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patrolling U.S. Navy ship off the coast of
Bluefields, allegedly to protect the lives and interests of American citizens who lived there. The Conservative Party sought to overthrow Zelaya which led to Estrada's rebellion in December 1909. Two Americans, Leonard Groce and Lee Roy Cannon, were captured and indicted for allegedly joining the rebellion and the laying of mines. Zelaya ordered the execution of the two Americans, which severed
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1630:, a Conservative, assumed the presidency, and continued to attract foreign investment. Some Marines remained in the country after the intervention, occasionally clashing with local residents. In 1921, a group of Marines who raided a Managua newspaper office were dishonorably discharged. Later that year, a Marine private shot and killed a Nicaraguan policeman.
1277:, the Secretary of War. Mena managed to gain the support of the National Assembly, accusing DĂaz of "selling out the nation to New York bankers". DĂaz asked the U.S. government for help, as Mena's opposition turned into rebellion. Knox appealed to president Taft for military intervention, arguing that the Nicaraguan railway from
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Of the 1,100 members of the United States military that intervened in
Nicaragua, thirty-seven were killed in action. With DĂaz safely in the presidency of the country, the United States proceeded to withdraw the majority of its forces from Nicaraguan territory, leaving one hundred Marines to "protect
1031:
spent the next five months in
Central America, mostly at Corinto, maintaining U.S. neutrality in the ongoing rebellion, sometimes under criticism by the U.S. press and business interests that were displeased by Kimball's "friendly" attitude toward the liberal Madriz administration. By mid-March 1910,
1723:. Despite additional conflict with Sandino's rebels, U.S.-supervised elections were held on November 4, 1928, with Moncada the winner. Manuel Giron was captured and executed in February 1929, and Sandino took a year's leave in Mexico. By 1930, Sandino's guerrilla forces numbered more than 5,000 men.
1312:
DĂaz, relying on the U.S. government's traditional support of the
Nicaraguan conservative faction, made clear that he could not guarantee the safety of U.S. persons and property in Nicaragua and requested U.S. intervention. In the first two weeks of August 1912, Mena and his forces captured steamers
1582:
ZeledĂłn and most of his troops had fled the previous day during the bombardment, many to Masaya, where
Nicaraguan government troops captured or killed most of them, including ZeledĂłn. With the insurgents driven from Masaya, Southerland ordered the occupation of Leon to stop any further interference
1570:
On
October 2, Nicaraguan government troops loyal to President Diaz delivered a surrender ultimatum to ZelaydĂłn, who refused. Rear Admiral Southerland realized that Nicaraguan government forces would not vanquish the insurgents by bombardment or infantry assault, and ordered the Marine commanders to
1989:
1007:
admonished that the United States would not resume diplomatic relations with
Nicaragua until Madriz demonstrated that his was a "responsible government ... prepared to make reparations for the wrongs" done to American citizens. His request for asylum granted by Mexico, Zelaya was escorted by armed
1574:
On
October 3, Butler and his men, returning from the capture of Granada, pounded the hills with artillery throughout the day, with no response from the insurgents. In the pre-dawn hours of October 4, Butler's 250 Marines began moving up the higher hill, Coyotepe, to converge with Pendletons's 600
2180:
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On
October 23, Southerland announced that but for the Nicaraguan elections in early November, he would withdraw most of the U.S. landing forces. At that point, peaceful conditions prevailed and nearly all of the embarked U.S. Marines and bluejackets that had numbered approximately 2,350 at their
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who received support from the U.S. government as a result of
American entrepreneurs providing financial assistance to Estrada's rebellion in the hopes of gaining economic concessions after the rebellion's victory. The United States had limited military presence in Nicaragua, having only one
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1935:
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By 1912 the ongoing political conflict in Nicaragua between the liberal and conservative factions had deteriorated to the point that U.S. investments under President Taft's Dollar Diplomacy including substantial loans to the fragile coalition government of conservative President
3074:"COOLIDGE PREDICTS PEACE IN NICARAGUA; Tells Dr. Cesar, New Envoy, First Steps for Composing Differences Have Been Taken. DISCLAIMS SELFISH AIMS Says We Desire Freedom and Prosperity of Every Central American Republic. COOLIDGE PREDICTS PEACE IN NICARAGUA"
1254:, and also to protect American private investment in the development of Nicaragua's natural resources. The policy opened the door for American banks to lend money to the Nicaraguan government, ensuring United States control over the country's finances.
1050:
as his successor. Madriz in turn had to face an advance by the reinvigorated eastern rebel forces, which ultimately led to his resignation. In August 1910, Juan Estrada became president of Nicaragua with the official recognition of the United States.
1503:
to protect the railway line running from Corinto to Managua and then south to Granada on the north shore of Lake Nicaragua. This landing party reembarked aboard ship October 24 and 25, 1912. One officer and 24 men were landed from the
1292:
to name him successor to DĂaz when DĂaz's term expired in 1913. When the United States refused to recognize the Nicaraguan assembly's decision, Mena rebelled against the DĂaz government. A force led by liberal General
1032:
the insurgency led by Estrada and Chamorro had seemingly collapsed and with the apparent and unexpected strength of Madriz, the U.S. Nicaraguan Expeditionary Squadron completed its withdrawal from Nicaraguan waters.
1473:
on board. Admiral Southerland's priorities were to re-establish and safeguard the disrupted railway and cable lines between the principal port of Corinto and Managua, 110 kilometres (70 mi) to the southeast.
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The Hoover administration started a U.S. pullout such that by February 1932, only 745 men remained. Juan Sacasa was elected president in the November 6, 1932, election. The
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or "dollars for bullets" policy. The goal was to undermine European financial strength in the region, which threatened American interests to construct a canal in the
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On June 30, Sandino seized the San Albino gold mine, denounced the Conservative government, and attracted recruits to continue operations. The next month saw the
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DĂaz's connection with the United States led to a decline in his popularity in Nicaragua. Nationalistic sentiments arose in the Nicaraguan military, including
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1567:, two hills overlooking the all-important railway line at Masaya that ZeledĂłn and about 550 of his men occupied, halfway between Managua and Granada.
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and Nicaraguan General Juan Estrada, each leading conservative revolts against Zelaya's government, had captured three small towns on the border with
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The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama
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1579:. At the summit, the American forces seized the rebel's artillery and used it to rout ZeledĂłn's troops on Barranca across the valley.
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3056:"COOLIDGE CONFERS ON NICARAGUA CRISIS; NEW POLICY HINTED; Calls Kellogg and Wilbur After Stating Marines Landed to Protect Americans"
562:
1325:, subjecting it to a four-hour bombardment. U.S. minister George Wetzel cabled Washington to send U.S. troops to safeguard the U.S.
3535:
3298:
1563:. Beginning on the morning of September 27 and continuing through October 1, Nicaraguan government forces bombarded Barranca and
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countries from 1898 to 1934. The formal occupation began on August 4, 1912, even though there were various other assaults by the
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peak, not including approximately 1,000 shipboard sailors, withdrew, leaving a legation guard of 100 Marines in Managua.
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condemned Zelaya's actions, favoring Estrada. Zelaya succumbed to U.S. political pressure and fled the country, leaving
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The Knox-Castrillo Treaty of 1911, ratified in 1912, put the U.S. in charge of much of Nicaragua's financial system.
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1415:, where she arrived on August 6 and landed a force of 50 men to protect American lives and property. A force of 350
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brokered a peace deal which included disarmament and promised elections in 1928. However, the Liberal commander
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in August. On May 7, 1926, a U.S. Navy landing force, consisting of 213 officers and men, was landed from the
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messages from the other navy ships to and from Washington until departing on September 30, for patrol duty.
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with her crew of 155 allegedly to protect American citizens and property on the Pacific coast of Nicaragua.
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declared himself Constitutional President of Nicaragua from Puerto Cabezas on December 1, 1926. Following
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arrived on the coast of Nicaragua with 250 Marines, for the purpose of providing security in Bluefields.
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1000:, was elected by unanimous vote of the liberal Nicaraguan national assembly on December 20, 1909. U.S.
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from August 30 to September 6, 1912, and from September 11 to 27, 1912 to protect the cable station,
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on the nineteenth), where they were reinforced with the Marine first battalion commanded by Colonel
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and disembarked at Managua to reinforce the legation guard on August 15, 1912. Under this backdrop,
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with the U.S.-controlled railroad. On October 6, 1,000 bluejackets and Marines, from the cruisers
1321:
that were owned by a railroad company managed by U.S. interests. Insurgents attacked the capital,
849:(1929–1933) opposed the relationship. On January 2, 1933, Hoover ended the American intervention.
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On the morning of September 22, two battalions of Marines and an artillery battery under Major
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ship's landing force under Lt. A. Reed rests beside the Corinto, Nicaragua railroad line, 1912.
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1612:, the last stronghold of the insurgency. The revolution of General Diaz was essentially over.
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List of Expeditions 1901–1929, Navy Department Library, Navy History & Heritage Command
1793:
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914:. U.S. Naval warships that had been waiting off Mexico and Costa Rica moved into position.
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8:
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On August 4, at the recommendation of the Nicaraguan president, a landing force of 100
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between the conservative and liberal factions on May 2, 1926, with liberals capturing
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U.S. Marines leaving New York City in 1909 for deployment in Nicaragua. Then-Colonel
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1681:. On January 24, 1927, the first elements of U.S. forces arrived, with 400 Marines.
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1701:
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402:
109:
2544:. Washington, For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off. July 21, 2010
1340:
was on routine patrol off the west coast of Nicaragua. In the summer of 1912, 100
1266:
forced Estrada to resign. He was replaced by his vice president, the conservative
954:
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2926:
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1739:
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1609:
1605:
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1726:
The only American journalist who interviewed Sandino during this occupation was
1704:. By March, the U.S. had 2,000 troops in Nicaragua under the command of General
4553:
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303:
208:
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136 marines killed (32 killed-in-action, 15 died of wounds, and 5 murdered by
4659:
4641:
4628:
4571:
4523:
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4412:
3203:
2444:
Nicaragua: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993
2315:"Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy for the Fiscal Year 1910, p. 803"
1709:
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815:
811:
807:
203:
192:
137:
94:
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and 750 Marines. The main goal was securing the railroad from Corinto to
997:
803:
584:
538:
30:
1023:
As the flagship of the Nicaraguan Expeditionary Squadron, under Admiral
2862:
The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898–1934
2567:
The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898–1934
2508:
The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898–1934
2471:
The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898–1934
1732:
1685:
1642:
907:
891:
3153:
3122:
2822:
The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898 to 1934: An Encyclopedia
2630:
The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898 to 1934: An Encyclopedia
1189:
996:
Zelaya resigned on December 14, 1909, and his hand-picked successor,
819:
151:
82:
3117:
1849:
The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power
1552:
1536:
1525:
1392:
1326:
988:
3955:
3211:
2920:
Sailors As Infantry in the U.S. Navy, The Navy Department Library
1689:
1513:
1388:
1368:
1251:
911:
2996:. Historical Branch, G-3, United States Marine Corps. p. 11
1332:
At the time the revolution broke out, the Pacific Fleet gunboat
3918:
3680:
2362:
The Banana Wars: An Inner History of American Empire, 1900–1934
1700:'s Observation Squadron arrived on February 26, which included
1560:
1466:
1380:
1353:
1298:
870:, in charge of the detachment, is in civilian clothes at right.
826:
in Nicaragua were designed to stop any other nation except the
274:
2938:
2936:
2934:
1894:
Andrew Glass, "Marines withdraw from Nicaragua, Jan. 2, 1933"
1559:
surrendered his 700 troops to Southerland and was deported to
506:
2893:
2891:
61:(20 years, 4 months, 4 weeks and 1 day)
4322:
3951:
United States involvement in regime change in Latin America
2931:
1914:. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Inc. pp. 56–58.
1441:, from late August to September 1912, under the command of
1395:
during the insurgency. On the east coast of Nicaragua, the
1356:
with 350 Marines. The commander of the American forces was
550:
71:(6 years, 7 months, 3 weeks and 5 days)
2888:
1912:
The Banana Wars: United States in the Caribbean, 1898-1934
802:
from August 4, 1912, to January 2, 1933, was part of the
2901:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. October 7, 1912. p. 3
2796:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. October 7, 1912. p. 3
1749:
was the last major engagement of the U.S. intervention.
1716:, and 200 of his men refused to give up the revolution.
1495:, under the command of the ship's navigator, Lieutenant
1491:
On August 29, 1912, a landing force of 120 men from USS
1437:
and seven other ships from the Pacific Fleet arrived at
1661:
at Bluefields to protect Americans and U.S. interests.
2853:
2851:
2542:"Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy for 1912"
1465:
arrived at Corinto on August 27, 1912, with 350 navy
4027:
2968:. Vol. LXX, no. 23, 045. February 27, 1921
2436:
2434:
1756:
1575:
Marines and a landing battalion of bluejackets from
910:
and were fomenting open rebellion in the capital of
3763:
United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution
2813:
2811:
1555:General Mena, the primary instigator of the failed
2945:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
2848:
2410:
1391:, to protect American citizens and guard the U.S.
2431:
1684:Government forces were defeated on February 6 at
1677:, who then requested intervention from President
1285:was threatened, interfering with U.S. interests.
64:First Occupation: August 4, 1912 – August 4, 1925
4657:
4411:and other inhabited territories governed by the
2808:
1669:' resignation, the Nicaraguan Congress selected
333:
69:Second Occupation: May 7, 1926 – January 2, 1933
43:United States Marines with the captured flag of
3189:Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1838)
2752:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. September 1, 1912
2250:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. December 26, 1909
2224:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. December 26, 1909
2198:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. December 17, 1909
2162:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. December 21, 1909
2126:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. December 15, 1909
2100:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. December 15, 1909
2074:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. December 13, 1909
2048:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. December 14, 1909
2022:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. November 27, 1909
1696:and the occupation of La Loma Fort in Managua.
128:
16:1912–1933 occupation as part of the Banana Wars
4696:United States Marine Corps in the 20th century
2942:
2294:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. January 29, 1910
2272:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. January 14, 1910
1996:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. December 8, 1909
1942:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. December 1, 1909
1884:. Chicago: Quadrangle Books. pp. 239–240.
1860:
1858:
4013:
3666:
3138:
2774:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. October 1, 1912
2706:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. August 30, 1912
2666:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. August 27, 1912
2607:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. August 29, 1912
1219:
857:
522:
319:
2947:. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 822–833.
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2342:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. March 16, 1910
3682:United States intervention in Latin America
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
1855:
1804:Overseas interventions of the United States
1238:Estrada's administration allowed President
142:
4726:United States involvement in regime change
4711:Nicaragua–United States military relations
4020:
4006:
3968:Nicaragua's case against the United States
3673:
3659:
3145:
3131:
2750:"The Washington Herald, September 1, 1912"
2364:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
2196:"The Pensacola Journal, December 17, 1909"
1851:. New York City: Basic Books. p. 148.
1814:United States involvement in regime change
1288:In mid-1912 Mena persuaded the Nicaraguan
1262:were in jeopardy. Minister of War General
1226:
1212:
1056:
957:, with 700 Marines. On December 12, 1909,
529:
515:
326:
312:
2899:"The San Francisco Call, October 6, 1912"
2794:"The San Francisco Call, October 7, 1912"
2312:
2292:"The Washington Herald, January 29, 1910"
2270:"The Salt Lake Tribune, January 14, 1910"
1869:. Chicago: Quadrangle Books. p. 239.
1301:, quickly came to the aid of Mena, whose
1035:On May 27, 1910, U.S. Marine Corps Major
852:
2664:"The Washington Herald, August 27, 1912"
2408:
2367:
1879:
1864:
1476:
987:
861:
2857:
2726:"The New York Times, September 2, 1912"
2562:
2503:
2466:
1909:
4658:
4457:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
3152:
2990:The United States Marines in Nicaragua
1819:United States-Latin American relations
1524:remained at San Juan del Sur to relay
1512:on the southern end of the Nicaraguan
4001:
3987:Latin America–United States relations
3654:
3126:
2817:
2625:
2160:"New York Tribune, December 21, 1909"
800:United States occupation of Nicaragua
510:
307:
24:United States occupation of Nicaragua
4608:
3840:Occupation of the Dominican Republic
3834:Occupation of the Dominican Republic
3199:United States occupation (1912–1933)
2959:"Marines Sentenced For Managua Raid"
2858:Langley, Lester D. (March 5, 1912).
2563:Langley, Lester D. (March 5, 1912).
2504:Langley, Lester D. (March 5, 1912).
2467:Langley, Lester D. (March 5, 1912).
1846:
1692:, prompting U.S. Marine landings at
1016:, on the night of December 23, with
262:7 killed (5 marines & 2 sailors)
3982:Foreign policy of the United States
3026:
2772:"The New York Sun, October 1, 1912"
1620:the American legation in Managua".
1112:Federal Republic of Central America
13:
4045:Organized incorporated territories
3794:Separation of Panama from Colombia
2417:. New York: MacMillan Publishing.
1633:
1374:
1020:standing by but taking no action.
298:1,115 Sandinista insurgents killed
14:
4737:
3101:
2986:
2704:"El Paso Herald, August 30, 1912"
2510:, by Lester D. Langley, pp. 60-70
2473:, by Lester D. Langley, pp. 60–70
2313:Navy Dept, United States (1910).
1940:, Honesdale, PA December 1, 1909"
1880:Macaulay, Neill (February 1998).
1865:Macaulay, Neill (February 1998).
1829:Nicaragua–United States relations
4706:Wars involving the United States
4607:
4598:
4597:
4409:United Nations trust territories
4029:Territories of the United States
2943:Thiessen-Reily, Heather (2008).
1809:Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal
1773:
1759:
1742:sent U.S. Marines to Nicaragua.
1688:, followed by another defeat at
1608:, U.S.M.C. captured the city of
1361:William Henry Hudson Southerland
1188:
1085:
1041:United States Secretary of State
238:
226:
214:
202:
198:William Henry Hudson Southerland
191:
170:
158:
144:
130:
59:August 4, 1912 – January 2, 1933
37:
4463:American Concession in Shanghai
3084:
3066:
3048:
3016:"List of Expeditions 1901-1929"
3008:
2980:
2951:
2913:
2824:, by Benjamin Beede, p. 376–377
2786:
2764:
2742:
2718:
2696:
2678:
2656:
2619:
2593:
2556:
2534:
2497:
2460:
2354:
2328:
2306:
2284:
2262:
2236:
2210:
2188:
2174:
2152:
2138:
2112:
2086:
2060:
2034:
824:American military interventions
536:
4469:American concession of Tianjin
3222:Post-Sandinista period (1990–)
2008:
1982:
1954:
1928:
1903:
1888:
1873:
1840:
1:
4691:Military history of Nicaragua
4681:American military occupations
3217:Sandinista period (1979–1990)
2864:, by Lester D. Langley, p. 69
2569:, by Lester D. Langley, p. 65
1834:
1137:35 Years of conservative rule
1008:guard to the Mexican gunboat
945:, on the Atlantic coast with
874:In 1909 Nicaraguan President
294:Second occupation (1926–1933)
281:Nicaraguan National Guardsmen
269:Second occupation (1926–1933)
106:Change of regime in Nicaragua
4060:U.S. territorial sovereignty
2867:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2572:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2513:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2476:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1545:ambushed by rebels at Masaya
338:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua
287:First occupation (1912–1925)
258:First occupation (1912–1925)
7:
3935:1989 Paraguayan coup d'Ă©tat
3930:1979 Salvadoran coup d'Ă©tat
3870:1954 Paraguayan coup d'Ă©tat
3865:1954 Guatemalan coup d'Ă©tat
3536:Water supply and sanitation
3118:Sandino rebellion 1927–1934
3092:"Intervention in Nicaragua"
3034:"Our Century: The Twenties"
2818:Beede, Benjamin R. (1994).
2632:, by Benjamin Beede, p. 376
2626:Beede, Benjamin R. (1994).
2360:Langley, Lester D. (1983).
1752:
1571:prepare to take the hills.
10:
4742:
4310:Unincorporated territories
3925:1976 Argentine coup d'Ă©tat
3914:1973 Uruguayan coup d'Ă©tat
1910:Langley, Lester D (2002).
1847:Boot, Max (May 27, 2003).
1824:Nicaragua v. United States
1142:Liberal Revolution of 1893
882:faced opposition from the
858:Estrada's rebellion (1909)
837:Nicaragua assumed a quasi-
112:marks US withdrawal (1933)
4593:
4495:
4478:
4421:
4404:
4318:
4305:
4068:
4035:
3977:
3943:
3904:1971 Bolivian coup d'Ă©tat
3887:1964 Bolivian coup d'Ă©tat
3855:
3810:Second Occupation of Cuba
3772:
3737:
3688:
3605:
3544:
3496:
3492:
3483:
3413:
3404:
3320:
3311:
3239:
3230:
3204:Somoza Family (1936–1979)
3164:
2925:December 2, 2012, at the
2690:December 3, 2010, at the
1799:Nicaraguan Campaign Medal
1297:, with its stronghold at
1117:18 Years of military rule
1012:and departed Corinto for
611:Second Honduran Civil War
546:
347:
251:
184:
122:
51:
36:
28:
23:
4701:Wars involving Nicaragua
4395:Northern Mariana Islands
3909:1973 Chilean coup d'Ă©tat
3798:Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty
3788:First Occupation of Cuba
3325:Administrative divisions
3184:Mexican rule (1822–1823)
2827:. Taylor & Francis.
2635:. Taylor & Francis.
2446:, edited by Tim Merrill"
1667:Emiliano Chamorro Vargas
1647:JosĂ© MarĂa Moncada Tapia
1628:Emiliano Chamorro Vargas
1520:and American interests.
1348:. They were followed by
1102:Piracy on Lake Nicaragua
904:Emiliano Chamorro Vargas
828:United States of America
822:throughout this period.
787:San Francisco de Macoris
606:First Honduran Civil War
3816:Occupation of Nicaragua
3804:Occupations of Honduras
2409:Musicant, Ivan (1990).
2338:The Marion Daily Mirror
1344:arrived aboard the USS
1242:and Secretary of State
1157:Sandinista insurrection
1057:Mena's rebellion (1912)
917:The protected cruisers
3822:Occupation of Veracruz
3113:Nicaragua 10 1909–1933
3040:. 1999. Archived from
2220:The Los Angeles Herald
2182:The Los Angeles Herald
2096:The San Francisco Call
2044:The San Francisco Call
1488:
1365:Joseph Henry Pendleton
1167:Post-Sandinista period
993:
977:, to join the gunboat
871:
853:Conflicts in Nicaragua
841:status under the 1916
185:Commanders and leaders
4050:Territorial evolution
3108:Nicaragua 8 1850–1868
1714:Augusto CĂ©sar Sandino
1480:
1419:shipped north on the
1413:Bluefields, Nicaragua
991:
973:with 155, arrived at
943:Bluefields, Nicaragua
941:lay in the harbor at
865:
843:Bryan–Chamorro Treaty
592:Puerto Rican campaign
252:Casualties and losses
245:Augusto CĂ©sar Sandino
4686:American imperialism
3962:Cuban Missile Crisis
3875:Bay of Pigs Invasion
3751:Spanish–American War
3745:Mexican–American War
3718:Good Neighbor policy
3392:Territorial disputes
3062:. December 29, 1926.
2248:, December 21, 1909"
2222:, December 26, 1909"
2149:, December 17, 1909.
2124:, December 15, 1909"
2098:, December 15, 1909"
2072:, December 13, 1909"
2046:, December 14, 1909"
2020:, November 27, 1909"
1966:, November 23, 1909"
1794:History of Nicaragua
1789:American imperialism
1781:United States portal
1663:Juan Bautista Sacasa
1409:North Atlantic Fleet
1383:was dispatched from
1363:, joined by Colonel
1177:Coronavirus pandemic
558:Spanish–American War
384:Nicaraguan Civil War
4642:13.0000°N 85.0000°W
4638: /
4487:uninhabited islands
4389:U.S. Virgin Islands
3828:Occupation of Haiti
3782:Paraguay expedition
3708:Roosevelt Corollary
3080:. January 21, 1927.
2448:. Countrystudies.us
2246:Los Angeles Tribune
1994:, December 8, 1909"
1549:Joseph H. Pendleton
1240:William Howard Taft
1014:Salina Cruz, Mexico
640:1926–1927 civil war
568:2nd U.S. occupation
563:1st U.S. occupation
277:National Guardsmen)
4721:1930s in Nicaragua
4716:1920s in Nicaragua
4671:1910s in Nicaragua
3881:Operation Mongoose
3846:Invasion of Panama
3757:Mexican Border War
3712:Big Stick ideology
3461:Telecommunications
3078:The New York Times
3060:The New York Times
3044:on March 11, 2007.
2987:Nalty, Bernard C.
2966:The New York Times
2605:, August 29, 1912"
2185:December 21, 1909.
2122:Los Angeles Herald
2018:The Ogden Standard
1992:The Ogden Standard
1964:The New York Times
1882:The Sandino Affair
1867:The Sandino Affair
1747:Battle of El Sauce
1603:Lieutenant Colonel
1541:Granada, Nicaragua
1489:
1446:W.H.H. Southerland
1439:Corinto, Nicaragua
1407:from the American
1196:Years in Nicaragua
1025:William W. Kimball
1002:Secretary of State
994:
992:A map of Nicaragua
975:Corinto, Nicaragua
886:, led by governor
884:Conservative Party
876:José Santos Zelaya
872:
765:Dominican Republic
758:2nd Port-au-Prince
753:1st Port-au-Prince
578:Sugar Intervention
264:16 marines wounded
102:political victory
45:Augusto C. Sandino
4666:Conflicts in 1912
4647:13.0000; -85.0000
4621:
4620:
4485:claims and other
4483:Guano Islands Act
4383:Panama Canal Zone
4055:Thirteen Colonies
3995:
3994:
3648:
3647:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3479:
3478:
3400:
3399:
3377:Political parties
3372:National Assembly
3340:Foreign relations
3307:
3306:
2424:978-0-02-588210-2
2340:, March 16, 1910"
2070:The Hawaiian Star
1702:DeHavilland DH-4s
1639:Civil war erupted
1626:In 1916, General
1463:Thomas Washington
1411:) was ordered to
1405:protected cruiser
1290:national assembly
1260:Juan José Estrada
1244:Philander C. Knox
1236:
1235:
1162:Sandinista period
1044:Philander C. Knox
1005:Philander C. Knox
888:Juan José Estrada
868:William P. Biddle
795:
794:
504:
503:
302:
301:
118:
117:
4733:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4611:
4610:
4601:
4600:
4566:Quita Sueño Bank
4146:Indian Territory
4022:
4015:
4008:
3999:
3998:
3892:Operation Condor
3724:Dollar diplomacy
3675:
3668:
3661:
3652:
3651:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3584:National symbols
3494:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3441:Economic history
3436:
3411:
3410:
3318:
3317:
3237:
3236:
3179:Spanish conquest
3147:
3140:
3133:
3124:
3123:
3096:
3095:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3020:history.navy.mil
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2963:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2940:
2929:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2730:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2700:
2694:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2416:
2406:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2192:
2186:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2156:
2150:
2147:New York Tribune
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1907:
1901:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1767:Nicaragua portal
1764:
1763:
1762:
1721:Battle of Ocotal
1510:San Juan del Sur
1387:to the capital,
1295:BenjamĂn ZeledĂłn
1248:Dollar Diplomacy
1228:
1221:
1214:
1200:Nicaragua Portal
1193:
1192:
1097:Spanish conquest
1089:
1079:
1061:
1060:
1010:General Guerrero
965:and the gunboat
832:Nicaraguan Canal
830:from building a
810:invaded various
541:
531:
524:
517:
508:
507:
342:
341:
339:
328:
321:
314:
305:
304:
243:
242:
241:
231:
230:
229:
221:BenjamĂn ZeledĂłn
219:
218:
217:
207:
206:
196:
195:
175:
174:
173:
163:
162:
161:
154:
150:
148:
147:
140:
136:
134:
133:
110:Great Depression
97:military victory
53:
52:
41:
21:
20:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4656:
4655:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4617:
4589:
4500:Phoenix Islands
4491:
4474:
4451:Volcano Islands
4417:
4400:
4314:
4301:
4064:
4031:
4026:
3996:
3991:
3973:
3939:
3851:
3775:and occupations
3774:
3768:
3733:
3702:Platt Amendment
3696:Monroe Doctrine
3684:
3679:
3649:
3644:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3593:
3589:Public holidays
3540:
3475:
3451:Nicaragua Canal
3434:
3396:
3362:Law enforcement
3303:
3299:Water resources
3284:Protected areas
3226:
3160:
3151:
3104:
3099:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2941:
2932:
2927:Wayback Machine
2918:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2856:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2816:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2692:Wayback Machine
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2440:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2407:
2368:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1908:
1904:
1893:
1889:
1878:
1874:
1863:
1856:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1740:Calvin Coolidge
1679:Calvin Coolidge
1636:
1634:1927 occupation
1610:Leon, Nicaragua
1606:Charles G. Long
1458:, commanded by
1377:
1375:1912 occupation
1352:'s return from
1232:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1107:1823 Rebellions
1077:
1070:
1059:
860:
855:
796:
791:
573:Negro Rebellion
542:
537:
535:
505:
500:
499:
343:
337:
335:
334:
332:
297:
292:
290:
278:
272:
267:
265:
263:
261:
239:
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190:
179:
171:
169:
168:
159:
157:
145:
143:
141:
131:
129:
98:
85:
70:
66:(13 years)
65:
60:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4739:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4605:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4581:
4580:(1899–present)
4575:
4574:(1898–present)
4569:
4563:
4562:(1867–present)
4557:
4556:(1867–present)
4554:Howland Island
4551:
4545:
4544:(1860–present)
4539:
4538:(1858–present)
4536:Navassa Island
4533:
4532:(1858–present)
4530:Johnston Atoll
4527:
4526:(1858–present)
4521:
4520:(1857–present)
4515:
4509:
4503:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4434:
4426:Ryukyu Islands
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4397:(1986–present)
4392:
4391:(1917–present)
4386:
4380:
4379:(1899–present)
4377:American Samoa
4374:
4373:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4326:
4325:(1898–present)
4319:
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4315:
4313:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4293:
4287:
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3990:
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3971:
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3953:
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812:Latin American
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1315:Lakes Managua
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953:en route for
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370:Coyotepe Hill
368:
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165:Liberal Party
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138:United States
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100:Liberal Party
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4584:Corn Islands
4560:Midway Atoll
4548:Swan Islands
4542:Kingman Reef
4518:Baker Island
4512:Serrana Bank
4371:1952–present
4369:Commonwealth
4353:Puerto Rico
4346:Commonwealth
3815:
3626:Bibliography
3506:Demographics
3428:Central Bank
3367:Armed Forces
3350:Human rights
3330:Constitution
3198:
3086:
3077:
3068:
3059:
3050:
3042:the original
3037:
3028:
3019:
3010:
3000:February 27,
2998:. Retrieved
2989:
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2972:February 27,
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2017:
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1505:
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1443:Rear Admiral
1434:
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1417:U.S. Marines
1398:
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1342:U.S. Marines
1335:
1331:
1311:
1303:headquarters
1287:
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1122:Independence
1053:
1034:
1028:
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971: (PG-1)
968:
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951: (AD-5)
948:
939: (AG-1)
936:
928:
920:
916:
901:
873:
845:. President
839:protectorate
836:
799:
797:
748:Fort Rivière
743:Fort Dipitie
690:El Bramadero
655:San Fernando
617:
482:
468:
457:El Bramadero
439:
408:San Fernando
390:
376:
352:
336:
293:
286:
268:
257:
123:Belligerents
93:
29:Part of the
18:
4676:Banana Wars
4645: /
4586:(1914–1971)
4578:Wake Island
4568:(1869–1981)
4550:(1863–1972)
4514:(1856–1981)
4508:(1856–1981)
4502:(1856–1979)
4471:(1860–1901)
4465:(1848–1863)
4459:(1947–1994)
4453:(1945–1968)
4447:(1945–1968)
4385:(1903–1979)
4329:Philippines
4298:(1900–1959)
4292:(1868–1890)
4263:(1864–1889)
4257:(1863–1912)
4251:(1863–1890)
4245:(1861–1889)
4239:(1861–1876)
4233:(1861–1864)
4227:(1854–1867)
4221:(1854–1861)
4215:(1853–1889)
4209:(1850–1896)
4193:Provisional
4189:New Mexico
4186:(1849–1858)
4180:(1848–1859)
4174:(1838–1846)
4168:(1836–1848)
4139:(1822–1845)
4133:(1819–1836)
4127:(1817–1819)
4121:(1809–1818)
4115:(1805–1837)
4109:(1805–1821)
4099:(1804–1812)
4093:(1800–1816)
4087:(1798–1817)
4085:Mississippi
4081:(1790–1796)
4075:(1787–1803)
4040:Organic act
3958:(1979–1990)
3894:(1968–1989)
3842:(1965–1966)
3836:(1916–1924)
3830:(1915–1934)
3818:(1912–1933)
3812:(1906–1909)
3806:(1903–1925)
3790:(1899–1902)
3765:(1916–1919)
3759:(1910–1919)
3747:(1846–1848)
3729:Banana Wars
3704:(1901–1904)
3418:Agriculture
3355:LGBT rights
3249:Earthquakes
3209:Sandinistas
1938:The Citizen
1671:Adolfo Diaz
1557:coup d'etat
1467:bluejackets
1381:bluejackets
1268:Adolfo DĂaz
1076:History of
1048:José Madriz
998:Jose Madriz
963:bluejackets
806:, when the
804:Banana Wars
660:Santa Clara
585:Puerto Rico
539:Banana Wars
490:Augua Carta
452:2nd Quilali
433:1st Quilali
413:Santa Clara
279:75 killed (
247:(1927–1933)
180:(1927–1933)
167:(1912–1927)
31:Banana Wars
4660:Categories
4633:85°00′00″W
4630:13°00′00″N
4270:Department
4213:Washington
3574:Mass media
3564:Literature
3501:Corruption
3435:(currency)
3345:Government
3254:Ecoregions
3212:v. Contras
3038:The Nation
1835:References
1733:The Nation
1708:. In May,
1686:Chinandega
1649:capturing
1643:Bluefields
1587:California
1577:California
1484:USS Denver
1431:Canal Zone
921:Des Moines
908:Costa Rica
892:Bluefields
782:Guayacanas
724:Border War
705:Agua Carta
670:Sapotillal
423:Sapotillal
4439:1950–1972
4433:1945–1950
4365:1900–1952
4359:1898–1900
4348:1935–1946
4342:1901–1935
4336:1898–1901
4284:1912–1959
4282:Territory
4278:1884–1912
4272:1867–1884
4201:1850–1912
4199:Territory
4195:1846–1850
4184:Minnesota
4166:Wisconsin
4160:1890–1907
4158:Territory
4154:1850–1890
4152:Panhandle
4148:1834–1907
4142:Oklahoma
4103:Louisiana
4079:Southwest
4073:Northwest
3521:Languages
3511:Education
3471:Transport
3387:President
3335:Elections
3294:Volcanoes
3274:Mountains
3232:Geography
3154:Nicaragua
2905:March 26,
2880:March 26,
2840:March 26,
2800:March 26,
2778:March 26,
2756:March 26,
2734:March 26,
2710:March 26,
2670:March 26,
2648:March 26,
2611:March 26,
2585:March 26,
2548:March 26,
2526:March 26,
2489:March 26,
2452:March 26,
2346:March 26,
2320:March 26,
2298:March 26,
2276:March 26,
2254:March 26,
2228:March 26,
2202:March 26,
2166:March 26,
2130:March 26,
2104:March 26,
2078:March 26,
2052:March 26,
2026:March 26,
2000:March 26,
1974:March 26,
1946:March 26,
1675:designado
1657:Cleveland
1592:USS
1585:USS
1460:Commander
1452:USS
1429:from the
1424:USS
1397:USS
1385:Annapolis
1346:Annapolis
1336:Annapolis
1334:USS
1319:Nicaragua
1275:Luis Mena
1264:Luis Mena
1152:Civil War
1078:Nicaragua
981:Vicksburg
979:USS
967:USS
961:with 280
947:USS
935:USS
927:USS
919:USS
820:Nicaragua
665:Telpaneca
618:Nicaragua
418:Telpaneca
233:Luis Mena
152:Nicaragua
83:Nicaragua
4603:Category
4431:Military
4357:Military
4334:Military
4276:District
4237:Colorado
4225:Nebraska
4131:Arkansas
4119:Illinois
4113:Michigan
4107:Missouri
3635:Category
3531:Religion
3433:CĂłrdoba
3382:Politics
3313:Politics
3158:articles
2923:Archived
2688:Archived
1896:Politico
1753:See also
1594:Colorado
1565:Coyotepe
1553:U.S.M.C.
1537:U.S.M.C.
1526:wireless
1393:legation
1327:legation
1305:were at
1067:a series
1065:Part of
969:Yorktown
937:Hannibal
729:Veracruz
710:El Sauce
599:Honduras
495:El Sauce
275:mutinous
78:Location
4613:Commons
4363:Insular
4340:Insular
4290:Wyoming
4266:Alaska
4261:Montana
4255:Arizona
4137:Florida
4125:Alabama
4097:Orleans
4091:Indiana
3956:Contras
3612:Outline
3579:Museums
3554:Cuisine
3546:Culture
3485:Society
3466:Tourism
3423:Banking
3406:Economy
3264:Islands
3174:Nicarao
3166:History
1898:(2019)
1694:Corinto
1690:Muy Muy
1601:led by
1514:isthmus
1501:Corinto
1471:Marines
1421:collier
1389:Managua
1369:Managua
1358:Admiral
1323:Managua
1307:Granada
1283:Granada
1279:Corinto
1252:isthmus
949:Prairie
912:Managua
878:of the
700:Achuapa
695:La Flor
685:Quilali
625:Granada
476:Achuapa
462:La Flor
377:1926–27
360:Granada
291:Unknown
47:in 1932
4296:Hawaii
4243:Dakota
4231:Nevada
4219:Kansas
4178:Oregon
3970:(1986)
3964:(1962)
3921:(1975)
3919:Limazo
3900:(1970)
3883:(1961)
3877:(1961)
3848:(1989)
3824:(1914)
3800:(1903)
3784:(1858)
3753:(1898)
3720:(1933)
3714:(1904)
3698:(1823)
3689:Policy
3640:Portal
3526:Health
3446:Energy
3289:Rivers
3156:
2871:
2831:
2639:
2576:
2517:
2480:
2421:
1918:
1659:(C-19)
1645:, and
1599:Denver
1597:, and
1561:Panama
1522:Denver
1506:Denver
1493:Denver
1454:Denver
1435:Denver
1426:Justin
1399:Tacoma
1354:Panama
1299:Masaya
1069:on the
1029:Albany
1018:Albany
959:Albany
929:Tacoma
717:Mexico
650:Ocotal
630:Masaya
403:Ocotal
365:Masaya
235:(1912)
223:(1912)
149:
135:
90:Result
4437:Civil
4249:Idaho
3944:Other
3619:Index
3569:Music
3269:Lakes
3259:Fauna
2994:(PDF)
2962:(PDF)
2729:(PDF)
2244:"The
1969:(PDF)
736:Haiti
4323:Guam
4207:Utah
4172:Iowa
3796:and
3738:Wars
3559:Film
3002:2021
2974:2021
2907:2018
2882:2018
2869:ISBN
2842:2018
2829:ISBN
2802:2018
2780:2018
2758:2018
2736:2018
2712:2018
2672:2018
2650:2018
2637:ISBN
2613:2018
2587:2018
2574:ISBN
2550:2018
2528:2018
2515:ISBN
2491:2018
2478:ISBN
2454:2018
2419:ISBN
2348:2018
2322:2018
2300:2018
2278:2018
2256:2018
2230:2018
2204:2018
2168:2018
2132:2018
2106:2018
2080:2018
2054:2018
2028:2018
2002:2018
1976:2018
1948:2018
1916:ISBN
1655:USS
1481:The
1469:and
1317:and
798:The
551:Cuba
483:1932
469:1930
440:1928
391:1927
353:1912
177:EDSN
56:Date
1730:of
1673:as
1508:at
1403:(a
1313:on
1281:to
890:of
818:in
4662::
3076:.
3058:.
3036:.
3018:.
2964:.
2933:^
2890:^
2850:^
2810:^
2433:^
2369:^
1857:^
1736:.
1590:,
1551:,
1535:,
1448:.
1371:.
1329:.
1309:.
1270:.
1027:,
925:,
899:.
834:.
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3022:.
3004:.
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2884:.
2844:.
2804:.
2782:.
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2615:.
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2258:.
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2170:.
2134:.
2120:"
2108:.
2094:"
2082:.
2068:"
2056:.
2042:"
2030:.
2016:"
2004:.
1990:"
1978:.
1962:"
1950:.
1936:"
1924:.
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530:e
523:t
516:v
327:e
320:t
313:v
296::
289::
283:)
271::
260::
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