91:
The vaccine vial monitor consists of a heat sensitive square within a circle. If the monitor is exposed to heat it changes color with time and with increasing speed in hotter conditions. If the square becomes the same color as the circle or becomes darker than the circle, then the vaccine contained
71:
to develop a system for identifying vaccines which had expired from improper storage. In 1996 the vaccine vial monitor was first used in a vaccine project, and by the next year it was widely accepted for use on many vaccine projects. It took until 2007 for VVMs to be widely adopted by vaccine
858:
119:
be stored at 2-8 °C, but the vaccines actually tolerate ambient and even high temperatures for some amount of time. The use of vaccine vial monitors has helped health workers remain confident in vaccines being stored outside the cold chain.
59:
When international vaccine care standards were being designed in the 1970s, the manuals typically generalized from the needs of care for the oral polio vaccine since that was the most delicate vaccine in wide use.
39:
which gives a visual indication of whether the vaccine has been kept at a temperature which preserves its potency. The labels were designed in response to the problem of delivering vaccines to
681:
888:
107:
The vaccine vial monitor is intended for use on vaccines which may travel outside of the cold chain, but its use on certain vaccines has had an especially notable impact.
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208:
499:
140:
Electronic time–temperature indicators can detect all temperature changes, including issues of freezing vaccines which heat-detecting VVMs would not detect.
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Studies have shown that health workers without proper training sometimes do not understand what a VVM is or how it works. A 2007 study in urban areas of
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852:
658:
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1238:
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is difficult to preserve, and where formerly vaccines were being rendered inactive and administered ineffectively due to their having been
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the World Health
Organization hosted a commemoration of the 10-year anniversary of the introduction of VVMs. In 2007 PATH won a
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Departments of Labor, Health and Human
Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2008
611:
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519:
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1049:
743:
712:
48:
1557:
1506:
1440:
1399:
1346:
239:"The Tech Museum Awards - Technology Benefiting Humanity; Tech Award Laureates | Laureate Stories"
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68:
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8:
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in India showed that vaccine administrators were unaware of the purpose of the monitors.
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1450:
1186:
1156:
1140:
1125:
878:
434:
421:
365:
304:
Chudasama, R. K. (2007). "Awareness about vaccine vial monitor at pulse polio booths".
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465:
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408:
360:
344:
469:
185:"Vaccine Vial Monitors: "The Little Big Thing:" Taking Social Innovation to Scale"
1161:
1100:
946:
1486:
1213:
1181:
1171:
157:
Zaffran, M. (1996). "Vaccine transport and storage: Environmental challenges".
28:
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919:
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The World Health
Organization has described VVMs as crucial in the spread of
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914:
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44:
1003:
979:
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453:
36:
331:
Hipgrave, David B.; Maynard, James E.; Biggs, Beverly-Ann (2006).
278:
Department of
Vaccines and Biologicals. April 2000. Archived from
504:
889:
Biodefense and
Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005
397:"Polio eradication: mobilizing and managing the human resources"
986:
96:
76:
72:
manufacturers. by 2017, over 6.6 billion VVMs had been used.
32:
209:"WHO celebrates 10 year anniversary of VVM implementation"
92:
in the vial is damaged and the vial should be discarded.
333:"Improving birth dose coverage of hepatitis B vaccine"
454:"Advances in vaccine stability monitoring technology"
330:
16:
Temperature monitoring label placed on vaccine vials
869:Countermeasures Injury Compensation Program (CICP)
1527:Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration
853:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
1544:
1239:Association of American Physicians and Surgeons
1043:Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation
666:
1033:National Immunization Technical Advisory Group
394:
102:
652:
520:
395:Aylward, R. Bruce; Linkins, Jennifer (2005).
1249:Children's Medical Safety Research Institute
1219:Children's Medical Safety Research Institute
1203:
1038:Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
864:National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program
1259:New Jersey Coalition for Vaccination Choice
1224:New Jersey Coalition for Vaccination Choice
1410:Warnings About Vaccination Expectations NZ
1376:National League for Liberty in Vaccination
659:
645:
527:
513:
159:Developments in Biological Standardization
420:
364:
303:
135:
806:Measles resurgence in the United States
607:1990–1991 Philadelphia measles outbreak
156:
1545:
1436:Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
1070:Northern Rivers Vaccination Supporters
500:World Health Organization page on VVMs
884:National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act
640:
508:
451:
265:"Making use of Vaccine Vial Monitors"
257:
1342:Australian Vaccination-risks Network
189:Stanford Graduate School of Business
51:by exposure to ambient temperature.
1517:Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic
1254:National Vaccine Information Center
1234:Anti-Vaccination Society of America
1060:Strategic Advisory Group of Experts
832:Mumps outbreaks in the 21st century
13:
1292:
565:Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis
555:Blood-injection-injury type phobia
534:
14:
1569:
488:
1512:Alternative vaccination schedule
1303:National Anti-Vaccination League
682:Democratic Republic of the Congo
617:2018 Madagascar measles outbreak
123:
83:for the development of the VVM.
1497:2000 Simpsonwood CDC conference
1229:Informed Consent Action Network
706:1,000 to 10,000 confirmed cases
596:
1492:Vaccine-induced seropositivity
1352:Informed Medical Options Party
1269:The Autism Community in Action
445:
388:
324:
297:
231:
201:
177:
150:
110:
1:
1331:
930:Vaccine Information Statement
612:2013 Swansea measles epidemic
470:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.007
143:
115:Manufacturers recommend that
7:
1318:Pioneer Club (women's club)
1279:World Chiropractic Alliance
1050:Patient safety organization
968:Melanie's Marvelous Measles
668:2019–2020 measles outbreaks
103:Commonly monitored vaccines
10:
1574:
1507:Vaccine-associated sarcoma
1441:Number needed to vaccinate
1400:Stop Mandatory Vaccination
1389:
1365:
1347:Church of Conscious Living
821:
675:>10,000 confirmed cases
54:
1464:
1422:
1395:
1388:
1371:
1364:
1337:
1330:
1298:
1291:
1274:Texans for Vaccine Choice
1244:Children's Health Defense
1209:
1202:
1196:Anti-vaxxer organizations
1195:
1150:Anti-vaxxer personalities
1149:
1078:
1025:
996:
938:
903:Vaccine safety procedures
902:
844:
827:
820:
802:
737:<1,000 confirmed cases
736:
705:
674:
636:
629:
602:
595:
588:
540:
276:World Health Organization
1482:Vaccination and religion
1204:United States of America
630:
1264:Palmetto Family Council
925:Vaccine Safety Datalink
570:Thiomersal and vaccines
401:Bull World Health Organ
337:Bull World Health Organ
67:began working with the
1055:Brighton Collaboration
874:Vaccine Damage Payment
560:MMR vaccine and autism
86:
1502:Vaccine adverse event
1456:Immunization registry
1405:Vaccine Choice Canada
1167:Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
1065:Immunization Alliance
1009:Dengvaxia controversy
413:10.2471/BLT.04.017426
349:10.2471/blt.04.017426
136:Comparable technology
910:Vaccine vial monitor
894:Operation Warp Speed
495:project page at PATH
464:(33–34): 5977–5985.
285:on December 25, 2003
117:hepatitis B vaccines
41:developing countries
21:vaccine vial monitor
1313:Humanitarian League
575:Vaccines and autism
1451:Yellow Card Scheme
1187:Ethan Lindenberger
1157:Taylor Winterstein
1141:Michael Pichichero
1126:H. Vasken Aposhian
879:Vaccination policy
589:Disease resurgence
452:Zweig, S. (2006).
1558:Medical equipment
1540:
1539:
1418:
1417:
1384:
1383:
1360:
1359:
1326:
1325:
1287:
1286:
939:Anti-vaxxer media
840:
839:
816:
815:
812:
811:
764:Pacific Northwest
625:
624:
580:Vaccines and SIDS
542:Vaccine hesitancy
306:Indian Pediatrics
130:polio vaccination
1565:
1477:Vaccine shedding
1472:Vaccine efficacy
1386:
1385:
1362:
1361:
1328:
1327:
1308:Homeopathy Plus!
1289:
1288:
1200:
1199:
1177:Andrew Wakefield
1017:MMR autism fraud
961:Hear the Silence
954:The Greater Good
818:
817:
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219:on June 16, 2009
215:. Archived from
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1162:Jeanette Wilson
1145:
1101:Frank DeStefano
1074:
1021:
992:
947:Deadly Immunity
934:
898:
836:
823:
808:
798:
782:(113 suspected)
732:
701:
688:, 7,018 deaths)
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584:
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491:
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312:(12): 919–920.
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1214:Learn The Risk
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1182:Jenny McCarthy
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535:Vaccine safety
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489:External links
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407:(4): 268–273.
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243:techawards.org
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1522:CEASE therapy
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920:Vaccine trial
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780:, 15 deaths)
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698:, 415 deaths)
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124:Polio vaccine
121:
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84:
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78:
73:
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66:
63:In the 1970s
61:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
31:label put on
30:
29:thermochromic
26:
22:
1532:Turbo cancer
1428:surveillance
1424:Epidemiology
1116:Richard Deth
1106:David Baskin
1014:
985:
978:
974:Natural News
966:
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719:, 83 deaths)
716:
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378:. Retrieved
343:(1): 65–71.
340:
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309:
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287:. Retrieved
280:the original
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247:. Retrieved
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221:. Retrieved
217:the original
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192:. Retrieved
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127:
114:
106:
94:
90:
74:
62:
58:
24:
20:
18:
1553:Vaccination
1136:Mady Hornig
1091:Neal Halsey
729:, 2 deaths)
723:New Zealand
692:Philippines
597:Before 2019
550:Chemophobia
272:www.who.int
111:Hepatitis B
75:In 2007 in
35:containing
1547:Categories
1446:STEP Study
1131:Boyd Haley
1121:Mark Geier
1086:Paul Offit
1079:Scientists
915:Cold chain
194:2023-09-18
144:References
132:programs.
81:Tech Award
45:cold chain
43:where the
1332:Australia
1004:Pandemrix
980:Plandemic
804:Related:
788:Freewinds
774:Kuala Koh
357:0042-9686
49:denatured
754:New York
478:16759766
439:10827740
431:15868017
375:16501717
318:18175846
165:: 9–17.
37:vaccines
686:380,766
458:Vaccine
422:2626205
366:2626514
213:who.int
171:8853997
55:History
27:) is a
1465:Others
1390:Others
1366:France
1015:Lancet
987:Vaxxed
822:Others
696:31,056
476:
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380:9 July
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289:9 July
249:1 July
245:. 2007
223:1 July
169:
97:Valsad
77:Geneva
845:Legal
744:Tonga
727:2,194
717:5,700
713:Samoa
435:S2CID
283:(PDF)
268:(PDF)
33:vials
1426:and
631:2019
474:PMID
427:PMID
382:2011
371:PMID
353:ISSN
314:PMID
291:2011
251:2011
225:2011
167:PMID
65:PATH
758:423
748:612
466:doi
417:PMC
409:doi
361:PMC
345:doi
87:Use
69:WHO
25:VVM
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