between 2009 and 2013. Lastly, a third incentive of the Production Tax Credit is providing grants that cover up to 30% of the renewable energy projects. This program is under the Department of Treasury and was effective for wind projects that were placed in service in 2009-2010 or the construction is begun by 2010 and plans to be in service before 2013.
331:. The main purpose is the remove the size limitations placed on renewable energy facilities, such as solar and wind, to receive PURPA benefits. This will encourage the development of renewable energy production. The act specifies the qualification, application, and construction deadlines and requirements for the facilities. The act was amended in 1991, because of a technicality, to include renewable energy facilities of all sizes.
2220:] means for local governments to implement land-use planning". The intent of establishing zoning laws is that land-use choices and regulation be done at a local level, staying as close as possible to the property owners affected by the installation. However, according to the Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency, there are some states with permitting requirements and ordinances decided by state government.
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212:, generating over half of all wind energy in the nation. Texas, with 28,843 MW of capacity, about 16.8% of the state's electricity usage, had the most installed wind power capacity of any U.S. state at the end of 2019. Texas also had more under construction than any other state had installed. The state generating the highest percentage of energy from wind power is Iowa, at over 57% of total energy production.
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1516:", current states with RPS requirements mandate that 4% - 30% of electricity be generated from renewable sources by a specified date, however, Renewable Portfolio Standards can have multiple goals. Current RPS programs also include goals for local, regional, or global environmental benefits, local economic development, reducing the risks fossil fuel pricing, and advancing renewable energy technologies.
695:(102nd Congress H.R.776.ENR, abbreviated as EPACT92) and are intended for wind and bioenergy resources. The purpose of the Production Tax Credit is to support renewable energy based upon the environmental, economic, and energy security benefits that renewable energy resources can provide. Besides wind energy, the PTC also covers closed loop biomass, geothermal power, and half the rate for open loop
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2687:. The report explored the potential and feasibility for installing wind turbines off the Mid Atlantic Coast, Gulf Coast, and in the Great Lakes. The framework also discusses in great detail the major challenges that would lie ahead such as technology development, environmental compatibility, economic financial viability, regulation and government policies, and leadership coordination.
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required policy and reduce the environmental impact of their electricity use further than required. Mandatory RPS programs are rarely applied to municipal utilities which are usually self regulated, but rather to investor-owned utilities and electric service providers. Voluntary markets help create renewable energy capacity that exceeds what mandatory markets contribute nationwide.
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facilities could receive 1.5 cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh), in 1993 dollars, now adjusted for inflation to equal 2.3 cents per kilowatt-hour, for the first 10 years of operation. This incentives is to be in addition to the federal renewable energy production tax credit (PTC). This incentive's deadline is
October 1, 2016 and applies only to electricity sold to another entity.
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Renewable Energy
Advancement Awards in recognition of developments that advance the practical application of certain renewable energy technologies; and (4) study and report to the Congress on whether certain conventional taxation and ratemaking procedures result in economic barriers to, or incentives for, renewable energy power plants compared to conventional power plants."
711:. The PTC provides a 2.2 cent per kilowatt-hour benefit for the first ten years of a renewable energy facility's operation. It is only available for wind energy equipment located within the United States and only if electricity produced is sold to an unrelated party. Any unused credits may be carried forward for up to 20 years following generation.
446:(P.L. 111-5). It will expire at the end of 2012 and now credits 2.3₡ per kWh for electricity produced by wind power. The PTC has been a major incentive for wind power, and has helped to spur independent wind energy power producers. As part of the 2013 fiscal deal, "the PTC was extended for another year and the rules for it were changed."
2469:) may be implemented to limit the impact. The land between the turbines and access roads can still be used for farming and grazing. They can lead to "industrialization of the countryside". Some wind farms are opposed for potentially spoiling protected scenic areas, archaeological landscapes and heritage sites. A report by the
2752:) was enacted in an effort to encourage states to establish coastal zone management plans. The plans would focus on preservation through protecting wildlife and natural resources. Each state program must allocate preservation measures and permitted uses for land and water resources. The Act was amended through the
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Habitat loss and fragmentation are the greatest potential impacts on wildlife of onshore wind farms, but they are small and can be mitigated if proper monitoring and mitigation strategies are implemented. The worldwide ecological impact is minimal. Thousands of birds and bats, including rare species,
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There are several incentives that go along with a Wind
Production Tax Credit. The PTC provides a 2.1 cent per kilowatt-hour benefit for the first ten years of a renewable energy facility's operation. A second incentive of PTC is wind developers can receive a 30% Investment Tax Credit(ITC) in place of
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The legislation continues by specifying goals for the Wind Energy
Research Program, "(i) reduce average wind energy costs to 3 to 5 cents per kilowatt hour by 1995;(ii) reduce capital costs of new wind energy systems to $ 500 to $ 750 per kilowatt of installed capacity by 1995; (iii) reduce operation
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based on installation rather than performance, they were plagued with issues of low productivity and equipment reliability. Those investment tax credits expired in 1986, which forced investors to focus on improving the reliability and efficiency of their turbines. The 1990s saw rise to a new type of
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The intermittent nature of wind power has conflicted with the original policies placed on power generators. Under these policies, electricity generators would be charged economic penalties if they did not meet their promised quotas. Because wind facilities do not have full control over the times and
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Wind turbines also generate noise. At a distance of 300 metres (980 ft) this may be around 45 dB, which is slightly louder than a refrigerator. At 1.5 km (1 mi) distance they become inaudible. There are anecdotal reports of negative health effects on people who live very close to
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Wind energy policy mostly comes from a state level due to the limited access to relevant federal incentives. Most states in the US have energy policies to help support wind energy development. State policies offer incentives and tax credits for both producers and consumers to make wind energy more
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The
Production Tax Credit has been the primary incentive for wind energy and has been essential to the industry's research and development. Wind Power development in the United States has shown a great dependence on the PTC. The wind industry has experienced growth during the years leading up to the
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It further instructs the Secretary to, "(1) prepare and submit to the Congress a three-year national renewable energy and energy efficiency management plan with specified contents; (2) establish a renewable energy export technology training program for individuals from developing countries; (3) make
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Renewable Portfolio Standards are written policy designed to require retail power suppliers to provide a certain minimum percentage of electricity, from a specific renewable power source, for a specified period of time. RPS programs are often used because of the energy, environmental, and economic
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There are two types of Renewable Portfolio Standards: mandatory and voluntary. As stated before, mandatory markets require the electricity service providers a minimum amount of renewable energy in their electricity supply while voluntary electricity markets allow the consumer to choose to surpass
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EPACT '92 enacted the renewable electricity production tax credit (PTC). The PTC is a corporate tax credit for several renewable sources including wind, which credited 1.5₡ per kWh for electricity produced by wind power. The PTC expired in July 1999 and has been expanded and extended several times
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Title XII of this Act directly discusses renewable energy and amends the Renewable Energy and Efficiency Technology Competitiveness Act of 1989 by, "(1) implement a five-year program to further the commercialization of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies by soliciting proposals for
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was the governing body for construction of any structure in federal waters. Any obstruction not approved by Congress would be prohibited from being constructed in any of the waters of the United States. The Chief of Engineers had to recommend any structures built and then gain approval from the
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Often established ordinances do not address technologies like wind turbines. They also frequently have height restrictions; typically structures built taller than 35 feet require special use permits. Wind turbines are rarely identified as an allowed use of property, therefore the development of a
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States offer a variety of grant programs to encourage the use and growth of renewable energy. Wind energy project grants are offered primarily for the use in the commercial, industrial, utility, education, and government sectors. Applying for grants offers consumers a way to ease the investments
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According to the EPA, based on knowledge gained from states with successful Renewable Portfolio Standards, designing and implementing an effective RPS program relies heavily on: support of state government, facilitated discussions with important stakeholders focusing on an appropriate RPS design,
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Tax credits for renewable energy technology support the adoption of clean energy technologies by reducing net project costs to consumers, and encouraging market acceptance of clean energy practices. They offer personal financial incentives and property value financial incentives for investing in
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voted 65-33. Analysts expect 25 GW more wind power from 2016 to 2018. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 extended the expiration date for this tax credit to December 31, 2019, for wind facilities commencing construction, with a phase-down beginning for wind projects commencing construction
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originally enacted the Production Tax Credit and the first lapse came in June 1999. The PTC was extended in December 1999 until December 31, 2001. Once again the PTC expired in December 2001 and was not enacted again until March 2002 where it was then extended for another two years. At the end of
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and some only had a lifetime of 10 to 20 years. Previously, there was no market for recycling these old blades, and they were commonly disposed of in landfills. Because blades are hollow, they take up a large volume compared to their mass. Since 2019, some landfill operators have begun requiring
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established in each state. The majority of states operate under parallel agencies that provide policy regulation. Wind projects that would stretch between coastal states would require permitting consistent within each states coastal plan. Permitting discrepancies for such projects may arise
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and spacing requirements, wind farms typically need to be spread over more land than other power stations. Their network of turbines, access roads, transmission lines, and substations can result in "energy sprawl"; although land between the turbines and roads can still be used for agriculture.
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showed that projects that cost $ 1,500/kW or less are likely to receive more value from the PTC, while projects that cost more than $ 2,500/kW are likely to be better off with the ITC. The ITC will be maintained at 30% until 2019, when it will be ramped down to, and maintained at, 10% by 2022.
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The purpose of the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Competitiveness Act 1989 (P.L. 101-218) was to set specific goals for the U.S. on the matter of wind, photovoltaics, and solar thermal energy programs. For wind energy, the specific goals set include, "improving design methodologies and
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Wind energy policy has had two approaches to advance the industry. One approach has been to increase implementation or improve the technology. Alternatively, there has also been policy aimed to advance the entire industry as a whole, combining the implementation and technology. The legislative
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Wind power investors frequently encounter non-financial dilemmas in the wind energy development process, due to zoning ordinances and permits. Zoning was first implemented in the 1920s, and it is one form of a land-use law. According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, "having zoning
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fund, utility incentive programs, financial incentive program, demonstration of new technology, general services administration Federal building fund, energy savings performance contracts, energy audit teams, energy-efficient product procurement, U.S. Postal Service and Congressional building
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wind power system requires more than just a large investment. Projects often need permits to monitor environmental impacts such as soil erosion and sedimentation, as well. It is important to be aware of these requirements, and to look further into county policy when pursuing a wind project.
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benefits created by using renewable energy. RPS programs create market demand for renewable energy supplies by aiming to stimulate the energy market to make clean energy economically competitive with conventional forms of electric power. According to The Environmental Protection Agency in "
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Along with these advancements in policy, $ 1.64 billion was allocated for renewable energy, with $ 93 million for wind energy projects. $ 45 million will go towards wind turbine drivetrain R&D and testing, $ 14 million for technology development, $ 24 million for wind power research and
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EPACT 2005 (P.L. 109-58) addresses numerous energy management goals for Federal facilities. The act also makes amendments to the National Energy Conservation Policy Act (NECPA). Several issues it addresses include: metering and reporting, energy-efficient product procurement, energy savings
454:
EPACT '92 also established a federal performance based incentive for renewable energy, which includes wind energy. The Renewable Energy Production Incentive's (REPI) purpose is to give incentive payments for electricity generated and sold by new qualifying renewable energy sources. Eligible
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Because much of the nation's most promising wind resources are located in remote regions of the country, locating access to existing transmission lines is often a challenge. Investment in new transmission infrastructure is a costly and often economically unfeasible prospect. The expense of
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According to the Department of Energy, tax credits are generally more valuable than an equivalent tax deduction. They reduce dollar-by-dollar as opposed to removing a percentage of a tax that is owed. They target and benefit: manufacturers, purchasers, building operators, and commercial,
189:. Thus far, wind power's largest growth in capacity was in 2020, when 16,913 MW of wind power was installed. Following behind it were 2021, during which 13,365 MW were installed, and 2012, which saw the addition of 11,895 MW, representing 26.5% of new power capacity installed in 2012.
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industrial, and residential customers. Tax credits and incentives appear to be most effective when linked to other policies, which is important to consider when designing state tax incentive programs to most effectively leverage the tax credits in EPAct 2005.
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to investigate the most recent issues that face the coastal land and waters. Congress listed several findings, including "a national objective of attaining a greater degree of energy self sufficieny through expanding energy activity in the coastal region."
2718:. The strategy comes with $ 50 million of funding to be dispersed to technology development, removing market barriers, and next generation drivetrain. The new strategy will pursue offshore opportunities in both federal and state waters.
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The electric transmission grid in the United States is an aging infrastructure that poses limitations for new wind development that includes limited geographic access and capacity, scheduling difficulties, and delays in interconnecting.
2884:) went to Deepwater Wind near Massachusetts and Rhode Island, the second (2 GW) went to Dominion Virginia Power 23 miles off the Virginia coast, and the third (1.45 GW) went to US Wind 10 miles off the coast of Ocean City, Maryland.
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have been killed by wind turbine blades, as around other manmade structures, though wind turbines are responsible for far fewer bird deaths than fossil-fuel infrastructure. This can be mitigated with proper wildlife monitoring.
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280:, this act was designed to cut the energy demand. Although this act primarily enacted because of oil shocks in the 1970s, it also encouraged programs, research and projects which dealt with alternative fuels. The
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constructing new transmission access is such a high barrier to market entry that private companies have begun investing in transmission infrastructure with the hope of lowering the cost of new wind projects (see
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extended the PTC by signing into law the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (H.R. 1). The Wind PTC was extended an additional two years, expiring the end of 2012, and was then extended as part of the
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and Cape Wind Associates President Jim Gordon signed the nation's first lease for commercial wind energy development on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). On February 7, 2011, Energy Secretary Chu announced
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after December 31, 2016. The Act extended the tax credit for other eligible renewable energy technologies commencing construction through December 31, 2016. The Act applies retroactively to January 1, 2015.
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Secretary of War. Although the Corps jurisdiction over offshore wind projects was never explicitly stated in the Act, Section 388 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 sought out to clear up any misconceptions.
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2639:(BOEMRE), previously known as the Minerals Management Service (MMS). The agency is "responsible for overseeing the safe and environmentally responsible development of energy and mineral resources on the
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In order to meet these requirements, government agencies must submit an annual report to the Department of Energy. This must detail their progress towards meeting the standards as a part of their annual
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Loren D. Knopper, Christopher A. Ollson, Lindsay C. McCallum, Melissa L. Whitfield Aslund, Robert G. Berger, Kathleen Souweine, and Mary McDaniel, Wind Turbines and Human Health, . June 19, 2014; 2: 63.
2450:, unlike fossil fuel power sources. The energy consumed to manufacture and transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant within a few months.
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is the first offshore wind project in the U.S. to be granted a lease in federal waters after nearly 10 years of strenuous permitting. The Cape Wind Associates first applied for a lease in 2001 to the
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demonstration and commercial application projects; and (2) establish an Advisory Committee on Demonstration and Commercial Application of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Technologies."
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1992:
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RPS: Class I (New Resources) 15% of by 2020 and an additional 1% each year thereafter; Class II (Existing Resources) 7.1% in 2009 and thereafter (3.6% renewables and 3.5% waste-to-energy)
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and maintenance costs for wind energy systems to less than one cent per kilowatt hour by 1995; and(iv) increase capacity factors for new wind energy systems to 25 to 35 percent by 1995."
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history outlines the public policy that has taken place starting the 1970s leading up to current energy legislation and what effects it has made on renewable energy, specifically wind.
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performance contracts, building performance standards, renewable energy requirements, and alternative fuel use. The effect on wind energy is through the renewable energy requirements.
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The Secretary of Energy shall, when technically and economically feasible, require the total electric energy consumed to be provided by renewable energy for the Federal government:
100:, at the federal, state, and local levels of government. Policy facilitating appropriate location has historically come in the form of local ordinances and permitting requirements.
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The framework for offshore wind policy in the United States has been shaped since the late 1800s. Though not directly associated, the first policy regulation was stated in the
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Norber-Bohm, Vicki (2 November 2000). "Creating Incentives for Environmentally Enhancing Technological Change: Lessons From 30 Years of U.S. Energy Technology Policy".
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To put it another way, the average wind turbine that came online in 2020 generates enough electricity in just 46 minutes to power an average U.S. home for one month.
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deal to expire at the end of 2013. In late 2015 authorities provided a 5-year PTC, unlike the usual 1- or 2-year, but phased out by 2020 at a rate of 20% per year.
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Offshore wind energy projects in federal waters are subject to permitting based on lease agreements given by the Secretary of the Department of the Interior with
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The blades are composite, those are not recyclable, those can't be sold," Linowes said. "The landfills are going to be filled with blades in a matter of no time.
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Below is a table listing available grant programs for renewable energy development, including wind power, by state. For more information on wind policy see also
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60:, which propelled technological improvements to the wind turbine even further by encouraging investors to focus on electricity output rather than installation.
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Energiewende und Landschaftsästhetik. Versachlichung ästhetischer Bewertungen von Energieanlagen durch Bezugnahme auf drei intersubjektive Landschaftsideale
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Loiter, Jeffrey; Vicki Norberg-Bohm (February 1999). "Technology Policy and Renewable Energy: Public Roles in the Development of New Energy Technologies".
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Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard: Investor-owned utilities 12.5% by 2021, Electric cooperatives, municipal utilities: 10% by 2018
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2635:(Pub.L. 109-58) was enacted, and established the Secretary of the Interior to administer the federal water, within the federal regulatory agency of the
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Logan, Jeffrey; Stan Mark Kaplan (June 20, 2008). "CRS Report for Congress: Wind Power in the United States: Technology, Economic, and Policy Issues".
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Congestion in existing lines also presents a threat to new wind facilities. Requests for transmission are often denied due to congestion. In 2006, the
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2237:: State rules, regulations and policies for wind project development from the Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)
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Personal and property state tax credits for renewable energy taken from the Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)
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A PV commercialization program must be established for Federal buildings and 20,000 solar energy systems must be installed in Federal buildings.
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RPS: Investor-owned utilities 30% by 2020, Electric cooperatives 10% by 2020, Municipal utilities serving more than 40,000 customers 10% by 2020
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652:
587:
443:
431:
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blades to be crushed before being landfilled. Blades manufactured in the 2020s are more likely to be designed to be completely recyclable.
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Below is a table that shows tax credits by state for wind development in the United States. For more information on wind policy see also
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Wiser, Ryan; Mark Bolinger; et al. (May 2008). "Annual Report on U.S. Wind Power Installation, Cost, and Performance Trends: 2007".
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Parisé, J.; Walker, T. R. (2017). "Industrial wind turbine post-construction bird and bat monitoring: A policy framework for Canada".
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Parisé, J.; Walker, T. R. (2017). "Industrial wind turbine post-construction bird and bat monitoring: A policy framework for Canada".
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1537:
State Renewable Portfolio Standards for renewable energy from the Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)
408:(P.L. 102-486) replaced the National Energy Conservation Act (NECPA) and focused on the following issues: water conservation, Federal
2807:
3914:
6683:
6644:
6025:
4548:
Guezuraga, Begoña; Zauner, Rudolf; Pölz, Werner (January 2012). "Life cycle assessment of two different 2 MW class wind turbines".
3936:
Anderson, Heidi (2003). "The Federal Production Tax Credit: Will Its Expiration Mean the End of the United States Wind Industry?".
2947:
2945:
2706:
2582:
1168:
3318:
549:
Double credit must be given if the renewable energy is produced at a Federal facility, on Federal lands or Native American Lands.
6074:
5996:
2942:
5354:
3083:
750:
734:
324:
299:
293:
4133:
6693:
5286:
2668:
2628:
680:
167:
5702:
3115:
679:(H.R. 8, Sec. 407) in January 2013, the Tax Increase Prevention Act of 2014 (H.R. 5771, Sec. 155) in December 2014, and the
4897:"Predicted wind and solar energy expansion has minimal overlap with multiple conservation priorities across global regions"
4663:
The Energy Footprint: How Oil, Natural Gas, and Wind Energy Affect Land for Biodiversity and the Flow of Ecosystem Services
4459:"Predicted wind and solar energy expansion has minimal overlap with multiple conservation priorities across global regions"
4320:
2094:
2046:
948:
676:
664:
162:
generates enough electricity in 46 minutes to power the average American home for one month. In 2019, wind power surpassed
2400:
2390:
2380:
2370:
2360:
2350:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2316:
2306:
2296:
2286:
2276:
2266:
2256:
2246:
2164:
2154:
2144:
2134:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2084:
2074:
2064:
2054:
2050:
2036:
2026:
2016:
2012:
2002:
1982:
1910:
1900:
1890:
1880:
1870:
1860:
1850:
1840:
1830:
1820:
1810:
1800:
1790:
1780:
1770:
1760:
1750:
1740:
1730:
1720:
1710:
1690:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1656:
1636:
1626:
1616:
1606:
1596:
1576:
1556:
1546:
1428:
1417:
1406:
1395:
1384:
1373:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1343:
1339:
1328:
1324:
1313:
1302:
1298:
1287:
1283:
1272:
1268:
1257:
1245:
1240:
1229:
1225:
1214:
1210:
1199:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1140:
1129:
1118:
1114:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1067:
1056:
1052:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1022:
1011:
1000:
996:
985:
974:
963:
952:
944:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
904:
1973:: State grant programs for renewable energy from the Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)
1527:
Below is a table of the current states with Renewable Portfolio Standards. For more information on wind policy see also
2981:
81:
to provide incentives or require production and installation of wind turbines or production of electricity from wind, or
6551:
5991:
5669:
4882:
4524:
2680:
2470:
2415:
435:
271:
255:
5586:
3010:
2699:
2698:(BOEMRE), assumed lead federal responsibility and initiated its own independent environmental review pursuant to the
2648:
2644:
1498:
638:
515:
391:
5742:
6300:
6069:
6059:
3151:
2977:
796:
186:
155:
5376:
3241:
6385:
6048:
4275:
3036:
2732:
2631:
had authority over any construction in federal waters. It wasn't until 2005 that the authority changed, when the
1480:
660:
620:
497:
373:
110:
32:
3676:
US Department of Energy - Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy - Federal Energy Management Program.
3654:
6477:
5896:
2778:
2676:
2672:
2624:
799:, and combined the PTCs have a value of $ 25 billion. $ 20 billion was spent on the PTC between 2005 and 2019.
5412:
4751:
4716:
3587:
3499:
3433:
174:
3823:
3278:
6235:
2782:
1901:
Alternative and Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard: 25% alternative and renewable energy resources by 2025
1443:
97:
3636:
3032:
2748:
of 1972 (Pub.L. 92-583, 86 Stat. 1280, enacted October 27, 1972, 16 U.S.C. §§ 1451–1464, Chapter 33) (see
6430:
6380:
6305:
6215:
6180:
4184:"PTC, ITC, or Cash Grant? An Analysis of the Choice Facing Renewable Power Projects in the United States"
4108:"The Federal Production Tax Credit: Will Its Expiration Mean the End of the United States Wind Industry?"
2749:
2745:
2652:
3959:
3613:
3493:
47:. Since then, the industry has had to endure the financial uncertainties caused by a highly fluctuating
6270:
6265:
6260:
6240:
5249:
4550:
3745:
3677:
2869:
2465:
Conflicts arise especially in scenic and culturally-important landscapes. Siting restrictions (such as
730:
6586:
4055:"While investment may slow in coming years, plenty of transmission construction, investment happening"
3219:
254:
in the 1970s and environmental concerns because it offered diversification in the US energy portfolio
6536:
6360:
6125:
5352:
Summary of main conclusions reached in 25 reviews of the research literature on wind farms and health
2795:
2753:
2691:
2632:
2443:
2431:
720:
692:
464:
439:
405:
340:
235:
5625:
5579:
5547:
5225:
4029:
3892:
2935:
6581:
6450:
6440:
6405:
6390:
6225:
6220:
6115:
5507:
4394:
2715:
2551:
2439:
2435:
4744:
3753:
2307:
New Hampshire - Standards for Municipal Small Wind Regulations and Small Wind Model Wind Ordinance
560:. The Secretary of Energy then must provide a report to Congress, using the agencies information.
6425:
6410:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6310:
6275:
6190:
2640:
2562:
219:
132:
44:
5815:
5639:
5515:
3929:
3860:
3561:
3353:
1467:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
607:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
484:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
360:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
6472:
6375:
6295:
6250:
6230:
6205:
6195:
6185:
6175:
6165:
6145:
6130:
6120:
6110:
5793:
5594:
4107:
2643:.". Other policies that have affected offshore wind development in federal waters include the
2565:
also leads to long interconnection queues that are a required part of the development process.
5278:
3702:
6400:
6395:
6365:
6355:
6315:
6290:
6200:
6150:
6105:
6084:
5845:
5612:
5566:
5534:
3879:
3798:
2922:
2458:
708:
305:
57:
52:
6415:
3400:
3062:"Wind, solar, and batteries increasingly account for more new U.S. power capacity additions"
2227:
Below is a table of state policy for land use. For more information on wind policy see also
1801:
RPS: Large utilities 25% by 2025, Small utilities 10% by 2025, Smallest utilities 5% by 2025
6513:
6445:
6370:
6255:
6210:
6160:
6135:
6100:
5462:
5116:
5033:
4971:
4908:
4684:
4559:
4470:
4253:
4211:
2497:
738:
409:
1681:
Renewables Portfolio Standard Xcel Energy Wind and Biomass Generation Mandate: 825 MW wind
318:
8:
6280:
6170:
6140:
5192:
5005:
Hosansky, David (April 1, 2011). "Wind Power: Is wind energy good for the environment?".
281:
251:
182:
163:
5466:
5120:
5037:
4975:
4912:
4845:
4563:
4474:
4359:
3061:
2837:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2606:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2528:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2196:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1942:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1513:
852:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
777:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
6611:
6507:
6435:
6285:
6245:
6155:
6064:
5867:
5595:"Order No. 890: Preventing Undue Discrimination and Preference in Transmission Service"
5496:
5328:
5303:
5022:"Quantifying the Effects of Energy Infrastructure on Bird Populations and Biodiversity"
4939:
4896:
4501:
4458:
3799:"Secretary Chu Announces $ 93 Million for Recovery Act to Support Wind Energy Projects"
3494:
Bill Summary and Status 101st Congress (1989-1990) H.R. 4808 CRS Summary (1990-11-15).
2466:
192:
By September 2019, 19 states had over 1,000 MW of installed capacity with five states,
5768:
3776:
3724:
3376:"Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 and corporate average fuel economy (CAFE)"
3338:
3311:
117:
6632:
6596:
5987:
CRS Report - Wind Power in the United States: Technology, Economic, and Policy Issues
5500:
5488:
5480:
5362:
5333:
5282:
5271:
5132:
5083:
5057:
5049:
4987:
4944:
4926:
4895:
Dunnett, Sebastian; Holland, Robert A.; Taylor, Gail; Eigenbrod, Felix (2022-02-08).
4795:
4662:
4657:
4655:
4506:
4488:
4457:
Dunnett, Sebastian; Holland, Robert A.; Taylor, Gail; Eigenbrod, Felix (2022-02-08).
4380:
3515:
3471:
2731:
Offshore wind energy projects in state waters are subject to permitting based on the
328:
5155:"Sioux Falls landfill tightens rules after Iowa dumps dozens of wind turbine blades"
4183:
2457:
can have a significant visual impact and impact on the landscape. Due to a very low
6420:
5470:
5351:
5323:
5315:
5124:
5041:
5021:
4979:
4934:
4916:
4567:
4496:
4478:
4360:"Renewable Portfolio Standards: An Effective Policy to Support Clean Energy Supply"
3334:
3307:
2287:
Model As-of Right Zoning Ordinance or Bylaw: Allowing Use of Wind Energy Facilities
247:
121:
6017:
5128:
4983:
4652:
3456:
1741:
RPS: Investor-owned utilities 20% by 2020; Rural electric cooperatives 10% by 2020
1288:
Qualified Energy Property Tax Exemption for Projects over 250 kW (Payment in Lieu)
6495:
5709:
5419:
5358:
5256:
4878:
4823:
4592:
4571:
3678:"Renewable Energy Requirement Guidance for EPACT 20005 and Executive Order 13423"
3640:
1514:
Renewable Portfolio Standards: An Effective Policy to Support Clean Energy Supply
143:
6007:
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs
3540:"Solar, Wind, Waste, and Geothermal Power Production Act of 1990, United States"
2492:
wind turbines. Peer-reviewed research has generally not supported these claims.
2051:
MassCEC - Commonwealth Wind Incentive Program - Commercial Wind Initiative Grant
1881:
Voluntary Renewable Energy Portfolio Goal: 15% of base year (2007) sales by 2025
6591:
6561:
6546:
2055:
MassCEC - Commonwealth Wind Incentive Program - Community-Scale Wind Initiative
557:
4735:
4541:
4430:
2999:
1781:
Alternative Energy Resource Standard: 25% alternative energy resources by 2025
442:(P.L. 109-58) and several others . Most recently, the PTC was extended by the
284:
was instructed to report feasibility and progress on this matter to Congress.
63:
Wind energy policy is generally directed at three categories of constituents:
6672:
6571:
6519:
6466:
5484:
5087:
5053:
4930:
4492:
3841:
3657:. Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency. 18 January 2011
3139:
3137:
2965:
2963:
2447:
1329:
Puerto Rico - Property Tax Exemption for Solar and Renewable Energy Equipment
151:
147:
93:
88:
Historically, incentives have come in the form of production or installation
48:
36:
5676:
5045:
4921:
4483:
3725:"Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007: A Summary of Major Provision"
3647:
2684:
1479:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
619:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
496:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
372:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
5492:
5381:
5337:
5304:"Health, Economy, and Environment: Sustainable Energy Choices for a Nation"
5159:
5148:
5146:
5136:
5061:
4998:
4991:
4948:
4819:"Department defends 500ft windfarm in protected Area of Outstanding Beauty"
4598:
4510:
3861:"Wind Power and the Production Tax Credit: An Overview of Research Results"
3584:"Bill Summary & Status 102nd Congress (1991-1992) H.R. 776 CRS Summary"
3204:
2900:
2898:
2896:
1871:
Sustainably Priced Energy Enterprise Development (SPEED) Goals: 20% by 2017
725:
704:
563:
213:
159:
3134:
3006:
2960:
2145:
Department of Rural Affairs - Renewable Energy Demonstration Pilot Program
2027:
Illinois State Board of Education - School Energy Efficiency Grant Program
306:
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Technology Competitiveness Act 1989
128:
6576:
6483:
5451:"How loud is the underwater noise from operating offshore wind turbines?"
4769:
4679:
4677:
4138:
3754:"American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 - Wind Energy Provisions"
3430:"Bill Summary & Status 101st Congress (1989-1990) S. 488 CRS Summary"
3234:
2710:
2493:
277:
89:
5220:
5218:
5143:
4452:
4450:
4157:
3108:
3054:
2893:
2075:
Community Development Finance Authority - Enterprise Energy Fund (Grant)
6501:
5922:
5670:"A Framework for Offshore Wind Energy Development in the United States"
5475:
5450:
4667:
4299:
4030:"U.S. wind industry leaders praise multi-year extension of tax credits"
3277:. American Wind Energy Association. 2009. pp. 9–10. Archived from
2485:
2427:
1161:
Corporate Property Tax Reduction for New/Expanded Generating Facilities
700:
319:
Solar, Wind, Waste, and Geothermal Power Production Incentives Act 1990
209:
150:
over the last several years. From January through December 2023, 425.2
139:
40:
5319:
4674:
3249:
2651:(NEPA) (42 U.S.C. 4321-4347). The only policy in state waters is the
6566:
5516:"Electric Transmission: Approaches for Energizing a Sagging Industry"
5215:
5188:"Retiring worn-out wind turbines could cost billions that nobody has"
5068:
4888:
4517:
4447:
4182:
Bolinger, Mark; Wiser, Ryan; Cory, Karlynn; James, Ted (March 2009).
4012:"Forget Oil Exports—What Just Happened to Solar is a Really Big Deal"
3489:
3487:
3394:
3392:
2865:
2685:
A Framework for Offshore Wind Energy Development in the United States
2664:
2454:
1627:
Alternative Energy Law (AEL): 105 MW of renewable generating capacity
581:
223:
6325:
5592:
3401:"Renewable Energy Policy: Tax Credit, Budget, and Regulatory Issues"
3264:
2663:
The first offshore wind project in the U.S. was proposed in 2001 by
1811:
RPS: ~18% alternative energy resources by compliance year 2020-2021
1079:
Tax Credit for Solar and Wind Energy Systems on Residential Property
6541:
4791:"Permission to build five turbine wind farm at Kilranelagh refused"
4755:
4720:
3457:"Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Technology Competitiveness"
2881:
2561:
reported 2,397 transmission request denials. The high frequency of
1284:
Qualified Energy Property Tax Exemption for Projects 250 kW or Less
675:
The PTC has been renewed and expanded several more times, with the
231:
227:
201:
178:
35:, which began in the early 1980s with the arrival of utility-scale
5449:
Tougaard, Jakob; Hermannsen, Line; Madsen, Peter T. (2020-11-01).
3956:
Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE)
3796:
3559:
3484:
3389:
2880:
Three auctions have been held for offshore leases. The first (3.6
2573:
issued Order No. 890 to reform these generator imbalance charges.
1344:
Local Option - Property Tax Exemption for Renewable Energy Systems
945:
Local Option - Property Tax Exemption for Renewable Energy Systems
905:
Local Option - Property Tax Exemption for Renewable Energy Systems
6601:
6556:
6489:
5386:
5076:"Wind turbines are friendlier to birds than oil-and-gas drilling"
4635:
Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment
4610:
Grantham Research Institute on climate change and the environment
4294:
4292:
3840:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2474:
1230:
Local Option - Solar, Wind & Biomass Energy Systems Exemption
1099:
Local Option - Property Tax Credit for High Performance Buildings
949:
Property Tax Exemption for Residential Renewable Energy Equipment
696:
6627:
6001:
5971:
Third US Offshore Wind Lease Auction Goes to Italy-based US Wind
5846:"Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Appropriation Act of 1899"
4232:
3581:
3427:
6606:
5640:"Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement"
5413:"Wind Turbine Sound and Health Effects: An Expert Panel Review"
4134:"Congress eyes $ 235B in clean energy subsidies. Here they are"
3242:"Alta Wind Energy Center is the nation's largest wind facility"
2766:
2736:
causing lengthy delays in construction of offshore wind farms.
1891:
RPS: 15% renewables by 2020 and all cost-effective conservation
1841:
Renewable, Recycled and Conserved Energy Objective: 10% by 2015
1001:
Property Tax Exemption for Wind and Geothermal Energy Producers
205:
4289:
3116:"Wind Industry Closes Record 2020 With Strongest Quarter Ever"
2442:
than for the average unit of electricity, so wind power helps
424:
287:
6012:
Database for State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency
5820:
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement
4894:
4456:
3700:
3182:"Texas wind generation keeps growing, state remains at No. 1"
3064:. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). March 6, 2023
2696:
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement
2637:
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement
1325:
Puerto Rico - Tax Deduction for Solar and Wind Energy Systems
193:
4431:"Zoning for Distributed Wind Power – Breaking Down Barriers"
3817:
3815:
2500:, but in operation offshore wind is much quieter than ships.
2391:
Wisconsin - Wind Siting Rules and Model Small Wind Ordinance
2229:
Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency
1965:
Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency
1637:
RPS: Total: 40% by 2017, Class I (New Resources) 10% by 2017
1529:
Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency
879:
Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency
651:
Most recently, wind energy policy has continued through the
6011:
4401:
3694:
2570:
2477:
in areas known for natural landscapes and panoramic views.
2228:
1964:
1528:
878:
242:
197:
5593:
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (February 16, 2007).
3448:
1200:
Local Option - Property Tax Exemption for Renewable Energy
265:
51:
program. Because these early wind projects were fueled by
5823:
5647:
3812:
3421:
2216:
2121:
Pennsylvania Energy Development Authority (PEDA) - Grants
1677:
RPS: Xcel Energy 30% by 2020, Other utilities 25% by 2025
5448:
5259:. GE Reports (2 August 2014). Retrieved on 20 July 2016.
3324:
1983:
Alaska Energy Authority - Renewable Energy Grant Program
1103:
Property Tax Exemption for Solar and Wind Energy Systems
1038:
Local Option - Special Assessment of Wind Energy Devices
564:
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007)
449:
4595:, in: Naturschutz und Landschaftsplanung 46 (1): 10–16.
1226:
Energy Conservation Improvements Property Tax Exemption
1211:
Assessment of Farmland Hosting Renewable Energy Systems
714:
667:(NREL) will receive more than $ 100 million from ARRA.
4181:
3351:
3118:. American Clean Power Association. February 4, 2021.
1437:
933:
Property Tax Assessment for Renewable Energy Equipment
5897:"History of the Cap Cod Offshore Wind Energy Project"
4846:"Building wind farms 'could destroy Welsh landscape'"
4661:
Nathan F. Jones, Liba Pejchar, Joseph M. Kiesecker. "
4402:"Incentives/Policies for Renewables & Efficiency"
3821:
3537:
3084:"GWEC, Global Wind Report 2015, Annual Market Update"
2951:
2739:
2576:
1355:
Large Commercial Wind Exemption and Alternative Taxes
84:
facilitate the appropriate location of wind turbines.
4777:
Wind Power in Europe: Politics, Business and Society
4631:"What are the pros and cons of onshore wind energy?"
4606:"What are the pros and cons of onshore wind energy?"
2801:
1771:
Renewable and Recycled Energy Objective: 10% by 2015
1363:
Small Commercial Wind Energy Property Tax Assessment
925:
Residential Solar and Wind Energy Systems Tax Credit
6047:
4547:
4158:"Production Tax Credit(PTC): Policy Recommendation"
3952:"Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit (PTC)"
3824:"RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION TAX CREDIT (PTC)"
3610:"Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit (PTC)"
3575:
3033:"How many homes can an average wind turbine power?"
2671:assumed the lead federal regulatory role under the
2109:
DCED - High Performance Building Incentives Program
2095:
Community Renewable Energy Feasibility Fund Program
1215:
Property Tax Exemption for Renewable Energy Systems
1042:
Property Tax Exemption for Renewable Energy Systems
964:
Property Tax Exemption for Renewable Energy Systems
745:
686:
173:As of January 2023, the total installed wind power
5891:
5889:
5560:
5270:
4326:. STATE CLEAN ENERGY - ENVIRONMENT TECHNICAL FORUM
3983:"Wind Power Tax Credit Survives Fiscal Cliff Deal"
3917:. Union of Concerned Scientists. 13 September 2011
3218:. American Wind Energy Association. Archived from
1448:Renewable portfolio standards in the United States
1130:Alternative Energy Personal Property Tax Exemption
582:American Reinvestment and Recovery Act (ARRA) 2009
5226:"These bike shelters are made from wind turbines"
4754:. British Wind Energy Association. Archived from
4719:. British Wind Energy Association. Archived from
4052:
3958:. North Carolina State University. Archived from
3553:
2381:Model Ordinance for Siting of Wind-Energy Systems
2165:Focus on Energy - Renewable Energy Grant Programs
2155:U.S. Virgin Islands - Discretionary Grant Program
1314:Property Tax Assessment for Commercial Wind Farms
1185:Renewable Energy Producers Property Tax Abatement
458:
334:
6670:
5708:. US Offshore Wind Collaborative. Archived from
5455:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
4177:
4175:
3774:
3751:
3669:
3637:"Wind Energy Gets a Boost Off Fiscal Cliff Deal"
3367:
3009:. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).
2856:List of offshore wind farms in the United States
1851:RPS: 5,880 MW by 2015; goal of 10,000 MW by 2025
1157:Residential Alternative Energy System Tax Credit
691:Production Tax Credits (PTC) were a part of the
5886:
5433:"The Underwater Sound from Offshore Wind Farms"
4901:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4463:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4362:. United States Environmental Protection Agency
4206:
4204:
3582:The Library of Congress - Thomas (1992-10-24).
3272:"Annual Wind Industry Report, Year Ending 2008"
2559:North American Electric Reliability Corporation
1385:Renewable Energy Systems Property Tax Exemption
1189:Renewable Energy Systems Property Tax Exemption
5959:Second US Offshore Wind Lease Goes to Dominion
4671:, Volume 65, Issue 3, March 2015. pp. 290–301.
4246:
3897:Testimony to the Finance Committee, US Senate.
3655:"Renewable Energy Production Incentive (REPI)"
3454:
2424:environmental impact of electricity generation
2341:Carteret County - Wind Energy System Ordinance
2117:High Performance Green Schools Planning Grants
1141:Wind and Solar-Electric (PV) Systems Exemption
1115:Residential Renewable Energy Income Tax Credit
653:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
588:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
444:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
432:Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act of 2002
226:in the United States with a capacity of 1,548
6033:
5973:" 20 August 2014. Accessed: 10 December 2014.
5948:First US Offshore Wind Leases Go to Deepwater
5923:"First US Offshore Wind Farm Lease is Signed"
4404:. North Carolina State University, under NREL
4276:"Bottom Line on Renewable Energy Tax Credits"
4172:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3300:Technological Forecasting & Social Change
2361:Model Ordinance for Renewable Energy Projects
2113:DCED - Wind and Geothermal Incentives Program
1993:New Energy Economic Development Grant Program
6679:Renewable energy policy in the United States
5106:
4961:
4525:"How Wind Energy Can Help Us Breathe Easier"
4201:
3915:"Production Tax Credit for Renewable Energy"
3533:
3531:
3145:"AWEA 3rd quarter 2019 Public Market Report"
2971:"AWEA 4th quarter 2014 Public Market Report"
2789:
2569:quantities of their electricity output, the
2446:. Wind power consumes no fuel, and emits no
2438:per unit of electricity generated: far less
2267:Statewide Renewable Energy Setback Standards
2247:California - County Wind Ordinance Standards
2172:
997:Residential Alternative Energy Tax Deduction
670:
576:Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
570:Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
5733:
5703:"U.S. Offshore Wind Energy: A Path Forward"
4321:"Clean Energy Tax Incentives -- Background"
3520:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3476:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3297:
3179:
2907:"State of the Wind Energy Industry in 2004"
2772:
2571:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)
2105:DCED - Alternative and Clean Energy Program
1165:Generation Facility Corporate Tax Exemption
916:Non-Residential Solar & Wind Tax Credit
546:3. Not less than 7.5% from 2013 and beyond
430:through many different laws including the
425:Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit
288:Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act 1978
154:were generated by wind power, or 10.18% of
6040:
6026:
5268:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4005:
4003:
3900:
3847:
3768:
2371:Model Wind Ordinance for Local Governments
2277:Maine Model Wind Energy Facility Ordinance
1418:Special Assessment for Wind Energy Systems
1181:Property Tax Abatement for Green Buildings
168:largest renewable energy source in the U.S
5474:
5327:
4938:
4920:
4500:
4482:
4082:"Wind Energy Production Tax Credit (PTC)"
4048:
4046:
3790:
3528:
3428:The Library of Congress - Thomas (1989).
2808:National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
2327:Guidance for Local Wind Energy Ordinances
1861:RPS: 20% of adjusted retail sales by 2025
1499:Learn how and when to remove this message
1429:Solar and Wind Energy Equipment Exemption
1053:Renewable Electricity Facility Tax Credit
1012:Commercial Wind Energy Property Valuation
811:A March 2009 analysis by Mark Bollinger,
639:Learn how and when to remove this message
516:Learn how and when to remove this message
392:Learn how and when to remove this message
216:has the most per capita wind generation.
6689:United States federal energy legislation
5992:DOE Wind Siting Policies and Regulations
5374:
5019:
5004:
4752:"Wind energy Frequently Asked Questions"
4717:"Wind energy Frequently Asked Questions"
4424:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4302:. The United States Department of Energy
4105:
3935:
3797:Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
3634:
3560:Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
3212:"AWEA 2016 Fourth Quarter Market Report"
2707:United States Department of the Interior
2583:Offshore wind power in the United States
2496:to construct non-floating wind farms is
2434:. Wind turbines have some of the lowest
2408:
1152:Alternative Energy Investment Tax Credit
953:Renewable Energy Property Tax Assessment
683:(H.R. 2029, Sec. 301) in December 2015.
243:United States Energy Legislative History
127:
116:
5411:Colby, W. David et al. (December 2009)
4337:
4189:. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
4131:
4125:
4009:
4000:
3980:
3866:. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
2297:Model Ordinance for Wind Energy Systems
2214:requirements is the principle [
1731:RPS: 22.5% by compliance year 2020-2021
1617:RPS: 25% by compliance year 2025 - 2026
1340:Residential Renewable Energy Tax Credit
1273:Renewable Energy Property Tax Exemption
1119:Renewable Energy Property Tax Exemption
1057:Renewable Energy Property Tax Exemption
1023:Renewable Energy Property Tax Exemption
929:Energy Equipment Property Tax Exemption
266:Energy Policy and Conservation Act 1975
31:coincided with the beginning of modern
14:
6671:
5741:. Department of Energy. Archived from
5675:. Department of Energy. Archived from
5301:
5185:
5026:Environmental Science & Technology
4436:. National Renewable Energy Laboratory
4043:
2125:Small Business Advantage Grant Program
2047:DOER - Green Communities Grant Program
1241:Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit
1034:Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit
921:Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit
659:development, and $ 10 million for the
325:Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act
300:Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act
294:Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act
67:Research and Development Organizations
6021:
5794:"Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972"
5200:from the original on 5 September 2019
5167:from the original on 24 November 2021
5152:
4415:
4146:from the original on 26 October 2021.
4132:Storrow, Benjamin (26 October 2021).
3858:
3013:from the original on February 6, 2018
2760:
2669:United States Army Corps of Engineers
2629:United States Army Corps of Engineers
2484:Many wind turbine blades are made of
2414:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
1587:RPS: 25% by compliance year 2025-2026
1407:Local Option - Property Tax Exemption
681:Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016
450:Renewable Energy Production Incentive
276:Signed into law in 1975 by President
6651:
5868:"Branch of Environmental Assessment"
5513:
5393:from the original on 18 October 2012
5375:Hamilton, Tyler (15 December 2009).
5365:School of Public Health, April 2015.
4816:
4788:
4273:
3373:
3161:from the original on January 5, 2020
2980:(AWEA). January 2014. Archived from
2904:
2817:
2586:
2508:
2176:
2135:RIEDC - Renewable Energy Fund Grants
2037:Voluntary Renewable Resources Grants
1922:
1451:
1095:Income Tax Credit for Green Building
832:
802:
757:
715:History of the Production Tax Credit
677:American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012
665:National Renewable Energy Laboratory
591:
468:
344:
5736:"A National Offshore Wind Strategy"
5422:, Canadian Wind Energy Association.
5302:Gohlke, J. M.; et al. (2008).
5109:Journal of Environmental Management
4964:Journal of Environmental Management
3752:Mertens, Alexandra; Daniel Yarano.
3722:
3701:Federal Energy Management Program.
3398:
2726:
2337:North Carolina Model Wind Ordinance
2017:Technology and Demonstration Grants
2003:CCEF - On-Site Renewable DG Program
1438:Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)
1396:Renewable Energy Systems Tax Credit
543:2. Not less than 5% from 2010–2012
540:1. Not less than 3% from 2007–2009
413:regulations, and fleet management.
24:
5769:"Wind Energy: Offshore Permitting"
5700:
5277:. John Wiley & Sons. pp.
4883:Mountaineering Council of Scotland
4872:Wind farms and tourism in Scotland
4254:"State Incentives for Wind Energy"
4212:"Wind Energy for State Incentives"
4160:. American Wind Energy Association
4087:. American Wind Energy Association
3122:from the original on March 3, 2021
2909:. American Wind Energy Association
2813:
2740:Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)
2681:United States Department of Energy
2577:United States offshore wind policy
2471:Mountaineering Council of Scotland
2430:is minor when compared to that of
2416:Environmental impact of wind power
2401:Wyoming Wind Energy Permitting Law
2085:North Carolina Green Business Fund
1303:Renewable Energy Systems Exemption
1090:Clean Energy Production Tax Credit
754:Annual US Wind Power Installations
749:
436:American Jobs Creation Act of 2004
272:Energy Policy and Conservation Act
256:Energy Policy and Conservation Act
33:wind industry of the United States
25:
6705:
5979:
5848:. Environmental Protection Agency
5308:Environmental Health Perspectives
5186:Kelley, Rick (18 February 2018).
4697:from the original on 3 March 2016
4641:from the original on 22 June 2019
4428:
4383:. Environmental Protection Agency
4381:"Voluntary and Mandatory Markets"
4079:
4010:Randall, Tom (17 December 2015).
3981:Levitan, Dave (January 2, 2013).
3635:Gerhardt, Tina (6 January 2013).
3192:from the original on June 7, 2019
3096:from the original on June 1, 2019
2802:National Environmental Policy Act
2716:A National Offshore Wind Strategy
2700:National Environmental Policy Act
2649:National Environmental Policy Act
2645:Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act
2473:concluded that wind farms harmed
2351:Requirements for Wind Development
1918:
1359:Renewable Energy System Exemption
1269:Large Wind Property Tax Reduction
250:policy gained interest after the
177:in the United States was 141,300
146:that has expanded quickly in the
70:Commercial/Residential Generators
6650:
6639:
6638:
6626:
6324:
6070:United States Wind Energy Policy
6060:American Wind Energy Association
5963:
5952:
5941:
5915:
5860:
5838:
5808:
5774:. Congressional Research Service
5766:
5377:"Wind Gets Clean Bill of Health"
4685:"Why Australia needs wind power"
4300:"Consumer Energy Tax Incentives"
3835:
3152:American Wind Energy Association
2978:American Wind Energy Association
2822:
2591:
2513:
2181:
1927:
1557:RPS: 20% by 2010 and 33% by 2020
1456:
837:
762:
746:Impacts of Production Tax Credit
687:Wind Production Tax Credit (PTC)
596:
473:
349:
323:This act is an amendment to the
156:electricity in the United States
109:This section is an excerpt from
29:United States wind energy policy
18:United States Wind Energy Policy
6684:Wind power in the United States
6049:Wind power in the United States
5786:
5760:
5727:
5694:
5662:
5632:
5554:
5442:
5425:
5405:
5368:
5344:
5295:
5262:
5243:
5179:
5153:Sneve, Joe (4 September 2019).
5100:
5013:
4955:
4864:
4838:
4810:
4782:
4709:
4623:
4578:
4373:
4313:
4267:
4235:. Connecticut Clean Energy Fund
4225:
4150:
4099:
4073:
4022:
3974:
3944:
3716:
3628:
3602:
3345:
3180:Druzin, Rye (August 23, 2018).
3173:
3037:United States Geological Survey
2504:
2013:Research and Development Grants
1667:RPS: All utilities: 10% by 2015
1246:Sustainable Building Tax Credit
819:
661:National Wind Technology Center
111:Wind power in the United States
6478:Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind
5997:AWEA Federal Policy Highlights
5644:The Department of the Interior
5514:Abel, Amy (January 30, 2008).
4789:Dodd, Eimear (27 March 2021).
4233:"Helping You Change the World"
4112:The Environmental Law Reporter
4018:– via www.bloomberg.com.
3938:The Environmental Law Reporter
3859:Wiser, Ryan (March 29, 2007).
3076:
3025:
2954:Congressional Research Service
2779:Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899
2677:Environmental Impact Statement
2673:Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899
2625:Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899
2317:Solar and Wind Permitting Laws
2257:Wind Access and Permitting Law
828:
663:. Along with this funding the
459:Energy Policy Act (EPACT) 2005
335:Energy Policy Act (EPACT) 1992
13:
1:
6080:Offshore wind farms in the US
5129:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.052
5020:Katovich, Erik (2024-01-09).
4984:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.052
3756:. Fredrikson & Byron, P.A
3354:"Efficiency and Conservation"
3339:10.1016/S0301-4215(99)00013-0
3312:10.1016/S0040-1625(00)00076-7
2887:
2733:Coastal Zone Management Plans
2679:(EIS) in 2004. In 2004, the
1374:Wind Energy Systems Exemption
1299:Residential Energy Tax Credit
222:in California is the largest
175:nameplate generating capacity
103:
98:renewable portfolio standards
6694:United States federal policy
4572:10.1016/j.renene.2011.05.008
3352:Window on State Government.
3246:California Energy Commission
2905:Gray, Tom (September 2004).
2860:
2783:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
1481:Knowledge's inclusion policy
1444:Renewable portfolio standard
986:Solar and Wind Energy Credit
621:Knowledge's inclusion policy
533:Renewable energy requirement
498:Knowledge's inclusion policy
374:Knowledge's inclusion policy
7:
5250:How Loud Is A Wind Turbine?
4817:Kula, Adam (9 April 2021).
4278:. World Resources Institute
3822:U.S. Department of Energy.
3703:"Energy Policy Act of 2005"
3562:"Energy Policy Act of 1992"
3538:The Encyclopedia of Earth.
2750:Coastal Zone Management Act
2746:Coastal Zone Management Act
2721:
2653:Coastal Zone Management Act
1258:Renewable Energy Tax Credit
1068:Renewable Energy Tax Credit
73:Manufacturers and Producers
10:
6710:
5734:Beaudry‐Losique, Jacques.
5350:Professor Simon Chapman. "
2870:US Army Corps of Engineers
2853:
2658:
2647:(43 U.S.C. 1337), and the
2580:
2413:
1441:
585:
567:
462:
338:
291:
269:
108:
6620:
6537:Aermotor Windmill Company
6529:
6459:
6333:
6322:
6093:
6055:
4877:21 September 2020 at the
4779:. Springer, 2007. p. 176.
4584:Thomas Kirchhoff (2014):
3496:"Bill Summary and Status"
2875:
2831:This section needs to be
2796:Energy Policy Act of 2005
2790:Energy Policy Act of 2005
2754:Energy Policy Act of 2005
2694:(Public Law 109-58), the
2692:Energy Policy Act of 2005
2655:of 1972 (Pub.L. 92-583).
2633:Energy Policy Act of 2005
2600:This section needs to be
2522:This section needs to be
2440:greenhouse gas is emitted
2190:This section needs to be
2173:Permitting and ordinances
1936:This section needs to be
846:This section needs to be
771:This section needs to be
737:voted 316-113, while the
721:Energy Policy Act of 1992
693:Energy Policy Act of 1992
671:Additional PTC extensions
465:Energy Policy Act of 2005
440:Energy Policy Act of 2005
406:Energy Policy Act of 1992
341:Energy Policy Act of 1992
236:wind turbine manufacturer
6582:NextEra Energy Resources
5874:. Department of Interior
5796:. Department of Commerce
5273:Wind Energy Comes of Age
5255:15 December 2014 at the
4106:Anderson, Heidi (2003).
3154:(AWEA). September 2019.
3007:"Electric Power Monthly"
2773:Rivers & Harbors Act
2552:Atlantic Wind Connection
2436:global warming potential
2065:Energy Efficiency Grants
1169:Energy Systems Exemption
327:(PURPA) of 1978 and the
234:is the largest domestic
6587:Ørsted US Offshore Wind
5046:10.1021/acs.est.3c03899
4922:10.1073/pnas.2104764119
4484:10.1073/pnas.2104764119
4053:Corina Rivera Linares.
3732:CRS Report for Congress
2705:On October 6, 2010 the
2641:Outer Continental Shelf
2563:transmission congestion
975:Clean Energy Tax Credit
220:Alta Wind Energy Center
181:(MW). This capacity is
133:Mendota Hills Wind Farm
77:with one of two goals:
45:Altamont Pass wind farm
6473:Block Island Wind Farm
5620:Cite journal requires
5574:Cite journal requires
5542:Cite journal requires
4885:. November 2017. p. 3.
3887:Cite journal requires
3775:Department of Energy.
2930:Cite journal requires
755:
183:exceeded only by China
136:
125:
53:investment tax credits
6633:Wind power portal
6085:Wind Powering America
4591:18 April 2016 at the
2675:, and issued a draft
2459:surface power density
2409:Environmental Impacts
753:
709:municipal solid waste
131:
120:
58:production tax credit
6530:Wind power companies
6522:(Under construction)
6516:(Under construction)
6075:Wind farms in the US
5418:18 June 2020 at the
5230:World Economic Forum
3455:42 USC Chapter 125.
3252:on November 30, 2018
3222:on February 11, 2017
2987:on November 19, 2017
2444:limit climate change
1593:District of Columbia
135:in northern Illinois
6460:Offshore wind farms
6094:Wind power by state
5467:2020ASAJ..148.2885T
5357:22 May 2019 at the
5269:Gipe, Paul (1995).
5193:Valley Morning Star
5121:2017JEnvM.201..252P
5038:2024EnST...58..323K
4976:2017JEnvM.201..252P
4913:2022PNAS..11904764D
4564:2012REne...37...37G
4475:2022PNAS..11904764D
3374:Kravchak, Matthew.
2794:Section 388 of the
282:Secretary of Energy
164:hydroelectric power
142:is a branch of the
6612:Wind Capital Group
6065:NASA wind turbines
5816:"Renewable Energy"
5476:10.1121/10.0002453
5389:. pp. B1–B2.
3777:"Renewable Energy"
3436:on 1 February 2016
3284:on April 20, 2009.
2761:Federal Permitting
2453:Onshore (on-land)
1721:RPS: 23.8% by 2025
756:
137:
126:
6666:
6665:
6597:UGE International
6431:San Gorgonio Pass
5748:on 10 August 2011
5715:on 29 August 2011
5682:on 13 August 2018
5363:Sydney University
5320:10.1289/ehp.11602
5288:978-0-471-10924-2
5232:. 19 October 2021
4852:. 4 November 2019
4796:Irish Independent
4274:Goodword, Jenna.
3186:Houston Chronicle
2852:
2851:
2621:
2620:
2543:
2542:
2432:fossil fuel power
2406:
2405:
2211:
2210:
2170:
2169:
1957:
1956:
1916:
1915:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1435:
1434:
867:
866:
803:Incentives of PTC
792:
791:
649:
648:
641:
526:
525:
518:
410:energy efficiency
402:
401:
394:
329:Federal Power Act
16:(Redirected from
6701:
6654:
6653:
6642:
6641:
6631:
6630:
6334:Large wind farms
6328:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6019:
6018:
5974:
5967:
5961:
5956:
5950:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5929:. 6 October 2010
5919:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5893:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5826:on 21 April 2011
5822:. Archived from
5812:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5773:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5747:
5740:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5714:
5707:
5701:Clarke, Steven.
5698:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5681:
5674:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5650:on 21 April 2011
5646:. Archived from
5636:
5630:
5629:
5623:
5618:
5616:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5599:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5577:
5572:
5570:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5545:
5540:
5538:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5520:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5478:
5461:(5): 2885–2893.
5446:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5429:
5423:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5372:
5366:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5331:
5314:(6): A236–A237.
5299:
5293:
5292:
5276:
5266:
5260:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5222:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5205:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5150:
5141:
5140:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5094:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4942:
4924:
4892:
4886:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4786:
4780:
4775:Szarka, Joseph.
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4723:on 19 April 2006
4713:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4696:
4689:
4681:
4672:
4659:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4602:
4596:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4551:Renewable Energy
4545:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4504:
4486:
4454:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4435:
4426:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4356:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4325:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4296:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4208:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4179:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4086:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4057:. Archived from
4050:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4007:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3962:on 17 March 2013
3948:
3942:
3941:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3911:
3898:
3896:
3890:
3885:
3883:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3865:
3856:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3819:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3729:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3682:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3616:on 17 March 2013
3612:. Archived from
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3586:. Archived from
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3535:
3526:
3525:
3519:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3498:. Archived from
3491:
3482:
3481:
3475:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3432:. Archived from
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3405:
3396:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3276:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3248:. Archived from
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3149:
3141:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2975:
2967:
2958:
2957:
2949:
2940:
2939:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2902:
2847:
2844:
2838:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2781:stated that the
2727:State Permitting
2683:(DOE) produced "
2616:
2613:
2607:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2538:
2535:
2529:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2498:noisy underwater
2240:
2239:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2185:
2184:
2177:
1976:
1975:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1911:RPS: 10% by 2015
1831:RPS: 16% by 2019
1821:RPS: 20% by 2035
1791:RPS: 15% by 2015
1751:RPS: 29% by 2015
1711:RPS: 25% by 2025
1701:RPS: 15% by 2015
1691:RPS: 15% by 2021
1647:RPS: 20% by 2022
1607:RPS: 40% by 2030
1597:RPS: 20% by 2020
1577:RPS: 27% by 2020
1547:RPS: 15% by 2025
1540:
1539:
1504:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1460:
1459:
1452:
890:
889:
862:
859:
853:
841:
840:
833:
787:
784:
778:
766:
765:
758:
644:
637:
633:
630:
624:
600:
599:
592:
521:
514:
510:
507:
501:
477:
476:
469:
438:(P.L. 108-357),
397:
390:
386:
383:
377:
353:
352:
345:
248:Renewable energy
122:Brazos Wind Farm
56:tax credit, the
21:
6709:
6708:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6669:
6668:
6667:
6662:
6625:
6616:
6525:
6496:SouthCoast Wind
6455:
6361:Capricorn Ridge
6329:
6320:
6089:
6051:
6046:
6016:
6002:New Wind Agenda
5982:
5977:
5968:
5964:
5957:
5953:
5946:
5942:
5932:
5930:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5906:
5904:
5903:. 28 April 2010
5895:
5894:
5887:
5877:
5875:
5866:
5865:
5861:
5851:
5849:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5829:
5827:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5799:
5797:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5765:
5761:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5738:
5732:
5728:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5705:
5699:
5695:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5663:
5653:
5651:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5621:
5619:
5610:
5609:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5591:
5587:
5575:
5573:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5543:
5541:
5532:
5531:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5508:
5447:
5443:
5435:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5420:Wayback Machine
5410:
5406:
5396:
5394:
5373:
5369:
5359:Wayback Machine
5349:
5345:
5300:
5296:
5289:
5267:
5263:
5257:Wayback Machine
5248:
5244:
5235:
5233:
5224:
5223:
5216:
5203:
5201:
5184:
5180:
5170:
5168:
5151:
5144:
5105:
5101:
5092:
5090:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5018:
5014:
5003:
4999:
4960:
4956:
4893:
4889:
4879:Wayback Machine
4870:Gordon, David.
4869:
4865:
4855:
4853:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4829:
4827:
4824:The News Letter
4815:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4787:
4783:
4774:
4770:
4761:
4759:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4740:
4736:
4726:
4724:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4675:
4660:
4653:
4644:
4642:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4615:
4613:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4593:Wayback Machine
4583:
4579:
4546:
4542:
4533:
4531:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4455:
4448:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4416:
4407:
4405:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4386:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4365:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4338:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4305:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4290:
4281:
4279:
4272:
4268:
4259:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4238:
4236:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4217:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4173:
4163:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4130:
4126:
4116:
4114:
4104:
4100:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4051:
4044:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4008:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3963:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3901:
3888:
3886:
3877:
3876:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3848:
3836:
3828:
3826:
3820:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3757:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3727:
3723:Sissine, Fred.
3721:
3717:
3707:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3641:The Progressive
3633:
3629:
3619:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3593:
3591:
3580:
3576:
3566:
3564:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3529:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3503:
3492:
3485:
3469:
3468:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3403:
3399:Sissine, Fred.
3397:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3323:
3319:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3223:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3193:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3042:
3040:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3014:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2950:
2943:
2931:
2929:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2910:
2903:
2894:
2890:
2878:
2863:
2858:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2814:Offshore Leases
2804:
2792:
2775:
2763:
2742:
2729:
2724:
2661:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2579:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2419:
2411:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2186:
2182:
2175:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1505:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1471:Please help by
1470:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1442:Main articles:
1440:
863:
857:
854:
851:
842:
838:
831:
822:
805:
788:
782:
779:
776:
767:
763:
748:
717:
689:
673:
645:
634:
628:
625:
611:Please help by
610:
601:
597:
590:
584:
572:
566:
522:
511:
505:
502:
488:Please help by
487:
478:
474:
467:
461:
452:
434:(P.L. 107-47),
427:
398:
387:
381:
378:
364:Please help by
363:
354:
350:
343:
337:
321:
308:
296:
290:
274:
268:
245:
240:
239:
144:energy industry
114:
106:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6707:
6697:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6648:
6636:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6592:Siemens Gamesa
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6562:Infigen Energy
6559:
6554:
6549:
6547:Bluewater Wind
6544:
6539:
6533:
6531:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6523:
6517:
6511:
6505:
6499:
6493:
6487:
6481:
6475:
6470:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6451:Tehachapi Pass
6448:
6443:
6441:Shepherds Flat
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6406:Papalote Creek
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6337:
6335:
6331:
6330:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6236:North Carolina
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6097:
6095:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6045:
6044:
6037:
6030:
6022:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5983:
5981:
5980:External links
5978:
5976:
5975:
5969:Cichon, Meg. "
5962:
5951:
5940:
5914:
5885:
5859:
5837:
5807:
5785:
5759:
5726:
5693:
5661:
5631:
5622:|journal=
5585:
5576:|journal=
5553:
5544:|journal=
5506:
5441:
5424:
5404:
5367:
5343:
5294:
5287:
5261:
5242:
5214:
5178:
5142:
5099:
5067:
5032:(1): 323–332.
5012:
4997:
4954:
4887:
4863:
4837:
4809:
4781:
4768:
4743:
4734:
4708:
4673:
4651:
4622:
4612:. January 2018
4597:
4577:
4540:
4516:
4446:
4414:
4393:
4372:
4336:
4312:
4288:
4266:
4256:. Energy Bible
4245:
4224:
4214:. Energy Bible
4200:
4171:
4149:
4124:
4098:
4080:Steve, Jaime.
4072:
4061:on 30 May 2016
4042:
4021:
3999:
3973:
3943:
3928:
3899:
3889:|journal=
3846:
3811:
3789:
3767:
3744:
3715:
3693:
3668:
3646:
3627:
3601:
3574:
3552:
3527:
3483:
3447:
3420:
3388:
3366:
3344:
3317:
3306:(2): 125–148.
3287:
3263:
3233:
3203:
3172:
3133:
3107:
3075:
3053:
3024:
2998:
2959:
2941:
2932:|journal=
2891:
2889:
2886:
2877:
2874:
2862:
2859:
2854:Main article:
2850:
2849:
2830:
2828:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2803:
2800:
2791:
2788:
2774:
2771:
2762:
2759:
2741:
2738:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2690:Following the
2660:
2657:
2619:
2618:
2599:
2597:
2590:
2581:Main article:
2578:
2575:
2541:
2540:
2521:
2519:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2420:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2334:
2333:North Carolina
2330:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2209:
2208:
2189:
2187:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2151:Virgin Islands
2148:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2081:North Carolina
2078:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1955:
1954:
1935:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1919:Grant Programs
1917:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1757:North Carolina
1754:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1674:
1670:
1669:
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1659:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1629:
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1620:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1584:
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1579:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1564:
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1559:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1507:
1506:
1464:
1462:
1455:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1254:North Carolina
1251:
1250:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1005:
1004:
994:
990:
989:
983:
979:
978:
972:
968:
967:
961:
957:
956:
942:
938:
937:
913:
909:
908:
902:
898:
897:
894:
865:
864:
845:
843:
836:
830:
827:
821:
818:
804:
801:
790:
789:
770:
768:
761:
747:
744:
716:
713:
688:
685:
672:
669:
647:
646:
604:
602:
595:
586:Main article:
583:
580:
568:Main article:
565:
562:
558:data reporting
524:
523:
481:
479:
472:
463:Main article:
460:
457:
451:
448:
426:
423:
400:
399:
357:
355:
348:
339:Main article:
336:
333:
320:
317:
307:
304:
292:Main article:
289:
286:
270:Main article:
267:
264:
244:
241:
187:European Union
158:. The average
152:terawatt-hours
115:
107:
105:
102:
86:
85:
82:
75:
74:
71:
68:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6706:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6659:
6658:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6572:National Wind
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6528:
6521:
6520:Vineyard Wind
6518:
6515:
6512:
6509:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6497:
6494:
6491:
6488:
6485:
6482:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6467:Aqua Ventus I
6465:
6464:
6462:
6458:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6411:Panther Creek
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6351:Biglow Canyon
6349:
6347:
6346:Altamont Pass
6344:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6332:
6327:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6306:West Virginia
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6216:New Hampshire
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6181:Massachusetts
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6043:
6038:
6036:
6031:
6029:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5972:
5966:
5960:
5955:
5949:
5944:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5902:
5898:
5892:
5890:
5873:
5869:
5863:
5847:
5841:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5811:
5795:
5789:
5770:
5763:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5711:
5704:
5697:
5678:
5671:
5665:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5635:
5627:
5614:
5596:
5589:
5581:
5568:
5557:
5549:
5536:
5521:: 11. RL33875
5517:
5510:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5445:
5434:
5428:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5408:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5347:
5339:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5298:
5290:
5284:
5280:
5275:
5274:
5265:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5246:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5219:
5211:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5182:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5149:
5147:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5080:The Economist
5077:
5071:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5008:
5007:CQ Researcher
5001:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4958:
4950:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4891:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4867:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4813:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4772:
4758:on 2006-04-19
4757:
4753:
4747:
4738:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4693:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4581:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4544:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4453:
4451:
4432:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4403:
4397:
4382:
4376:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4322:
4316:
4301:
4295:
4293:
4277:
4270:
4255:
4249:
4234:
4228:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4185:
4178:
4176:
4159:
4153:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4128:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4083:
4076:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4047:
4031:
4025:
4017:
4013:
4006:
4004:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3939:
3932:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3894:
3881:
3862:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3843:
3842:public domain
3825:
3818:
3816:
3800:
3793:
3778:
3771:
3755:
3748:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3704:
3697:
3679:
3672:
3656:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3590:on 2008-12-02
3589:
3585:
3578:
3563:
3556:
3541:
3534:
3532:
3523:
3517:
3502:on 2016-02-01
3501:
3497:
3490:
3488:
3479:
3473:
3458:
3451:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3393:
3377:
3370:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3327:Energy Policy
3321:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3292:
3280:
3273:
3267:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3092:
3085:
3079:
3063:
3057:
3050:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2955:
2948:
2946:
2937:
2924:
2908:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2892:
2885:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2846:
2834:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2811:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2768:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2734:
2719:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2615:
2603:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2537:
2525:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2448:air pollution
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2303:New Hampshire
2302:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2283:Massachusetts
2282:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2205:
2193:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2071:New Hampshire
2070:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2043:Massachusetts
2042:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1951:
1939:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1897:West Virginia
1896:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1717:New Hampshire
1716:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1653:Massachusetts
1652:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1503:
1500:
1492:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1465:This section
1463:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1414:West Virginia
1413:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1336:Rhodes Island
1335:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:" (Property)
1315:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1196:New Hampshire
1195:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1111:Massachusetts
1110:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
992:
991:
987:
984:
981:
980:
976:
973:
970:
969:
965:
962:
959:
958:
954:
950:
946:
943:
940:
939:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
914:
911:
910:
906:
903:
900:
899:
895:
892:
891:
888:
886:
882:
880:
875:
871:
861:
849:
844:
835:
834:
826:
817:
814:
809:
800:
798:
786:
774:
769:
760:
759:
752:
743:
740:
736:
732:
727:
722:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
684:
682:
678:
668:
666:
662:
656:
654:
643:
640:
632:
622:
618:
614:
608:
605:This section
603:
594:
593:
589:
579:
577:
571:
561:
559:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
534:
530:
520:
517:
509:
499:
495:
491:
485:
482:This section
480:
471:
470:
466:
456:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
422:
418:
414:
411:
407:
396:
393:
385:
375:
371:
367:
361:
358:This section
356:
347:
346:
342:
332:
330:
326:
316:
312:
303:
301:
295:
285:
283:
279:
273:
263:
259:
257:
253:
249:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:United States
145:
141:
134:
130:
123:
119:
112:
101:
99:
95:
91:
83:
80:
79:
78:
72:
69:
66:
65:
64:
61:
59:
54:
50:
49:tax incentive
46:
42:
38:
37:wind turbines
34:
30:
19:
6655:
6643:
6624:
6386:Horse Hollow
6376:Fowler Ridge
6271:South Dakota
6266:Rhode Island
6261:Pennsylvania
6241:North Dakota
5965:
5954:
5943:
5931:. Retrieved
5926:
5917:
5905:. Retrieved
5900:
5876:. Retrieved
5871:
5862:
5850:. Retrieved
5840:
5828:. Retrieved
5824:the original
5819:
5810:
5798:. Retrieved
5788:
5776:. Retrieved
5767:Vann, Adam.
5762:
5750:. Retrieved
5743:the original
5729:
5717:. Retrieved
5710:the original
5696:
5684:. Retrieved
5677:the original
5664:
5652:. Retrieved
5648:the original
5643:
5634:
5613:cite journal
5601:. Retrieved
5588:
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2101:Pennsylvania
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1807:Pennsylvania
1767:North Dakota
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1473:spinning off
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1310:Pennsylvania
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6577:Native Wind
6484:Empire Wind
6401:Meadow Lake
6396:Los Vientos
6366:Cedar Creek
6356:Buffalo Gap
6126:Connecticut
5901:Energy Boom
5397:16 December
5204:5 September
5171:5 September
5115:: 252–259.
4970:: 252–259.
4035:15 November
3226:February 9,
3196:December 5,
3165:December 8,
2991:February 1,
2711:Ken Salazar
1999:Connecticut
1817:Puerto Rico
1573:Connecticut
1431:(Property)
1420:(Property)
1409:(Property)
1398:(Personal)
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1003:(Property)
988:(Personal)
977:(Personal)
966:(Property)
960:Connecticut
955:(Property)
935:(Property)
907:(Property)
829:Tax Credits
797:solar power
278:Gerald Ford
90:tax credits
6673:Categories
6514:South Fork
6510:(proposed)
6504:(proposed)
6502:Ocean Wind
6498:(proposed)
6492:(proposed)
6486:(proposed)
6446:Sweetwater
6426:Rush Creek
6371:Flat Ridge
6301:Washington
6226:New Mexico
6221:New Jersey
6116:California
5236:2022-04-02
5093:2024-01-16
4856:18 January
4830:18 January
4802:18 January
4762:2006-04-21
4668:BioScience
4645:2020-12-12
4616:2024-06-04
4534:2022-09-27
4529:Energy.gov
4440:2011-04-19
4429:Green, J.
4408:2011-04-17
4387:2011-04-17
4366:2011-04-17
4330:2011-04-18
4306:2011-04-18
4282:2011-03-23
4260:2011-03-14
4239:2011-03-22
4218:2011-03-14
3408:CRS Report
3043:August 25,
2956:. RL34546.
2888:References
2709:Secretary
2486:fiberglass
2455:wind farms
2428:wind power
2313:New Jersey
2243:California
1887:Washington
1737:New Mexico
1727:New Jersey
1553:California
1477:relocating
1237:New Mexico
1207:New Jersey
701:hydropower
617:relocating
494:relocating
370:relocating
252:oil shocks
210:California
140:Wind power
104:Background
41:California
6567:Invenergy
6311:Wisconsin
6276:Tennessee
6191:Minnesota
5927:Cape Wind
5501:227251351
5485:0001-4966
5088:0013-0613
5054:0013-936X
4931:0027-8424
4701:7 January
4558:(1): 37.
4493:0027-8424
4016:Bloomberg
2866:Cape Wind
2861:Cape Wind
2843:June 2021
2665:Cape Wind
2612:June 2021
2534:June 2021
2387:Wisconsin
2202:June 2021
2161:Wisconsin
1948:June 2021
1907:Wisconsin
1673:Minnesota
1489:June 2021
1425:Wisconsin
1370:Tennessee
1137:Minnesota
1075:Louisiana
858:June 2021
783:June 2021
735:The House
629:June 2021
506:June 2021
382:June 2021
224:wind farm
179:megawatts
124:in Texas.
6645:Category
6542:Avangrid
6508:Skipjack
6436:Sherbino
6416:Peñascal
6381:Highland
6296:Virginia
6251:Oklahoma
6231:New York
6206:Nebraska
6196:Missouri
6186:Michigan
6176:Maryland
6166:Kentucky
6146:Illinois
6131:Delaware
6121:Colorado
6111:Arkansas
5933:17 April
5907:17 April
5878:17 April
5852:17 April
5830:21 April
5800:17 April
5778:16 April
5654:17 April
5603:27 March
5525:27 March
5493:33261376
5416:Archived
5391:Archived
5355:Archived
5338:18560493
5253:Archived
5198:Archived
5165:Archived
5137:28672197
5062:38153963
4992:28672197
4949:35101973
4875:Archived
4850:BBC News
4727:21 April
4692:Archived
4639:Archived
4589:Archived
4511:35101973
4193:25 March
4164:25 March
4144:Archived
4117:16 April
4065:22 March
3870:16 April
3829:21 March
3804:17 April
3782:17 April
3760:24 March
3737:18 April
3708:18 April
3686:17 April
3661:24 March
3620:24 March
3594:19 April
3567:19 April
3545:17 April
3516:cite web
3506:17 April
3472:cite web
3462:19 April
3440:19 April
3413:24 March
3381:17 April
3359:17 April
3190:Archived
3156:Archived
3120:Archived
3091:Archived
3068:April 7,
3017:March 1,
3011:Archived
2913:17 April
2722:Policies
2467:setbacks
2347:Oklahoma
2323:New York
2293:Michigan
2263:Illinois
2253:Delaware
2061:Michigan
2023:Illinois
2009:Delaware
1989:Colorado
1877:Virginia
1787:Oklahoma
1747:New York
1687:Missouri
1663:Michigan
1643:Maryland
1613:Illinois
1583:Delaware
1563:Colorado
1535:Table 2:
1222:New York
1126:Michigan
1086:Maryland
1064:Kentucky
1008:Illinois
941:Colorado
885:Table 1:
232:GE Power
202:Oklahoma
185:and the
6657:Commons
6602:US Wind
6557:GE Wind
6490:Marwind
6480:(pilot)
6469:(pilot)
6316:Wyoming
6291:Vermont
6201:Montana
6151:Indiana
6106:Arizona
5752:1 April
5719:1 April
5686:1 April
5463:Bibcode
5387:Toronto
5329:2430245
5117:Bibcode
5034:Bibcode
4972:Bibcode
4940:8832964
4909:Bibcode
4560:Bibcode
4502:8832964
4471:Bibcode
3992:July 9,
2833:updated
2667:. The
2659:History
2602:updated
2524:updated
2475:tourism
2397:Wyoming
2235:Table 4
2192:updated
1971:Table 3
1938:updated
1867:Vermont
1697:Montana
1543:Arizona
1403:Vermont
1148:Montana
1019:Indiana
971:Georgia
912:Arizona
848:updated
773:updated
697:biomass
166:as the
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27:Modern
6607:Vestas
6421:Roscoe
6256:Oregon
6211:Nevada
6161:Kansas
6136:Hawaii
6101:Alaska
5872:BOEMRE
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2767:BOEMRE
2357:Oregon
2091:Oregon
1979:Alaska
1797:Oregon
1707:Nevada
1603:Hawaii
1295:Oregon
1177:Nevada
1049:Kansas
982:Hawaii
901:Alaska
813:et al.
739:Senate
707:, and
208:, and
206:Kansas
96:, and
94:grants
6391:Limon
6281:Texas
6171:Maine
6141:Idaho
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2273:Maine
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2033:Maine
1847:Texas
1633:Maine
1381:Texas
993:Idaho
893:State
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6341:Alta
6286:Utah
6246:Ohio
6156:Iowa
5935:2011
5909:2011
5880:2011
5854:2011
5832:2011
5802:2011
5780:2011
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5656:2011
5626:help
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5527:2011
5489:PMID
5481:ISSN
5399:2009
5334:PMID
5283:ISBN
5206:2019
5173:2019
5133:PMID
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5058:PMID
5050:ISSN
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4945:PMID
4927:ISSN
4858:2022
4832:2022
4804:2022
4729:2006
4703:2012
4507:PMID
4489:ISSN
4195:2011
4166:2011
4119:2011
4093:2012
4067:2016
4037:2016
3994:2013
3968:2011
3923:2012
3893:help
3872:2011
3831:2016
3806:2011
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