114:
555:, as well as a large number of Turkic languages). They are, however, firmly entrenched in the non-Uralo-Siberian languages of northernmost Eurasia, including Yeniseian, Nivkh, Na-Dene, Haida, Salishan, etc. Fortescue suggests that the presence of uvulars in CK and EA may, then, represent an ancient areal innovation acquired from the earlier, "pre-Na-Dene" languages of Beringia.
224:
Fortescue (1998, pp. 60–95) surveys 44 typological markers and argues that a typological profile uniquely identifying the language families proposed to comprise the Uralo-Siberian family can be established. The Uralo-Siberian hypothesis is rooted in the assumption that this distinct typological
1529:
Berge, Anna (2024). "Mid-Holocene
Language Connections between Asia and North America. By Michael Fortescue and Edward Vajda. Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, vol. 17. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2022. Part 1: The Uralo-Siberian Hypothesis, pp. 13–234. USD $ 179, hardcover
1289:
Some or all of the four Uralo-Siberian families have been included in more extensive groupings of languages (see links below). Fortescue's hypothesis does not oppose or exclude these various proposals. In particular, he considers that a remote relationship between Uralo-Siberian and Altaic (or some
1063:
According to Ante Aikio (who does not believe that
Yukaghir is related to Uralic), the words glossed 'weave' and 'morning' in the last two rows, despite being homonyms in each language, are most likely unrelated. Such instances of coincidental homonymy between languages, which only very rarely
1548:
As a result, F's list of proposed cognates contains numerous gaps, with many stems not found in more than two or three languages among the languages being compared. Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to evaluate the soundness of the reconstruction, and more illustrative examples would have
160:
Connections with the Uralic and other language families are generally seen as speculative, including
Fortescue's Uralo-Siberian hypothesis. Fortescue's observations have been evaluated by specialists as "inspiring" and "compelling" but are viewed as scattered evidence and still remain highly
400:
Contrasts with canonically monosyllabic word roots in Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Yeniseian, Na-Dene, Haida, Tsimshian, Wakashan, Salishan, etc. Some secondarily monosyllabic word roots have developed in Aleut and multiple Uralic languages, and they predominate in
342:
Original non-sibilant fricatives are absent from most other languages of
Eurasia. Voiceless fricatives prevail over voiced ones in most of northern America. Both voiced and voiceless fricatives occur in
551:
are absent from Uralic, but can be found in
Chukotko-Kamchatkan and Eskaleut. They are also present in Yukaghir, though are likely to be of secondary origin there (as also in the Uralic
1875:
1866:
1860:
2583:
157:. However, after 2011 Fortescue only included Uralic, Yukaghir and Eskaleut in the theory, although he argued that Uralo-Siberian languages have influenced Chukotko-Kamchatkan.
1294:). However, Fortescue holds that Uralo-Siberian lies within the bounds of the provable, whereas Nostratic may be too remote a grouping to ever be convincingly demonstrated.
388:
A feature shared with most 'Altaic' languages. Contrasts with the presence of abundant consonant clusters in Nivkh, as well as in the Indo-European and
Salishan languages.
1313:
also belongs to Uralo-Siberian. This would make Uralo-Siberian the proto-language of a much vaster language family. Kortlandt (2006:3) considers that Uralo-Siberian and
665:
212:
proposed a relationship between the
Eskaleut and Chukotko-Kamchatkan language families. In 1998, Michael Fortescue presented more detailed arguments in his book,
1791:
170:
1460:
I would no longer wish to relate CK directly to , although I believe that some of the lexical evidence will hold up in terms of borrowing/diffusion.
208:, in which he, like other authors before him, presented a number of grammatical similarities and a small number of lexical correspondences. In 1962,
1916:
543:
Several more widely spread typologically significant features may also instead represent contact influence, according to
Fortescue (1998):
1064:
happens by chance, suggest that some kind of contact most likely happened, but exact conclusions cannot be drawn with modern information.
2633:
1584:
645:
sets with reflexes in at least three of the four language families, and even more shared by two of the language families. Examples are
1497:
1309:(a proposed language family consisting of Uralic and Indo-European) is itself a branch of Uralo-Siberian and that, furthermore, the
2573:
1843:
1651:
1507:
1426:
377:
Found in most other language families of northern
Eurasia as well; however, widely absent from languages of northern America.
1863:
as reconstructed by Uwe
Seefloth, who finds Uralic and Eskaleut to be each other's closest relatives within Uralo-Siberian
1622:
Kloekhorst, Alwin; Pronk, Tijmen (2019-09-25), "Introduction: Reconstructing Proto-Indo-Anatolian and Proto-Indo-Uralic",
2778:
1882:
2783:
1781:
661:
1317:(defined by him as consisting of Turkic, Mongolian, Tungusic, Korean, and Japanese) may be coordinate branches of the
2793:
1361:
1514:
Fortescue's observations are encylopaedic, and often innovative and inspiring, but the picture arrived at is one of
2656:
1909:
1796:
1416:
169:
Structural similarities between Uralic and Eskaleut languages were observed early. In 1746, the Danish theologian
669:
2498:
2486:
161:
speculative and unproven and the soundness of the reconstructed common ancestors are challenging to evaluate.
2713:
2703:
2698:
2563:
2391:
2175:
2170:
1838:
154:
79:
2718:
2688:
2543:
1718:
Blažek, Václav. 2006. "Chukcho-Kamchatkan and Uralic: lexical evidence of their genetic relationship". In:
893:
883:
873:
863:
851:
841:
831:
821:
809:
800:
791:
782:
771:
762:
753:
744:
732:
722:
712:
702:
371:
361:
357:
336:
313:
287:
249:
2798:
2666:
2568:
2007:
1902:
1813:
1566:"Correlating Palaeo-Siberian languages and populations: recent advances in the Uralo-Siberian hypothesis"
532:. Frequently the modern-day descendant languages have diverged further from this profile — particularly
2335:
353:
225:
profile was, rather than an areal profile common to four unrelated language families, the profile of a
138:
540:
influence from a language typologically more alike to the non-Uralo-Siberian languages of the region.
2788:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2591:
2513:
2508:
2164:
2150:
1925:
1833:
1291:
525:
446:
2503:
2274:
2104:
1993:
1801:
537:
283:
216:. His title evokes Morris Swadesh's 1962 article, "Linguistic relations across the Bering Strait".
2372:
2267:
2217:
2196:
2187:
2069:
1986:
1946:
1870:
1735:
Language Relations across Bering Strait: Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence.
1354:
Language Relations across Bering Strait: Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence.
656:
Below are some lexical items reconstructed to Proto-Uralo-Siberian, along with their reflexes in
331:
253:
196:
in particular, and presented a list of lexical correspondences (Rask also considered Uralic and
2528:
2523:
2288:
2260:
2251:
2210:
642:
277:
2680:
2553:
2533:
2281:
2076:
2014:
1848:
1823:
1786:
1595:
1306:
673:
657:
524:
None of the four families shows all of these 17 features; ranging from 12 reconstructible in
321:
1726:
2661:
2651:
2641:
2491:
2345:
2158:
2042:
1818:
1318:
497:
407:
181:
175:
8:
2708:
2481:
2466:
2401:
2203:
2125:
2035:
2028:
1979:
1937:
1888:
1828:
1442:
Fortescue, Michael (2011). "The relationship of Nivkh to Chukotko-Kamchatkan revisited".
1322:
265:
257:
2442:
2396:
2311:
2306:
2301:
1757:
Seefloth, Uwe (2000). "Die Entstehung polypersonaler Paradigmen im Uralo-Sibirischen".
1302:
1072:
Fortescue suggested the following grammatical similarities to point to a relationship:
513:
394:
317:
269:
185:
134:
74:
69:
2646:
2623:
2618:
2596:
2538:
2316:
2239:
2132:
1776:
1686:
1647:
1565:
1503:
1422:
1357:
1298:
483:
382:
349:
299:
273:
245:
142:
1472:
16:
Proposed language family including Uralic, Yukaghir, Eskimo–Aleut and possibly Nivkh
2608:
2601:
2548:
2476:
2471:
2428:
2421:
2351:
2295:
2233:
2139:
2111:
2097:
2083:
2000:
1972:
1960:
1953:
1698:
1637:
1627:
1539:
1451:
1388:
1368:
1314:
548:
533:
368:
261:
197:
193:
130:
64:
1393:
1376:
2435:
2386:
2340:
2223:
2118:
2090:
2049:
1966:
1455:
552:
517:
438:
428:
291:
150:
126:
113:
85:
49:
2613:
2381:
1894:
1310:
677:
569:
Apparently shared elements of Uralo-Siberian morphology include the following:
461:
303:
295:
239:
209:
201:
1632:
2772:
1182:
507:
467:
432:
2518:
2326:
2060:
529:
1702:
189:
1642:
2693:
2412:
2362:
2228:
1889:"Chukcho-Kamchatkan and Uralic: Evidence of their genetic relationship"
477:
473:
385:
are absent word-initially and word-finally, but present word-medially.
453:
280:
languages. They have also later arisen in several branches of Uralic.
100:
1753:. Tartu, Estonia: University of Tartu, Division of Uralic Languages.
1670:. In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.).
1667:
1543:
503:
309:
1929:
38:
2370:
1473:"Uralic languages | Finno-Ugric, Samoyedic, & Permic Groups"
1418:
Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America
2021:
457:
442:
42:
1751:
Indo-European-Uralic-Siberian Linguistic and Cultural Contacts
192:
considered Greenlandic to be related to the Uralic languages,
145:, an expert in Eskaleut and Chukotko-Kamchatkan, in his book
1187:
Yukaghir and Proto-Eskaleut verbal and nominal inflections:
1733:
Greenberg, Joseph H (2000). "Review of Michael Fortescue,
1183:
Yukaghir and Proto-Eskaleut verbal and nominal inflections
1075:
Proto-Uralic and Proto-Eskaleut number and case markers:
1720:
Orientalia et Classica XI. Aspects of Comparativistics 2
1496:
Abondolo, Daniel; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (2023-03-31).
1340:
Bergsland, Knut (1959). "The Eskimo–Uralic hypothesis".
329:
A series of voiced non-sibilant fricatives, including /
1792:
Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas
229:
language ancestral to all four: Proto-Uralo-Siberian.
1807:
423:Contrasts particularly with Yeniseian and Na-Dene.
1617:
1615:
1495:
2770:
1924:
1415:Vajda, Edward; Fortescue, Michael (2022-01-31).
153:in Uralo-Siberian. Until 2011, it also included
1621:
1377:"Linguistic relations across the Bering Strait"
1612:
1414:
1910:
1861:Linguist List post about Uralo-Eskimo grammar
1532:International Journal of American Linguistics
1435:
335:/, which lack voiceless counterparts such as
2754:Families with more than 30 languages are in
506:expressed by an auxiliary verb (known as a
1917:
1903:
1732:
1684:
1659:
1641:
1631:
1563:
1441:
1392:
1339:
904:Proposed cognates between the languages:
1756:
1687:"How the accusative became the relative"
1374:
214:Language Relations across Bering Strait
200:to be related to each other). In 1959,
147:Language Relations across Bering Strait
2771:
1674:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1898:
1665:
1624:The Precursors of Proto-Indo-European
1528:
1342:Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne
680:). (Source: Fortescue 1998:152–158.)
1883:"Nivkh as a Uralo-Siberian language"
1844:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric languages
1672:Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages
1582:
1559:
1557:
1530:or e-book edition". Review article.
1725:Georg, Stefan; Seefloth, Uwe 2000.
13:
1782:Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan language
1712:
1678:
397:, with the exception of pronouns.
14:
2810:
1854:
1808:Related language family proposals
1691:Journal of Historical Linguistics
1626:, Brill | Rodopi, pp. 1–14,
1554:
1489:
420:Exclusively suffixal morphology.
330:
149:. Some have attempted to include
1797:Linguistic areas of the Americas
1325:but rejected by most linguists.
1284:
112:
1328:
1290:part of Altaic) is likely (see
435:and at least three local cases.
1576:
1522:
1465:
1408:
1356:London and New York: Cassell.
1333:
1067:
536:, for which Fortescue assumes
238:A single, voiceless series of
1:
1402:
1394:10.1525/aa.1962.64.6.02a00090
564:
141:. It was proposed in 1998 by
1885:by Frederik Kortlandt (2004)
1876:More discussion of the above
1456:10.1016/j.lingua.2011.03.001
1321:language family proposed by
737:'push, thrust at with pole'
653:'mountain' and many others.
500:, used as an auxiliary verb.
460:as morphologically distinct
393:Canonically bisyllabic word
206:The Eskimo–Uralic Hypothesis
7:
1770:
1722:, pp. 197–212. Moscow.
1685:Fortescue, Michael (2016).
1564:Fortescue, Michael (2017).
1367:Kortlandt, Frederik. 2006.
559:
219:
10:
2815:
2779:Proposed language families
2574:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
1585:"Uralic-Yukaghir wordlist"
1352:Fortescue, Michael. 1998.
692:Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan
641:Fortescue (1998) lists 94
636:
164:
2784:History of Northeast Asia
2742:
2679:
2632:
2582:
2462:
2455:
2410:
2361:
2325:
2250:
2186:
2149:
2059:
1936:
1839:Uralic–Yukaghir languages
1759:Zentralasiatische Studien
1633:10.1163/9789004409354_002
878:'bring, take, give' (FU)
662:Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan
526:Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan
316:occur in Na-Dene, Haida,
111:
99:
94:
58:
50:Linguistic classification
48:
31:
26:
21:
2794:Paleo-Siberian languages
1802:The Last of the Vostiaks
1502:. Taylor & Francis.
1375:Swadesh, Morris (1962).
1369:"Indo-Uralic and Altaic"
54:Proposed language family
2751:have no living members.
2634:East and Southeast Asia
1891:by Václav Blažek (2006)
1867:Discussion of the above
1814:Eskimo–Uralic languages
1381:American Anthropologist
1267:*-(m/n)un / *ŋus/*-ŋun
1305:(2006:1) asserts that
1093:nom./absolutive sing.
1046:*kuda 'morning, dawn'
643:lexical correspondence
620:interrogative pronoun
1849:Sino-Uralic languages
1834:Ural–Altaic languages
1824:Indo-Uralic languages
1787:Proto-Uralic language
1739:Review of Archaeology
1703:10.1075/jhl.6.1.03for
1292:Ural–Altaic languages
686:Proto-Uralo-Siberian
27:(not widely accepted)
1819:Eurasiatic languages
1666:Aikio, Ante (2019).
1499:The Uralic Languages
1299:University of Leiden
1025:*tut 'arrive, land'
367:The occurrence of a
204:published the paper
2392:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
2176:Northwest Caucasian
2171:Northeast Caucasian
1869:and comparisons to
1829:Nostratic languages
1191:
1079:
994:
908:
727:'chase, herd' (PC)
514:Subordinate clauses
484:Possessive suffixes
356:consonants such as
155:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
80:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
2799:Eskaleut languages
2657:Austronesian–Ongan
2456:Proposed groupings
1583:Häkkinen, Jaakko.
1303:Frederik Kortlandt
1190:
1148:plural accusative
1078:
993:
907:
496:The presence of a
383:Consonant clusters
125:is a hypothetical
2766:
2765:
2675:
2674:
2667:Sino-Austronesian
2451:
2450:
1926:Language families
1777:Haplogroup N-M231
1749:Künnap, A. 1999.
1653:978-90-04-40935-4
1509:978-1-317-23097-7
1428:978-90-04-43682-4
1282:
1281:
1272:adv. loc./lative
1180:
1179:
1061:
1060:
991:
990:
902:
901:
634:
633:
549:uvular consonants
476:markers based on
143:Michael Fortescue
120:
119:
2806:
2789:Uralic languages
2734:Proto-Euphratean
2460:
2459:
2368:
2367:
2336:Great Andamanese
1919:
1912:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1766:
1746:
1707:
1706:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1645:
1635:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1594:. Archived from
1589:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1516:disetcta membra
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1450:(8): 1359–1376.
1439:
1433:
1432:
1412:
1398:
1396:
1387:(6): 1262–1291.
1349:
1323:Joseph Greenberg
1192:
1189:
1137:accusative sing
1080:
1077:
995:
992:
963:*iɣa- 'swallow'
944:*cowinə 'spear'
928:*amlə 'swallow'
909:
906:
895:
885:
875:
865:
853:
843:
833:
823:
811:
802:
793:
784:
773:
764:
757:'father in law'
755:
746:
734:
724:
714:
704:
683:
682:
572:
571:
373:
369:rhotic consonant
363:
359:
338:
334:
315:
289:
251:
179:
116:
19:
18:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2738:
2729:Paleo-Laplandic
2724:Pre-Finno-Ugric
2671:
2628:
2592:Greater Siangic
2578:
2564:Uralic–Yukaghir
2514:Ibero-Caucasian
2509:Elamo-Dravidian
2447:
2406:
2357:
2321:
2246:
2182:
2165:North Caucasian
2145:
2055:
1994:Paleo-Sardinian
1932:
1923:
1857:
1810:
1773:
1727:"Uralo-Eskimo?"
1715:
1713:Further reading
1710:
1683:
1679:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1620:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1562:
1555:
1527:
1523:
1510:
1494:
1490:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1336:
1331:
1287:
1185:
1088:Proto-Eskaleut
1070:
1057:*qilaɣ 'weave'
947:*caviɣ 'knife'
939:*aŋ-va- 'open'
915:Proto-Eskaleut
717:'drive, chase'
707:'push forward'
695:Proto-Eskaleut
649:'grandfather',
639:
567:
562:
518:non-finite verb
462:parts of speech
452:The absence of
429:Accusative case
240:stop consonants
222:
173:
167:
127:language family
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2812:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2559:Uralo-Siberian
2556:
2551:
2546:
2544:Serbi–Mongolic
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2504:Dravido-Korean
2501:
2499:Dené–Yeniseian
2496:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2487:Dené–Caucasian
2484:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2415:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2105:Hurro-Urartian
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1987:Paleo-Corsican
1983:
1976:
1969:
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1950:
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1922:
1921:
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1855:External links
1853:
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1768:
1767:
1754:
1747:
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1677:
1668:"Proto-Uralic"
1658:
1652:
1611:
1575:
1553:
1544:10.1086/727525
1538:(1): 130–132.
1521:
1508:
1488:
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1404:
1401:
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1399:
1372:
1365:
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1311:Nivkh language
1286:
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1280:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1258:
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1199:
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1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:dative/lative
1167:
1166:
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1156:
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1111:
1108:
1105:
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1100:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1069:
1066:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:*kuda 'weave'
1051:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1009:*at(ǝ) 'down'
1007:
1003:
1002:
999:
989:
988:
985:
981:
980:
977:
973:
972:
971:*uməɣ 'close'
969:
965:
964:
961:
957:
956:
953:
949:
948:
945:
941:
940:
937:
933:
932:
931:*ama 'suckle'
929:
925:
924:
921:
917:
916:
913:
912:Proto-Yukagir
900:
899:
889:
879:
869:
858:
857:
847:
837:
827:
816:
815:
805:
796:
787:
777:
776:
775:'grandfather'
767:
766:'grandfather'
758:
749:
748:'grandfather'
739:
738:
728:
718:
708:
697:
696:
693:
690:
687:
670:Proto-Eskaleut
638:
635:
632:
631:
630:genitive case
628:
622:
621:
618:
612:
611:
608:
602:
601:
598:
592:
591:
588:
582:
581:
578:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
556:
522:
521:
511:
501:
493:
492:
488:
487:
481:
471:
465:
450:
436:
426:
425:
424:
417:
416:
412:
411:
404:
403:
402:
391:
390:
389:
380:
379:
378:
365:
346:
345:
344:
327:
326:
325:
312:stops such as
307:
286:stops such as
281:
248:stops such as
235:
234:
221:
218:
210:Morris Swadesh
202:Knut Bergsland
171:Marcus Wøldike
166:
163:
129:consisting of
123:Uralo-Siberian
118:
117:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
95:Language codes
92:
91:
90:
89:
83:
77:
72:
67:
60:
56:
55:
52:
46:
45:
35:
29:
28:
24:
23:
22:Uralo-Siberian
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2811:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
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2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2569:Eskimo–Uralic
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2454:
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2441:
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2433:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:Paleosiberian
2369:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2324:
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2303:
2300:
2298:
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2293:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2268:Austroasiatic
2265:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2218:Austroasiatic
2215:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2197:Indo-European
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2120:
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2113:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2070:Indo-European
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1947:Indo-European
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:Indo-European
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
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1704:
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1696:
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1673:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1601:on 2021-08-31
1597:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1558:
1550:
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1541:
1537:
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1518:
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1511:
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1501:
1500:
1492:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
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1438:
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1424:
1420:
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1411:
1407:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1362:0-304-70330-3
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1285:Relationships
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:
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1197:
1194:
1193:
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1175:
1172:
1169:
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1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1085:Proto-Uralic
1084:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1065:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:*qilaɣ 'sky'
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:*tuli 'come'
1021:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1006:*ila 'under'
1005:
1004:
1000:
997:
996:
986:
983:
982:
978:
975:
974:
970:
967:
966:
962:
959:
958:
954:
951:
950:
946:
943:
942:
938:
936:*aŋa 'mouth'
935:
934:
930:
927:
926:
923:*atə 'below'
922:
919:
918:
914:
911:
910:
905:
897:
890:
887:
880:
877:
870:
867:
860:
859:
855:
848:
845:
838:
835:
828:
825:
818:
817:
813:
806:
803:
797:
794:
788:
785:
779:
778:
774:
768:
765:
759:
756:
750:
747:
741:
740:
736:
729:
726:
719:
716:
709:
706:
699:
698:
694:
691:
689:Proto-Uralic
688:
685:
684:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:Proto-Chukchi
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
629:
627:
624:
623:
619:
617:
614:
613:
609:
607:
604:
603:
599:
597:
594:
593:
589:
587:
584:
583:
579:
577:
574:
573:
570:
554:
550:
546:
545:
544:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
519:
515:
512:
509:
508:negative verb
505:
502:
499:
495:
494:
490:
489:
485:
482:
479:
475:
472:
469:
468:Evidentiality
466:
463:
459:
455:
451:
448:
444:
440:
437:
434:
433:genitive case
430:
427:
422:
421:
419:
418:
414:
413:
409:
406:Word-initial
405:
399:
398:
396:
392:
387:
386:
384:
381:
376:
375:
370:
366:
355:
351:
347:
341:
340:
333:
328:
323:
319:
311:
308:
305:
301:
297:
293:
285:
282:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:Indo-European
252:occur in the
247:
244:
243:
241:
237:
236:
232:
231:
230:
228:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
177:
172:
162:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
115:
110:
107:
104:
102:
98:
93:
87:
84:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
61:
57:
53:
51:
47:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
2755:
2748:
2747:Families in
2704:Pre-Goidelic
2699:Pre-Germanic
2558:
2529:Indo-Semitic
2524:Indo-Pacific
2519:Indo-Hittite
2434:
2427:
2420:
2350:
2327:Indian Ocean
2294:
2289:Austronesian
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2261:Sino-Tibetan
2259:
2238:
2216:
2211:Sino-Tibetan
2209:
2202:
2195:
2163:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2015:North Picene
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1719:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1671:
1661:
1643:1887/3295765
1623:
1603:. Retrieved
1596:the original
1591:
1578:
1570:Man in India
1569:
1547:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1515:
1513:
1498:
1491:
1480:. Retrieved
1476:
1467:
1459:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1417:
1410:
1384:
1380:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1329:Bibliography
1296:
1288:
1186:
1074:
1071:
1062:
1033:*kina 'who'
1017:*ǝt(ǝ) 'be'
1014:*elä 'live'
968:*um 'close'
960:*ləɣ- 'eat'
955:*kina 'who'
920:*al 'below'
903:
898:'take' (PE)
891:
881:
871:
861:
849:
839:
829:
819:
807:
798:
789:
780:
769:
760:
751:
742:
730:
720:
710:
700:
674:Proto-Eskimo
658:Proto-Uralic
655:
650:
646:
640:
625:
615:
605:
595:
585:
575:
568:
542:
530:Proto-Uralic
523:
278:Sino-Tibetan
226:
223:
213:
205:
168:
159:
146:
122:
121:
105:
59:Subdivisions
34:distribution
2554:Ural-Altaic
2534:Indo-Uralic
2346:Sentinelese
2077:Afroasiatic
2043:Eteocypriot
1745:(2): 23–24.
1592:elisanet.fi
1334:Works cited
1307:Indo-Uralic
1068:Grammatical
1041:*ta 'that'
1038:*to 'that'
987:*ta 'that'
984:*ta 'that'
979:*nəɣ 'get'
976:*n’ə 'get'
952:*kin 'who'
888:'pull out'
836:'tie' (FU)
804:'not' (PC)
672:(sometimes
664:(sometimes
610:2nd person
600:1st person
478:participles
354:palatalized
190:Rasmus Rask
188:. In 1818,
182:Greenlandic
174: [
2773:Categories
2694:Pre-Celtic
2662:East Asian
2652:Austro-Tai
2642:Andamanese
2492:Eurasiatic
2413:North Asia
2363:North Asia
2275:Hmong–Mien
2229:Burushaski
2188:South Asia
2159:Kartvelian
2126:Philistine
2036:Eteocretan
1980:Tartessian
1765:: 163–191.
1605:2020-05-04
1482:2023-06-14
1477:Britannica
1403:References
1319:Eurasiatic
1206:trans. 1s
1030:*ke 'who'
814:'not' (A)
565:Morphology
474:Indicative
454:adjectives
415:Morphology
32:Geographic
2719:Pre-Vedic
2709:Pre-Greek
2681:Substrata
2584:Arunachal
2482:Nostratic
2467:Alarodian
2402:Yeniseian
2252:East Asia
2204:Dravidian
2061:West Asia
2029:Tyrsenian
1697:: 72–92.
1421:. BRILL.
1301:linguist
1256:*(m/n)əɣ
1253:*-(n)kət
1245:*-(n)kən
1242:*-(n)kən
1201:Eskaleut
1198:Yukaghir
1162:*-(kə)tə
1159:ablative
1129:*-(kə)na
1126:locative
1001:Eskaleut
856:'tie up'
846:'tie up'
826:'tie up'
538:substrate
528:to 16 in
516:based on
322:Tsimshian
290:occur in
284:Aspirated
266:Mongolian
258:Yeniseian
233:Phonology
186:Hungarian
180:compared
101:Glottolog
37:Northern
2714:Vasconic
2689:Atlantic
2443:Eskaleut
2397:Yukaghir
2312:Koreanic
2307:Tungusic
2302:Mongolic
2240:Harappan
2151:Caucasus
2133:Sumerian
2008:Ligurian
1771:See also
1264:*(ŋi)n’
1228:3 poss.
1195:Pronoun
1173:*-kə/-ŋ
560:Evidence
547:Primary
504:Negation
470:marking.
439:singular
401:Itelmen.
348:Primary
318:Salishan
310:Ejective
270:Tungusic
220:Typology
139:Eskaleut
135:Yukaghir
75:Eskaleut
70:Yukaghir
2749:italics
2647:Austric
2624:Kho-Bwa
2619:Hrusish
2597:Siangic
2539:Karasuk
2439: ?
2352:Kenaboi
2317:Japonic
2282:Kra–Dai
2243: ?
2234:Kusunda
2140:Elamite
2112:Kassite
2098:Kaskian
2001:Camunic
1973:Iberian
1930:Eurasia
1549:helped.
1348:: 1–29.
1239:vialis
1165:*-kənc
1154:*-(ŋ)i
1115:plural
998:Uralic
884:teɣiŋrə
868:'take'
668:), and
647:*ap(p)a
637:Lexicon
580:plural
534:Itelmen
458:adverbs
449:number.
350:palatal
300:Na-Dene
274:Japonic
194:Finnish
165:History
39:Eurasia
2609:Mijiic
2602:Digaro
2549:Pontic
2477:Borean
2472:Altaic
2436:Rouran
2429:Turkic
2422:Uralic
2411:Other
2296:Turkic
2224:Nihali
2119:Gutian
2091:Hattic
2084:Turkic
2050:Minoan
2022:Sicani
1967:Basque
1961:Turkic
1954:Uralic
1938:Europe
1650:
1506:
1444:Lingua
1425:
1360:
1315:Altaic
1176:*-ŋun
1151:*-j/i
822:pit(uɣ
795:'not'
786:'not'
783:el(l)ä
772:ap(p)a
745:ap(p)a
723:aj-tat
651:*kað'a
553:Selkup
520:forms.
498:copula
491:Syntax
443:plural
408:stress
362:/ʎ~lʲ/
358:/ɲ~nʲ/
343:Nivkh.
324:, etc.
306:, etc.
292:Korean
262:Turkic
246:Voiced
227:single
198:Altaic
137:, and
131:Uralic
65:Uralic
43:Arctic
41:, the
2387:Nivkh
2341:Ongan
1599:(PDF)
1588:(PDF)
1250:abl.
1231:*ntə
1132:*-ni
1107:*-kə
1104:dual
852:pətuɣ
810:-la(ɣ
703:aj(aɣ
678:Aleut
590:dual
395:roots
304:Haida
296:Nivkh
178:]
151:Nivkh
86:Nivkh
2756:bold
2614:Miju
2382:Ainu
1648:ISBN
1504:ISBN
1423:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1297:The
1278:*nə
1275:*nə
1261:all
1223:*ŋi
1220:*ŋi
1217:3pl
1212:*ŋa
1140:*-m
1121:*-t
1118:*-t
894:teɣu
874:toɣe
864:toɣə
832:pitV
801:ællæ
754:appe
733:ajaɣ
456:and
447:dual
445:and
314:/tʼ/
288:/tʰ/
276:and
106:None
2329:rim
1928:of
1737:".
1699:doi
1638:hdl
1628:doi
1540:doi
1452:doi
1448:121
1389:doi
1234:*n
1209:*ŋ
1110:*k
842:pət
792:elä
763:æpæ
713:aja
676:or
626:*-n
616:*ka
606:*t-
596:*m-
586:*-k
576:*-t
372:/r/
352:or
337:/θ/
250:/d/
184:to
2775::
1763:30
1761:.
1743:21
1741:.
1693:.
1689:.
1646:,
1636:,
1614:^
1590:.
1568:.
1556:^
1546:.
1536:90
1534:.
1512:.
1475:.
1458:.
1446:.
1385:64
1383:.
1379:.
1346:61
1344:.
1143:–
1099:Ø
1096:Ø
824:)-
812:)-
705:)-
660:,
441:,
431:,
374:.
360:,
339:.
320:,
302:,
298:,
294:,
272:,
268:,
264:,
260:,
256:,
242:.
176:da
133:,
2758:.
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1918:e
1911:t
1904:v
1729:.
1705:.
1701::
1695:6
1640::
1630::
1608:.
1572:.
1542::
1485:.
1454::
1431:.
1397:.
1391::
1371:.
1364:.
896:-
892:*
886:-
882:*
876:-
872:*
866:-
862:*
854:-
850:*
844:-
840:*
834:-
830:*
820:*
808:*
799:*
790:*
781:*
770:*
761:*
752:*
743:*
735:-
731:*
725:-
721:*
715:-
711:*
701:*
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486:.
480:.
464:.
410:.
364:.
332:ð
88:?
82:?
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