722:
465:. Active recreation such as team sports, due to the need to provide substantial space to congregate, typically involves intensive management, maintenance, and high costs. Passive recreation, also called "low-intensity recreation" is that which emphasizes the open-space aspect of a park and allows for the preservation of natural habitat. It usually involves a low level of development, such as rustic picnic areas, benches, and trails. Passive recreation typically requires little management and can be provided at very low costs. Some open space managers provide nothing other than trails for physical activity in the form of walking, running, horse riding, mountain biking, snowshoeing, or cross-country skiing; or sedentary activity such as observing nature, bird watching, painting, photography, or picnicking. Limiting park or open space use to passive recreation over all or a portion of the park's area eliminates or reduces the burden of managing active recreation facilities and developed infrastructure. Many ski resorts combine active recreation facilities (ski lifts, gondolas, terrain parks, downhill runs, and lodges) with passive recreation facilities (cross-country ski trails).
315:
555:
215:
673:
31:
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710:
687:
578:
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265:. With the establishment of Princes Park in 1842, Joseph Paxton did something similar for the benefit of a provincial town, albeit one of international stature by virtue of its flourishing mercantile sector. Liverpool had a burgeoning presence in global maritime trade before 1800, and during the Victorian era its wealth rivalled that of London itself.
394:, new parks continued to focus on both outdoor and indoor recreation with services, such as sports leagues using their ball fields and gymnasia. These smaller parks were built in residential neighborhoods, and tried to serve all residents with programs for seniors, adults, teens and children. Green space was of secondary importance.
336:
identifies four phases of park design in the U.S. In the late 19th century, city governments purchased large tracts of land on the outskirts of cities to form "pleasure grounds": semi-open, charmingly landscaped areas whose primary purpose was to allow city residents, especially the workers, to relax
244:
from 1842 and opened in 1843. The land on which the park was built was purchased by
Richard Vaughan Yates, an iron merchant and philanthropist, in 1841 for £50,000. The creation of Princes Park showed great foresight and introduced a number of highly influential ideas. First and foremost was the
412:
All four types of park continue to exist in urban areas. Because of the large amount of open space and natural habitat in the former pleasure grounds, they now serve as important wildlife refuges, and often provide the only opportunity for urban residents to hike or picnic in a semi-wild area.
311:. The cemeteries were intended as civic institutions designed for public use. Before the widespread development of public parks, the rural cemetery provided a place for the general public to enjoy outdoor recreation amidst art and sculpture previously available only for the wealthy.
721:
303:
was purchased for public use grazing cows and as a military parade ground and dump in 1634. It first started to get recreational elements in 1728, arguably making it the first municipal park in the United States and the world, though cow grazing did not end until the 1830s.
978:
413:
However, city managers or politicians can target these parks as sources of free land for other uses. Partly for this reason, some of these large parks have "friends of X park" advisory boards that help protect and maintain their semi-wild nature.
472:
are receiving increased attention and valuation as significant community assets and places of refuge in heavily populated urban areas. Neighborhood groups around the world are joining together to support local parks that have suffered from
245:
provision of open space for the benefit of townspeople and local residents within an area that was being rapidly built up. Secondly it took the concept of the designed landscape as a setting for the suburban domicile (an idea pioneered by
337:
in nature. As time passed and the urban area grew around the parks, land in these parks was used for other purposes, such as zoos, golf courses and museums. These parks continue to draw visitors from around the region and are considered
554:
425:
as of national importance. Most public parks have been provided and run by local authorities over the past hundred and seventy years, but these authorities have no statutory duty to fund or maintain these public parks. In 2016 the
504:, which won an award from the American Society of Landscape Architects. Parks are sometimes made out of oddly shaped areas of land, much like the vacant lots that often become city neighborhood parks. Linked parks may form a
597:
515:
for kids to play within a park, but may also have a duck pond, large grassy zones not meant exclusively for sports, many trees, and several bushy places. When it occurs as a separate facility on its own,
268:
The form and layout of Paxton's ornamental grounds, structured about an informal lake within the confines of a serpentine carriageway, put in place the essential elements of his much-imitated design for
624:
281:
visited
Birkenhead Park in 1850 and praised its qualities. Indeed, Paxton is widely credited as having been one of the principal influences on Olmsted and Calvert's design for New York's
421:
There are around estimated 27,000 public parks in the UK, with around 2.6 billion visits to parks each year. Many parks are of cultural and historical interest, with 300 registered by
652:
148:, sports fields and courts, public restrooms, boat ramps, performance venues, or picnic facilities. Park advocates claim that having parks near urban residents, including within a
538:
434:
reported that "92 per cent of park managers report their maintenance budgets have reduced in the past three years and 95 per cent expect their funding will continue to reduce".
211:
family to carry out such a project but the city had eventually taken back control and in 1813 announced a design competition to finally finish the park; works started in 1816.
484:
is a park that has a much greater length than width. A typical example of a linear park is a section of a former railway that has been converted into a park called a
511:
There is a form of an urban park in the UK (officially called a "recreation ground", but commonly called a "rec" by the public.) and some EU states that have mostly
922:
1090:
Consider the scene this week at the
Alameda Central, the downtown Mexico City park historians describe as the oldest planned urban green space in the Americas.
709:
457:
areas. Active recreation is that which has an urban character and requires intensive development. It often involves cooperative or team activity, including
277:. The latter commenced in 1843 with the help of public finance and deployed the ideas which Paxton had pioneered at Princes Park on a more expansive scale.
386:
In the early 1900s, according to Cranz, U.S. cities built neighborhood parks with swimming pools, playgrounds and civic buildings, with the intention of
577:
207:
started in the middle of the 18th century, from the 1790s with the clear aim to create a public park. Between 1799 and 1805 it was rented out to the
1107:
1081:
1052:
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Just west of Bellas Artes, the
Alameda Central is the largest green space in the center of the city and the oldest public park in the Americas.
872:
672:
314:
1173:
402:
887:
405:
gave this park a
General Design Award of Honor in 2006. These small parks provide greenery, a place to sit outdoors, and often a
686:
492:(i.e. the tracks removed, vegetation allowed to grow back). Some examples of linear parks in North America include New York's
1125:
791:"The World's 50 Most Visited Tourist Attractions – No. 4 (tie) Central Park, New York City - Annual Visitors: 40,000,000"
191:, a promenaded public mall, urban garden and park built in 1574, within the historic center of Seville. The Városliget (
132:
Depending on size, budget, and land features, which varies considerably among individual parks, common features include
790:
118:
1146:
214:
1062:
929:
873:
Papillon
Graphics' Virtual Encyclopaedia of Greater Manchester: The Campaign for City Parks in Manchester and Salford
160:
A park is an area of open space provided for recreational use, usually owned and maintained by a local government.
836:
812:
497:
24:
427:
387:
1141:
1166:
1002:
30:
1335:
754:
615:
20:
979:"History of Public Park Funding and Management (1820 – 2010) Historic England Research Report 20/2016"
342:
253:
in London) and re-fashioned it for the provincial town in a most original way. Nash's remodelling of
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229:
603:
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114:
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102:
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341:, because they require a higher level of management than smaller local parks. According to
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8:
1309:
184:
307:
Around the country, the predecessors to urban parks in the United States were generally
1238:
1223:
884:
289:
262:
254:
106:
19:"City park" and "municipal park" redirect here. For sites with those proper names, see
397:
As urban land prices climbed, new urban parks in the 1960s and after have been mainly
1284:
1121:
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588:
200:
177:
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is an urban park in
Chicago that is partitioned into areas with various special uses
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126:
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by design, instead of lands left in their natural state. The design, operation and
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any parkland, at a street corner or by a shop, the play facility is called a
338:
300:
241:
204:
196:
141:
46:
37:, one of the world's most visited tourist attractions, is surrounded by the
1289:
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350:
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34:
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401:. One example of a pocket park is Chess Park in Glendale, California. The
208:
172:
and sporting activities. Trees are chosen for their beauty and to provide
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663:
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the immigrant residents. In the 1950s, when money became available after
333:
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38:
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The
Dinosaurs Valley (reconstructions of prehistoric reptiles) within
696:
611:
493:
257:
from 1827 and the sequence of processional routes he created to link
233:
228:
An early purpose-built public park, although financed privately, was
42:
1003:"State of UK Public Parks 2016 | The National Lottery Heritage Fund"
715:
Bretch Hill and Dover Avenue children's play park, Banbury, in 2010.
1233:
1213:
1203:
700:
98:
345:, the three most visited municipal parks in the United States are
1304:
1151:
1142:
Essay on diversification in public open space planning and design
759:
501:
369:
365:
330:
The
Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America,
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639:
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169:
165:
137:
94:
1279:
1228:
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with Regent's Park completely transformed the appearance of
1243:
1028:"ASLA 2012 Professional Awards | Village of Yorkville Park"
86:
1208:
121:
is usually done by government agencies, typically on the
861:
Salford City
Council: Parks in Broughton and Blackfriars
332:(Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1982), Professor
113:
to residents and visitors. Urban parks are generally
837:"Using Trees and Vegetation to Reduce Heat Islands"
125:level, but may occasionally be contracted out to a
1106:Schuyler, David (2015). "Parks in Urban America".
129:, "friends of" group, or private sector company.
1327:
1109:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History
910:, 1977, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, pp. 208–213.
461:, ball fields, swimming pools, gymnasiums, and
318:Macon, Georgia Central City Park, Main Avenue,
1082:"Three Kings Day in Mexico, a holiday in flux"
1167:
453:Parks can be divided into active and passive
176:, with an increasing emphasis on reducing an
976:
666:, is the oldest public park in the Americas.
788:
1174:
1160:
782:
16:Park in a city or other incorporated place
1105:
441:
403:American Society of Landscape Architects
359:
313:
218:Green Park and St James Park in London,
213:
168:pests and to allow for the enjoyment of
29:
1328:
240:. This was laid out to the designs of
164:is typically kept short to discourage
1155:
1118:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.58
1050:
642:, was the most visited urban park in
548:, showing greenery, paths, and a pond
292:, England, opened on 22 August 1846.
1147:"The Park Keeper" - English Heritage
908:The Feminization of American Culture
923:"America's Most Visited City Parks"
13:
1181:
1099:
614:, has a lake, a rose garden and a
14:
1347:
1135:
789:Ann Shields (November 10, 2014).
416:
885:University of Salford: Peel Park
720:
708:
685:
671:
651:
623:
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576:
553:
537:
295:
1074:
1044:
1020:
995:
983:research.historicengland.org.uk
970:
954:"ASLA 2006 Professional Awards"
288:Another early public park, the
25:Municipal Park (disambiguation)
946:
915:
897:
878:
866:
854:
829:
805:
727:Park „Bulwary” in Polish town
152:, provides multiple benefits.
1:
813:"Public Spaces/Private Money"
775:
377:
319:
219:
183:Some early parks include the
7:
755:List of urban parks by size
738:
203:, was a city property when
10:
1352:
527:
155:
21:City Park (disambiguation)
18:
1267:
1189:
1086:LA Times Blogs - La Plaza
817:The Trust for Public Land
618:, among other attractions
498:Village of Yorkville Park
343:the Trust for Public Land
977:Layton-Jones, K (2016).
894:Retrieved on 2008-09-07.
544:Aerial view of Dublin's
477:and government neglect.
432:State of UK Public Parks
1007:www.heritagefund.org.uk
875:Retrieved on 2008-09-06
863:Retrieved on 2008-09-03
437:
604:Parque Tres de Febrero
587:in the city center of
450:
383:
325:
225:
185:La Alameda de Hércules
50:
1057:. Avalon Publishing.
1051:Meade, Julie (2016).
679:Jay Pritzker Pavilion
445:
428:Heritage Lottery Fund
363:
317:
279:Frederick Law Olmsted
217:
33:
750:Greenway (landscape)
97:, densely populated
729:Tomaszów Mazowiecki
140:, hiking, running,
103:incorporated places
1336:Urban public parks
1088:. 6 January 2011.
1009:. 29 November 2016
890:2008-12-19 at the
546:St Stephen's Green
513:recreation grounds
470:neighborhood parks
451:
384:
326:
290:Peel Park, Salford
226:
61:, also known as a
51:
1323:
1322:
1285:Civil engineering
1127:978-0-19-932917-5
589:Helsinki, Finland
263:London's West End
201:Budapest, Hungary
178:urban heat island
79:municipal gardens
75:public open space
69:(North America),
59:metropolitan park
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928:. Archived from
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423:Historic England
382:
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355:Mission Bay Park
324:
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309:rural cemeteries
224:
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199:, what is today
127:park conservancy
91:botanical garden
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660:Alameda Central
656:
647:
632:Ibirapuera Park
628:
619:
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592:
581:
572:
558:
549:
542:
530:
447:Millennium Park
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419:
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322:
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271:Birkenhead Park
255:St James's Park
222:
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109:and places for
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17:
12:
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1183:Infrastructure
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1136:External links
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843:. 17 June 2014
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747:
745:10-Minute Walk
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693:Patterson Park
691:
684:
682:
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650:
648:
629:
622:
620:
602:
595:
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585:Esplanadi Park
582:
575:
573:
566:Metropolis GZM
559:
552:
550:
543:
536:
533:
532:
531:
529:
526:
439:
436:
418:
417:United Kingdom
415:
409:for children.
357:in San Diego.
339:regional parks
297:
294:
157:
154:
150:10-minute walk
142:fitness trails
67:municipal park
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1064:9781631214097
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1033:
1029:
1023:
1008:
1004:
998:
984:
980:
973:
959:
955:
949:
935:on 2009-10-15
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644:South America
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562:Silesian Park
556:
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523:
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468:Many smaller
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388:Americanizing
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349:in New York,
348:
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301:Boston Common
296:United States
293:
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251:Regent's Park
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242:Joseph Paxton
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205:afforestation
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47:New York City
44:
40:
36:
32:
26:
22:
1314:
1290:Construction
1275:Architecture
1271:
1108:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1068:
1053:
1046:
1035:. Retrieved
1032:www.asla.org
1031:
1022:
1011:. Retrieved
1006:
997:
986:. Retrieved
982:
972:
961:. Retrieved
957:
948:
937:. Retrieved
930:the original
917:
907:
904:Douglas, Ann
899:
880:
868:
856:
845:. Retrieved
840:
831:
820:. Retrieved
816:
807:
795:. Retrieved
784:
608:Buenos Aires
517:
510:
479:
469:
467:
452:
431:
420:
411:
399:pocket parks
396:
392:World War II
385:
374:Lincoln Park
353:in Chicago,
351:Lincoln Park
347:Central Park
329:
327:
306:
299:
287:
283:Central Park
267:
230:Princes Park
227:
197:City of Pest
182:
159:
146:bridle paths
131:
105:that offers
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
52:
35:Central Park
1254:Storm drain
1224:Interchange
765:Pocket park
664:Mexico City
616:planetarium
482:linear park
475:urban decay
459:playgrounds
381: 1907
334:Galen Cranz
323: 1877
223: 1833
134:playgrounds
119:maintenance
107:green space
71:public park
39:skyscrapers
1315:Urban park
1295:Playground
1219:Footbridge
1037:2016-11-29
1013:2020-06-28
988:2020-06-28
963:2016-11-29
939:2009-12-13
847:2017-11-01
822:2018-02-12
793:. +Lesiure
776:References
770:Urban wild
522:playground
486:rail trail
463:skateparks
455:recreation
407:playground
275:Birkenhead
236:suburb of
144:or paths,
115:landscaped
111:recreation
101:and other
55:urban park
1272:See also:
797:March 27,
697:Baltimore
636:São Paulo
612:Argentina
591:, in 2020
506:greenbelt
494:High Line
285:of 1857.
247:John Nash
234:Liverpool
209:Batthyány
195:) in the
193:City Park
63:city park
43:Manhattan
1330:Category
1239:Pipeline
1234:Overpass
1214:Drainage
1204:Causeway
958:asla.org
888:Archived
739:See also
701:Maryland
496:and the
490:greenway
259:The Mall
180:effect.
99:suburbia
85:), is a
1310:Theatre
1305:Stadium
760:Parklet
646:in 2017
528:Gallery
518:without
502:Toronto
370:Chicago
366:concert
238:Toxteth
232:in the
189:Seville
170:picnics
156:History
138:gardens
1300:Public
1259:Tunnel
1249:Skyway
1194:Bridge
1124:
1061:
841:US EPA
640:Brazil
570:Poland
166:insect
95:cities
1280:Arena
1229:Levee
1199:Canal
933:(PDF)
926:(PDF)
662:, in
634:, in
606:, in
187:, in
174:shade
162:Grass
123:local
77:, or
1244:Road
1122:ISBN
1059:ISBN
799:2016
658:The
630:The
583:The
438:Uses
87:park
23:and
1209:Dam
1114:doi
695:in
564:in
500:in
488:or
430:'s
372:'s
368:in
328:In
273:in
249:at
93:in
89:or
57:or
53:An
45:in
41:of
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1120:.
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981:.
956:.
906:,
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699:,
638:,
610:,
568:,
524:.
508:.
480:A
378:c.
376:,
364:A
320:c.
220:c.
136:,
83:UK
73:,
65:,
1175:e
1168:t
1161:v
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81:(
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