310:
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189:(WSMR) for a program of atmospheric and solar investigation through the late 1940s. Rocket trajectory was intended to carry the rocket about 100 miles (160 km) high and 30 miles (48 km) horizontally from WSMR Launch Complex 33. Impact velocity of returning rockets was reduced by inducing structural failure of the rocket airframe upon atmospheric re-entry. More durable recordings and instruments might be recovered from the rockets after ground impact, but
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was reached at minimum fuel weight just before burnout, and vibrational accelerations were of similar magnitude during powered flight. Velocity at burnout was approximately 5,000 feet (1,500 m) per second. The rocket would typically have a small, unpredictable angular momentum at burnout causing
445:
Numerous monkeys of several species were flown by the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s. Monkeys were implanted with sensors to measure vital signs, and many were under anesthesia during launch. The death rate among monkeys at this stage was very high: about two-thirds of all monkeys launched in the 1940s
268:
from Launch
Complex 33 was on 16 April 1946. As the possibilities of the program were realized, GE personnel built new control components to replace deteriorated parts and used replacement parts with salvaged materials to make more than 75 V-2 sounding rockets available for atmospheric and solar
217:(GE) employees began to identify, sort, and reassemble V-2 rocket components in WSMR Building 1538, designated as WSMR Assembly Building 1. The Army completed a blockhouse in WSMR Launch Area 1 in September 1945. WSMR Launch Complex 33 for the captured V-2s was built around this blockhouse.
31:
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was strategically placed within the airframe to be detonated at an elevation of 50 kilometres (31 mi) during downward flight at end of the high-altitude scientific observation interval. These explosives weakened the rocket structure so it would be torn apart by aerodynamic forces as it
287:
was replaced by a package of instrumentation averaging 1,200 pounds (540 kg). Instrumentation was sometimes added to the control compartment, in the rear motor section, between the fuel tanks, or on the fins or skin of the rocket. Nose cone instrumentation was typically assembled at
324:
V-2 sounding rockets were 47 feet (14 m) long and 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 m) in diameter and weighed 28,000 pounds (13,000 kg) with a full load of liquid fuel contributing two-thirds of that weight. The fuel was consumed in the first minute of flight producing a
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investigation at WSMR. Approximately two V-2 launches per month were scheduled from Launch
Complex 33 until the supply of V-2 sounding rockets was exhausted. A reduced frequency of V-2 sounding rocket investigations from Launch Complex 33 continued until 1952.
364:. Space between first and second pulses was determined by channel 1, between second and third pulses by channel 2, and so forth. The system made 200 samplings per second of 24 pulses. Information was transmitted via high-power
359:
NRL developed a telemetry system using a 23-channel pulse-time modulation. Voltage presented to the input terminals of a given channel determined spacing between two adjacent pulses, not entirely unlike the technique of
356:. Limited success was achieved with parachute recovery of instrumentation, but some of the more durable instruments or recordings within the rocket airframe could withstand impact with the earth at subsonic velocities.
419:. The purpose of the experiment was to explore the effects of radiation exposure at high altitudes. The rocket reached 68 miles (109 km) in 3 minutes and 10 seconds, past both the U.S. Air Force 50-mile and the
291:
Rockets returning to Earth intact created an impact crater about 80 feet (24 m) wide and of similar depth which filled with debris to a depth of about 35 feet (11 m). In an effort to preserve instruments,
423:
definitions of the boundary of space. The
Blossom capsule was ejected and successfully deployed its parachute. The fruit flies were recovered alive. Other V-2 missions carried biological samples, including seeds.
151:
442:'s mission on ascent. Albert I reached only 30–39 miles (48–63 km) altitude; Albert II reached about 83 miles (134 km). Albert II died on impact after a parachute failure.
743:
391:
flight. This rocket carried several explosive charges that generated artificial meteors, which could be observed photographically. The experiment package was installed by
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as it coasted upward approximately 75 miles (121 km). A typical flight provided an observation window of 5 minutes at altitudes above 35 miles (56 km).
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were devised to compensate for rocket aspect changes as it tumbled after burnout. These allowed Sun-tracking devices to measure the solar
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832:
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to make an approximately continuous record of each channel on a moving roll of film. Accuracy was within approximately 5 percent.
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in
January 1946 to assist the V-2 rocket testing program. After a static test firing of a V-2 engine on 15 March 1946, the first
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launch took the first photographs of the Sun in the ultraviolet spectrum up to an altitude of 88 km (55 mi).
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368:. Ground receiving stations translated pulse spacings back into voltages which were applied to a bank of string
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799:"The Beginnings of Research in Space Biology at the Air Force Missile Development Center, 1946–1952"
395:. Though the flight itself was photographed by observers as far away (285 mi (459 km)) as
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participating laboratories and flown to WSMR to be joined to the rocket in
Assembly Building 1.
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The first night flight of a V-2 sounding rocket began at 10:00 pm (MST) 17 December 1946 on an
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Initial V-2 assembly efforts produced 25 rockets available for launch. The Army assembled an
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744:"Animals and man in space. A chronology and annotated bibliography through the year 1960"
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The 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg) explosive warhead in the 17 cubic feet (0.48 m)
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in July 1945 for transfer to WSMR. So much equipment was taken from
Germany that the
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Universal newsreel about a V-2 launch at White Sands
Proving Ground on May 10, 1946
399:, the charges and expected meteors were not, and it is likely they did not fire.
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512:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 112–117 & 134–138.
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753:. ONR TR ACR-64 (AD0272581). Archived from the original on 24 March 2016
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was developed to transmit and record instrument readings during flight.
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Richard Tousey; C.V. Strain; F.S. Johnson; J.J. Oberly (March 1947).
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Captured German V-2 rockets modified to carry scientific instruments
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on 14 June 1949, in a U.S.-launched V-2, after the failure of the
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later had to obtain a V-2 for an exhibit from the US. In
November
30:
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of 56,000 pounds-force (250 kN). Maximum acceleration of 6
274:
Launches of captured V-2 rockets in the United States after 1945
326:
665:"Richard Tousey (1908 - 1997) | American Astronomical Society"
695:"The First Night-Firing of a V-2 Rocket in the United States"
301:
of tumbling fragments was reduced by an order of magnitude.
256:, and General Electric Company. German rocket scientists of
806:
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aboard a U.S.-launched V-2 rocket on 20 February 1947 from
35:
A V-2 sounding rocket at White Sands
Missile Range in 1946
564:"A Brief History of White Sands Proving Ground 1941–1965"
699:
741:
803:
History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics
627:"The solar ultraviolet spectrum from a V-2 rocket"
446:and 1950s died on missions or soon after landing.
181:to carry scientific instruments into the Earth's
887:
530:. New York: The Viking Press. pp. 246, 253.
868:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
569:. New Mexico State University. Archived from
901:Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
735:
718:
692:
593:
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510:The Atmospheres of the Earth and Planets
407:The first animals sent into space were
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297:re-entered the denser lower atmosphere.
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864:"A Brief History of Animals in Space"
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813:from the original on 25 January 2008
751:US Naval School of Aviation Medicine
786:UPPER AIR ROCKET SUMMARY V-2 NO. 20
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13:
528:Rockets, Missiles and Space Travel
516:
483:
344:
201:The first of 300 railroad cars of
127:3,810 kg (8,400 lb) 75%
111:3.56 m (11 ft 8 in)
14:
922:
742:Beischer, DE; Fregly, AR (1962).
657:
436:primate and first mammal in space
185:, and into sub-orbital space, at
103:1.65 m (5 ft 5 in)
95:14 m (45 ft 11 in)
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66:
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222:Upper Atmosphere Research Panel
136:4,910 kg (10,820 lb)
87:13,000 kg (29,000 lb)
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205:components began to arrive at
1:
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238:Ballistic Research Laboratory
7:
693:F. Zwicky (February 1947).
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224:of representative from the
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389:Applied Physics Laboratory
242:Applied Physics Laboratory
196:
896:White Sands Missile Range
837:White Sands Missile Range
771:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
413:White Sands Missile Range
382:Naval Research Laboratory
362:pulse-position modulation
230:Naval Research Laboratory
187:White Sands Missile Range
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631:The Astronomical Journal
545:. For Your Information.
543:"Anyone Else for Space?"
541:Ley, Willy (June 1964).
471:Spaceflight before 1951
456:Hermes (missile program)
354:electromagnetic spectrum
547:Galaxy Science Fiction
339:roll with pitch or yaw
321:
246:University of Michigan
207:Las Cruces, New Mexico
160:
376:Scientific operations
312:
158:
911:Rockets and missiles
906:1940s in spaceflight
421:international 100 km
366:frequency modulation
313:US test launch of a
254:Princeton University
226:Air Materiel Command
23:V-2 Sounding Rocket
833:"V-2 Firing Tables"
711:1947PASP...59...32Z
643:1947AJ.....52R.158T
549:. pp. 110–128.
434:, became the first
258:Operation Paperclip
843:on 25 January 2008
606:on August 20, 2016
576:on 28 October 2014
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250:Harvard University
171:United States Army
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299:Terminal velocity
266:V-2 rocket launch
234:Army Signal Corps
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215:General Electric
211:Deutsches Museum
183:upper atmosphere
179:sounding rockets
169:captured by the
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393:James Van Allen
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49:Service history
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637:(6): 158-159.
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506:Kuiper, Gerard
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872:. Retrieved
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862:Gray, Tara.
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845:. Retrieved
841:the original
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815:. Retrieved
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767:cite journal
755:. Retrieved
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677:. Retrieved
673:the original
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604:the original
598:Wade, Mark.
578:. Retrieved
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175:World War II
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62:Used by
44:Single-stage
705:(346): 32.
409:fruit flies
305:Performance
260:arrived at
167:V-2 rockets
890:Categories
874:9 December
847:31 January
817:31 January
679:2017-07-24
610:7 December
524:Ley, Willy
477:References
466:V-2 No. 13
417:New Mexico
272:See also:
262:Fort Bliss
203:V-2 rocket
121:Propellant
729:122476458
580:19 August
526:(1958) .
508:(1952) .
428:Albert II
285:nose cone
191:telemetry
133:25% water
57:1946-1952
811:Archived
450:See also
294:dynamite
108:Wingspan
100:Diameter
757:14 June
707:Bibcode
669:aas.org
639:Bibcode
380:A 1946
232:(NRL),
197:History
129:ethanol
870:. NASA
727:
327:thrust
316:Bumper
164:German
92:Length
747:(PDF)
725:S2CID
600:"V-2"
574:(PDF)
567:(PDF)
876:2019
849:2008
819:2008
807:NASA
773:link
759:2011
612:2020
582:2010
430:, a
84:Mass
41:Type
715:doi
647:doi
318:V-2
892::
866:.
835:.
809:.
805:.
801:.
769:}}
765:{{
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