53:
3229:
3218:
3097:
4248:: "the bulk of the RV represents only 5 or 6 generations of kings (and of the contemporary poets)24 of the Pūru and Bharata tribes. It contains little else before and after this “snapshot” view of contemporary Rgvedic history, as reported by these contemporary “tape recordings.” On the other hand, the whole Rgvedic period may have lasted even up to 700 years, from the infiltration of the Indo-Aryans into the subcontinent, c. 1900 B.C. (at the utmost, the time of collapse of the Indus civilization), up to c. 1200 B.C., the time of the introduction of iron which is first mentioned in the clearly post-vedic hymns of the Atharvaveda."
2418:(branches, schools). Each school likely represented an ancient community of a particular area, or kingdom. Each school followed its own canon. Multiple recensions (revisions) are known for each of the Vedas. Thus, states Witzel as well as Renou, in the 2nd millennium BCE, there was likely no canon of one broadly accepted Vedic texts, no Vedic “Scripture”, but only a canon of various texts accepted by each school. Some of these texts have survived, most lost or yet to be found. Rigveda that survives in modern times, for example, is in only one extremely well preserved school of Śåkalya, from a region called
10760:
934:
3312:(fire) on the occasion of a marriage, and the hymn prays for prosperity of the couple getting married. The second hymn wishes for their long life, kind relatives, and a numerous progeny. The third hymn is a mutual marriage pledge, between the bride and groom, by which the two bind themselves to each other. The sixth through last hymns of the first chapter in Chandogya Brahmana are ritual celebrations on the birth of a child and wishes for health, wealth, and prosperity with a profusion of cows and
4091:
12066:
3365:, variously interpreted to mean either the "last chapters, parts of the Vedas" or "the object, the highest purpose of the Veda". The central concern of the Upanishads are the connections "between parts of the human organism and cosmic realities." The Upanishads intend to create a hierarchy of connected and dependent realities, evoking a sense of unity of "the separate elements of the world and of human experience them into a single form." The concepts of
2105:, etymological compendia, were developed to preserve and clarify the original meaning of many Sanskrit words. According to Staal, as referenced by Holdrege, though the mantras may have a discursive meaning, when the mantras are recited in the Vedic rituals "they are disengaged from their original context and are employed in ways that have little or nothing to do with their meaning." The words of the mantras are "themselves sacred," and "do not constitute
12076:
12055:
155:
12513:
1367:
10506:
3134:), the Black Yajurveda intersperses the Samhita with Brahmana commentary. Of the Black Yajurveda, texts from four major schools have survived (Maitrayani, Katha, Kapisthala-Katha, Taittiriya), while of the White Yajurveda, two (Kanva and Madhyandina). The youngest layer of Yajurveda text is not related to rituals nor sacrifice, it includes the largest collection of primary Upanishads, influential to various schools of
12086:
3377:, and knowing the correspondence between Ātman and Brahman as "the fundamental principle which shapes the world" permits the creation of an integrative vision of the whole. The Upanishads are the foundation of Hindu philosophical thought and its diverse traditions, and of the Vedic corpus, they alone are widely known, and the central ideas of the Upanishads have influenced the diverse traditions of Hinduism.
4077:
4105:
10498:
191:
7674:"The latest of the four Vedas, the Atharva-Veda, is, as we have seen, largely composed of magical texts and charms, but here and there we find cosmological hymns which anticipate the Upanishads, – hymns to Skambha, the 'Support', who is seen as the first principle which is both the material and efficient cause of the universe, to Prāna, the 'Breath of Life', to Vāc, the 'Word', and so on."
4307:) prepared from 1930 under Vishva Bandhu, and published in five volumes in 1935–1965. Its scope extends to about 400 texts, including the entire Vedic Sanskrit corpus besides some "sub-Vedic" texts. Volume I: Samhitas, Volume II: Brahmanas and Aranyakas, Volume III: Upanishads, Volume IV: Vedangas; A revised edition, extending to about 1800 pages, was published in 1973–1976.
2558:
2050:(hand signs). This provided an additional visual confirmation, and also an alternate means to check the reading integrity by the audience, in addition to the audible means. Houben and Rath note that a strong "memory culture" existed in ancient India when texts were transmitted orally, before the advent of writing in the early first millennium CE. According to
2030:(Vedic study) of sound as uttered in a Vedic recitation, mastering the texts "literally forward and backward in fully acoustic fashion." Houben and Rath note that the Vedic textual tradition cannot simply be characterized as oral, "since it also depends significantly on a memory culture." The Vedas were preserved with precision with the help of elaborate
2114:
In the
Brahmanical perspective, the sounds have their own meaning, mantras are considered as "primordial rhythms of creation", preceding the forms to which they refer. By reciting them the cosmos is regenerated, "by enlivening and nourishing the forms of creation at their base. As long as the purity of the sounds is preserved, the recitation of the
1695:; there are various dialects and locally prominent traditions of the Vedic schools. Nevertheless, it is advisable to stick to the division adopted by Max Müller because it follows the Indian tradition, conveys the historical sequence fairly accurately, and underlies the current editions, translations, and monographs on Vedic literature."
2504:(literally "mesh recitation") in which every two adjacent words in the text were first recited in their original order, then repeated in the reverse order, and finally repeated in the original order. That these methods have been effective, is attested to by the preservation of the most ancient Indian religious text, the
3119:. Unlike the Samaveda which is almost entirely based on Rigveda mantras and structured as songs, the Yajurveda samhitas are in prose, and they are different from earlier Vedic texts linguistically. The Yajur Veda has been the primary source of information about sacrifices during Vedic times and associated rituals.
1518:, "wilderness texts" or "forest treaties", were composed by people who meditated in the woods as recluses and are the third part of the Vedas. The texts contain discussions and interpretations of ceremonies, from ritualistic to symbolic meta-ritualistic points of view. It is frequently read in secondary literature.
8031:, p. 3; Quote: "Even though theoretically the whole of vedic corpus is accepted as revealed truth , in reality it is the Upanishads that have continued to influence the life and thought of the various religious traditions that we have come to call Hindu. Upanishads are the scriptures par excellence of Hinduism".
5569:, p. 3; Quote: "Even though theoretically the whole of vedic corpus is accepted as revealed truth , in reality it is the Upanishads that have continued to influence the life and thought of the various religious traditions that we have come to call Hindu. Upanishads are the scriptures par excellence of Hinduism".
4430:
in the modern sense was Panini's grammar). These early Indian methods allowed the construction of discrete, potentially infinite generative systems. Remarkably, these early linguistic systems were codified orally, though writing was then used to develop them in some way. The formal basis for Panini's
3187:
rites to address superstitious anxiety, spells to remove maladies believed to be caused by demons, and herbs- and nature-derived potions as medicine. The text, states
Kenneth Zysk, is one of oldest surviving record of the evolutionary practices in religious medicine and reveals the "earliest forms of
2113:
sounds, "means to an end." Holdrege notes that there are scarce commentaries on the meaning of the mantras, in contrast to the number of commentaries on the
Brahmanas and Upanishads, but states that the lack of emphasis on the "discursive meaning does not necessarily imply that they are meaningless."
4550:
the ultimate reality is nothing other than the eternal words of the Vedas. They did not accept the existence of a single supreme creator god, who might have composed the Veda. According to the
Mimamsa, gods named in the Vedas have no existence apart from the mantras that speak their names. The power
3920:
village. Vedas are recited by these
Brahmins, and even their parrots are mentioned in the poem as those who sing the Vedic hymns. People in these Vedic villages did not eat meat, nor raise fowls. They ate rice, salad leaves boiled in ghee, pickles and vegetables. Apart from the Sanskrit Vedas there
2472:
Each of the four Vedas were shared by the numerous schools, but revised, interpolated and adapted locally, in and after the Vedic period, giving rise to various recensions of the text. Some texts were revised into the modern era, raising significant debate on parts of the text which are believed to
3434:
The
Vedangas developed towards the end of the vedic period, around or after the middle of the 1st millennium BCE. These auxiliary fields of Vedic studies emerged because the language of the Vedas, composed centuries earlier, became too archaic to the people of that time. The Vedangas were sciences
3024:
In the
Samaveda, some of the Rigvedic verses are repeated. Including repetitions, there are a total of 1875 verses numbered in the Samaveda recension translated by Griffith. Two major recensions have survived, the Kauthuma/Ranayaniya and the Jaiminiya. Its purpose was liturgical, and they were the
2824:
notes that the rituals, rites and ceremonies described in these ancient texts reconstruct to a large degree the Indo-European marriage rituals observed in a region spanning the Indian subcontinent, Persia and the
European area, and some greater details are found in the Vedic era texts such as the
4333:
at pp. 1–5: "The Vedas are divided in two parts, the first is the karma-kanda, the ceremonial part, also (called) purva-kanda, and treats on ceremonies; the second part is the jnana kanda, the part which contains knowledge, also named uttara-kanda or posterior part, and unfolds the knowledge of
3020:
books. Just as in the
Rigveda, the early sections of Samaveda typically begin with hymns to Agni and Indra but shift to the abstract. Their meters shift also in a descending order. The songs in the later sections of the Samaveda have the least deviation from the hymns derived from the Rigveda.
2142:
The Vedas were written down only after 500 BCE, but only the orally transmitted texts are regarded as authoritative, given the emphasis on the exact pronunciation of the sounds. Witzel suggests that attempts to write down the Vedic texts towards the end of 1st millennium BCE were unsuccessful,
3195:
The
Atharva veda has been a primary source for information about Vedic culture, the customs and beliefs, the aspirations and frustrations of everyday Vedic life, as well as those associated with kings and governance. The text also includes hymns dealing with the two major rituals of passage –
2955:
and other gods, all arranged according to decreasing total number of hymns in each deity collection; for each deity series, the hymns progress from longer to shorter ones, but the number of hymns per book increases. Finally, the meter too is systematically arranged from jagati and tristubh to
2118:
will be efficacious, irrespective of whether their discursive meaning is understood by human beings." Frazier further notes that "later Vedic texts sought deeper understanding of the reasons the rituals worked," which indicates that the Brahmin communities considered study to be a "process of
4397:
Several authors refer to the Chinese Buddhist Monk I-Tsing, who visited India in the 7th century to retrieve Buddhist texts and gave examples of mnemonic techniques used in India: "In India there are two traditional ways in which one can attain great intellectual power. Firstly by repeatedly
3987:
Though many religious Hindus implicitly acknowledge the authority of the Vedas, this acknowledgment is often "no more than a declaration that someone considers himself a Hindu," and "most Indians today pay lip service to the Veda and have no regard for the contents of the text." Some Hindus
7758:
Maurice Bloomfield (Translator), Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 42, Oxford University Press; Atharvaveda dedicates over 30 chapters to love relationships, sexuality and for conceiving a child, see e.g. chapters 1.14, 2.30, 3.25, 6.60, 6.78, 6.82, 6.130–6.132; On peaceful social and family
3176:– have survived into the modern times. The Atharvaveda was not considered as a Veda in the Vedic era, and was accepted as a Veda in late 1st millennium BCE. It was compiled last, probably around 900 BCE, although some of its material may go back to the time of the Rigveda, or earlier.
2280:
scholar, "thinks of the Veda as something to be trained and mastered to be put into practical ritual use," noticing that "it is not the meaning of the mantras that is most essential but rather the perfect mastering of their sound form." According to Galewicz, Sayana saw the purpose
1506:
are prose texts that comment on and explain the solemn rituals as well as expound on their meaning and many connected themes. Each of the Brahmanas is associated with one of the Samhitas or its recensions. The oldest dated to about 900 BCE, while the youngest Brahmanas (such as the
4477:(ca. 500 BCE), a work devoted to an etymology of Vedic words that were no longer understood by ordinary people, held that the word of the Veda was no longer perceived as meaningful "normal" speech but as a fixed sequence of sounds, whose meaning was obscure beyond recovery."
4407:
Staal: "by far the more remarkable , not merely because it is characteristically Indian and unlike anything we find elsewhere, but also because it has led to scientific discoveries that are of enduring interest and from which the contemporary West still has much to learn."
2343:. Only the perfect language of the Vedas, as in contrast to ordinary speech, can reveal these truths, which were preserved by committing them to memory. According to Mukherjee, while these truths are imparted to the student by the memorized texts, "the realization of
4639:(a hymn that is widely cited in the Upanishads as the parable of the Body and the Soul): "Two birds with fair wings, inseparable companions; Have found refuge in the same sheltering tree. One incessantly eats from the fig tree; the other, not eating, just looks on.";
5522:, pp. 2–3; Quote: "The Upanishads supply the basis of later Hindu philosophy; they alone of the Vedic corpus are widely known and quoted by most well-educated Hindus, and their central ideas have also become a part of the spiritual arsenal of rank-and-file Hindus."
2138:
has argued for an earlier literary tradition, concluding that the Vedas bear hallmarks of a literate culture along with oral transmission, but Goody's views have been strongly criticised by Falk, Lopez Jr,. and Staal, though they have also found some support.
2058:-Watt hypothesis "according to which literacy is more reliable than orality," this tradition of oral transmission "is closely related to Indian forms of science," and "by far the more remarkable" than the relatively recent tradition of written transmission.
2295:. For Sayana, whether the mantras had meaning depended on the context of their practical usage. This conception of the Veda, as a repertoire to be mastered and performed, takes precedence over the internal meaning or "autonomous message of the hymns." Most
1557:
are largely philosophical works, some in dialogue form. They are the foundation of Hindu philosophical thought and its diverse traditions. Of the Vedic corpus, they alone are widely known, and the central ideas of the Upanishads are still influential in
4398:
committing to memory the intellect is developed; secondly the alphabet fixes (to) one's ideas. By this way, after a practice of ten days or a month, a student feels his thoughts rise like a fountain, and can commit to memory whatever he has heard once."
2828:
Only one version of the Rigveda is known to have survived into the modern era. Several different versions of the Sama Veda and the Atharva Veda are known, and many different versions of the Yajur Veda have been found in different parts of South Asia.
3729:
Let drama and dance (Nātya, नाट्य) be the fifth vedic scripture. Combined with an epic story, tending to virtue, wealth, joy and spiritual freedom, it must contain the significance of every scripture, and forward every art. Thus, from all the Vedas,
2992:
consists of 1549 stanzas, taken almost entirely (except for 75 mantras) from the Rigveda. While its earliest parts are believed to date from as early as the Rigvedic period, the existing compilation dates from the post-Rigvedic Mantra period of
4522:= to grow, to become great, was originally identical with the Vedic word, that makes people prosper: words were the pricipan means to approach the gods who dwelled in a different sphere. It was not a big step from this notion of "reified
3485:
Vedangas developed as ancillary studies for the Vedas, but its insights into meters, structure of sound and language, grammar, linguistic analysis and other subjects influenced post-Vedic studies, arts, culture and various schools of
2011:. Only this tradition, embodied by a living teacher, can teach the correct pronunciation of the sounds and explain hidden meanings, in a way the "dead and entombed manuscript" cannot do. As Leela Prasad states, "According to
4762:
2521:
The Vedas were orally transmitted by memorization, and were written down only after 500 BCE, All printed editions of the Vedas that survive in the modern times are likely the version existing in about the 16th century CE.
3344:, however, neither are homogeneous in content nor in structure. They are a medley of instructions and ideas, and some include chapters of Upanishads within them. Two theories have been proposed on the origin of the word
4604:
Mookerji also refers to the Uśanā smriti (81-2), which "states that mastery of mere text of Veda is to be followed up by its meaning" by discussing the Vedanta. where-after they were able to engage in doscourses on the
3015:
The Samaveda samhita has two major parts. The first part includes four melody collections (gāna, गान) and the second part three verse “books” (ārcika, आर्चिक). A melody in the song books corresponds to a verse in the
2147:
rules explicitly forbidding the writing down of the Vedas. Due to the ephemeral nature of the manuscript material (birch bark or palm leaves), surviving manuscripts rarely surpass an age of a few hundred years. The
7388:
For 1875 total verses, see the numbering given in Ralph T. H. Griffith. Griffith's introduction mentions the recension history for his text. Repetitions may be found by consulting the cross-index in Griffith pp.
3511:"supplement, appendix" is the term applied to various ancillary works of Vedic literature, dealing mainly with details of ritual and elaborations of the texts logically and chronologically prior to them: the
3130:). The term "black" implies "the un-arranged, motley collection" of verses in Yajurveda, in contrast to the "white" (well arranged) Yajurveda. The White Yajurveda separates the Samhita from its Brahmana (the
3266:
The Brahmanas are commentaries, explanation of proper methods and meaning of Vedic Samhita rituals in the four Vedas. They also incorporate myths, legends and in some cases philosophy. Each regional Vedic
9220:
8004:, p. 39; Quote: "The Upanishads form the foundations of Hindu philosophical thought and the central theme of the Upanishads is the identity of Atman and Brahman, or the inner self and the cosmic self.";
5539:, p. 39; Quote: "The Upanishads form the foundations of Hindu philosophical thought and the central theme of the Upanishads is the identity of Atman and Brahman, or the inner self and the cosmic self.";
3348:. One theory holds that these texts were meant to be studied in a forest, while the other holds that the name came from these being the manuals of allegorical interpretation of sacrifices, for those in
3888:
mentions that Tamil Nadu was a land of Vedas and a place where everyone knew the Vedas. The Vedas are also considered as a text filled with deep meaning which can be understood only by scholars. The
2488:
Prodigious energy was expended by ancient Indian culture in ensuring that these texts were transmitted from generation to generation with inordinate fidelity. For example, memorization of the sacred
2963:
rituals, performed with the coronation of a king, "set in motion cyclical regenerations of the universe." In terms of substance, the nature of hymns shift from praise of deities in early books to
3164:
poets. It has about 760 hymns, and about 160 of the hymns are in common with the Rigveda. Most of the verses are metrical, but some sections are in prose. Two different versions of the text – the
1511:), were complete by about 700 BCE. The Brahmanas may either form separate texts or can be partly integrated into the text of the Samhitas. They may also include the Aranyakas and Upanishads.
12122:
1613:. In other parts, they show evolution of ideas, such as from actual sacrifice to symbolic sacrifice, and of spirituality in the Upanishads. This has inspired later Hindu scholars such as
3648:("applied knowledge") is used in traditional literature to designate the subjects of certain technical works. Lists of what subjects are included in this class differ among sources. The
4484:(800-600 BCE) describe a legend about priests and it criticizes how they go about reciting verses and singing hymns without any idea what they mean or the divine principle they signify.
2321:
was considered as more important and vital to education than their mere mechanical repetition and correct pronunciation." Mookei refers to Sayana as stating that "the mastery of texts,
2797:
1500 BCE and 1200 BCE. Witzel notes that it is the Vedic period itself, where incipient lists divide the Vedic texts into three (trayī) or four branches: Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva.
4343:"As a skilled craftsman makes a car, a singer I, Mighty One! this hymn for thee have fashioned. If thou, O Agni, God, accept it gladly, may we obtain thereby the heavenly Waters". –
3984:
for example, states that "the wise man should not elect as his authority the word of the Vedas, which is full of impurity, produces but scanty and transitory fruits and is limited."
52:
3900:
mentions that the four Vedas were chanted by the priests of Ancient Tamilakam, this shows chanting of Vedas and growing sacred fires are part of the Tamil culture. Vedas are called
3813:
is a vast genre of encyclopedic Indian literature about a wide range of topics particularly myths, legends and other traditional lore. Several of these texts are named after major
4770:
3273:(school) has its own operating manual-like Brahmana text, most of which have been lost. A total of 19 Brahmana texts have survived into modern times: two associated with the
2793:"; that is, "the triple science" of reciting hymns (Rigveda), performing sacrifices (Yajurveda), and chanting songs (Samaveda). The Rig Veda most likely was composed between
4619:, "What is the ultimate limit of the earth?", "What is the center of the universe?", "What is the semen of the cosmic horse?", "What is the ultimate source of human speech?"
4181:
1400 BCE. The oldest available text is estimated to be from 1200 BCE. Philological estimates tend to date the bulk of the text to the second half of the second millennium:
3053:
consists of prose mantras. It is a compilation of ritual offering formulas that were said by a priest while an individual performed ritual actions such as those before the
3734:
framed the Nātya Veda. From the Rig Veda he drew forth the words, from the Sama Veda the melody, from the Yajur Veda gesture, and from the Atharva Veda the sentiment.
3300:
The substance of the Brahmana text varies with each Veda. For example, the first chapter of the Chandogya Brahmana, one of the oldest Brahmanas, includes eight ritual
2974:
There are similarities between the mythology, rituals and linguistics in Rigveda and those found in ancient central Asia, Iranian and Hindukush (Afghanistan) regions.
2019:) has as much authority as the written Shastra," explaining that the tradition "bears the authority to clarify and provide direction in the application of knowledge."
3945:
have taken differing positions on the authority of the Vedas. Schools of Indian philosophy which acknowledge the authority of the Vedas are classified as "orthodox" (
3188:
folk healing of Indo-European antiquity". Many books of the Atharvaveda Samhita are dedicated to rituals without magic, such as to philosophical speculations and to
12115:
2808:(text on rituals, ceremonies such as newborn baby's rites of passage, coming of age, marriages, retirement and cremation, sacrifices and symbolic sacrifices), the
4422:, had completely mastered methods of linguistic theory not rediscovered again until the 1950s and the applications of modern mathematical logic to linguistics by
3527:. Naturally classified with the Veda to which each pertains, Parisista works exist for each of the four Vedas. However, only the literature associated with the
9228:
4062:
1581:
While production of Brahmanas and Aranyakas ceased with the end of the Vedic period, additional Upanishads were composed after the end of the Vedic period. The
1745:, which means "not of a man, superhuman" and "impersonal, authorless." The Vedas, for orthodox Indian theologians, are considered revelations seen by ancient
1561:
The texts considered "Vedic" in the sense of "corollaries of the Vedas" are less clearly defined, and may include numerous post-Vedic texts such as the later
4560:
The early Buddhist texts are also generally believed to be of oral tradition, with the first Pali Canon written many centuries after the death of the Buddha.
920:
2959:
The rituals became increasingly complex over time, and the king's association with them strengthened both the position of the Brahmans and the kings. The
12108:
4899:
Bloomfield, M. The Atharvaveda and the Gopatha-Brahmana, (Grundriss der Indo-Arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde II.1.b.) Strassburg 1899; Gonda, J.
3868:
Vedas finds its earliest literary mention in the Sangam literature dated to the 5th century BCE. The Vedas were read by almost every caste in ancient
1206:
have taken differing positions on the Vedas. Schools of Indian philosophy that acknowledge the importance or primal authority of the Vedas comprise
9107:
Broo, Mans (2016), "Rites of Burial and Immersion: Hindu Ritual practices on Disposing of Sacred Texts in Vrindavan", in Myrvold, Kristina (ed.),
8658:
2276:
Holdrege notes that in Vedic learning "priority has been given to recitation over interpretation" of the Samhitas. Galewicz states that Sayana, a
9430:
Galewicz, Cezary (2011), "Why Should the Flower of Dharma be Invisible? Sayana's Vision of the Unity of the Veda", in Squarcini, Federico (ed.),
4796:
8370:
5358:
37,575 are Rigvedic. Of the remaining, 34,857 appear in the other three Samhitas, and 16,405 are known only from Brahmanas, Upanishads or Sutras
1780:
1500 and 1200 BCE, while book 10 of the Rig Veda, and the other Samhitas were composed between 1200 and 900 BCE more eastward, between the
12875:
10111:
7452:
6769:
7752:
Maurice Bloomfield (Translator), Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 42, Oxford University Press; see also chapters 3.11, 3.31, 4.10, 5.30, 19.26;
5531:
Wiman Dissanayake (1993), Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice (Editors: Thomas P. Kasulis et al.), State University of New York Press,
7996:
Wiman Dissanayake (1993), Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice (Editors: Thomas P. Kasulis et al), State University of New York Press,
5255:
1677:
collection at any one time, but rather several handed down in separate Vedic schools; Upanişads are sometimes not to be distinguished from
2496:
of the same text. The texts were subsequently "proof-read" by comparing the different recited versions. Forms of recitation included the
5300:
5284:
2044:, "matching physical movements (such as nodding the head) with particular sounds and chanting in a group" and visualizing sounds by using
10034:
2727:
2576:
1464:
is used to refer only to these Samhitas, the collection of mantras. This is the oldest layer of Vedic texts, which were composed between
8944:
8125:
1483:, "to secure their benediction for success in battles or for welfare of the clan." The complete corpus of Vedic mantras as collected in
4359:
sums up mainstream estimates, according to which the Rigveda was compiled from as early as 1500 BCE over a period of several centuries.
12549:
4684:
authority by a Hindu orthodox school." This differentiation between epistemic and deontic authority is true for all Indian religions.
4037:
was also recognized in the early 19th century. English translations of the Samhitas were published in the later 19th century, in the
3304:(hymns) for the ceremony of marriage and rituals at the birth of a child. The first hymn is a recitation that accompanies offering a
2225:
Yaska and Sayana, reflecting an ancient understanding, state that the Veda can be interpreted in three ways, giving "the truth about
9719:
A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages
6290:
913:
8901:
10032:
Sullivan, B. M. (Summer 1994), "The Religious Authority of the Mahabharata: Vyasa and Brahma in the Hindu Scriptural Tradition",
9421:
Galewicz, Cezary (2004), "Changing Canons: What did Sayana think he commented upon", in Balcerowicz, Piotr; Mejor, Marek (eds.),
3988:
challenge the authority of the Vedas, thereby implicitly acknowledging its importance to the history of Hinduism, states Lipner.
3909:
6455:
5337:, "Hindus themselves often use the term to describe anything connected to the Vedas and their corollaries (e.g. Vedic culture)."
1354:, means "obtaining or finding wealth, property", while in some others it means "a bunch of grass together" as in a broom or for
6091:
3976:
Certain traditions which are often seen as being part of Hinduism also rejected the Vedas. For example, authors of the tantric
3179:
The Atharvaveda is sometimes called the "Veda of magical formulas", an epithet declared to be incorrect by other scholars. The
2457:
beliefs where "there is an absolute reality that goes beyond the gods and that includes or transcends everything that exists."
1172:, which means "not of a man, superhuman" and "impersonal, authorless", revelations of sacred sounds and texts heard by ancient
9945:
3980:
tradition, like Siddha Mukundadeva, rejected the Vedas' authority. Likewise, some tantric Shaiva Agamas reject the Vedas. The
3338:
The Aranyakas layer of the Vedas include rituals, discussion of symbolic meta-rituals, as well as philosophical speculations.
3228:
2099:) of the mantras. Already at the end of the Vedic period their original meaning had become obscure for "ordinary people," and
2022:
The emphasis in this transmission is on the "proper articulation and pronunciation of the Vedic sounds", as prescribed in the
10487:
10456:
10241:
10195:
10101:
10081:
10063:
9993:
9975:
9957:
9935:
9885:
9867:
9839:
9819:
9783:
9773:
9747:
9694:
9674:
9639:
9612:
9592:
9574:
9556:
9520:
9502:
9484:
9466:
9412:
9394:
9372:
9354:
9336:
9311:
9281:
9263:
9210:
9189:
9165:
9125:
9098:
9080:
9062:
9042:
9021:
8928:
8880:
8775:
8687:
8644:
8627:
8607:
8583:
8566:
8549:
8529:
8505:
8488:
8466:
8441:
8424:
8339:
8312:
8175:
8028:
8011:
8001:
7984:
7912:
7895:
7860:
7811:
7777:
7736:
7719:
7662:
7645:
7625:
7572:
7527:
7473:
7314:
7196:
7169:
6526:
6439:
6413:
6225:
5566:
5546:
5536:
5519:
5492:
5451:
5426:
5216:
4952:
4932:
4924:
4887:
4659:
4646:
4191:
3316:. However, these verses are incomplete expositions, and their complete context emerges only with the Samhita layer of text.
2269:
the Veda is to be "inscribed in the minds and hearts of men" by memorization and recitation, while for the exponents of the
5330:
4624:, "Who gave blood, soul, spirit to the earth?", "How could the unstructured universe give origin to this structured world?"
1191:, and are considered to be "primordial rhythms of creation", preceding the forms to which they refer. By reciting them the
8200:
1901:. The Vedic period reaches its peak only after the composition of the mantra texts, with the establishment of the various
7287:
5664:
5269:
3217:
1951:
of the 14th century BCE, the only epigraphic record of Indo-Aryan contemporary to the Rigvedic period. He gives 150 BCE (
906:
8770:
Vasudha Narayanan (1994), The Vernacular Veda: Revelation, Recitation, and Ritual, University of South Carolina Press,
8436:
Vasudha Narayanan (1994), The Vernacular Veda: Revelation, Recitation, and Ritual, University of South Carolina Press,
4664:
11151:
7722:, pp. 277–280, Quote: "It would be incorrect to describe the Atharvaveda Samhita as a collection of magical formulas".
5853:, p. 69; For oral composition and oral transmission for "many hundreds of years" before being written down, see:
675:
10366:
9912:
8195:
8076:
7696:
7589:
6930:
6779:
6550:
3490:. The Kalpa Vedanga studies, for example, gave rise to the Dharma-sutras, which later expanded into Dharma-shastras.
1948:
11983:
6494:
5209:
12896:
7051:, p. 69, "... almost all printed editions depend on the late manuscripts that are hardly older than 500 years"
2149:
1749:
after intense meditation, and texts that have been more carefully preserved since ancient times. In the Hindu Epic
8639:
BN Krishnamurti Sharma (2008), A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Motilal Banarsidass,
8041:
7293:
2305:
notes that the Rigveda, and Sayana's commentary, contain passages criticizing as fruitless mere recitation of the
11971:
11502:
10359:
The Vedas : texts, language & ritual: proceedings of the Third International Vedic Workshop, Leiden 2002
9290:
Filliozat, Pierre-Sylvain (2004), "Ancient Sanskrit Mathematics: An Oral Tradition and a Written Literature", in
6948:
Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India, their religion and institutions, Vol. 1
2951:
The Rigveda is structured based on clear principles. The Veda begins with a small book addressed to Agni, Indra,
2720:
2357:
is the real aim of Vedic learning, and not the mere recitation of texts. The supreme knowledge of the Absolute,
12089:
11800:
8071:
James Lochtefeld (2002), "Vedanga" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing,
643:
7551:
CL Prabhakar (1972), The Recensions of the Sukla Yajurveda, Archiv Orientální, Volume 40, Issue 1, pp. 347–353
7237:
For characterization of content and mentions of deities including Agni, Indra, Varuna, Soma, Surya, etc. see:
2134:
recension of the Yajurveda about the 1st century BCE; however oral tradition of transmission remained active.
12542:
11929:
8419:
John Carman (1989), The Tamil Veda: Pillan's Interpretation of the Tiruvaymoli, University of Chicago Press,
8235:
3096:
1870:
1700–1100 BCE has also been given. The other three Samhitas are considered to date from the time of the
10336:
2967:
with questions such as, "what is the origin of the universe?, do even gods know the answer?", the virtue of
2317:. Mukherjee concludes that in the Rigvedic education of the mantras "the contemplation and comprehension of
1294:"aspect", "form" . This is not to be confused with the homonymous 1st and 3rd person singular perfect tense
11978:
9717:
8190:
BR Modak, The Ancillary Literature of the Atharva-Veda, New Delhi, Rashtriya Veda Vidya Pratishthan, 1993,
5514:
Wendy Doniger (1990), Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, 1st Edition, University of Chicago Press,
4271:, p. 62 This differentiation between epistemic and deontic authority is true for all Indian religions.
2913:
The books were composed by poets from different priestly groups over a period of several centuries between
1926:
9649:
Mahadevan, T.M.P (1952), Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan; Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia; Dhirendra Mohan Datta (eds.),
8873:
Travellers in Faith: Studies of the Tablīghī Jamāʻat as a Transnational Islamic Movement for Faith Renewal
5753:
3897:
3435:
that focused on helping understand and interpret the Vedas that had been composed many centuries earlier.
12783:
11993:
10270:
9001:
The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World
8703:
2152:
has a Rigveda manuscript from the 14th century; however, there are a number of older Veda manuscripts in
631:
10027:, Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie voor Wetenschappen, North Holland Publishing Company
9538:
Kumar, Jay (2014), "Ayurveda and Early Indian Medicine", in Johnston, Lucas F.; Bauman, Whitney (eds.),
9135:
8754:
7150:
57:
Rigveda manuscript page, Mandala 1, Hymn 1 (Sukta 1), lines 1.1.1 to 1.1.9 (Sanskrit, Devanagari script)
12020:
11512:
11089:
10545:
10518:
10290:
8932:
3922:
3359:
The Upanishads reflect the last composed layer of texts in the Vedas. They are commonly referred to as
3237:
Manuscripts of the Vedas are in the Sanskrit language, but in many regional scripts in addition to the
2713:
2430:. The Vedic canon in its entirety consists of texts from all the various Vedic schools taken together.
2335:, perception of their meaning." Mukherjee explains that the Vedic knowledge was first perceived by the
2273:
and meditation the Vedas express a transcendental reality which can be approached with mystical means.
869:
670:
2206:
1577:, which are smriti texts. Together, the Vedas and these Sutras form part of the Vedic Sanskrit corpus.
12426:
12040:
10966:
10480:
7564:
4810:
4123:
3841:
3115:
includes about 1,875 verses, that are distinct yet borrow and build upon the foundation of verses in
1234:, which did not regard the Vedas as authoritative, are referred to as "heterodox" or "non-orthodox" (
71:
10619:
10445:
10126:
7449:
6125:
12535:
11834:
11492:
11416:
11122:
10904:
10879:
10342:
9921:
7309:, in The Vedas – Texts, Language and Ritual, Editors: Griffiths and Houben (2004), Brill Academic,
4654:, A History of Indian Literature: Veda and Upanishads, Volume 1, Part 1, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,
4295:
4039:
2387:
1526:
1019:
794:
789:
354:
334:
10654:
7772:
Kenneth Zysk (1993), Religious Medicine: The History and Evolution of Indian Medicine, Routledge,
7188:
3969:, which do not regard the Vedas as authorities, are referred to as "heterodox" or "non-orthodox" (
3204:. The Atharva Veda also dedicates significant portion of the text asking the meaning of a ritual.
12928:
12591:
12562:
12161:
11670:
11530:
11201:
10741:
10684:
8454:
8239:
4641:
Sources: (a) Antonio de Nicholas (2003), Meditations Through the Rig Veda: Four-Dimensional Man,
4033:
drew attention to Vedic texts, specifically the Upanishads. The importance of Vedic Sanskrit for
1673:
These classifications are often not tenable for linguistic and formal reasons: There is not only
892:
774:
725:
17:
11565:
1119:
traditions. The Samhitas and Brahmanas describe about daily rituals and are generally meant for
12641:
12013:
11966:
11176:
10899:
10204:
9713:
8401:
8210:
6120:
5310:
5294:
5229:
4195:
3674:
1492:
1179:
The Vedas have been orally transmitted since the 2nd millennium BCE with the help of elaborate
700:
494:
359:
35:
10465:
10377:
9764:
India: What Can It Teach Us: A Course of Lectures Delivered Before the University of Cambridge
8519:
7925:
7907:
AB Keith (2007), The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads, Motilal Banarsidass,
7843:
7371:
7306:
6504:
4526:" to that "of the speech-act being looked at implicitly and explicitly as a means to an end."
12802:
12333:
12100:
12035:
11988:
11961:
11924:
11181:
10236:, vol. 1, Veda and Upanishads, Wiesnaden: Harrassowitz: A History of Indian literature,
9946:"Redefining the authority of scripture: The rejection of Vedic infallibility by Brahmo Samaj"
9735:
8948:
8677:
8597:
7873:
6463:
6429:
5763:
4927:, pp. 8–14; George M. Williams (2003), Handbook of Hindu Mythology, Oxford University Press,
4034:
2302:
1574:
933:
705:
606:
31:
11497:
9382:
7763:
Maurice Bloomfield (Translator), Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 42, Oxford University Press;
7714:(1975), Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas, Vol 1, Fasc. 1, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,
7180:
6231:
4903:: I.1 Vedic literature (Samhitas and Brahmanas); I.2 The Ritual Sutras. Wiesbaden 1975, 1977
1348:
as a common noun means "knowledge". The term in some contexts, such as hymn 10.93.11 of the
12923:
12795:
12635:
12273:
12151:
12008:
12003:
11998:
11919:
11396:
10889:
10874:
10526:
10473:
8129:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 501–513, see page 505.
7437:
6099:
5387:
4431:
methods involved the use of "auxiliary" markers, rediscovered in the 1930s by the logician
4048:
3391:(spirituality section). In an alternate classification, the early part of Vedas are called
2892:
2820:(short ritual worship-related sections) are considered by some scholars as the fifth part.
2534:
2187:
2110:
1522:
779:
344:
301:
174:
9851:
Technology, Literacy, and the Evolution of Society: Implications of the Work of Jack Goody
6543:
Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture.
4680:
authorities in absolute sense and may be disobeyed, but are recognized as a deontological
4263:
authorities in absolute sense and may be disobeyed, but are recognized as a deontological
3499:
3297:, the final codification of the Brahmanas took place in pre-Buddhist times (ca. 600 BCE).
1858:. The bulk of the Rigveda Samhita was composed in the northwestern region (Punjab) of the
1597:
in philosophical and metaphorical ways to explore abstract concepts such as the Absolute (
8:
12854:
12789:
12726:
12671:
12448:
12196:
12058:
12025:
11904:
11795:
11730:
11580:
11439:
11319:
11191:
11019:
10956:
10909:
9013:
8561:
Greg Bailey (2001), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy (Editor: Oliver Leaman), Routledge,
8483:
Greg Bailey (2001), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy (Editor: Oliver Leaman), Routledge,
7979:
PT Raju (1985), Structural Depths of Indian Thought, State University of New York Press,
7791:
The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu
7620:
Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin,
7504:
The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu
7487:
The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu
7354:
The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu
7181:
7120:
The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu
7078:
The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu
6882:
The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu
4481:
4059:
4030:
4004:
3942:
3780:
3772:
3722:
3660:
3290:
3131:
2930:
1859:
1508:
1263:
1199:
1049:
1031:
715:
315:
211:
10708:
10568:
10275:, (an alphabetic index to every line, every stanza of the Vedas published before 1906),
8115:
7890:
Jan Gonda (1975), Vedic Literature: (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,
7806:
Moriz Winternitz (2010), A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
7731:
Kenneth Zysk (2012), Understanding Mantras (Editor: Harvey Alper), Motilal Banarsidass,
4947:
Jan Gonda (1975), Vedic Literature: (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,
4029:
The study of Sanskrit in the West began in the 17th century. In the early 19th century,
3370:
1602:
401:
12861:
12438:
12368:
12363:
12283:
11860:
11819:
11111:
10924:
10869:
10426:
10276:
10141:
9760:
9325:
8849:, p.101, in Jacob Neusner (ed.), Sacred Texts and Authority, Wipf and Stock Publishers.
8278:
8261:
8082:
7106:
6901:
6323:
6138:
4427:
4174:
4008:
3977:
3082:
2632:
2627:
2381:
2261:), the part of the Veda dealing with the knowledge of the absolute, gives knowledge of
2222:
is a rare commentary on the Vedas, which is also referred to by contemporary scholars.
2190:
also contributed significantly to the preservation and interpretation of Vedic texts."
1964:
1956:
1855:
1550:
1484:
685:
411:
378:
296:
12308:
11084:
11059:
7790:
7503:
7486:
7425:
7353:
7119:
7077:
6881:
6774: • Karl Potter (1998), Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 4,
2653:
12883:
12777:
12493:
12413:
12403:
12176:
12075:
12069:
11949:
11939:
11805:
11740:
11133:
11074:
10929:
10919:
10418:
10362:
10284:
10237:
10191:
10142:"The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu"
10097:
10077:
10059:
9989:
9971:
9953:
9931:
9925:
9908:
9881:
9863:
9835:
9815:
9779:
9743:
9723:
9690:
9670:
9654:
9635:
9608:
9588:
9570:
9552:
9516:
9498:
9480:
9462:
9408:
9390:
9383:
9368:
9350:
9332:
9307:
9277:
9259:
9206:
9185:
9161:
9121:
9109:
The Death of Sacred Texts: Ritual Disposal and Renovation of Texts in World Religions
9094:
9076:
9058:
9038:
9017:
8924:
8876:
8771:
8683:
8640:
8623:
8603:
8579:
8562:
8545:
8525:
8501:
8484:
8462:
8437:
8420:
8335:
8308:
8283:
8191:
8171:
8072:
8024:
8007:
7997:
7980:
7908:
7891:
7856:
7807:
7773:
7732:
7715:
7692:
7658:
7641:
7621:
7585:
7568:
7523:
7469:
7310:
7192:
7165:
7007:
6994:
6926:
6775:
6546:
6522:
6467:
6435:
6409:
6221:
5562:
5542:
5532:
5515:
5488:
5447:
5422:
4948:
4928:
4920:
4883:
4655:
4642:
3635:
For the Atharvaveda, there are 79 works, collected as 72 distinctly named parisistas.
2762:
2109:." Instead, as Klostermaier notes, in their application in Vedic rituals they become
1183:. The mantras, the oldest part of the Vedas, are recited in the modern age for their
1010:
784:
754:
720:
658:
499:
383:
373:
11540:
10590:
10151:, Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora; vol. 2, Cambridge: Harvard University Press
7468:
Antonio de Nicholas (2003), Meditations Through the Rig Veda: Four-Dimensional Man,
7006:
R̥gveda-sarvānukramaṇī Śaunakakr̥tāʼnuvākānukramaṇī ca, Maharṣi-Kātyayāna-viracitā,
6142:
6088:
3840:
has been among the most celebrated and popular text in the Puranic genre, and is of
3577:, consist of 18 works enumerated self-referentially in the fifth of the series (the
3352:(retired, forest-dwelling) stage of their life, according to the historic age-based
2296:
1741:
1651:("what is heard"), distinguishing them from other religious texts, which are called
1195:
is regenerated, "by enlivening and nourishing the forms of creation at their base."
1156:("what is heard"), distinguishing them from other religious texts, which are called
158:
12758:
12383:
12373:
12353:
12221:
12206:
12201:
11810:
11720:
11611:
11211:
11206:
11171:
11146:
11032:
10989:
10676:
10536:
10410:
10043:
9299:
8814:
The Canon of the Saivagama and the Kubjika: Tantras of the Western Kaula Tradition,
8383:
8273:
6313:
6305:
6130:
5558:
4219:, 1998, p. 158) based on 'cumulative evidence' sets a wide range of 1700–1100 BCE.
4118:
4024:
3837:
3487:
3447:
3246:
3184:
3135:
2907:
2538:
2265:, "which fulfills all of our desires." According to Holdrege, for the exponents of
2226:
1894:
1720:
1566:
1330:
1207:
983:
954:
859:
809:
730:
695:
523:
504:
489:
441:
12847:
10994:
10299:
7760:
7755:
7749:
4551:
of the gods, then, is nothing other than the power of the mantras that name them."
4177:
separation of ca. 2000 BCE and probably that of the relevant Mitanni documents of
4051:
also presented English translations of the four Samhitas, published 1889 to 1899.
3680:
446:
12868:
12815:
12746:
12610:
12571:
12318:
12303:
12298:
12263:
12238:
12211:
12186:
12171:
12156:
12135:
12079:
11944:
11897:
11879:
11829:
11763:
11745:
11688:
11638:
11457:
11361:
11234:
11196:
11166:
11004:
10894:
10733:
10726:
10573:
10091:
9829:
9684:
9602:
9253:
9200:
9179:
9155:
9052:
8302:
8165:
7456:
6976:
6966:
6947:
6095:
5482:
5334:
4321:
4082:
3845:
3776:
3749:
3524:
3467:
3353:
3183:
layer of the text likely represents a developing 2nd millennium BCE tradition of
3057:
fire. The core text of the Yajurveda falls within the classical Mantra period of
2702:
1538:
1037:
849:
829:
804:
528:
456:
349:
10659:
10047:
9585:
The Heart of Hinduism: The Eastern Path to Freedom, Empowerment and Illumination
9296:
History of Science, History of Text (Boston Series in the Philosophy of Science)
9157:
Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 5: The Philosophy of the Grammarians
5327:
1661:("what is remembered"). This indigenous system of categorization was adopted by
1111:, philosophy and spiritual knowledge). Some scholars add a fifth category – the
12918:
12834:
12701:
12558:
12483:
12463:
12443:
12418:
12408:
12393:
12378:
12348:
12313:
12293:
12243:
12233:
12228:
12216:
12191:
12181:
11914:
11850:
11693:
11037:
10914:
10884:
10719:
10137:
9878:
Poetics of conduct : oral narrative and moral being in a South Indian town
5402:
4110:
4012:
3788:
3764:
3753:
3289:. The oldest dated to about 900 BCE, while the youngest Brahmanas (such as the
3242:
3161:
3086:
3058:
2994:
2964:
2896:
2852:
2821:
2309:(words) without understanding their inner meaning or essence, the knowledge of
2165:
2080:
1984:
1960:
1930:
1898:
1633:(ज्ञान खण्ड, knowledge/spirituality-related sections, mainly the Upanishads').
1570:
1546:
1409:
1398:
1390:
1286:
1168:
1045:
839:
619:
339:
320:
85:
12258:
10583:
6134:
5446:(1975), Vedic Literature: (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,
4223:, p. 155 gives an estimate of 1100 BCE for the youngest hymns in book 10.
3950:
3558:
is a short metrical text of two chapters, with 113 and 95 verses respectively.
2200:, which reflects the concerns about the loss of meaning of the mantras, while
1215:
1136:
12912:
12664:
12657:
12649:
12617:
12579:
12517:
12473:
12458:
12453:
12398:
12388:
12358:
12338:
12323:
12278:
12248:
12166:
12146:
12030:
11934:
11713:
11487:
11225:
11116:
11027:
10961:
10422:
10056:
The Ethics of Śaṅkara and Śāntideva: A Selfless Response to an Illusory World
9727:
9658:
9291:
9175:
8120:
7846:, The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, p. lxxxvii with footnote 2
7640:(2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin,
7307:
The Rigvedic religious system and its central Asian and Hindukush antecedents
6309:
4128:
3877:
3760:
3667:
2785:
Of these, the first three were the principal original division, also called "
2127:
2041:
1922:
1773:
1716:
1699:
Among the widely known śrutis include the Vedas and their embedded texts—the
1666:
1553:, and others), composed between 800 BCE and the end of the Vedic period. The
1496:
1404:
Any text considered as "connected to the Vedas" or a "corollary of the Vedas"
1355:
1128:
1041:
854:
844:
819:
814:
769:
582:
558:
548:
543:
533:
518:
484:
406:
10149:
Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts: New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas
9756:
9303:
8919:
Müller, Friedrich Max (author) & Stone, Jon R. (author, editor) (2002).
7146:
4419:
4184:
4044:
3908:
in parts of South India. Marai literally means "hidden, a secret, mystery".
2441:
beliefs where only one god was worshipped but others were thought to exist,
2201:
2083:, Holdrege and other Indologists have noted that in the transmission of the
1983:
for several millennia. The authoritative transmission of the Vedas is by an
1918:
1662:
12809:
12769:
12629:
12604:
12498:
12468:
12328:
12288:
12268:
12253:
11585:
11550:
11447:
11064:
10093:
Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism
8521:
Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom: The Universal Hindu Vision and Its Edifice
8287:
7878:
7855:
Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
7560:
7519:
7376:
6981:
6971:
6952:
6220:
Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
5677:
4857:
4423:
4326:
4096:
3996:
3885:
3649:
3090:
2952:
2945:
2926:
2918:
2442:
2438:
2379:, can be obtained by taking vows of silence and obedience sense-restraint,
2359:
2183:
2012:
1980:
1890:
1871:
1844:
1793:
1614:
1445:
1394:
1124:
1120:
1115:(worship). The texts of the Upanishads discuss ideas akin to the heterodox
1103:(text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), and the
824:
759:
680:
577:
572:
553:
538:
95:
10172:
10157:
8622:
Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press,
8578:
Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press,
7327:
6685:
5204:
4301:
3690:
3678:
3627:
3620:
3608:
3598:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3552:
3537:
3505:
3476:
3468:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3171:
3165:
3075:
3028:
2787:
2742:
2498:
2479:
2411:
2008:
1952:
1765:(sages), after inspired creativity, just as a carpenter builds a chariot.
1690:
1684:
1678:
1653:
1643:
1539:
1527:
1454:
1422:
1342:
1296:
1252:
1158:
1148:
12712:
12695:
12527:
12488:
12478:
12343:
11892:
11725:
11653:
11643:
11555:
11545:
11520:
11161:
11156:
11047:
10841:
10825:
10768:
10703:
10639:
10262:
A Comprehensive History of Vedic Literature – Brahmana and Aranyaka Works
10020:
9320:
9027:
8167:
A Historical-developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals
7637:
7011:
6922:
6318:
5200:
5028:
5026:
4579:
4356:
4138:
4000:
3938:
3881:
3792:
3710:
3706:
3528:
3349:
3286:
3153:
3147:
3066:
3005:
2778:
2669:
2493:
2450:
2236:
2122:
A literary tradition is traceable in post-Vedic times, after the rise of
2051:
2031:
1968:
1759:. The Vedic hymns themselves assert that they were skillfully created by
1751:
1728:
1203:
1180:
1095:(commentaries on and explanation of rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices -
1088:
1076:
1053:
939:
937:
The Vedas are ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism. Above: A page from the
710:
690:
638:
592:
587:
244:
182:
128:
9803:
Die Religion des Rgveda: Kompositionsanalyse der Soma-Hymnen des R̥gveda
9531:
Vijayanagara Voices: Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature
7657:
Alex Wayman (1997), Untying the Knots in Buddhism, Motilal Banarsidass,
7332:, the term for a melody applied to a metrical hymn or a song of praise,
4791:
2034:, such as memorizing the texts in eleven different modes of recitation (
12890:
12689:
11790:
11758:
11703:
11560:
11269:
11106:
11079:
10861:
10634:
8599:
The Cosmology of the Bhagavata Purana 'Mysteries of the Sacred Universe
8023:
Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanisads, Oxford University Press,
7224:
For 1,028 hymns and 10,600 verses and division into ten mandalas, see:
6327:
5484:
The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination
4523:
4143:
4090:
3992:
3889:
3869:
3718:
3329:
3238:
2813:
2636:
2474:
2434:
2363:
2349:
2257:
2231:
2135:
2106:
2055:
1989:
1590:
1562:
1554:
1437:
1374:
1132:
1108:
1104:
864:
286:
273:
162:
10430:
10398:
9221:"Changing Conceptions of the Veda: From Speech-Acts to Magical Sounds"
9137:
Pattupattu – Ten Tamil Idylls (Tamil Verses with Englilsh Translation)
5421:
Biswas et al (1989), Cosmic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press,
5023:
3970:
3361:
2816:(text discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge). The
1235:
12840:
12826:
11909:
11698:
11648:
11621:
11570:
11535:
11525:
11477:
11376:
11344:
11289:
11186:
11141:
10815:
10229:
7711:
5443:
4681:
4651:
4432:
4264:
3873:
3603:
3570:
3455:
3374:
3294:
3278:
3201:
3189:
3050:
3044:
3009:
2809:
2805:
2758:
2616:
2473:
have been corrupted at a later date. The Vedas each have an Index or
1789:
1704:
1665:
and, while it is subject to some debate, it is still widely used. As
1655:
1534:
1449:
1441:
1188:
1184:
1160:
1068:
834:
764:
665:
239:
120:
8094:
8006:
Michael McDowell and Nathan Brown (2009), World Religions, Penguin,
5541:
Michael McDowell and Nathan Brown (2009), World Religions, Penguin,
4501:) "frequently do not understand what they recite" when reciting the
3946:
1211:
12683:
11954:
11773:
11768:
11658:
11595:
11575:
11406:
11242:
11069:
11042:
11009:
10951:
10851:
10846:
10820:
10745:
10629:
10501:
10414:
9450:
Religious Reading: The Place of Reading in the Practice of Religion
8841:, Princeton University Press, p.18; see also Julius Lipner (2012),
8430:
7139:
6111:
Kadvany, John (2007). "Positional Value and Linguistic Recursion".
4450:
may also mean "goal, purpose or essence," depending on the context.
3962:
3954:
3689:
3520:
3516:
3475:
3396:
3333:
3282:
3261:
3197:
3157:
3074:
2989:
2983:
2960:
2879:
2772:
2674:
2587:
2511:
2454:
2299:
are not performed in the modern era, and those that are, are rare.
2123:
1910:
1906:
1724:
1712:
1708:
1610:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1515:
1503:
1433:
1417:
1247:
1227:
1219:
1140:
1100:
1092:
1072:
1057:
626:
461:
268:
263:
234:
190:
124:
75:
10783:
10338:
An Enlarged Electronic Version of Bloomfield's A Vedic Concordance
9686:
Homo Ritualis: Hindu Ritual and Its Significance for Ritual Theory
9116:
Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr., eds. (2013), "Nālandā",
8910:, p. 283 ("It is said that the Varna system Sanatan Hindu").
8334:
Paul Kuritz (1988), The Making of Theatre History, Prentice Hall,
6974:, Vol. 10, pp. 1–9 with footnotes (in German); For a translation,
5665:
Seer of the Fifth Veda: Kr̥ṣṇa Dvaipāyana Vyāsa in the Mahābhārata
4473:
4384:(priestly schools), as distinguished from the transmission in the
2971:(charity) in society, and other metaphysical issues in its hymns.
2800:
Each Veda has been subclassified into four major text types – the
2210:
is the most important surviving text of the Vyākaraṇa traditions.
2191:
2089:
1645:
1150:
1096:
200:
12720:
11855:
11708:
11626:
11616:
11391:
11381:
11354:
11349:
11339:
11294:
11279:
11274:
11054:
10999:
10984:
10976:
10943:
10810:
10713:
10688:
10664:
10563:
10553:
10112:"Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state"
9930:(12th Princeton Paperback ed.), Princeton University Press,
9860:
Boundaries, Dynamics and Construction of Traditions in South Asia
9432:
Boundaries, Dynamics and Construction of Traditions in South Asia
9181:
The perfectibility of human nature in eastern and western thought
9154:
Coward, Harold G.; Raja, K. Kunjunni; Potter, Karl, eds. (1990).
7748:
On magic spells and charms, such as those to gain better health:
7554:
6646:
4677:
4547:
4480:
The tenth through twelfth volumes of the first Prapathaka of the
4467:
4260:
3966:
3958:
3926:
3917:
3853:
3804:
3756:
texts considered as Vernacular Veda by some South Indian Hindus.
3721:". The earliest reference to such a "fifth Veda" is found in the
3714:
3656:
3544:
3512:
3463:
3439:
3429:
3392:
3366:
3325:
3274:
3180:
3116:
3112:
3070:
3062:
2888:
2845:
2817:
2801:
2752:
2572:
2567:
2549:
2506:
2392:
2318:
2277:
2211:
2196:
2179:
2174:, were part of the curriculum at ancient universities such as at
2171:
2101:
2062:
2027:
2023:
1979:
The Vedas were orally transmitted since their composition in the
1700:
1606:
1598:
1366:
1350:
1231:
1223:
1112:
1080:
1064:
799:
743:
474:
451:
436:
429:
258:
229:
107:
12512:
10649:
10505:
10379:
On the History and the Present State of Vedic Tradition in Nepal
8415:
8413:
8364:
6607:
6519:"Educational institutions" in The Cambridge World History Vol. 5
5368:
5366:
5364:
4629:, "Where does the sun hide in the night?", "Where do gods live?"
3856:
scholars have commented on the underlying Vedanta themes in the
3004:
and 1000 BCE or "slightly later," roughly contemporary with the
2968:
2832:
The texts of the Upanishads discuss ideas akin to the heterodox
2247:), the part of the Veda dealing with ritual, gives knowledge of
1913:
discussions of their meaning, and reaches its end in the age of
1210:
specifically and are together classified as the six "orthodox" (
12752:
12740:
12677:
12597:
12131:
11887:
11865:
11678:
11631:
11590:
11472:
11462:
11401:
11309:
11252:
11247:
11101:
10788:
10624:
10610:
10595:
10495:
10399:"Sketch of the Historical Grammar of the Rig and Atharva Vedas"
8145:
8133:
8114:
7578:
7533:
7522:, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
5323:
4962:
4960:
4911:
4909:
4237:, p. 263, the whole Rig Vedic period may have lasted from
4133:
4055:
3892:
mentions that the ancestors of Velir kings where born from the
3849:
3731:
3578:
3269:
3122:
There are two major groups of texts in this Veda: the "Black" (
3089:, after c. 1200 and before 800 BCE. corresponding to the early
3026:
2933:. According to Michael Witzel, the initial codification of the
2922:
2766:
2419:
2410:
2404:
2331:
2215:
2175:
2170:
The Vedas, Vedic rituals and its ancillary sciences called the
2131:
2075:
2003:
1914:
1902:
1879:
1838:
1808:
1785:
1781:
1756:
1429:
1192:
1084:
874:
205:
12130:
8921:
The essential Max Müller: on language, mythology, and religion
8734:
7750:
Atharva Veda 2.32 Bhaishagykni, Charm to secure perfect health
7584:
Patrick Olivelle (1998), Upaniṣhads, Oxford University Press,
6431:
The Rigveda – The Earliest Religious Poetry of India, Volume 1
5985:
5949:
5221:
5219:
4979:
4977:
4975:
3387:(ritualistic section), while the Upanishads are identified as
2902:
and 10,600 verses in all, organized into ten books (Sanskrit:
2812:(commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the
2469:
were popular subjects of worship by polytheist organizations.
1471:–1200 BCE (Rig Veda book 2–9), and 1200–900 BCE for the other
992:
12734:
12623:
11783:
11778:
11482:
11452:
11386:
11366:
11304:
11284:
11257:
11096:
10698:
10644:
10600:
10578:
9950:
Authority, Anxiety, and Canon: Essays in Vedic Interpretation
9071:
Bartley, Christ (2001), "Shankara", in Leaman, Oliver (ed.),
8722:
8459:
Readings in Vedic Literature: The Tradition Speaks for Itself
8410:
8055:
8053:
8051:
6255:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6060:
6058:
5361:
5145:
5143:
5141:
4634:, "What, where is the unborn support for the born universe?";
4418:
Staal argued that the ancient Indian grammarians, especially
4187:: "the hymns of the Rig-Veda are said to date from 1500 B.C."
3893:
3829:
3814:
3313:
3305:
3054:
2557:
2477:, the principal work of this kind being the general Index or
2458:
2427:
2423:
2375:
2327:
2287:
2153:
2095:
2071:
2046:
2036:
1947:–400 BCE. Witzel makes special reference to the Near Eastern
1827:
is the compiler of the Vedas, who arranged the four kinds of
1823:
1761:
1746:
1476:
1323:
1303:
1289:
1173:
747:
10326:
Bandhu, Vishva; Dev, Bhim (1963), Bhaskaran Nair, S. (ed.),
9459:
Understanding World Religions: An Interdisciplinary Approach
6724:
6243:
5741:
5633:
5631:
5058:
5056:
5043:
5041:
4957:
4906:
1621:(कर्म खण्ड, action/sacrificial ritual-related sections, the
11824:
11753:
11735:
11683:
11467:
11411:
11371:
11331:
11314:
11299:
11264:
10693:
10605:
10361:, Groningen : Forsten: Groningen Oriental Studies 20,
8544:
Ludo Rocher (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,
8500:
Ludo Rocher (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,
8399:
7817:
7409:
7407:
7392:
7087:
6828:
6826:
6824:
6748:
6585:
6583:
6334:
6016:
6014:
6012:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5088:
5086:
4972:
2899:
2466:
2462:
1959:
for all Vedic Sanskrit literature, and 1200 BCE (the early
1480:
1313:
1262:"to know". This is reconstructed as being derived from the
998:
969:
963:
9896:
The Rig-Vedic and Post-Rig-Vedic Polity (1500 BCE-500 BCE)
8710:
8048:
7948:
7946:
7604:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7256:
7162:
World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions
6797:
6785:
6736:
6712:
6702:
6700:
6663:
6661:
6624:
6622:
6197:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6055:
5973:
5961:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5865:
5863:
5801:
5799:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5138:
4371:, p. 92 quotes Harold G. Coward and K. Kunjunni Raja.
3373:, the essence of the individual, are central ideas in the
1866:
1500 and 1200 BCE, although a wider approximation of
10497:
10251:
Santucci, J.A. (1976), "An Outline of Vedic Literature",
10025:
The Fidelity of Oral Tradition and the Origins of Science
8889:
7931:
7290:, Mandala 10, Hymn 117, Ralph T.H. Griffith (Translator);
6482:
6272:
6270:
6168:
6166:
6164:
5786:
5784:
5648:
5646:
5628:
5601:
5599:
5572:
5053:
5038:
3369:, the Ultimate Reality from which everything arises, and
2518:
period, without any variant readings within that school.
2446:
2369:
2344:
1893:, spanning the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE, or the
1385:
The term "Vedic texts" is used in two distinct meanings:
1318:
9513:
Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture
9495:
Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture
9477:
Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture
8975:
8852:
8345:
7958:
7404:
6821:
6673:
6595:
6580:
6556:
6370:
6070:
6009:
5098:
5083:
3061:
at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE – younger than the
2437:
in which numerous gods had different natural functions,
1166:("what is remembered"). Hindus consider the Vedas to be
10558:
10330:, Hoshiarpur: Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute
9551:(second ed.), State University of New York Press,
8065:
7943:
7928:, Part 1, Oxford University Press, p. lxxxvi footnote 1
7595:
6838:
6809:
6697:
6658:
6634:
6619:
6358:
6178:
6149:
5925:
5875:
5860:
5796:
5611:
5170:
4173:
It is certain that the hymns of the Rig Veda post-date
1878:
1200–900 BCE. The "circum-Vedic" texts, as well as the
9569:(third ed.), State University of New York Press,
9294:; Cohen, Robert S.; Renn, Jürgen; et al. (eds.),
8781:
7691:(Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge,
7268:
7244:
6896:
6894:
6521:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 122.
6267:
6161:
6043:
5781:
5729:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5643:
5596:
5584:
5561:(2014), The Early Upanisads, Oxford University Press,
5073:
5071:
5013:
5011:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4497:(a group of male Brahmin reciters who are masters of
2869:
Whether God's will created it, or whether He was mute;
2864:
Gods came later, after the creation of this universe.
1024:
30:"Veda" and "Vedic" redirect here. For other uses, see
9298:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 137–157,
9202:
The Vedas: An Introduction to Hinduism's Sacred Texts
9091:
Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures and Theology
8870:
8819:
8262:"Origin and Development of Ayurveda: A Brief History"
6033:
6031:
6029:
5937:
5913:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5705:
5340:
4917:
Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures and Theology
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4054:
Rigveda manuscripts were selected for inscription in
3817:
deities such as Vishnu, Shiva and Devi. There are 18
2291:
of carrying out sacrifice," giving precedence to the
1001:
972:
10074:
Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka: A Philosophical Introduction
9858:
Pollock, Sheldon (2011), Squarcini, Federico (ed.),
9540:
Science and Religion: One Planet, Many Possibilities
9423:
Essays in Indian Philosophy, Religion and Literature
8216:
6568:
5823:
5811:
5717:
5275:
5261:
5160:
5158:
4847:(2003) in Philip's Encyclopedia. Accessed 2007-08-09
4569:
Literally, "the meaning of the Vedas made manifest."
4072:
3752:", for example Tiruvaymoli, is a term for canonical
3700:
2871:
Only He who is its overseer in highest heaven knows,
1279:
1268:
995:
989:
966:
960:
10759:
10253:
Scholars Press for the American Academy of Religion
9805:, Wien: Institut für Indologie der Universität Wien
8963:
8479:
8477:
6891:
6876:
6874:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6288:
5688:
5487:. State University of New York Press. p. 271.
5464:
5462:
5460:
5235:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5068:
5008:
4989:
4537:
1905:all over Northern India which annotated the mantra
1689:contain older strata of language attributed to the
1475:. The Samhitas contain invocations to deities like
1428:, "collection"), are collections of metric texts ("
986:
957:
10328:Vaidika-Padānukrama-Koṣa: A Vedic Word-Concordance
9920:
9740:Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist
9623:Elaborations on Emptiness: Uses of the Heart Sūtra
9324:
8373:, G Jha (Translator), Oriental Book Agency, p. 368
7426:The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools
7348:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7296:, Journal of Human Values, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 3–12
7060:
7032:
7030:
6346:
6026:
5997:
5896:
5769:
4824:
4732:
4465:, p. 55: "Kautas, a teacher mentioned in the
2087:, the emphasis is on the phonology of the sounds (
9405:Duty, Language and Exegesis in Prabhakara Mimamsa
8945:"Rig Veda in UNESCO Memory of the World Register"
7155:. Williams and Norgate, London. pp. 559–565.
7134:
7132:
6855:
6853:
6428:Jamison, Stephanie W.; Brereton, Joel P. (2014).
5667:Bruce M. Sullivan, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 85–86
5480:
5155:
4943:
4941:
4401:
3111:The earliest and most ancient layer of Yajurveda
2740:The canonical division of the Vedas is fourfold (
12910:
10357:Griffiths, Arlo (2004), Houben, Jan E.M. (ed.),
9812:Upanișads. A New Translation by Patrick Olivelle
9153:
8589:
8474:
8151:
8100:
6919:The Complete Idiot's Guide to Eastern Philosophy
6865:
6613:
5457:
5115:
3399:which together are identified as the ceremonial
3293:), were complete by about 700 BCE. According to
2937:took place at the end of the Rigvedic period at
2186:. According to Deshpande, "the tradition of the
1593:, among other things, interpret and discuss the
9712:
8801:The Baul Tradition: Sahaj Vision East and West,
8206:
8163:
7838:
7836:
7834:
7832:
7707:
7705:
7681:
7513:
7339:
7178:
7027:
6427:
6214:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5306:
5290:
5225:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4714:
9441:The interface between the written and the oral
9012:(4th revised & enlarged ed.), Delhi:
8845:, Routledge, p.77; and Brian K. Smith (2008),
8675:
8602:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 10.
8555:
8511:
7849:
7668:
7614:
7159:
7129:
6850:
5474:
4938:
2398:
2156:that are dated from the 11th century onwards.
1499:), of which 72,000 occur in the four Samhitas.
1258:"knowledge, wisdom" is derived from the root
12543:
12116:
10481:
9794:A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy, part 2
9775:The Bhagavadgita in the Nationalist Discourse
9604:Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
8843:Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
8461:, S.l.: Assoc Publishing Group, p. 240,
8300:
8259:
7687:Laurie Patton (2004), Veda and Upanishad, in
6110:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5407:Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes
4293:The Vedic Sanskrit corpus is incorporated in
3863:
3791:and Vaishnavite devotional texts such as the
2956:anustubh and gayatri as the text progresses.
2721:
1609:philosophy, one of the major trends of later
914:
9968:Aspects of Manuscript Culture in South India
9831:Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India
9564:
9546:
9115:
9088:
8755:"Pattupattu Ten Tamil Idylls Chelliah J. V."
7829:
7823:
7702:
7183:Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History
6488:
6460:Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project
6208:
5637:
5501:
5372:
5196:
5194:
4966:
4797:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
4711:
4527:
4462:
4253:
3844:tenor. The Puranic literature wove with the
2873:He only knows, or perhaps He does not know.
2079:) of the words of the Vedas was part of the
1839:Chronology, transmission, and interpretation
1807:). The "circum-Vedic" texts, as well as the
1772:was orally composed in north-western India (
10089:
10035:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
9133:
8923:. Illustrated edition. Palgrave Macmillan.
8740:
8728:
8716:
8656:
8494:
8139:
8091:, pp. 391–394 with footnotes, 416–419.
8088:
7874:The Development of the Female Mind in India
7398:
7187:. University of California Press. pp.
6340:
6064:
5991:
5967:
5955:
4426:. (Chomsky himself has said that the first
3825:(Minor Puranas), with over 400,000 verses.
3438:The six subjects of Vedanga are phonetics (
3319:
2409:The four Vedas were transmitted in various
1048:, the texts constitute the oldest layer of
12557:
12550:
12536:
12123:
12109:
10488:
10474:
10316:
10071:
9651:History of Philosophy, Eastern and Western
7975:
7973:
7545:
7145:
6997:Univ of Pennsylvania rare texts collection
5835:
5256:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
5062:
4505:, merely preserving the sound of the text.
4458:
4456:
2728:
2714:
2433:There were Vedic schools that believed in
921:
907:
51:
12644:(Roman Catholicism, Eastern Christianity)
10356:
10325:
10001:
9943:
9848:
9648:
9629:
9447:
9289:
9218:
9120:, Princeton: Princeton University Press,
9010:The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary
8895:
8406:. Harvard University Press. pp. 2–4.
8277:
7964:
7093:
7036:
6916:
6562:
6376:
6317:
6240:, p. "Sayana, Vidyaranya’s brother".
6124:
6076:
6020:
5191:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4832:
4676:Elisa Freschi (2012): "The Vedas are not
4531:
4409:
4259:Elisa Freschi (2012): "The Vedas are not
3932:
3828:The Puranas have been influential in the
3775:but not universally within Hinduism. The
2001:), believed to be initiated by the Vedic
1448:, most of which are available in several
1432:"). There are four "Vedic" Samhitas: the
1036:'knowledge') are a large body of
10403:Journal of the American Oriental Society
10250:
10234:Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas
10211:, Everyman's Library, London: J. M. Dent
10031:
9827:
9809:
9800:
9791:
9734:
9682:
9664:
9510:
9492:
9474:
9429:
9420:
9385:The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies
8981:
8682:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 49.
8657:Chakravarty, Pradeep (18 October 2016).
8595:
8351:
8301:Frawley, David; Ranade, Subhash (2001).
8112:
8059:
7952:
7937:
7608:
7539:
7152:A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature
6912:
6910:
6844:
6832:
6815:
6803:
6791:
6754:
6742:
6730:
6718:
6706:
6679:
6667:
6652:
6640:
6628:
6589:
6261:
6249:
6191:
6172:
6155:
5931:
5890:
5869:
5805:
5747:
5622:
5605:
5468:
5185:
4983:
4443:
4441:
4220:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
3543:is a very late text associated with the
3418:
3095:
1380:
1365:
1079:. Each Veda has four subdivisions – the
932:
10203:
10090:Wilke, Annette; Moebus, Oliver (2011),
9983:
9880:, New York: Columbia University Press,
9857:
9849:Olson, David R.; Cole, Michael (2013),
9771:
9706:Textbook of Anthropological Linguistics
9528:
9402:
9380:
9242:
9144:
9070:
9050:
8998:
8907:
8787:
8453:
8369: • English translation:
7970:
7881:, The Calcutta Review, Volume 60, p. 27
7800:
7675:
7294:Values in the Indian Ethos: An Overview
6782:, Motilal Banarsidass, pp 610 (note 17)
6691:
6601:
6500:
6434:. Oxford University Press. p. 18.
6291:"Authority and Orality in the Mahāyāna"
6276:
6237:
6049:
5979:
5790:
5735:
5711:
5590:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5383:
5381:
5109:
5092:
4858:Religious Developments in Ancient India
4453:
4315:
4313:
4268:
3929:called as Tamil Veda and Dravida Veda.
3836:(congruent with Vedic literature). The
3207:
1755:, the creation of Vedas is credited to
14:
12911:
10396:
10259:
10170:
10155:
10136:
10109:
10010:
10004:Linguistic Culture and Language Policy
9902:
9893:
9875:
9755:
9600:
9174:
8969:
8858:
8825:
7794:
7567:, Motilal Banarsidass (2011 Edition),
7507:
7490:
7413:
7357:
7274:
7262:
7250:
7123:
7081:
7064:
7048:
6885:
6516:
6387:
6385:
5943:
5919:
5850:
5829:
5723:
5699:
5578:
5417:
5415:
5346:
5047:
4867:
4828:
4726:
4543:
4281:
4267:authority by a Hindu orthodox school."
4234:
4226:
2251:, "which brings us satisfaction." The
1241:
12531:
12104:
10469:
10228:
10178:
10163:
10019:
10013:Classical Indian Philosophy: A Reader
9762:('Veda and Vedanta'), 7th lecture in
9703:
9620:
9582:
9537:
9456:
9438:
9362:
9344:
9319:
9271:
9198:
9032:
8934:(accessed: Friday May 7, 2010), p. 44
8669:
7898:, pp. 319–322, 368–383 with footnotes
7286:Original text translated in English:
7238:
7225:
7212:
7022:
6907:
6859:
6574:
6403:
6391:
6364:
6352:
6082:
5854:
5817:
5759:
5652:
5398:
5396:
5164:
5149:
5002:
4749:
4438:
4413:
4156:
3705:Some post-Vedic texts, including the
1277:The noun is from Proto-Indo-European
10185:
10053:
9965:
9349:, Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell,
9251:
9118:The Princeton dictionary of Buddhism
9106:
9007:
8517:
8400:Coormaraswamy and Duggirala (1917).
8222:
7459:, Michael Witzel, Harvard University
7428:, Michael Witzel, Harvard University
7333:
6772:University of Kloen, Germany (2009)
6545:George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London.
6037:
6003:
5907:
5775:
5432:
5378:
5241:
5132:
5077:
5032:
5017:
4368:
4310:
3991:While Hindu reform movement such as
3916:post (a form of Vedic altar) in the
3696:), associated with the Atharvaveda.
3614:, which is also found as the second
3065:, and roughly contemporary with the
2867:Who then knows whence it has arisen?
2862:Whence, whence this creation sprang?
1993:from father to son or from teacher (
1312:) "I know". Root cognates are Greek
12085:
10375:
9367:, New York: John Wiley & Sons,
9365:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism
9347:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism
7016:
6382:
5412:
5270:Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
4347:, Translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith
4280:For a table of all Vedic texts see
4018:
2917:1500 and 1200 BCE, (the early
2895:text. It is a collection of 1,028
1636:
24:
10217:
9924:; Moore, Charles A., eds. (1957),
9742:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers,
9630:MacDonell, Arthur Anthony (2004).
9245:The Hindus: An Alternative History
9054:A Companion to Sanskrit Literature
8752:
7440:Michael Witzel, Harvard University
6408:, Winona, MN: Saint Mary's Press,
5405:, "Tracing the Vedic dialects" in
5393:
4693:Lipner quotes Brockington (1981),
3395:and the commentary are called the
2391:(austerities), and discussing the
25:
12940:
10438:
9927:A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy
8704:"Ettuthokai – Puranānūru 201-400"
7177: • Translation 3:
7158: • Translation 2:
7144: • Translation 1:
5409:ed. Caillat, Paris, 1989, 97–265.
3466:), rituals and rites of passage (
2159:
12511:
12136:different cultures and languages
12084:
12074:
12065:
12064:
12053:
10758:
10504:
10496:
9425:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
9140:. Tamil University (1985 print).
9073:Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy
8937:
8913:
8864:
8837:Axel Michaels (2004), Hinduism:
8831:
8806:
8793:
8764:
8746:
8696:
8650:
8633:
8616:
8572:
8538:
8524:. Hindology Books. p. 266.
8447:
8393:
8376:
8357:
8328:
8294:
8253:
8228:
8184:
8157:
8106:
8034:
8017:
7990:
7918:
7901:
7884:
7866:
7783:
7766:
7756:Atharva Veda 4.2.36 Strijaratani
7742:
7725:
7651:
7631:
7565:The Philosophy of the Upanishads
7496:
7479:
7462:
7443:
7431:
7419:
7382:
7363:
7320:
7299:
7280:
7231:
7218:
7205:
7112:
7099:
7070:
7054:
7042:
7000:
6987:
6958:
6939:
6760:
6535:
6510:
6448:
6421:
6397:
6282:
4687:
4670:
4608:
4598:
4585:
4572:
4563:
4554:
4508:
4487:
4103:
4089:
4075:
3783:in particular extended the term
3663:), associated with the Yajurveda
3589:Kātyāyana Śrauta Sūtra Pariśiṣṭa
3227:
3216:
2804:(mantras and benedictions), the
2556:
2150:Sampurnanand Sanskrit University
1768:The oldest part of the Rig Veda
1739:Hindus consider the Vedas to be
1715:. The well-known smṛtis include
1131:system, while the Aranyakas and
982:
953:
189:
153:
12054:
9632:A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary
9461:, Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press,
9258:, Manchester University Press,
9051:Banerji, Sures Chandra (1989),
8812:Dyczkowski, Mark S. G. (1988).
6104:
5670:
5658:
5552:
5525:
5352:
5316:
5247:
4893:
4391:
4374:
4362:
4350:
4337:
4287:
4274:
3999:accept the authority of Vedas,
3685:), associated with the Samaveda
3670:), associated with the Rigveda.
3474:), time keeping and astronomy (
1974:
1491:(1907) consists of some 89,000
11979:Relations with other religions
10397:Arnold, Edward Vernon (1897),
9948:, in Patton, Laurie L. (ed.),
9944:Rambachan, Anantanand (1994),
9669:, Princeton University Press,
9381:Frazier, Jessica, ed. (2011),
9331:, Cambridge University Press,
9160:. Princeton University Press.
8871:Muhammad Khalid Masud (2000).
8152:Coward, Raja & Potter 1990
8113:Eggeling, Hans Julius (1911).
8101:Coward, Raja & Potter 1990
7061:Radhakrishnan & Moore 1957
6967:Indische Studien, herausg. von
6614:Coward, Raja & Potter 1990
5390:Encyclopædia Britannica (2013)
5210:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
4901:A history of Indian literature
4882:, Cambridge University Press,
4850:
4838:
4825:Radhakrishnan & Moore 1957
4817:
4814:Online (accessed 8 April 2023)
4803:
4785:
4755:
4334:Brahma or the universal soul."
4201:Flood and Witzel both mention
4198:, p. 306) gives 1500–1000 BCE.
3717:, refer to themselves as the "
3462:), etymology and linguistics (
3156:is the text 'belonging to the
3141:
2906:). The hymns are dedicated to
2514:into a single text during the
1460:). In some contexts, the term
1361:
13:
1:
10301:The Vedas at sacred-texts.com
9621:Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (2016),
9511:Holdrege, Barbara A. (2012),
9493:Holdrege, Barbara A. (1996),
9475:Holdrege, Barbara A. (1995),
9219:Deshpande, Madhav M. (1990),
9147:The Sociology of Philosophies
9008:Apte, Vaman Shivaram (1965),
8596:Thompson, Richard L. (2007).
8552:, pp. 12–13, 134–156, 203–210
7164:. Paulist Press. p. 21.
4704:
4238:
4230:
4209:
4202:
4178:
3832:culture. They are considered
3629:Vārāha Śrauta Sūtra Pariśiṣṭa
3104:, a layer of text within the
3081:. Witzel dates the Yajurveda
2998:
2938:
2914:
2794:
2525:
2061:While according to Mookerji,
1941:
1934:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1849:
1812:
1797:
1777:
1734:
1601:), and the soul or the self (
1465:
113:
100:
27:Oldest scriptures of Hinduism
10188:The Story of India Hardcover
10171:Witzel, Michael. "Vedas and
10156:Witzel, Michael. "Vedas and
10147:, in Witzel, Michael (ed.),
9986:Handbook of Oriental Studies
9708:, Concept Publishing Company
9653:, George Allen & Unwin,
9625:, Princeton University Press
9565:Klostermaier, Klaus (2007),
9547:Klostermaier, Klaus (1994),
9443:, Cambridge University Press
9089:Bhattacharya, Ashim (2006),
9003:, Princeton University Press
8803:pp. 27-36. SCB Distributors.
6456:"Cultural Heritage of Nepal"
6289:Donald S. Lopez Jr. (1995).
6113:Journal of Indian Philosophy
4233:1500–1200 BCE. According to
4011:; and social reformers like
3493:
3383:are sometimes identified as
3255:
3038:
2761:(YV, with the main division
1927:Northern Black Polished Ware
7:
10173:
10158:
10076:, Oxford University Press,
10015:, Columbia University Press
9834:. Oxford University Press.
9814:, Oxford's World Classics,
9810:Olivelle, Patrick (1998) ,
9796:, Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
9778:, Oxford University Press,
9722:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
9689:. Oxford University Press.
9448:Griffiths, Paul J. (1999),
9327:An Introduction to Hinduism
9255:India in a Globalized World
9225:The Adyar Library Bulleting
8307:. Lotus Press. p. 11.
8304:Ayurveda, Nature's Medicine
8042:"Sound and meaning of Veda"
7754:On finding a good husband:
7328:
7109:, Harvard University, p. 21
7105:Jamison and Witzel (1992),
6900:Jamison and Witzel (1992),
6770:Sanskrit English Dictionary
4880:An Introduction to Hinduism
4763:"Construction of the Vedas"
4580:interpretation of the Vedas
4302:
4068:
3896:of a Northern sage and the
3691:
3679:
3628:
3621:
3609:
3599:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3553:
3538:
3506:
3477:
3469:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3172:
3166:
3076:
3029:
2977:
2788:
2743:
2499:
2480:
2412:
2399:Vedic schools or recensions
2040:), using the alphabet as a
2015:, the "correct tradition" (
1691:
1685:
1679:
1654:
1644:
1617:to classify each Veda into
1540:
1528:
1455:
1423:
1343:
1297:
1274:, meaning "see" or "know."
1253:
1159:
1149:
1025:
10:
12945:
10279:: Maurice Bloomfield, 1906
10002:Schiffman, Harold (2012),
9828:Olivelle, Patrick (1999).
9772:Nagappa, Gowda K. (2011),
9667:Hinduism: Past and Present
9363:Flood, Gavin, ed. (2008),
9345:Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003),
9149:, Harvard University Press
8999:Anthony, David W. (2007),
8991:
8260:Narayanaswamy, V. (1981).
6904:, Harvard University, p. 6
6884:", Harvard University, in
5481:William K. Mahony (1998).
5276:
5262:
4862:World History Encyclopedia
4578:Sayana repeats Yaska; see
4319:Edward Roer (Translator),
4022:
3923:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
3864:Vedas in Sangam literature
3802:
3798:
3639:
3610:Āpastamba Hautra Pariśiṣṭa
3539:Āśvalāyana Gṛhya Pariśiṣṭa
3497:
3427:
3423:
3323:
3259:
3145:
3042:
2981:
2929:) region of the northwest
2843:
2839:
2402:
2163:
2130:, perhaps earliest in the
2093:) and not on the meaning (
1842:
1304:
1290:
1280:
1269:
1176:after intense meditation.
1063:There are four Vedas: the
183:Hindu scriptures and texts
29:
12825:
12768:
12711:
12570:
12507:
12142:
12051:
11878:
11843:
11669:
11604:
11511:
11438:
11431:
11330:
11233:
11224:
11132:
11018:
10975:
10942:
10860:
10834:
10806:
10797:
10776:
10767:
10756:
10675:
10544:
10535:
10514:
10054:Todd, Warren Lee (2013),
10048:10.1093/jaarel/LXII.2.377
9984:Scharfe, Hartmut (2002),
9922:Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli
9801:Oberlies, Thomas (1998),
9792:Nakamura, Hajime (1983),
9452:, Oxford University Press
9247:, Oxford University Press
9145:Collins, Randall (2009),
8659:"Vedic route to the past"
8518:Nair, Shantha N. (2008).
8371:Chandogya Upanishad 7.1.2
6135:10.1007/s10781-007-9025-5
4811:Oxford English Dictionary
4380:Of the complete Veda, by
4331:Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad
4124:Historical Vedic religion
2860:Who can here proclaim it?
2063:understanding the meaning
1889:–500 BCE, resulting in a
1882:of the Samhitas, date to
1811:of the Samhitas, date to
1788:rivers, the heartland of
1014:
152:
145:
137:
91:
81:
72:Historical Vedic religion
67:
62:
50:
45:
12784:Luther's Large Catechism
12626:(Judaism, Christianity)
11123:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
10343:Harvard University Press
10110:Witzel, Michael (1995),
10072:Westerhoff, Jan (2009),
9907:, Discovery Publishing,
9704:Misra, Kamal K. (2000),
8170:. Concept. p. 147.
8164:Rajendra Prasad (2009).
7455:20 February 2012 at the
7179:David Christian (2011).
6964:Albert Friedrich Weber,
6655:, pp. 355, 356–357.
6489:Buswell & Lopez 2013
6310:10.1163/1568527952598800
5253:see e.g. Pokorny's 1959
4665:Rigveda Book 1, Hymn 164
4546:, p. 114: "For the
4518:, derived from the root
4412:, p. 171), quoting
4303:Vaidika-Padānukrama-Koṣa
4296:A Vedic Word Concordance
4149:
4040:Sacred Books of the East
3759:Other texts such as the
3652:mentions four Upavedas:
3320:Aranyakas and Upanishads
2855:(Hymn of non-Eternity):
2642:Kapisthala Kahta Samhita
1854:The Vedas are among the
1821:According to tradition,
11202:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
10317:Bloomfield, M. (1907),
9894:Prasad, R.U.S. (2020),
9714:Monier-Williams, Monier
9683:Michaels, Axel (2016).
9665:Michaels, Axel (2004),
9634:. Motilal Banarsidass.
9601:Lipner, Julius (2012),
9583:Knapp, Stephen (2005),
9403:Freschi, Elisa (2012),
9304:10.1007/1-4020-2321-9_7
9274:What Do Hindus Believe?
9252:Dutt, Sagarika (2006),
9243:Doniger, Wendy (2010),
9057:, Motilal Banarsidass,
9035:India: The Ancient Past
8676:Kamil Zvelebil (1974).
8266:Ancient Science of Life
8240:Oxford University Press
8140:Wilke & Moebus 2011
8126:Encyclopædia Britannica
8089:Wilke & Moebus 2011
7399:Wilke & Moebus 2011
7160:Kenneth Kramer (1986).
6995:Sarvānukramaṇī Vivaraṇa
6977:Original Sanskrit Texts
6917:Stevenson, Jay (2000).
6404:Brodd, Jeffrey (2003),
6341:Wilke & Moebus 2011
6065:Wilke & Moebus 2011
5992:Wilke & Moebus 2011
5968:Wilke & Moebus 2011
5956:Wilke & Moebus 2011
4915:A Bhattacharya (2006),
4856:Sanujit Ghose (2011). "
4493:According to Holdrege,
4322:Shankara's Introduction
4217:Die Religion des Rgveda
4047:between 1879 and 1910.
3821:(Great Puranas) and 18
3701:"Fifth" and other Vedas
3622:Satyasāḍha Śrauta Sūtra
3554:Gobhila Gṛhya Pariśiṣṭa
3411:are referred to as the
2347:" and the knowledge of
2194:(4th c. BCE) wrote the
893:Timeline of Hindu texts
726:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
12704:(Eastern Christianity)
11177:Eighteen Greater Texts
10351:Conference proceedings
10289:: CS1 maint: others (
10186:Wood, Michael (2007),
9876:Prasad, Leela (2007),
9457:Hexam, Irving (2011),
9272:Dwyer, Rachel (2013),
9199:Dalal, Roshen (2014),
9033:Avari, Burjor (2007),
6541:Sukumar Dutt (1988) .
6517:Walton, Linda (2015).
4196:Indo-Iranian languages
4015:reject its authority.
3933:Authority of the Vedas
3886:Ramachandran Nagaswamy
3746:
3356:system of human life.
3108:
2875:
2492:included up to eleven
2285:) of the Veda as the "
1862:, most likely between
1697:
1377:
1143:stages, respectively.
944:
701:Eighteen Greater Texts
36:Vedic (disambiguation)
12803:Book of Common Prayer
11930:Hindu gurus and sants
11182:Eighteen Lesser Texts
10096:, Walter de Gruyter,
9966:Rath, Saraju (2012),
9529:Jackson, W.J (2016),
9389:, London: Continuum,
9037:, London: Routledge,
8875:. BRILL. p. 50.
8403:The Mirror of Gesture
8389:. Sanskrit Documents.
7542:, p. 52 Table 3.
7450:Early Sanskritization
7438:Autochthonous Aryans?
7292:C Chatterjee (1995),
6464:University of Hamburg
6377:Olson & Cole 2013
6094:May 10, 2012, at the
5333:26 March 2009 at the
4388:, the daily services.
4229:, p. 4 mentions
4035:Indo-European studies
4023:Further information:
3982:Anandabhairava-tantra
3921:are other texts like
3727:
3606:has 3 parisistas The
3419:Post-Vedic literature
3324:Further information:
3260:Further information:
3245:(Tamil Nadu), Below:
3099:
3035:or "singer" priests.
2891:is the oldest extant
2850:
2640:Karaka Katha Samhita
2107:linguistic utterances
2042:mnemotechnical device
1933:gives a time span of
1671:
1381:Vedic Sanskrit corpus
1369:
936:
706:Eighteen Lesser Texts
32:Veda (disambiguation)
12796:Heidelberg Catechism
11920:Anti-Hindu sentiment
9903:Pruthi, R.K (2004),
9567:A Survey of Hinduism
9549:A Survey of Hinduism
9134:JV Chelliah (1946).
8951:on 27 September 2011
8799:Young, Mary (2014).
8207:Monier-Williams 1899
8044:. 11 September 2022.
7372:Rig-veda Repetitions
6993:For an example, see
6955:, 2nd Edition, p. 12
6470:on 18 September 2014
6394:, pp. 69–70, 76
6264:, pp. 346, 347.
5750:, pp. 249, 250.
5311:p. 1017 (3rd Column)
5307:Monier-Williams 1899
5295:p. 1017 (2nd Column)
5291:Monier-Williams 1899
5226:Monier-Williams 1899
5152:, p. chapter 8.
4878:Gavin Flood (1996),
4530:, p. 55 quotes
4049:Ralph T. H. Griffith
3953:traditions, such as
3208:Embedded Vedic texts
3154:Artharvaveda Samhita
3085:to the early Indian
2445:beliefs in a single
2188:Sanskrit grammarians
1921:and the rise of the
1523:Principal Upanishads
1218:traditions, such as
1214:) schools. However,
12899:(Roman Catholicism)
12855:Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya
12818:(Roman Catholicism)
12812:(Roman Catholicism)
12790:Augsburg Confession
12761:(Roman Catholicism)
12749:(Roman Catholicism)
12672:Nag Hammadi library
12582:(Egyptian religion)
12026:Hinduism by country
11192:Iraiyanar Akapporul
11152:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
10319:A Vedic Concordance
10272:A Vedic Concordance
10264:, Pranava Prakashan
10260:Shrava, S. (1977),
10132:on 20 February 2012
10125:(4), archived from
10011:Sharma, D. (2011),
9014:Motilal Banarsidass
8706:. 14 December 2014.
8455:Goswami, Satsvarupa
8365:Chandogya Upanishad
8363:Sanskrit original:
8142:, pp. 472–532.
8103:, pp. 105–110.
7844:Chandogya Upanishad
7761:Atharva Veda 6.3.30
7265:, pp. 150–151.
7138:Original Sanskrit:
6768: •
6733:, pp. 237–238.
6252:, pp. 346–347.
6089:An event in Kolkata
5994:, pp. 477–495.
5982:, pp. 323–324.
5958:, pp. 344–345.
5581:, pp. 100–101.
5050:, pp. 196–197.
4986:, pp. 351–357.
4845:Sanskrit literature
4482:Chandogya Upanishad
4284:, pp. 100–101.
4060:Memory of the World
4031:Arthur Schopenhauer
4005:Debendranath Tagore
3943:Indian philosophies
3848:in India, and both
3781:Gaudiya Vaishnavism
3773:Hindu denominations
3771:or "Vedic" by some
3743:, Abhinaya Darpana
3723:Chandogya Upanishad
3291:Shatapatha Brahmana
3132:Shatapatha Brahmana
3126:) and the "White" (
2931:Indian subcontinent
2494:forms of recitation
2367:, the knowledge of
2353:as revealed to the
2218:(14th c. CE) major
2032:mnemonic techniques
1925:(archaeologically,
1860:Indian subcontinent
1856:oldest sacred texts
1509:Shatapatha Brahmana
1302:, cognate to Greek
1264:Proto-Indo-European
1242:Etymology and usage
1200:Indian philosophies
1181:mnemonic techniques
1050:Sanskrit literature
716:Iraiyanar Akapporul
676:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
422:Related Hindu texts
12862:Liber AL vel Legis
12686:(Greek polytheism)
12668:(Roman polytheism)
10277:Harvard University
9988:, Brill Academic,
9905:Vedic Civilisation
9853:, Psychology Press
8743:, pp. 98–100.
7797:, pp. 275–276
7510:, pp. 272–274
7493:, pp. 270–271
7360:, pp. 269–270
7084:, pp. 257–348
6888:, pp. 261–264
6757:, pp. 29, 34.
5328:Hindu Sacred Texts
4428:generative grammar
4009:Keshub Chandra Sen
3978:Vaishnava Sahajiya
3910:Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai
3109:
3102:Taittiriya Samhita
3025:repertoire of the
2637:Maitrayani Samhita
2633:Taittiriya Samhita
2604:Bhanumanoupamayava
2422:, in modern north
2385:, the practice of
2054:, criticising the
1965:terminus post quem
1957:terminus ante quem
1731:, amongst others.
1389:Texts composed in
1378:
1340:The Sanskrit term
1337:) "to know", etc.
1135:are meant for the
1107:(texts discussing
945:
163:English Wikisource
12906:
12905:
12884:The Satanic Bible
12778:Guru Granth Sahib
12525:
12524:
12518:Poetry portal
12098:
12097:
11874:
11873:
11427:
11426:
11220:
11219:
11134:Sangam literature
11090:Yājñavalkya Smṛti
10938:
10937:
10754:
10753:
10376:Michael, Witzel,
10243:978-3-447-01603-2
10197:978-0-563-53915-5
10190:, BBC Worldwide,
10103:978-3-11-018159-3
10083:978-0-19-538496-3
10065:978-1-4094-6681-9
9995:978-90-04-12556-8
9977:978-90-04-21900-7
9970:, Leiden: Brill,
9959:978-0-7914-1938-0
9937:978-0-691-01958-1
9887:978-0-231-13921-2
9869:978-0-85728-430-3
9841:978-0-19-283882-7
9821:978-0-19-954025-9
9785:978-0-19-908847-8
9749:978-81-208-0423-4
9696:978-0-19-026263-1
9676:978-0-691-08953-9
9641:978-81-208-2000-5
9614:978-1-135-24060-8
9594:978-0-595-35075-9
9576:978-0-7914-7082-4
9558:978-0-7914-2109-3
9522:978-1-4384-0695-4
9504:978-0-7914-1639-6
9486:978-0-7914-1640-2
9468:978-0-310-31448-6
9414:978-90-04-22260-1
9396:978-0-8264-9966-0
9374:978-0-4709-9868-7
9356:978-1-4051-3251-0
9338:978-0-521-43878-0
9313:978-1-4020-2320-0
9283:978-1-84708-940-3
9265:978-1-84779-607-3
9212:978-81-8475-763-7
9191:978-0-7914-7336-8
9167:978-81-208-0426-5
9127:978-1-4008-4805-8
9100:978-0-595-38455-6
9082:978-0-4151-7281-3
9064:978-81-208-0063-2
9044:978-0-415-35616-9
9023:978-81-208-0567-5
8929:978-0-312-29309-3
8882:978-90-04-11622-1
8861:, pp. 15–17.
8816:p. 9. SUNY Press.
8776:978-0-87249-965-2
8731:, pp. 98–99.
8689:978-3-447-01582-0
8645:978-81-208-1575-9
8628:978-0-520-20778-3
8609:978-81-208-1919-1
8584:978-0-520-20778-3
8567:978-0-415-17281-3
8550:978-3-447-02522-5
8531:978-81-223-1020-7
8506:978-3-447-02522-5
8489:978-0-415-17281-3
8468:978-0-912776-88-0
8444:, pp. 43, 117–119
8442:978-0-87249-965-2
8425:978-0-226-09305-5
8340:978-0-13-547861-5
8314:978-0-914955-95-5
8177:978-81-8069-595-7
8029:978-0-19-535242-9
8012:978-1-59257-846-7
8002:978-0-7914-1080-6
7985:978-0-88706-139-4
7913:978-81-208-0644-3
7896:978-3-447-01603-2
7861:978-81-208-1468-4
7824:Klostermaier 1994
7812:978-81-208-0264-3
7778:978-1-56000-076-1
7737:978-81-208-0746-4
7720:978-3-447-01603-2
7663:978-81-208-1321-2
7646:978-0-14-309986-4
7626:978-0-14-309986-4
7573:978-81-208-1620-6
7528:978-81-208-1468-4
7474:978-0-595-26925-9
7416:, pp. 76–77.
7315:978-90-6980-149-0
7198:978-0-520-95067-2
7171:978-0-8091-2781-8
7096:, pp. 29–39.
6806:, pp. 35–36.
6794:, pp. 34–35.
6745:, pp. 29–31.
6721:, pp. 41–42.
6528:978-0-521-19074-9
6441:978-0-19-972078-1
6415:978-0-88489-725-5
6367:, pp. 35–36.
6226:978-81-208-1468-4
6209:Klostermaier 2007
5655:, pp. 10–11.
5638:Bhattacharya 2006
5567:978-0-19-535242-9
5547:978-1-59257-846-7
5537:978-0-7914-1080-6
5520:978-0-226-61847-0
5494:978-0-7914-3579-3
5452:978-3-447-01603-2
5427:978-0-521-34354-1
5375:, pp. 67–69.
5373:Klostermaier 1994
5112:, pp. 13–14.
5095:, pp. 41–58.
4967:Bhattacharya 2006
4953:978-3-447-01603-2
4933:978-0-19-533261-2
4925:978-0-595-38455-6
4888:978-0-521-43878-0
4835:, pp. 29–39.
4660:978-3-447-01603-2
4647:978-0-595-26925-9
4528:Klostermaier 2007
4463:Klostermaier 2007
4215:Thomas Oberlies (
4208:Anthony mentions
4043:series edited by
3739:First chapter of
3565:Kātiya Pariśiṣṭas
3446:), poetic meter (
3285:and one with the
3051:Yajurveda Samhita
2858:Who really knows?
2738:
2737:
2628:Krishna Yajurveda
2325:, is followed by
2220:Vedartha Prakasha
2009:primordial sounds
1489:Vedic Concordance
1035:
1023:
931:
930:
721:Abhirami Anthadhi
659:Sangam literature
512:Vaishnava puranas
168:
167:
16:(Redirected from
12936:
12759:Summa Theologica
12747:Ambrosian Hymnal
12552:
12545:
12538:
12529:
12528:
12516:
12515:
12125:
12118:
12111:
12102:
12101:
12088:
12087:
12078:
12068:
12067:
12057:
12056:
11967:Pilgrimage sites
11721:Ganesh Chaturthi
11436:
11435:
11231:
11230:
11212:Vedarthasamgraha
11207:Vinayagar Agaval
11172:Five Great Epics
11147:Divya Prabandham
11060:Minor Upanishads
10804:
10803:
10774:
10773:
10762:
10761:
10542:
10541:
10508:
10500:
10490:
10483:
10476:
10467:
10466:
10452:
10433:
10385:
10384:
10371:
10345:
10331:
10321:
10305:
10294:
10288:
10280:
10265:
10255:
10246:
10212:
10209:Hindu Scriptures
10200:
10182:
10176:
10167:
10161:
10152:
10146:
10133:
10131:
10116:
10106:
10086:
10068:
10050:
10028:
10016:
10007:
9998:
9980:
9962:
9940:
9917:
9899:
9890:
9872:
9854:
9845:
9824:
9806:
9797:
9788:
9768:
9752:
9731:
9709:
9700:
9679:
9661:
9645:
9626:
9617:
9597:
9579:
9561:
9543:
9534:
9525:
9507:
9489:
9471:
9453:
9444:
9435:
9426:
9417:
9399:
9388:
9377:
9359:
9341:
9330:
9316:
9286:
9276:, Granta Books,
9268:
9248:
9239:
9238:
9236:
9231:on 1 August 2020
9227:, archived from
9215:
9195:
9171:
9150:
9141:
9130:
9112:
9103:
9085:
9067:
9047:
9026:
9004:
8985:
8979:
8973:
8967:
8961:
8960:
8958:
8956:
8947:. Archived from
8941:
8935:
8917:
8911:
8905:
8899:
8893:
8887:
8886:
8868:
8862:
8856:
8850:
8839:Past and Present
8835:
8829:
8823:
8817:
8810:
8804:
8797:
8791:
8785:
8779:
8768:
8762:
8761:
8758:Internet Archive
8753:Badami, Zahira.
8750:
8744:
8741:JV Chelliah 1946
8738:
8732:
8729:JV Chelliah 1946
8726:
8720:
8717:JV Chelliah 1946
8714:
8708:
8707:
8700:
8694:
8693:
8679:Tamil Literature
8673:
8667:
8666:
8654:
8648:
8637:
8631:
8620:
8614:
8613:
8593:
8587:
8576:
8570:
8559:
8553:
8542:
8536:
8535:
8515:
8509:
8508:, pp. 1–5, 12–21
8498:
8492:
8481:
8472:
8471:
8451:
8445:
8434:
8428:
8417:
8408:
8407:
8397:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8380:
8374:
8361:
8355:
8349:
8343:
8332:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8321:
8298:
8292:
8291:
8281:
8257:
8251:
8250:
8248:
8246:
8232:
8226:
8220:
8214:
8204:
8198:
8188:
8182:
8181:
8161:
8155:
8149:
8143:
8137:
8131:
8130:
8118:
8116:"Hinduism"
8110:
8104:
8098:
8092:
8086:
8080:
8069:
8063:
8062:, p. xxiii.
8057:
8046:
8045:
8038:
8032:
8021:
8015:
7994:
7988:
7977:
7968:
7962:
7956:
7950:
7941:
7935:
7929:
7922:
7916:
7905:
7899:
7888:
7882:
7870:
7864:
7853:
7847:
7840:
7827:
7821:
7815:
7804:
7798:
7787:
7781:
7770:
7764:
7746:
7740:
7729:
7723:
7709:
7700:
7685:
7679:
7672:
7666:
7655:
7649:
7635:
7629:
7618:
7612:
7606:
7593:
7582:
7576:
7558:
7552:
7549:
7543:
7537:
7531:
7517:
7511:
7500:
7494:
7483:
7477:
7466:
7460:
7447:
7441:
7435:
7429:
7423:
7417:
7411:
7402:
7396:
7390:
7386:
7380:
7367:
7361:
7350:
7337:
7331:
7324:
7318:
7305:Michael Witzel,
7303:
7297:
7284:
7278:
7272:
7266:
7260:
7254:
7248:
7242:
7235:
7229:
7222:
7216:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7186:
7175:
7156:
7136:
7127:
7116:
7110:
7103:
7097:
7091:
7085:
7074:
7068:
7058:
7052:
7046:
7040:
7034:
7025:
7020:
7014:
7004:
6998:
6991:
6985:
6962:
6956:
6945:J. Muir (1872),
6943:
6937:
6936:
6921:. Indianapolis:
6914:
6905:
6898:
6889:
6878:
6863:
6857:
6848:
6842:
6836:
6830:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6795:
6789:
6783:
6764:
6758:
6752:
6746:
6740:
6734:
6728:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6704:
6695:
6689:
6683:
6677:
6671:
6665:
6656:
6650:
6644:
6638:
6632:
6626:
6617:
6611:
6605:
6599:
6593:
6587:
6578:
6572:
6566:
6560:
6554:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6514:
6508:
6498:
6492:
6486:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6466:. Archived from
6452:
6446:
6445:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6401:
6395:
6389:
6380:
6374:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6321:
6295:
6286:
6280:
6274:
6265:
6259:
6253:
6247:
6241:
6235:
6229:
6218:
6212:
6206:
6195:
6189:
6176:
6170:
6159:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6128:
6119:(5–6): 487–520.
6108:
6102:
6086:
6080:
6074:
6068:
6062:
6053:
6047:
6041:
6035:
6024:
6018:
6007:
6001:
5995:
5989:
5983:
5977:
5971:
5965:
5959:
5953:
5947:
5941:
5935:
5929:
5923:
5917:
5911:
5905:
5894:
5888:
5873:
5867:
5858:
5848:
5833:
5827:
5821:
5815:
5809:
5803:
5794:
5788:
5779:
5773:
5767:
5757:
5751:
5745:
5739:
5733:
5727:
5721:
5715:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5686:
5685:
5674:
5668:
5662:
5656:
5650:
5641:
5635:
5626:
5620:
5609:
5603:
5594:
5588:
5582:
5576:
5570:
5559:Patrick Olivelle
5556:
5550:
5529:
5523:
5512:
5499:
5498:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5455:
5441:
5430:
5419:
5410:
5400:
5391:
5385:
5376:
5370:
5359:
5356:
5350:
5344:
5338:
5320:
5314:
5304:
5298:
5288:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5265:
5264:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5233:
5223:
5214:
5213:, 20 April 2016.
5198:
5189:
5183:
5168:
5162:
5153:
5147:
5136:
5130:
5113:
5107:
5096:
5090:
5081:
5075:
5066:
5060:
5051:
5045:
5036:
5030:
5021:
5015:
5006:
5000:
4987:
4981:
4970:
4969:, pp. 8–14.
4964:
4955:
4945:
4936:
4913:
4904:
4897:
4891:
4876:
4865:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4821:
4815:
4807:
4801:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4769:. Archived from
4759:
4753:
4747:
4730:
4724:
4698:
4695:The sacred tread
4691:
4685:
4674:
4668:
4612:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4589:
4583:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4561:
4558:
4552:
4541:
4535:
4512:
4506:
4491:
4485:
4460:
4451:
4445:
4436:
4405:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4341:
4335:
4317:
4308:
4305:
4291:
4285:
4278:
4272:
4257:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4232:
4211:
4204:
4180:
4171:
4119:Hindu philosophy
4113:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4099:
4094:
4093:
4085:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4025:Sanskrit studies
4019:Western Indology
4001:Hindu modernists
3838:Bhagavata Purana
3744:
3694:
3684:
3631:
3624:
3612:
3602:
3591:
3583:
3575:
3567:
3556:
3541:
3509:
3488:Hindu philosophy
3480:
3472:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3247:Malayalam script
3231:
3220:
3185:magico-religious
3175:
3169:
3136:Hindu philosophy
3100:A page from the
3079:
3032:
3003:
3000:
2990:Samaveda Samhita
2943:
2940:
2916:
2908:Rigvedic deities
2883:
2796:
2791:
2746:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2705:
2654:Shukla Yajurveda
2560:
2539:Hindu scriptures
2530:
2529:
2502:
2483:
2415:
2119:understanding."
1949:Mitanni material
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1888:
1885:
1877:
1874:, approximately
1869:
1865:
1817:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1779:
1721:Bhagavata Purana
1694:
1688:
1682:
1659:
1649:
1637:Śruti and smriti
1567:Sutra literature
1543:
1531:
1470:
1467:
1458:
1426:
1412:texts includes:
1346:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1293:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1271:
1256:
1208:Hindu philosophy
1187:rather than the
1164:
1154:
1030:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
979:
978:
975:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
923:
916:
909:
860:Gheranda Samhita
810:Sushruta Samhita
731:Vinayagar Agaval
696:Five Great Epics
671:Divya Prabandham
602:
568:
514:
396:Other scriptures
369:
330:
311:
254:
193:
170:
169:
157:
156:
118:
115:
105:
102:
55:
43:
42:
21:
12944:
12943:
12939:
12938:
12937:
12935:
12934:
12933:
12909:
12908:
12907:
12902:
12879:(Scientologist)
12869:Book of Shadows
12821:
12816:Roman Catechism
12798:(Protestantism)
12792:(Protestantism)
12764:
12707:
12636:Samaritan Torah
12566:
12559:Religious texts
12556:
12526:
12521:
12510:
12503:
12138:
12129:
12099:
12094:
12061:
12047:
11870:
11839:
11830:Vasant Panchami
11764:Pahela Baishakh
11746:Makar Sankranti
11665:
11600:
11507:
11423:
11326:
11216:
11197:Abhirami Antati
11167:Kamba Ramayanam
11128:
11014:
10971:
10934:
10856:
10830:
10793:
10763:
10750:
10734:Vishishtadvaita
10671:
10531:
10510:
10494:
10463:
10446:"GRETIL etexts"
10444:
10441:
10382:
10369:
10335:
10298:
10282:
10281:
10269:
10244:
10220:
10218:Further reading
10215:
10198:
10144:
10138:Witzel, Michael
10129:
10114:
10104:
10084:
10066:
9996:
9978:
9960:
9938:
9915:
9888:
9870:
9842:
9822:
9786:
9750:
9697:
9677:
9642:
9615:
9595:
9577:
9559:
9523:
9505:
9487:
9469:
9415:
9397:
9375:
9357:
9339:
9314:
9284:
9266:
9234:
9232:
9213:
9192:
9168:
9128:
9101:
9083:
9065:
9045:
9024:
8994:
8989:
8988:
8980:
8976:
8968:
8964:
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8952:
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8807:
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8782:
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8751:
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8727:
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8711:
8702:
8701:
8697:
8690:
8674:
8670:
8655:
8651:
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8621:
8617:
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8532:
8516:
8512:
8499:
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8482:
8475:
8469:
8452:
8448:
8435:
8431:
8418:
8411:
8398:
8394:
8386:
8382:
8381:
8377:
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8362:
8358:
8350:
8346:
8333:
8329:
8319:
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8315:
8299:
8295:
8258:
8254:
8244:
8242:
8234:
8233:
8229:
8221:
8217:
8205:
8201:
8189:
8185:
8178:
8162:
8158:
8150:
8146:
8138:
8134:
8111:
8107:
8099:
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8087:
8083:
8070:
8066:
8058:
8049:
8040:
8039:
8035:
8022:
8018:
8005:
7995:
7991:
7978:
7971:
7963:
7959:
7951:
7944:
7940:, p. liii.
7936:
7932:
7923:
7919:
7906:
7902:
7889:
7885:
7871:
7867:
7854:
7850:
7841:
7830:
7822:
7818:
7805:
7801:
7788:
7784:
7771:
7767:
7759:relationships:
7753:
7747:
7743:
7730:
7726:
7710:
7703:
7689:The Hindu World
7686:
7682:
7673:
7669:
7656:
7652:
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7619:
7615:
7607:
7596:
7583:
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7518:
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7497:
7484:
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7463:
7457:Wayback Machine
7448:
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7351:
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7321:
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6814:
6810:
6802:
6798:
6790:
6786:
6773:
6767:
6765:
6761:
6753:
6749:
6741:
6737:
6729:
6725:
6717:
6713:
6705:
6698:
6694:, "237 Sayana".
6690:
6686:
6678:
6674:
6666:
6659:
6651:
6647:
6639:
6635:
6627:
6620:
6612:
6608:
6600:
6596:
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6581:
6573:
6569:
6561:
6557:
6540:
6536:
6529:
6515:
6511:
6499:
6495:
6487:
6483:
6473:
6471:
6454:
6453:
6449:
6442:
6426:
6422:
6416:
6406:World Religions
6402:
6398:
6390:
6383:
6375:
6371:
6363:
6359:
6351:
6347:
6339:
6335:
6293:
6287:
6283:
6275:
6268:
6260:
6256:
6248:
6244:
6236:
6232:
6219:
6215:
6207:
6198:
6190:
6179:
6171:
6162:
6154:
6150:
6126:10.1.1.565.2083
6109:
6105:
6096:Wayback Machine
6087:
6083:
6075:
6071:
6063:
6056:
6048:
6044:
6036:
6027:
6019:
6010:
6002:
5998:
5990:
5986:
5978:
5974:
5966:
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5954:
5950:
5942:
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5930:
5926:
5918:
5914:
5906:
5897:
5889:
5876:
5868:
5861:
5849:
5836:
5828:
5824:
5816:
5812:
5804:
5797:
5789:
5782:
5774:
5770:
5758:
5754:
5746:
5742:
5734:
5730:
5722:
5718:
5710:
5706:
5698:
5689:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5663:
5659:
5651:
5644:
5636:
5629:
5621:
5612:
5604:
5597:
5589:
5585:
5577:
5573:
5557:
5553:
5540:
5530:
5526:
5513:
5502:
5495:
5479:
5475:
5467:
5458:
5442:
5433:
5420:
5413:
5401:
5394:
5386:
5379:
5371:
5362:
5357:
5353:
5345:
5341:
5335:Wayback Machine
5321:
5317:
5305:
5301:
5289:
5285:
5252:
5248:
5240:
5236:
5224:
5217:
5199:
5192:
5184:
5171:
5163:
5156:
5148:
5139:
5131:
5116:
5108:
5099:
5091:
5084:
5076:
5069:
5063:Westerhoff 2009
5061:
5054:
5046:
5039:
5035:, "apauruSeya".
5031:
5024:
5016:
5009:
5001:
4990:
4982:
4973:
4965:
4958:
4946:
4939:
4914:
4907:
4898:
4894:
4877:
4868:
4855:
4851:
4843:
4839:
4822:
4818:
4808:
4804:
4790:
4786:
4776:
4774:
4773:on 17 July 2021
4767:VedicGranth.Org
4761:
4760:
4756:
4748:
4733:
4725:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4701:
4692:
4688:
4675:
4671:
4663:
4650:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4599:
4590:
4586:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4542:
4538:
4514:Klostermaier: "
4513:
4509:
4492:
4488:
4479:
4478:
4461:
4454:
4446:
4439:
4417:
4410:Schiffman (2012
4406:
4402:
4396:
4392:
4379:
4375:
4367:
4363:
4355:
4351:
4342:
4338:
4318:
4311:
4292:
4288:
4279:
4275:
4258:
4254:
4246: 1200 BCE
4245:
4242: 1900 BCE
4241:
4172:
4157:
4152:
4109:
4104:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4083:Hinduism portal
4081:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4027:
4021:
3935:
3866:
3846:Bhakti movement
3807:
3801:
3787:to include the
3777:Bhakti movement
3767:are considered
3750:Divya Prabandha
3745:
3738:
3725:in hymn 7.1.2.
3703:
3642:
3502:
3496:
3432:
3426:
3421:
3336:
3322:
3281:, ten with the
3277:, six with the
3264:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3210:
3150:
3144:
3069:, the Rigvedic
3047:
3041:
3001:
2986:
2980:
2944:, in the early
2942: 1200 BCE
2941:
2889:Rigveda Samhita
2885:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2848:
2842:
2734:
2703:Hinduism portal
2701:
2696:
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2579:
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2570:
2528:
2407:
2401:
2168:
2162:
1977:
1944:
1937:
1895:Late Bronze Age
1886:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1835:(Collections).
1815:
1804:
1800:
1737:
1639:
1605:), introducing
1468:
1383:
1364:
1244:
1052:and the oldest
1040:originating in
1038:religious texts
985:
981:
956:
952:
927:
898:
897:
888:
880:
879:
830:Divya Prabandha
805:Charaka Samhita
790:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
750:
736:
735:
691:Kamba Ramayanam
666:Saiva Tirumurai
661:
651:
650:
622:
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611:
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564:
510:
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74:
58:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12942:
12932:
12931:
12929:Sanskrit texts
12926:
12921:
12904:
12903:
12901:
12900:
12894:
12888:
12880:
12872:
12866:
12858:
12852:
12844:
12838:
12835:Book of Mormon
12831:
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12702:Divine Liturgy
12699:
12698:(Neoplatonism)
12693:
12687:
12681:
12675:
12669:
12661:
12655:
12654:
12653:
12652:(Christianity)
12647:
12646:
12645:
12639:
12638:(Samaritanism)
12621:
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10439:External links
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10304:, Sacred Texts
10296:
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10225:
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10216:
10214:
10213:
10205:Zaehner, R. C.
10201:
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10042:(1): 377–401,
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9508:
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9490:
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9472:
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9439:Goody (1987),
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9216:
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9205:, Penguin UK,
9196:
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9176:Coward, Harold
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8987:
8986:
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8974:
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8896:Rambachan 1994
8888:
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8384:"Natyashastra"
8375:
8356:
8354:, p. 385.
8344:
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8252:
8227:
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8215:
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8121:Chisholm, Hugh
8105:
8093:
8081:
8064:
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8016:
7989:
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7965:Mahadevan 1952
7957:
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7678:, p. vii.
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7553:
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7512:
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7478:
7461:
7442:
7430:
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7403:
7401:, p. 381.
7391:
7381:
7369:M Bloomfield,
7362:
7338:
7336:, p. 981.
7319:
7298:
7279:
7277:, p. 151.
7267:
7255:
7253:, p. 261.
7243:
7230:
7217:
7204:
7197:
7170:
7140:Rigveda 10.129
7128:
7111:
7107:Vedic Hinduism
7098:
7094:MacDonell 2004
7086:
7069:
7053:
7041:
7037:Filliozat 2004
7026:
7015:
6999:
6986:
6957:
6938:
6931:
6925:. p. 46.
6906:
6902:Vedic Hinduism
6890:
6864:
6849:
6837:
6835:, p. 196.
6820:
6808:
6796:
6784:
6759:
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6711:
6696:
6684:
6682:, p. 338.
6672:
6657:
6645:
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6606:
6594:
6592:, p. 354.
6579:
6567:
6563:Deshpande 1990
6555:
6534:
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6509:
6493:
6481:
6447:
6440:
6420:
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6396:
6381:
6369:
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6345:
6343:, p. 192.
6333:
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6254:
6242:
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6196:
6194:, p. 346.
6177:
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6158:, p. 328.
6148:
6103:
6081:
6079:, p. 171.
6077:Schiffman 2012
6069:
6067:, p. 479.
6054:
6052:, p. 106.
6042:
6025:
6023:, p. 122.
6021:Griffiths 1999
6008:
5996:
5984:
5972:
5970:, p. 345.
5960:
5948:
5946:, p. 125.
5936:
5934:, p. 165.
5924:
5922:, p. 286.
5912:
5895:
5893:, p. 345.
5874:
5872:, p. 344.
5859:
5834:
5822:
5820:, p. 179.
5810:
5808:, p. 158.
5795:
5793:, p. 454.
5780:
5768:
5752:
5740:
5738:, p. 344.
5728:
5716:
5704:
5687:
5678:"The Rig Veda"
5669:
5657:
5642:
5627:
5625:, p. 409.
5610:
5595:
5593:, p. 490.
5583:
5571:
5551:
5524:
5500:
5493:
5473:
5456:
5431:
5411:
5403:Michael Witzel
5392:
5377:
5360:
5351:
5349:, p. 150.
5339:
5315:
5299:
5283:
5246:
5244:, p. 856.
5234:
5215:
5190:
5188:, p. 347.
5169:
5154:
5137:
5114:
5097:
5082:
5080:, p. 128.
5067:
5065:, p. 290.
5052:
5037:
5022:
5020:, p. 887.
5007:
4988:
4971:
4956:
4937:
4905:
4892:
4866:
4849:
4837:
4833:MacDonell 2004
4831:, p. 68;
4816:
4802:
4784:
4754:
4731:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4686:
4669:
4662:, pp. 134–135;
4607:
4597:
4584:
4571:
4562:
4553:
4536:
4532:Deshpande 1990
4507:
4486:
4452:
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4390:
4373:
4361:
4349:
4345:Rigveda 5.2.11
4336:
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4273:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4224:
4213:
4212:1500–1300 BCE.
4206:
4205:1500–1200 BCE.
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4111:History portal
4100:
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3789:Sanskrit Epics
3765:Vedanta Sutras
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3666:Architecture (
3664:
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3559:
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2965:Nasadiya Sukta
2897:Vedic Sanskrit
2853:Nasadiya Sukta
2849:
2844:Main article:
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2825:Grhya Sūtras.
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2403:Main article:
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2323:akshara-praptī
2297:Śrauta rituals
2164:Main article:
2161:
2160:Vedic learning
2158:
2081:Vedic learning
2007:who heard the
1997:) to student (
1985:oral tradition
1976:
1973:
1931:Michael Witzel
1851:
1848:
1840:
1837:
1805: 900 BCE
1736:
1733:
1723:and the epics
1638:
1635:
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1571:Shrauta Sutras
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1410:Vedic Sanskrit
1408:The corpus of
1406:
1405:
1402:
1399:Iron Age India
1391:Vedic Sanskrit
1382:
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1373:manuscript in
1363:
1360:
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1127:stages of the
1046:Vedic Sanskrit
1044:. Composed in
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12107:
12106:
12103:
12091:
12083:
12081:
12077:
12073:
12071:
12063:
12062:
12060:
12050:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12034:
12033:
12032:
12031:Hindu temples
12029:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11981:
11980:
11977:
11973:
11970:
11969:
11968:
11965:
11963:
11960:
11956:
11953:
11952:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11935:Hindu studies
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11905:Denominations
11903:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11890:
11889:
11886:
11885:
11883:
11881:
11877:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11848:
11846:
11842:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11817:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11793:
11792:
11789:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11751:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11715:
11714:Vijayadashami
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11701:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11676:
11674:
11672:
11668:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11641:
11640:
11637:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11614:
11613:
11610:
11609:
11607:
11603:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11531:Simantonayana
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11518:
11516:
11514:
11510:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11494:
11491:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11466:
11464:
11461:
11459:
11456:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11445:
11443:
11441:
11437:
11434:
11430:
11420:
11419:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11356:
11353:
11351:
11348:
11346:
11343:
11342:
11341:
11338:
11337:
11335:
11333:
11329:
11323:
11322:
11318:
11316:
11313:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11291:
11288:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11266:
11263:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11245:
11244:
11241:
11240:
11238:
11236:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11223:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11139:
11137:
11135:
11131:
11125:
11124:
11120:
11118:
11117:Yoga Vasistha
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11077:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11040:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11028:Bhagavad Gita
11026:
11025:
11023:
11021:
11017:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11003:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10982:
10980:
10978:
10974:
10968:
10967:Sthapatyaveda
10965:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10949:
10947:
10945:
10941:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10867:
10865:
10863:
10859:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10839:
10837:
10833:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10808:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10796:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10781:
10779:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10766:
10747:
10743:
10740:
10736:
10735:
10731:
10729:
10728:
10724:
10722:
10721:
10717:
10716:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10686:
10683:
10682:
10680:
10678:
10674:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10622:
10621:
10618:
10617:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10593:
10592:
10589:
10588:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10551:
10549:
10547:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10534:
10528:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10516:
10513:
10507:
10503:
10499:
10491:
10486:
10484:
10479:
10477:
10472:
10471:
10468:
10464:
10458:
10455:
10451:
10447:
10443:
10442:
10432:
10428:
10424:
10420:
10416:
10412:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10395:
10394:
10390:
10389:
10381:
10380:
10374:
10370:
10368:90-6980-149-3
10364:
10360:
10355:
10354:
10350:
10349:
10344:
10340:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10320:
10315:
10314:
10310:
10309:
10303:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10286:
10278:
10274:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10254:
10249:
10245:
10239:
10235:
10231:
10227:
10226:
10222:
10221:
10210:
10206:
10202:
10199:
10193:
10189:
10184:
10180:
10175:
10169:
10165:
10160:
10154:
10150:
10143:
10139:
10135:
10128:
10124:
10120:
10113:
10108:
10105:
10099:
10095:
10094:
10088:
10085:
10079:
10075:
10070:
10067:
10061:
10057:
10052:
10049:
10045:
10041:
10037:
10036:
10030:
10026:
10022:
10018:
10014:
10009:
10005:
10000:
9997:
9991:
9987:
9982:
9979:
9973:
9969:
9964:
9961:
9955:
9951:
9947:
9942:
9939:
9933:
9929:
9928:
9923:
9919:
9916:
9914:81-7141-875-9
9910:
9906:
9901:
9897:
9892:
9889:
9883:
9879:
9874:
9871:
9865:
9861:
9856:
9852:
9847:
9843:
9837:
9833:
9832:
9826:
9823:
9817:
9813:
9808:
9804:
9799:
9795:
9790:
9787:
9781:
9777:
9776:
9770:
9767:
9766:
9763:
9758:
9754:
9751:
9745:
9741:
9737:
9733:
9729:
9725:
9721:
9720:
9715:
9711:
9707:
9702:
9698:
9692:
9688:
9687:
9681:
9678:
9672:
9668:
9663:
9660:
9656:
9652:
9647:
9643:
9637:
9633:
9628:
9624:
9619:
9616:
9610:
9607:, Routledge,
9606:
9605:
9599:
9596:
9590:
9587:, iUniverse,
9586:
9581:
9578:
9572:
9568:
9563:
9560:
9554:
9550:
9545:
9541:
9536:
9532:
9527:
9524:
9518:
9514:
9509:
9506:
9500:
9496:
9491:
9488:
9482:
9478:
9473:
9470:
9464:
9460:
9455:
9451:
9446:
9442:
9437:
9433:
9428:
9424:
9419:
9416:
9410:
9406:
9401:
9398:
9392:
9387:
9386:
9379:
9376:
9370:
9366:
9361:
9358:
9352:
9348:
9343:
9340:
9334:
9329:
9328:
9322:
9318:
9315:
9309:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9293:
9288:
9285:
9279:
9275:
9270:
9267:
9261:
9257:
9256:
9250:
9246:
9241:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9217:
9214:
9208:
9204:
9203:
9197:
9193:
9187:
9183:
9182:
9177:
9173:
9169:
9163:
9159:
9158:
9152:
9148:
9143:
9139:
9138:
9132:
9129:
9123:
9119:
9114:
9110:
9105:
9102:
9096:
9093:, iUniverse,
9092:
9087:
9084:
9078:
9075:, Routledge,
9074:
9069:
9066:
9060:
9056:
9055:
9049:
9046:
9040:
9036:
9031:
9029:
9025:
9019:
9015:
9011:
9006:
9002:
8997:
8996:
8983:
8982:Oberlies 1998
8978:
8971:
8966:
8950:
8946:
8940:
8933:
8930:
8926:
8922:
8916:
8909:
8904:
8897:
8892:
8884:
8878:
8874:
8867:
8860:
8855:
8848:
8844:
8840:
8834:
8828:, p. 16.
8827:
8822:
8815:
8809:
8802:
8796:
8790:, p. 62.
8789:
8784:
8777:
8773:
8767:
8759:
8756:
8749:
8742:
8737:
8730:
8725:
8719:, p. 41.
8718:
8713:
8705:
8699:
8691:
8685:
8681:
8680:
8672:
8664:
8660:
8653:
8647:, pp. 128–131
8646:
8642:
8636:
8629:
8625:
8619:
8611:
8605:
8601:
8600:
8592:
8585:
8581:
8575:
8569:, pp. 442–443
8568:
8564:
8558:
8551:
8547:
8541:
8533:
8527:
8523:
8522:
8514:
8507:
8503:
8497:
8491:, pp. 437–439
8490:
8486:
8480:
8478:
8470:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8450:
8443:
8439:
8433:
8427:, pp. 259–261
8426:
8422:
8416:
8414:
8405:
8404:
8396:
8385:
8379:
8372:
8367:, Wikisource;
8366:
8360:
8353:
8352:Sullivan 1994
8348:
8341:
8337:
8331:
8316:
8310:
8306:
8305:
8297:
8289:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8263:
8256:
8241:
8237:
8231:
8224:
8219:
8212:
8208:
8203:
8197:
8196:81-215-0607-7
8193:
8187:
8179:
8173:
8169:
8168:
8160:
8154:, p. 18.
8153:
8148:
8141:
8136:
8128:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8109:
8102:
8097:
8090:
8085:
8079:, pp. 744–745
8078:
8077:0-8239-2287-1
8074:
8068:
8061:
8060:Olivelle 1999
8056:
8054:
8052:
8043:
8037:
8030:
8026:
8020:
8014:, pp. 208–210
8013:
8009:
8003:
7999:
7993:
7986:
7982:
7976:
7974:
7967:, p. 59.
7966:
7961:
7955:, p. lv.
7954:
7953:Olivelle 1998
7949:
7947:
7939:
7938:Olivelle 1998
7934:
7927:
7921:
7915:, pp. 489–490
7914:
7910:
7904:
7897:
7893:
7887:
7880:
7876:
7875:
7869:
7862:
7858:
7852:
7845:
7839:
7837:
7835:
7833:
7826:, p. 67.
7825:
7820:
7814:, pp. 175–176
7813:
7809:
7803:
7796:
7792:
7789:Witzel, M., "
7786:
7779:
7775:
7769:
7762:
7757:
7751:
7745:
7739:, pp. 123–129
7738:
7734:
7728:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7708:
7706:
7698:
7697:0-415-21527-7
7694:
7690:
7684:
7677:
7671:
7664:
7660:
7654:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7634:
7628:, pp. 136–137
7627:
7623:
7617:
7611:, p. 56.
7610:
7609:Michaels 2004
7605:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7591:
7590:0-19-282292-6
7587:
7581:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7557:
7548:
7541:
7540:Michaels 2004
7536:
7530:, pp. 217–219
7529:
7525:
7521:
7516:
7509:
7505:
7502:Witzel, M., "
7499:
7492:
7488:
7485:Witzel, M., "
7482:
7476:, pp. 273–274
7475:
7471:
7465:
7458:
7454:
7451:
7446:
7439:
7434:
7427:
7422:
7415:
7410:
7408:
7400:
7395:
7385:
7379:, pp. 402–464
7378:
7375:, p. 402, at
7374:
7373:
7366:
7359:
7355:
7352:Witzel, M., "
7349:
7347:
7345:
7343:
7335:
7330:
7323:
7317:, pp. 581–627
7316:
7312:
7308:
7302:
7295:
7289:
7283:
7276:
7271:
7264:
7259:
7252:
7247:
7241:, p. 77.
7240:
7234:
7228:, p. 77.
7227:
7221:
7215:, p. 77.
7214:
7208:
7200:
7194:
7190:
7185:
7184:
7173:
7167:
7163:
7154:
7153:
7148:
7141:
7135:
7133:
7126:, p. 286
7125:
7121:
7118:Witzel, M., "
7115:
7108:
7102:
7095:
7090:
7083:
7079:
7076:Witzel, M., "
7073:
7066:
7063:, p. 3;
7062:
7057:
7050:
7045:
7039:, p. 139
7038:
7033:
7031:
7024:
7019:
7013:
7009:
7003:
6996:
6990:
6983:
6979:
6978:
6973:
6969:
6968:
6961:
6954:
6950:
6949:
6942:
6934:
6932:9780028638201
6928:
6924:
6920:
6913:
6911:
6903:
6897:
6895:
6887:
6883:
6880:Witzel, M., "
6877:
6875:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6862:, p. 39.
6861:
6856:
6854:
6847:, p. 29.
6846:
6845:Mookerji 2011
6841:
6834:
6833:Mookerji 2011
6829:
6827:
6825:
6818:, p. 36.
6817:
6816:Mookerji 2011
6812:
6805:
6804:Mookerji 2011
6800:
6793:
6792:Mookerji 2011
6788:
6781:
6780:81-208-0310-8
6777:
6771:
6763:
6756:
6755:Mookerji 2011
6751:
6744:
6743:Mookerji 2011
6739:
6732:
6731:Michaels 2016
6727:
6720:
6719:Galewicz 2004
6715:
6709:, p. 41.
6708:
6707:Galewicz 2004
6703:
6701:
6693:
6688:
6681:
6680:Galewicz 2011
6676:
6670:, p. 40.
6669:
6668:Galewicz 2004
6664:
6662:
6654:
6653:Holdrege 1996
6649:
6643:, p. 30.
6642:
6641:Mookerji 2011
6637:
6631:, p. 34.
6630:
6629:Mookerji 2011
6625:
6623:
6615:
6610:
6603:
6598:
6591:
6590:Holdrege 1996
6586:
6584:
6577:, p. 49.
6576:
6571:
6565:, p. 33.
6564:
6559:
6553:. pp. 332–333
6552:
6551:81-208-0498-8
6548:
6544:
6538:
6530:
6524:
6520:
6513:
6506:
6502:
6497:
6490:
6485:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6451:
6443:
6437:
6433:
6432:
6424:
6417:
6411:
6407:
6400:
6393:
6388:
6386:
6379:, p. 15.
6378:
6373:
6366:
6361:
6354:
6349:
6342:
6337:
6329:
6325:
6320:
6319:2027.42/43799
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6279:, p. 34.
6278:
6273:
6271:
6263:
6262:Holdrege 1996
6258:
6251:
6250:Holdrege 1996
6246:
6239:
6234:
6228:, pages 80-84
6227:
6223:
6217:
6211:, p. 55.
6210:
6205:
6203:
6201:
6193:
6192:Holdrege 1996
6188:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6175:, p. 35.
6174:
6173:Mookerji 2011
6169:
6167:
6165:
6157:
6156:Galewicz 2004
6152:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6107:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6090:
6085:
6078:
6073:
6066:
6061:
6059:
6051:
6046:
6040:, p. 19.
6039:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6022:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6006:, p. 22.
6005:
6000:
5993:
5988:
5981:
5976:
5969:
5964:
5957:
5952:
5945:
5940:
5933:
5932:Holdrege 2012
5928:
5921:
5916:
5910:, p. 92.
5909:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5892:
5891:Holdrege 1996
5887:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5871:
5870:Holdrege 1995
5866:
5864:
5857:, p. 76.
5856:
5852:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5832:, p. 68.
5831:
5826:
5819:
5814:
5807:
5806:Oberlies 1998
5802:
5800:
5792:
5787:
5785:
5778:, p. 36.
5777:
5772:
5765:
5761:
5756:
5749:
5748:Holdrege 2012
5744:
5737:
5732:
5726:, p. 68.
5725:
5720:
5714:, p. 49.
5713:
5708:
5701:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5683:
5679:
5673:
5666:
5661:
5654:
5649:
5647:
5639:
5634:
5632:
5624:
5623:Nakamura 1983
5619:
5617:
5615:
5608:, p. 30.
5607:
5606:Holdrege 1996
5602:
5600:
5592:
5587:
5580:
5575:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5555:
5549:, pp. 208–210
5548:
5544:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5521:
5517:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5496:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5477:
5471:, p. 51.
5470:
5469:Michaels 2004
5465:
5463:
5461:
5454:, pp. 424–426
5453:
5449:
5445:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5416:
5408:
5404:
5399:
5397:
5389:
5384:
5382:
5374:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5355:
5348:
5343:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5322:according to
5319:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5296:
5292:
5287:
5280:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5258:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5238:
5231:
5227:
5222:
5220:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5202:
5197:
5195:
5187:
5186:Holdrege 1996
5182:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5166:
5161:
5159:
5151:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5134:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5111:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5094:
5089:
5087:
5079:
5074:
5072:
5064:
5059:
5057:
5049:
5044:
5042:
5034:
5029:
5027:
5019:
5014:
5012:
5005:, p. 82.
5004:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4985:
4984:Holdrege 1995
4980:
4978:
4976:
4968:
4963:
4961:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4942:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4910:
4902:
4896:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4846:
4841:
4834:
4830:
4827:, p. 3;
4826:
4820:
4813:
4812:
4806:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4752:, p. 37.
4751:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4729:, p. 69.
4728:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4710:
4696:
4690:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4637:Hymn 1.164.20
4633:
4628:
4623:
4622:Hymn 1.164.34
4618:
4617:Hymn 1.164.34
4611:
4601:
4594:
4588:
4581:
4575:
4566:
4557:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4416:, p. 27)
4415:
4411:
4404:
4394:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4370:
4365:
4358:
4353:
4346:
4340:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4316:
4314:
4306:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4277:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4236:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4221:Oberlies 1998
4218:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4155:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4129:Pyramid Texts
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4101:
4098:
4092:
4087:
4084:
4073:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3898:Paṭṭiṉappālai
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3878:archaeologist
3875:
3871:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3842:non-dualistic
3839:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3761:Bhagavad Gita
3757:
3755:
3751:
3742:
3735:
3733:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3695:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3681:Gāndharvaveda
3676:
3672:
3669:
3668:Sthapatyaveda
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3501:
3491:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3436:
3431:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3263:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3230:
3219:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3022:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3007:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2854:
2847:
2837:
2836:-traditions.
2835:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2608:Mashaka Argya
2589:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2319:their meaning
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2204:(4th c. BCE)
2203:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2143:resulting in
2140:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2128:Maurya period
2125:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2067:vedarthajnana
2064:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:Mahajanapadas
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1881:
1873:
1861:
1857:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1810:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1717:Bhagavad Gita
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1667:Axel Michaels
1664:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1529:Bṛhadāraṇyaka
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:metrical feet
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1288:
1285:, cognate to
1284:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:Chaturashrama
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:ancient India
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1012:
1006:
977:
950:
942:
941:
935:
924:
919:
917:
912:
910:
905:
904:
902:
901:
894:
891:
890:
884:
883:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
855:Shiva Samhita
853:
851:
848:
846:
845:Yoga Vasistha
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
820:Vastu Shastra
818:
816:
815:Natya Shastra
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
770:Brahma Sutras
768:
766:
763:
761:
760:Artha Shastra
758:
756:
753:
752:
749:
745:
740:
739:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
660:
655:
654:
645:
642:
641:
640:
637:
633:
630:
629:
628:
625:
624:
621:
616:
615:
608:
605:
604:
603:
601:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
567:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
549:Varaha Purana
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
513:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
481:
476:
471:
470:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
431:
426:
425:
421:
420:
413:
410:
408:
407:Bhagavad Gita
405:
403:
400:
399:
393:
392:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
370:
368:
367:Atharva vedic
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
332:
331:
329:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
312:
310:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
293:
288:
283:
282:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
255:
253:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
224:
219:
218:
213:
210:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
197:
196:
192:
188:
187:
184:
181:
180:
176:
172:
171:
164:
160:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
130:
126:
122:
112:
109:
99:
98:
97:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
61:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
12882:
12874:
12860:
12846:
12810:Roman Missal
12801:
12770:Early modern
12729:(Sanamahism)
12674:(Gnosticism)
12663:
12642:Deuterocanon
12609:
12605:Tao Te Ching
12603:
12585:
12509:
12449:Serbian epic
12431:
12041:Architecture
11644:Brahmacharya
11586:Samavartanam
11551:Annaprashana
11417:
11320:
11121:
11075:Dharmaśāstra
11065:Arthashastra
10900:Maitrayaniya
10798:
10732:
10725:
10718:
10640:Brahmacharya
10462:
10449:
10406:
10402:
10378:
10358:
10337:
10327:
10318:
10311:Concordances
10300:
10271:
10261:
10252:
10233:
10208:
10187:
10179:Flood (2008)
10164:Flood (2003)
10148:
10127:the original
10122:
10118:
10092:
10073:
10055:
10039:
10033:
10024:
10021:Staal, Frits
10012:
10003:
9985:
9967:
9949:
9926:
9904:
9895:
9877:
9859:
9850:
9830:
9811:
9802:
9793:
9774:
9765:
9761:
9739:
9736:Mookerji, R.
9718:
9705:
9685:
9666:
9650:
9631:
9622:
9603:
9584:
9566:
9548:
9539:
9530:
9512:
9494:
9476:
9458:
9449:
9440:
9431:
9422:
9404:
9384:
9364:
9346:
9326:
9321:Flood, Gavin
9295:
9273:
9254:
9244:
9233:, retrieved
9229:the original
9224:
9201:
9180:
9156:
9146:
9136:
9117:
9108:
9090:
9072:
9053:
9034:
9009:
9000:
8977:
8965:
8955:30 September
8953:. Retrieved
8949:the original
8939:
8920:
8915:
8908:Nagappa 2011
8903:
8891:
8872:
8866:
8854:
8846:
8842:
8838:
8833:
8821:
8813:
8808:
8800:
8795:
8788:Freschi 2012
8783:
8766:
8757:
8748:
8736:
8724:
8712:
8698:
8678:
8671:
8662:
8652:
8635:
8618:
8598:
8591:
8574:
8557:
8540:
8520:
8513:
8496:
8458:
8449:
8432:
8402:
8395:
8378:
8359:
8347:
8330:
8318:. Retrieved
8303:
8296:
8269:
8265:
8255:
8243:. Retrieved
8230:
8218:
8202:
8186:
8166:
8159:
8147:
8135:
8124:
8108:
8096:
8084:
8067:
8036:
8019:
7992:
7960:
7933:
7924:Max Müller,
7920:
7903:
7886:
7879:Google Books
7877:, p. 27, at
7872:
7868:
7851:
7842:Max Müller,
7819:
7802:
7785:
7768:
7744:
7727:
7688:
7683:
7676:Zaehner 1966
7670:
7653:
7633:
7616:
7580:
7561:Paul Deussen
7556:
7547:
7535:
7520:Paul Deussen
7515:
7498:
7481:
7464:
7445:
7433:
7421:
7394:
7384:
7377:Google Books
7370:
7365:
7322:
7301:
7288:The Rig Veda
7282:
7270:
7258:
7246:
7233:
7220:
7207:
7182:
7161:
7151:
7142:Wikisource;
7114:
7101:
7089:
7072:
7067:, p. 68
7056:
7044:
7018:
7002:
6989:
6982:Google Books
6975:
6972:Google Books
6965:
6960:
6953:Google Books
6946:
6941:
6918:
6840:
6811:
6799:
6787:
6762:
6750:
6738:
6726:
6714:
6692:Collins 2009
6687:
6675:
6648:
6636:
6609:
6602:Jackson 2016
6597:
6570:
6558:
6542:
6537:
6518:
6512:
6501:Frazier 2011
6496:
6484:
6472:. Retrieved
6468:the original
6459:
6450:
6430:
6423:
6405:
6399:
6372:
6360:
6348:
6336:
6304:(1): 21–47.
6301:
6297:
6284:
6277:Frazier 2011
6257:
6245:
6238:Jackson 2016
6233:
6216:
6151:
6116:
6112:
6106:
6084:
6072:
6050:Doniger 2010
6045:
5999:
5987:
5980:Banerji 1989
5975:
5963:
5951:
5939:
5927:
5915:
5825:
5813:
5791:Anthony 2007
5771:
5755:
5743:
5736:Frazier 2011
5731:
5719:
5712:Anthony 2007
5707:
5702:, p. 4.
5681:
5672:
5660:
5640:, p. 9.
5591:Bartley 2001
5586:
5574:
5554:
5527:
5483:
5476:
5406:
5354:
5342:
5318:
5302:
5286:
5274:
5268:
5260:
5254:
5249:
5237:
5208:
5110:Scharfe 2002
5093:Pollock 2011
4916:
4900:
4895:
4879:
4861:
4852:
4844:
4840:
4819:
4809:
4805:
4795:
4787:
4775:. Retrieved
4771:the original
4766:
4757:
4694:
4689:
4672:
4649:, pp. 64–69;
4636:
4632:Hymn 1.164.6
4631:
4627:Hymn 1.164.5
4626:
4621:
4616:
4614:For example,
4610:
4600:
4592:
4587:
4574:
4565:
4556:
4539:
4534:, p. 4.
4519:
4515:
4510:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4489:
4472:
4466:
4447:
4424:Noam Chomsky
4403:
4393:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4364:
4352:
4344:
4339:
4330:
4327:Google Books
4320:
4300:
4294:
4289:
4276:
4269:Freschi 2012
4255:
4216:
4175:Indo-Iranian
4097:Books portal
4053:
4038:
4028:
3997:Brahmo Samaj
3990:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3937:The various
3936:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3872:. An Indian
3867:
3858:Maha Puranas
3857:
3833:
3827:
3822:
3819:Maha Puranas
3818:
3810:
3808:
3784:
3768:
3758:
3747:
3740:
3728:
3713:and certain
3704:
3675:sacred dance
3650:Charanavyuha
3645:
3643:
3626:
3617:
3613:
3597:
3586:
3562:
3551:
3536:
3504:
3503:
3484:
3454:), grammar (
3437:
3433:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3360:
3358:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3309:
3308:oblation to
3301:
3299:
3268:
3265:
3194:
3178:
3151:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3091:Kuru Kingdom
3048:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
2987:
2973:
2958:
2950:
2934:
2927:Sapta Sindhu
2919:Vedic period
2912:
2903:
2886:
2876:
2866:
2857:
2851:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2799:
2786:
2784:
2741:
2739:
2694:Caranavaidya
2610:Varshgagavya
2594:Shatyamukhya
2545:
2520:
2515:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2478:
2471:
2443:monotheistic
2439:henotheistic
2432:
2408:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2360:para Brahman
2358:
2354:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2292:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2267:karma-kandha
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:uttara-kanda
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2224:
2219:
2205:
2195:
2184:Vikramashila
2169:
2144:
2141:
2121:
2115:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2045:
2035:
2021:
2016:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1981:Vedic period
1978:
1975:Transmission
1891:Vedic period
1872:Kuru Kingdom
1853:
1845:Vedic period
1832:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1794:Kuru Kingdom
1769:
1767:
1760:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1698:
1674:
1672:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1615:Adi Shankara
1580:
1575:Gryha Sutras
1488:
1472:
1461:
1453:
1446:Atharva-Veda
1421:
1407:
1395:Vedic period
1384:
1370:
1349:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1317:
1309:
1295:
1278:
1276:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1245:
1198:The various
1197:
1178:
1167:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1121:Brahmacharya
1116:
1089:benedictions
1062:
948:
946:
938:
825:Panchatantra
785:Nyāya Sūtras
681:Thiruppugazh
599:
597:
565:
563:
511:
509:
479:
366:
364:
327:
325:
308:
306:
291:
251:
249:
222:
146:
96:Vedic period
40:
12924:Hindu texts
12865:(Thelemite)
12857:(Ahmadiyya)
12837:(Mormonism)
12723:(Hinduism)
12369:Old English
12364:New Zealand
12284:Indian epic
12259:Guernésiais
12162:Anglo-Welsh
12090:WikiProject
11962:Persecution
11950:Nationalism
11940:Iconography
11820:Ratha Yatra
11731:Janmashtami
11726:Rama Navami
11654:Vanaprastha
11605:Varnashrama
11581:Ritushuddhi
11566:Vidyarambha
11556:Chudakarana
11546:Nishkramana
11521:Garbhadhana
11162:Thirukkural
11157:Thiruppugal
11085:Nāradasmṛti
11048:Mahabharata
10826:Atharvaveda
10704:Vaisheshika
10591:Puruṣārthas
10409:: 203–353,
10058:, Ashgate,
10006:, Routledge
9757:Müller, Max
9542:, Routledge
9533:, Routledge
9111:, Routledge
8970:Müller 1892
8859:Lipner 2012
8826:Lipner 2012
7987:, pp. 35–36
7795:Witzel 1997
7780:, pp. x–xii
7665:, pp. 52–53
7638:Frits Staal
7508:Witzel 1997
7491:Witzel 1997
7414:Witzel 2003
7358:Witzel 1997
7275:Prasad 2020
7263:Prasad 2020
7251:Witzel 1997
7124:Witzel 1997
7082:Witzel 1997
7065:Witzel 2003
7049:Witzel 2003
6923:Alpha Books
6886:Witzel 1997
5944:Prasad 2007
5920:Pruthi 2004
5851:Witzel 2003
5830:Witzel 2003
5724:Witzel 2008
5700:Witzel 1995
5579:Witzel 2003
5429:, pp. 42–43
5347:Prasad 2020
5048:Sharma 2011
4890:, pp. 35–39
4829:Witzel 2003
4727:Witzel 2003
4544:Coward 2008
4414:Staal (1986
4357:Gavin Flood
4282:Witzel 2003
4235:Witzel 1997
4227:Witzel 1995
4139:Vedic chant
3973:) schools.
3939:Hindu sects
3912:mentions a
3894:Sacred fire
3882:epigraphist
3823:Upa Puranas
3793:Pancharatra
3741:Nātyaśāstra
3711:Natyasastra
3707:Mahabharata
3581:Caraṇavyūha
3529:Atharvaveda
3413:jnana-kanda
3401:karma-kanda
3389:jnana-kanda
3385:karma-kanda
3350:Vanaprastha
3287:Atharvaveda
3148:Atharvaveda
3142:Atharvaveda
3067:Atharvaveda
3006:Atharvaveda
3002: 1200
2789:trayī vidyā
2779:Atharvaveda
2670:Atharvaveda
2451:agnosticism
2426:, south of
2315:Parabrahman
2271:jnana-kanda
2258:jnana-kanda
2245:karma-kanda
2241:pūrva-kāņda
2237:parabrahman
1969:Atharvaveda
1938: 1500
1887: 1000
1816: 1000
1801: 1200
1752:Mahabharata
1729:Mahabharata
1631:jnana-kanda
1619:karma-kanda
1469: 1500
1393:during the
1362:Vedic texts
1356:ritual fire
1238:) schools.
1204:Hindu sects
1137:Vānaprastha
1077:Atharvaveda
940:Atharvaveda
870:Vedantasara
795:Yoga Sutras
711:Aathichoodi
644:Historicity
639:Mahabharata
632:Historicity
328:Yajur vedic
245:Atharvaveda
129:Atharvaveda
117: 1200
106:–1200 BCE (
104: 1500
63:Information
12913:Categories
12891:Geniocracy
12887:(Satanist)
12843:(Tenrikyo)
12692:(Hinduism)
12690:Upanishads
12660:(Hinduism)
12632:(Judaism)
12620:(Buddhist)
12588:(Hinduism)
12494:Vietnamese
12414:Rajasthani
12404:Portuguese
12177:Australian
11791:Kumbh Mela
11759:Gudi Padwa
11704:Durga Puja
11689:Shivaratri
11561:Karnavedha
11541:Namakarana
11503:Tirthatana
11270:Dattatreya
11107:Subhashita
11080:Manusmriti
10957:Dhanurveda
10890:Taittiriya
10875:Kaushitaki
10862:Upanishads
10635:Aparigraha
10537:Philosophy
10450:Goettingen
9862:, Anthem,
8931:. Source:
8586:, p. xxxix
8272:(1): 1–7.
8245:7 December
8209:, p.
7592:, pp. 1–17
7239:Avari 2007
7226:Avari 2007
7213:Avari 2007
7147:Max Müller
7023:Staal 1986
6860:Flood 1996
6575:Misra 2000
6503:, p.
6474:4 November
6392:Avari 2007
6365:Lopez 2016
6353:Goody 1987
5855:Avari 2007
5818:Kumar 2014
5762:, p.
5760:Dalal 2014
5682:Wikisource
5653:Knapp 2005
5165:Dwyer 2013
5150:Hexam 2011
5003:Flood 1996
4750:Flood 1996
4705:References
4667:Wikisource
4593:Upanishads
4524:speech-act
4382:pāțha-śālā
4244: – c.
4185:Max Müller
4144:Brahminism
3993:Arya Samaj
3890:Purananuru
3870:Tamil Nadu
3719:fifth Veda
3688:Medicine (
3673:Music and
3661:Dhanurveda
3585:) and the
3409:Upanishads
3375:Upanishads
3330:Upanishads
3239:Devanagari
3167:Paippalāda
3073:, and the
2997:, between
2882:10.129.6–7
2814:Upanishads
2690:Brahmavada
2678:Paippalada
2660:Madhyandin
2614:Shakugitre
2548:and their
2526:Four Vedas
2500:jaṭā-pāṭha
2475:Anukramani
2435:polytheism
2350:paramatman
2263:Parabrahma
2207:Aṣṭādhyāyī
2136:Jack Goody
2017:sampradaya
1990:sampradaya
1945: 500
1850:Chronology
1843:See also:
1831:into four
1818:–500 BCE.
1803: – c.
1776:) between
1742:apauruṣeyā
1735:Authorship
1705:Upanishads
1669:explains:
1663:Max Müller
1641:Vedas are
1591:Upanishads
1569:, such as
1563:Upanishads
1555:Upanishads
1485:Bloomfield
1450:recensions
1438:Yajur-Veda
1420:(Sanskrit
1375:Devanagari
1316:, English
1169:apauruṣeya
1146:Vedas are
1133:Upanishads
1109:meditation
1105:Upanishads
1054:scriptures
865:Panchadasi
850:Swara yoga
686:Tirukkuṟaḷ
500:Markandeya
345:Taittiriya
309:Sama vedic
302:Kaushitaki
287:Upanishads
274:Upanishads
119:–900 BCE (
12897:Catechism
12893:(Raelian)
12876:Dianetics
12841:Ofudesaki
12680:(Judaism)
12618:Tripiṭaka
12594:(Jainism)
12572:Antiquity
12427:Classical
12423:Sanskrit
12384:Pakistani
12374:Old Norse
12354:Malayalam
12222:Cantonese
12207:Byzantine
12202:Bulgarian
12014:Theosophy
11945:Mythology
11925:Criticism
11893:Etymology
11851:Svādhyāya
11750:New Year
11699:Navaratri
11671:Festivals
11649:Grihastha
11622:Kshatriya
11596:Antyeshti
11571:Upanayana
11536:Jatakarma
11526:Pumsavana
11513:Sanskaras
11478:Naivedhya
11432:Practices
11377:Mahavidya
11345:Saraswati
11332:Goddesses
11290:Kartikeya
11187:Athichudi
11142:Tirumurai
10995:Vyākaraṇa
10962:Natyaveda
10910:Chandogya
10835:Divisions
10816:Yajurveda
10423:0003-0279
10230:Gonda, J.
10223:Overviews
10174:Upaniṣads
10159:Upaniṣads
9738:(2011) ,
9728:685239912
9659:929704391
9407:, Brill,
8663:The Hindu
8320:6 January
8236:"Upaveda"
8223:Apte 1965
7712:Jan Gonda
7334:Apte 1965
7211:see e.g.
6121:CiteSeerX
6100:Frontline
6038:Rath 2012
6004:Rath 2012
5908:Broo 2016
5776:Dutt 2006
5444:Jan Gonda
5242:Apte 1965
5205:"nastika"
5133:Wood 2007
5078:Todd 2013
5033:Apte 1965
5018:Apte 1965
4823:see e.g.
4682:epistemic
4652:Jan Gonda
4495:srotriyas
4433:Emil Post
4369:Broo 2016
4265:epistemic
4065:in 2007.
3949:). Other
3874:historian
3644:The term
3604:Yajurveda
3573:Kātyāyana
3521:Aranyakas
3517:Brahmanas
3507:Pariśiṣṭa
3500:Pariśiṣṭa
3494:Parisista
3458:Vyākaraṇa
3405:Aranyakas
3397:Brahmanas
3381:Aranyakas
3346:Aranyakas
3342:Aranyakas
3295:Jan Gonda
3279:Yajurveda
3256:Brahmanas
3249:(Kerala).
3202:cremation
3190:theosophy
3173:Śaunakīya
3106:Yajurveda
3045:Yajurveda
3039:Yajurveda
3010:Yajurveda
2948:kingdom.
2921:) in the
2810:Brahmanas
2806:Aranyakas
2759:Yajurveda
2692:Devadarsa
2617:Jaiminiya
2602:Goulgulvi
2577:Bhashkala
2303:Mukherjee
2293:Yajurveda
2166:Svādhyāya
1953:Patañjali
1880:redaction
1809:redaction
1790:Aryavarta
1713:Aranyakas
1709:Brahmanas
1686:Brāhmaṇas
1680:Āraṇyakas
1627:Brahmanas
1587:Aranyakas
1583:Brahmanas
1558:Hinduism.
1535:Chandogya
1516:Aranyakas
1504:Brahmanas
1442:Sama-Veda
1333:ве́дать (
1329:"I see",
1189:semantics
1185:phonology
1125:Gr̥hastha
1101:Aranyakas
1093:Brahmanas
1069:Yajurveda
1020:romanized
835:Tirumurai
765:Kamasutra
524:Bhagavata
505:Bhavishya
490:Brahmānda
447:Vyakarana
316:Chandogya
292:Rig vedic
252:Divisions
240:Yajurveda
159:The Vedas
147:Full text
121:Yajurveda
12871:(Wiccan)
12851:(Baha'i)
12743:(Shinto)
12713:Medieval
12684:Theogony
12614:(Taoist)
12611:Zhuangzi
12439:Scottish
12319:Kashmiri
12309:Jèrriais
12304:Javanese
12299:Japanese
12264:Gujarati
12239:Estonian
12212:Canadian
12187:Biblical
12172:Assamese
12157:American
12152:Albanian
12070:Category
12021:Glossary
11989:Buddhism
11955:Hindutva
11915:Calendar
11796:Haridwar
11774:Vaisakhi
11769:Puthandu
11659:Sannyasa
11576:Keshanta
11407:Shashthi
11243:Trimurti
11070:Nitisara
11043:Ramayana
11038:Itihasas
11010:Jyotisha
10952:Ayurveda
10944:Upavedas
10925:Mandukya
10870:Aitareya
10852:Aranyaka
10847:Brahmana
10821:Samaveda
10746:Charvaka
10546:Concepts
10527:Timeline
10519:Glossary
10502:Hinduism
10459:, Curlie
10391:Journals
10285:citation
10232:(1975),
10207:(1966),
10140:(1997),
10023:(1986),
9759:(1892),
9716:(1899).
9323:(1996),
9178:(2008).
8847:Hinduism
8778:, p. 194
8630:, p. xli
8457:(1976),
8288:22556454
7648:, p. 135
7453:Archived
7389:491–499.
7149:(1859).
7012:11549595
6143:52885600
6092:Archived
5388:Brahmana
5331:Archived
5267:²; Rix'
5263:u̯(e)id-
5201:"astika"
4935:, p. 285
4503:Samhitas
4069:See also
4063:Register
3963:Buddhism
3955:Charvaka
3737:—
3692:Āyurveda
3513:Samhitas
3403:, while
3393:Samhitas
3334:Aranyaka
3283:Samaveda
3262:Brahmana
3198:marriage
3170:and the
3162:Angirasa
3158:Atharvan
3087:Iron Age
3077:Sāmaveda
3008:and the
2984:Samaveda
2978:Samaveda
2961:Rajasuya
2904:mandalas
2880:Rig Veda
2818:Upasanas
2802:Samhitas
2773:Samaveda
2748:) viz.,
2675:Shaunaka
2592:Ranayana
2588:Samaveda
2535:a series
2533:Part of
2516:Brahmana
2512:redacted
2455:monistic
2214:scholar
2172:Vedangas
2124:Buddhism
2102:niruktas
2085:Samhitas
2013:Shankara
1967:for the
1961:Iron Age
1911:Brahmana
1907:samhitas
1899:Iron Age
1897:and the
1833:Samhitas
1792:and the
1784:and the
1725:Ramayana
1711:and the
1701:Samhitas
1692:Saṃhitās
1623:Samhitas
1611:Hinduism
1595:Samhitas
1565:and the
1551:Aitareya
1473:Samhitas
1434:Rig-Veda
1418:Samhitas
1291:(ϝ)εἶδος
1248:Sanskrit
1228:Buddhism
1220:Charvaka
1141:Sannyasa
1113:Upāsanās
1081:Samhitas
1075:and the
1073:Samaveda
1058:Hinduism
1011:Sanskrit
887:Timeline
744:Shastras
627:Ramayana
529:Naradiya
462:Jyotisha
430:Vedangas
379:Mandukya
297:Aitareya
269:Aranyaka
264:Brahmana
235:Samaveda
175:a series
173:Part of
125:Samaveda
82:Language
76:Hinduism
68:Religion
12755:(Islam)
12737:(Islam)
12721:Puranas
12696:Enneads
12484:Turkish
12464:Spanish
12444:Serbian
12419:Russian
12409:Punjabi
12394:Persian
12379:Ottoman
12349:Marathi
12314:Kannada
12294:Italian
12244:Finnish
12234:English
12229:Cornish
12217:Chinese
12197:Bosnian
12192:British
12182:Bengali
12059:Outline
12009:Sikhism
12004:Judaism
11999:Jainism
11880:Related
11856:Namaste
11709:Ramlila
11639:Ashrama
11627:Vaishya
11617:Brahmin
11440:Worship
11392:Rukmini
11382:Matrika
11355:Parvati
11350:Lakshmi
11340:Tridevi
11295:Krishna
11280:Hanuman
11275:Ganesha
11226:Deities
11112:Tantras
11102:Stotras
11055:Puranas
11000:Nirukta
10990:Chandas
10985:Shiksha
10977:Vedanga
10930:Prashna
10920:Mundaka
10842:Samhita
10811:Rigveda
10742:Nāstika
10727:Advaita
10714:Vedanta
10709:Mīmāṃsā
10689:Samkhya
10677:Schools
10665:Akrodha
10584:Saṃsāra
10564:Ishvara
10554:Brahman
8992:Sources
8342:, p. 68
8279:3336651
8123:(ed.).
7863:, p. 63
7699:, p. 38
7575:, p. 23
6984:, p. 14
6604:, ch.3.
6328:3270278
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5230:p. 1015
4678:deontic
4548:Mimamsa
4516:Brahman
4468:Nirukta
4261:deontic
3971:nāstika
3967:Jainism
3959:Ajivika
3951:śramaṇa
3927:Tevaram
3918:Brahmin
3906:Vaymoli
3854:Advaita
3834:Vaidika
3811:Puranas
3805:Puranas
3799:Puranas
3763:or the
3715:Puranas
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3646:upaveda
3640:Upaveda
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3362:Vedānta
3354:Ashrama
3326:Vedanta
3275:Rigveda
3241:. Top:
3181:Samhita
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3117:Rigveda
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3071:Khilani
3063:Rigveda
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2846:Rigveda
2840:Rigveda
2834:sramana
2753:Rigveda
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2507:Rigveda
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1371:Rigveda
1351:Rigveda
1331:Russian
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1091:), the
1085:mantras
1065:Rigveda
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620:Itihasa
475:Puranas
452:Nirukta
442:Chandas
437:Shiksha
412:Tantras
384:Prashna
374:Mundaka
259:Samhita
230:Rigveda
108:Rigveda
18:Upaveda
12827:Modern
12780:(Sikh)
12753:Hadith
12741:Kojiki
12678:Talmud
12630:Tanakh
12598:Avesta
12592:Agamas
12474:Telugu
12459:Slovak
12454:Sindhi
12399:Polish
12389:Pashto
12359:Nepali
12339:Latino
12324:Korean
12279:Indian
12274:Hebrew
12249:French
12167:Arabic
12147:Afghan
12132:Poetry
12080:Portal
11984:Baháʼí
11888:Hindus
11866:Tilaka
11835:Others
11811:Ujjain
11806:Prayag
11801:Nashik
11741:Pongal
11679:Diwali
11632:Shudra
11591:Vivaha
11498:Dhyāna
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11463:Bhakti
11448:Temple
11402:Shakti
11310:Varuna
11253:Vishnu
11248:Brahma
11097:Sutras
11033:Agamas
10789:Smriti
10720:Dvaita
10685:Āstika
10630:Asteya
10625:Ahimsa
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2037:pathas
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559:Matsya
544:Vamana
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519:Vishnu
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360:Maitri
206:Smriti
201:Shruti
138:Verses
92:Period
12919:Vedas
12735:Quran
12624:Bible
12586:Vedas
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12469:Tamil
12432:Vedic
12329:Latin
12289:Irish
12269:Hindi
12254:Greek
11994:Islam
11972:India
11861:Bindi
11844:Other
11784:Ugadi
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11367:Durga
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11305:Surya
11285:Indra
11258:Shiva
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10784:Śruti
10769:Texts
10699:Nyaya
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10579:Karma
10569:Atman
10523:Index
10457:Vedas
10427:JSTOR
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3600:Kṛṣṇa
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2900:hymns
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2490:Vedas
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1324:Latin
1287:Greek
1266:root
1250:word
1174:sages
1151:śruti
1026:Vēdaḥ
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578:Linga
573:Shiva
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539:Padma
457:Kalpa
350:Katha
223:Vedas
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12036:List
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10915:Kena
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10660:Dayā
10650:Dāna
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961:v
958:ˈ
955:/
951:(
943:.
922:e
915:t
908:v
131:)
38:.
20:)
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