1197:, plus a pronominal form indicating person and number of the possessor. In the singular form, this is the same set of suffixes found on the prenominal possessives, whereas in the dual and plural form, a distinct set of person and number forms are found. In the third and first person, these forms are identical to the independent personal pronouns, except for the lack of aspiration on the initial consonant.
6795:(i.e. the physical or metaphorical direction in which an action is being carried out). There are six morphemes which can be divided into two categories (Figure 1.1 and 1.2). The directionals are best described as verbs that are most commonly used as part of a verbal nucleus, following one or more verbs. The first category of Vaeakau-Taumako directionals is summarised below:
1346:, admonitive), statements (verbal and non-verbal) polar questions and noun phrases. Negation morphemes behave similarly to verbs in many respects although they do not take tense-aspect-mood markers or form independent predicates. However, there are instances of their taking complement clauses and for this reason negation morphemes might be considered a sub-class of verb.
1081:
Prenominal possessive pronouns occur directly preceding the possessed nouns, and are typically used for inalienable relationships, such as kinship terms and body parts. Prenominal possessive pronouns distinguish between singular, dual and plural of the possessor. The singular possessive forms make an
1188:
The postnominal possessive pronoun succeeds the possessed noun, and are used to mark alienable relationships, such as owned items. They make no distinction between singular and plural of the possessed item, instead the distinction is usually made through the choice of article preceding the possessed
6497:
Beyond deictic and anaphoric uses of demonstratives (which have been discussed above), another core use of demonstratives is for phrase demarcation. Demonstratives occur at the end of a phrase as a means of marking the phrase boundary and situating the phrase within the overarching context of the
285:
Vaeakau-Taumako does not vary from the standard
Polynesian and Austronesian vowel system, featuring five vowels that can be used either in a long or short form. Short vowels found in word-final syllables are frequently devoiced or dropped, but long vowels in the same position are always stressed.
942:
When the subject and direct object of a sentence are the same thing, repetition of the independent pronoun in place of both argument positions is typically used. However, there is a set of emphatic coreferential pronouns used for the direct object to refer to someone or a group of people acting
741:
The language also features bound subject pronouns which act as clitics to the tense-aspect-mood marker of the verb of the constituent. They are not obligatory to use. The presence of the "u" has free variation by the choice of the speaker, but they are typically less prevalent in the colloquial
5043:. Therefore 'ne' will be generally used with first person pronouns, 'na' will be used with second person pronouns and 'la' will be used with third person pronouns. However, 'na' can also be adopted as a neutral particle that is used interchangeably with third person and second person pronouns.
4212:
The
Vaeakau-Taumako demonstrative system is speaker-based: the location of the hearer or speaker serves as reference point for where the relevant object is located. Denny summarised this succinctly in describing this system as one that centers space on the speaker or other participant. In
372:
Aspirated sounds are characteristic of the language, and are typically strong and audible. However, the use of aspirated sounds varies across dialects, enough that it is difficult to identify a consistent pattern aside from noting they always occur at the start of stressed syllables.
3454:
Polar questions are commonly formed in three ways. A declarative clause with a rise in intonation to mark the interrogative which requires the binary, 'yes' or 'no' response, much as they are in
English may be used. The second alternative is the addition of the verbal negator
4293:'Na' is generally the preferred neutral choice of demonstrative to refer to an object that is neither far nor close. Therefore 'na' is not only used in direct conversations to illustrate proximity with a speech-participant (e.g. 'that one near you'), but it is also used in
613:, and variations for singular, dual and plural in all cases. There are no gender distinctions. There is variation in the pronoun system for the dialects of Vaeakau-Taumako which can become quite complex, so for simplicity, only the general forms are recorded here.
368:
The
Vaeakau-Taumako language has one of the most complex consonant system of the Polynesian languages, with 19 distinct phonemes, plus a large amount of variation across dialects. /b/ and /d/ are found primarily in loan words, rather being native to the language.
1314:'grandchild'. These nouns cannot occur without possessive marking, they require either a possessive suffix or, in the dual and plural, a postnominal possessive pronoun. An alternative construction is for these nouns to take the 3rd person possessive suffix
4239:, the speakers inhabit relatively small environments that do not have naturally defined reference points to describe space. To compensate for this, demonstratives are instead based on the speakers and hearers who are in the "immediate speech situation".
3979:
in
Vaeakau-Taumako. These spatial-deictic forms "allow the speaker to point to spatial locations" and encode the context of utterances or speech events. Interestingly, demonstrative and directional usage in Vaeakau-Taumako is particularly unique for a
1031:
functions as a pronoun with specific use. It is a third person pronoun, but lacks specification for number, and is used to refer to both singular and plural referents. It typically is an anaphoric reference to a previously mentioned referent.
621:
There are two distinctive base sets of independent personal pronouns in
Vaeakau-Taumako. The standard forms are used for formal occasions and recorded text, while the colloquial forms are typically found in informal, everyday conversation.
5387:
also exhibit similar forms. For example, in Fijian 'eneii' functions like the verbal demonstratives in
Vaeakau-Taumako. The Vaeakau-Taumako forms are created by attaching the prefix 'p(h)e' to the core demonstrative particles:
7650:
were directional verbs that occurred either independently or in serialisation constructions with another verb. The reflexes of these forms occur in modern
Oceanic languages in variety of formal word classes. For example, in
4213:
Vaeakau-Taumako, 'ne(i)’ reflects an object’s proximity to the speaker, 'na' reflects an object’s proximity to the hearer and 'la' reflects distance from both the speaker and hearer, or a third party in the conversation.
5871:
This complex three-way distinction in which verbal demonstratives can be used is not only uncommon cross-linguistically, but it is also atypical among the languages which do have similar verbal demonstrative systems.
4297:
as a medial term of a distance-based system. In these narrative contexts, 'na' refers to an object that is distance-neutral or medium-distance. This dual purpose of 'na' is not completely unique to
Vaeakau-Taumako as
1082:
additional distinction between singular and plural of the possessed entity, and encode the a- or o-possessive directly. The dual and plural possessor forms are combined with the possessive prepositions
6498:
clause. In
Vaeakau-Taumako, demonstratives are commonly used to indicate that there is a link between the demonstrative-marked phrase and the succeeding speech. It is often used in conjunction with
9758:
7178:, with 'iho' and 'oho' being the most commonly used forms. When used as independent verbs, 'iho' means 'go down' (Figure 2.1) and 'oho' means 'move vertically; rise up; go down' (Figure 2.2):
5379:
is limited, so manner adverbial demonstratives with the meanings 'do/be like this, do/be like that' are regularly utilised. These verbal demonstratives are cross-linguistically rare, however
1326:
without any further possessive marking is unambiguously 3rd person. Nouns other than those previously mentioned do not take possessive suffixes, but instead combine with possessive pronouns.
4251:
of current demonstrative usage indicates that the system may be shifting to one that is distance-based and therefore not dependent on the speech-act participants. This is summarised below:
1362:. Prohibitives pattern themselves in similar ways and are most frequently positioned cause initially. Admonitives behave and distribute slightly differently as will be illustrated below.
6849:
The following example shows 'mai' ('towards speaker') following another verb and marking the direction in space in which the act is occurring (i.e. towards the speech-act participants):
6127:
Demonstrative particles commonly occur at the end of phrases. This applies to a variety of phrase types, with the following examples illustrating how 'na' can occur phrase-finally in a
7684:
ADMON:admonitive mood COMP:complementizer GENR:general tense-aspect-mood LDA:locative-directional-ablative NSP:nonspecific PRSC:prescriptive SP:specific TOP:topicalizing preposition
1365:
Negated clauses appear with only a small range of tense-aspect-mood markers. Prohibitive clauses often display no tense-aspect-mood marker at all, if they do, the markers are either
4204:
shares multiple linguistic traits with Vaeakau-Taumako. Therefore, it is possible that Boumma Fijian may be more closely related to Vaeakau-Taumako than other Polynesian languages.
3984:
language. This illustrates that spatial deixis is an especially important feature of Vaeakau-Taumako grammar. Demonstratives and directionals are discussed in more detail below.
7570:
Lastly 'atu' also functions an independent verb which means 'move out, go away'. This is shown in the below example (note: 'poi' is a prenuclear modifier that precedes verbs):
5039:
When a demonstrative is used with a pronoun, the demonstrative often (but not always) corresponds with the speech-act participant that is being referred to in the respective
1049:, this is not the case for Vaeakau-Taumako. This distinction exists, however it instead marks control – not of the possessed item itself, but of the possessive relationship.
1073:
Instead of a- and o- possessives, alienability and inalienability in Vaeakau-Taumako are distinguished by the use of either prenominal or postnominal possessive pronouns.
8842:
4224:
also adopted a person-based demonstrative system. On a global scale, this three-way contrast is the second most common demonstrative system in the languages listed on
5948:
It is worth noting that 'ena' ('somewhere there') appears to only have a spatial reference. Furthermore the usage of 'ena' seems restricted to colloquial contexts:
6971:
The following examples show 'iho' ('down') and 'oho' ('up or down') following another verb and marking the vertical direction in which the respective verb occurs:
2992:
except it proceeds the preverbal argument and precedes any tense-aspect-mood markers. It appears less frequently and is often accompanied by the perfective marker
1402:('take care, make sure') may precede it. Other grammatical morphemes such as articles or markers of tense, aspect or mood may not precede it which excludes
1481:
is present (see table 1.1.3). A correlation exists between singular 2nd person subject and a nominalised clause although this correlation is not absolute.
360:, as they are not fully reduplicated, as shown in the word "holauhola". This is despite the vowels in the original word being pronounced like a diphthong.
7502:'social' direction. In the example below (Figure 2.4), 'mai' denotes 'towards me' in a metaphorical sense that is 'for me; for my benefit; on my behalf':
9354:
1057:
Relationships that can be initiated or terminated freely, such as items that can be bought, sold or given away at will are marked with the a-possessive.
226:
4235:
Vaeakau-Taumako's speaker-based system can be rationalised by the geographic context in which it is spoken. As the language is spoken on islands in the
7367:
Furthermore 'mai' can function as an independent verb to mean 'come' (Figure 2.3). This commonly occurs in imperative clauses, which is typically how
2394:
only in that it is clause initial, it is otherwise classified as a clause initial particle and it must be accompanied by the tense-aspect-mood marker
9785:
14541:
12455:
8637:
Ross, Malcolm D. (2004). "Demonstratives, local nouns and directionals in Oceanic languages: a diachronic perspective". In Senft, Gunter (ed.).
1065:
Relationships that are outside of the possessor's personal control, such as body parts and kinship relationships are marked with o-possessives.
8835:
5201:
When being used in this adverbial capacity, the demonstratives also have temporal-deictic references to refer to time (i.e. 'now' and 'then'):
14553:
1322:
must in such cases be understood as a neutral or unmarked form, since it may combine with a pronoun of any person and number; but a form in
8851:
5595:
Thirdly, the verbal demonstratives can function as modifiers of nouns to mean 'an X like that' (Figure 7.4) or 'a certain X' (Figure 7.5):
8605:
4617:
to refer to previously mentioned objects/participants in the conversation. The demonstratives can therefore serve the same purpose as a
18193:
8828:
4554:(i.e. without the need for preceding articles). This more unique aspect of Vaeakau-Taumako is exemplified in the following clause:
4314:
that are comparable to the English phrases 'this one' and 'that one'. In this capacity, the demonstrative is often preceded by the
9347:
1899:
CONJ 3SG PROH IPFV see-TR come SG.SP-POSS-1SG.POSS eye CONJ {PERS 1SG} PROH SG.SP-POSS-1SG.POSS see-TR go.along POSS-3SG.POSS eye
4783:. The following example shows how the demonstrative 'na' ('that') is suffixed to the noun 'mhe' ('man') for a deictic purpose:
4405:
Furthermore the following example shows the prefix 'ngha' attaching to the demonstrative 'la' ('those') to indicate plurality:
8776:
7909:
1477:
behaves like a verb in that it may take clausal complements, which are then often either nominalised or the irrealis marker
12662:
10482:
9778:
3822:
PERS mother-3SG.POSS INCEP-3SG say-TR go.along COMP HORT go.SG just CONJ see-TR just PERS lagoon COMP FUT rise CONJ not.yet
2569:
Verbal negation is made up of three morphemes which act independently and may be understood as the English equivalents to
13419:
572:
174:
16388:
9340:
8718:
8646:
4046:. The demonstrative particles also occur in more complex forms (see verbal demonstratives and deictic adverbs below).
13226:
11001:
1189:
noun. Like with prenominal possessive pronouns, the postnominal possessives are based on the possessive prepositions
272:
branch, but a 2008 study (exclusively based on lexical evidence) concluded that this membership is weakly supported.
15951:
15393:
15087:
17798:
16025:
15041:
9771:
9753:
9386:
9277:
164:
1592:
Within data sets of Næss, A., & Hovdhaugen, E. (2011), as implied by the imperative nature of the morpheme,
17646:
16403:
14780:
11544:
11422:
10318:
5430:
This first example shows the adverbial demonstrative 'phe-ne' being used to convey the meaning 'do like this':
9579:
2231:
adheres to a common pattern of appearing in 2nd person in dual or plural within prohibitive clause structure.
1046:
15562:
15127:
12910:
12885:
12392:
10265:
10198:
9124:
8918:
6502:
to indicate that "more is coming" (Figure 9.4 below). Similar demarcative particle morphemes are used in the
4058:
in other Polynesian languages. These demonstratives are also consistent with what has been reconstructed for
2479:
also has a second function, it acts to point out the consequences of disobeying the order. In this role the
18198:
17862:
15797:
15330:
13642:
12842:
11814:
11554:
10852:
10521:
9445:
6782:'We went up, and the trees, they were scattered all over the road, they were lying there, it was very bad.'
4546:'There were two women and a child (literal meaning: those ones, the women were two and the child was one).’
544:
537:
150:
5880:
only adopt a single verb to denote 'do it like this' in comparison to Vaeakau-Taumako's three-way system.
1596:
will tend to appear with 2nd person subjects as above, although both 1st and 3rd subjects are also found.
589:
501:
496:
491:
446:
441:
436:
18188:
17999:
17226:
15465:
14941:
14891:
14571:
14127:
12701:
10097:
10080:
9865:
9584:
551:
74:
3976:
1045:
While it is common for Polynesian languages to distinguish between alienability and inalienability with
16655:
16633:
16115:
15786:
13762:
13447:
13106:
12958:
11719:
11195:
11076:
10745:
10720:
10493:
10454:
10238:
8815:
471:
464:
4621:(see Figure 4.4 below). Cross-linguistically this is not common, with the 100 of the 225 languages on
17781:
17010:
16945:
16493:
15313:
15302:
15283:
14704:
14686:
14470:
14311:
13603:
13290:
13269:
12899:
12533:
12000:
11914:
11710:
11306:
10857:
10847:
10601:
10596:
9363:
9048:
4067:
4059:
17458:
13354:
1318:
in combination with a prenominal possessive pronoun or possessive prepositional phrase. The form in
17333:
16829:
14973:
14967:
14220:
14142:
14117:
13456:
13076:
13024:
12779:
11539:
11379:
11356:
11086:
10946:
10885:
10611:
10185:
10152:
11990:
4322:. The following example shows the demonstrative 'na' ('that'), being used in conjunction with the
2608:
comes after preverbal arguments but is placed before the tense-aspect-mood particle and following
225:
The language is spoken throughout the Taumako Islands, while in the Reef Islands, it is spoken on
17876:
17808:
17270:
17206:
16970:
16673:
16644:
15335:
14598:
14440:
14306:
14046:
13928:
13139:
11922:
11877:
11692:
11687:
11652:
11647:
11527:
11296:
11205:
10991:
10591:
10369:
9954:
9489:
9391:
9134:
3843:
can be used to express 'negated existence' unless the noun has a possessive marker in which case
521:
514:
478:
12347:
10867:
8806:
17296:
17196:
16259:
15253:
15003:
14738:
13169:
13134:
12376:
12302:
12267:
11496:
11221:
10586:
10255:
10250:
9939:
9794:
9254:
9214:
7655:, 'mai' ('hither'), 'atu' ('thither'), 'aka' ('up') and 'ifo' ('down') have been classified as
7647:
4780:
4614:
4221:
4063:
69:
11734:
10435:
7498:
It is also interesting to note that 'mai' can not only encode a literal direction, but also a
609:
Vaeakau-Taumako pronouns distinguish between 1st, 2nd and 3rd person pronouns. There are some
18045:
17929:
17691:
17592:
16075:
15011:
14475:
12292:
11739:
11613:
11577:
11286:
10824:
10606:
10169:
10114:
9700:
9527:
9194:
8900:
416:
409:
18102:
17961:
16368:
15268:
15233:
13310:
10715:
4894:
This second example shows how the demonstrative 'ne' can be used as an anaphoric reference:
17896:
17853:
17754:
17706:
17681:
17636:
17490:
17328:
16955:
16875:
16353:
16080:
14445:
14122:
14074:
13796:
13700:
13184:
13179:
13124:
13096:
12832:
12297:
12201:
12181:
11977:
11967:
11957:
11887:
11882:
10908:
10740:
10581:
10541:
10386:
10381:
10109:
9469:
9436:
9209:
9094:
9081:
7660:
7639:
6499:
4319:
3981:
3339:
PERS 1PL.INCL not.at.all COMP IPFV see-TR some place 1PL.INCL=IPFV REDUP~draw OBL.PRO DEM.2
84:
15258:
13348:
11301:
10783:
8:
18080:
18065:
17701:
17665:
17626:
17438:
17338:
17136:
17091:
16782:
16772:
16767:
16698:
16378:
16289:
16254:
16239:
16229:
15966:
15901:
15587:
15542:
15517:
15263:
15227:
15105:
14989:
14984:
14925:
14828:
14173:
14112:
13969:
13690:
13506:
13047:
12802:
12734:
12543:
12538:
12528:
12174:
11962:
11857:
11760:
11291:
11226:
11175:
11147:
10971:
10936:
10839:
10755:
10690:
10639:
10351:
9850:
9653:
9628:
9302:
9259:
9099:
9061:
8938:
8908:
8662:
Denny, Peter J. (1978). "Locating the universals in lexical systems for spatial deixis".
6791:
In addition to demonstratives, Vaeakau-Taumako also has a set of morphemes that indicate
5896:'a-’, 'i-'or 'e-’ to the core demonstrative particles. These forms are summarised below:
5480:
Secondly, verbal demonstratives also function to mean 'be the same as, in the same way':
199:
17545:
17530:
17171:
17111:
16383:
13336:
11985:
10203:
18075:
18060:
18055:
18019:
17989:
17971:
17940:
17843:
17759:
17749:
17736:
17686:
17448:
17285:
17131:
17116:
17106:
17063:
17005:
16995:
16990:
16787:
16553:
16503:
16299:
16198:
16153:
16143:
15995:
15989:
15878:
15818:
15597:
15582:
15532:
15522:
15496:
15398:
15051:
14581:
14496:
14410:
14400:
14362:
13752:
13675:
13568:
13326:
13274:
13116:
12894:
12807:
12739:
12709:
12629:
12619:
12420:
12387:
12371:
12287:
12252:
12196:
12151:
12030:
11837:
11682:
11657:
11572:
11564:
11165:
11132:
11114:
11071:
11063:
11044:
11039:
11029:
11024:
10981:
10961:
10775:
10730:
10705:
10654:
10634:
10397:
10341:
10303:
10012:
9933:
9874:
9807:
9663:
9643:
9623:
9589:
9574:
9554:
9549:
9522:
9499:
9426:
9312:
9169:
8953:
8933:
4248:
3992:
Vaeakau-Taumako demonstratives comprise a three-term system which is summarised below:
859:
The dual, plural and 2nd person singular have specific pronouns used in imperative and
423:
265:
17550:
16870:
16733:
15278:
14157:
13598:
12221:
12040:
11765:
11450:
4318:'te' (indicating singularity) or 'ngha' (indicating plurality). This is typical for a
142:
18014:
18009:
17966:
17911:
17901:
17886:
17833:
17744:
17726:
17721:
17670:
17657:
17631:
17560:
17510:
17453:
17428:
17351:
17176:
17146:
17126:
17121:
17081:
16910:
16584:
16563:
16538:
16513:
16473:
16443:
16433:
16428:
16418:
16408:
16304:
16264:
16224:
15828:
15679:
15669:
15654:
15622:
15572:
15537:
15527:
15507:
15340:
15248:
15238:
14882:
14864:
14859:
14480:
14435:
14390:
14331:
14321:
14264:
14233:
14147:
14089:
13949:
13923:
13879:
13864:
13854:
13710:
13705:
13685:
13593:
13521:
13511:
13391:
13371:
13264:
13174:
13091:
12905:
12870:
12855:
12812:
12787:
12759:
12749:
12729:
12724:
12692:
12672:
12647:
12608:
12592:
12495:
12480:
12246:
12211:
12135:
12070:
12025:
12020:
12010:
11942:
11629:
11587:
11511:
11471:
11441:
11341:
11331:
11321:
11311:
11269:
11009:
10986:
10951:
10877:
10862:
10735:
10695:
10677:
10659:
10649:
10621:
10536:
10472:
10326:
10273:
10124:
10002:
9905:
9607:
9559:
9544:
9474:
9464:
9459:
9416:
9179:
9149:
9104:
9066:
8993:
8963:
8928:
8772:
8714:
8642:
7905:
7652:
7643:
4625:
having language systems where third person pronouns are unrelated to demonstratives.
4315:
4217:
2732:
modifying particles, which are traditionally found after verbs, may appear following
1533:
Contrasting this, the 2nd person dual or plural subjects attract the irrealis marker
386:
269:
89:
79:
17976:
17535:
16744:
15095:
14634:
13588:
11995:
11677:
9594:
9287:
5055:
that modify a verb and indicate the location in which the respective action occurs:
3819:
a hina-na ko-i taku-a ange po ke hano mua oi kute-a mua a thaupē po ka lanu o sikiai
2592:
According to Næss, A., & Hovdhaugen, E. (2011) the colloquial pronunciation of
170:
18094:
18070:
18050:
17994:
17981:
17956:
17921:
17891:
17881:
17803:
17711:
17696:
17604:
17390:
17323:
17318:
17161:
17151:
17141:
17101:
17096:
17033:
17000:
16985:
16965:
16895:
16762:
16718:
16708:
16693:
16688:
16579:
16543:
16533:
16528:
16508:
16483:
16468:
16398:
16213:
16193:
16178:
16173:
16163:
16158:
16105:
15946:
15921:
15911:
15896:
15843:
15740:
15714:
15689:
15633:
15577:
15439:
15345:
15169:
15144:
15046:
15026:
14951:
14813:
14765:
14747:
14576:
14501:
14455:
14450:
14419:
14342:
14286:
14281:
14270:
14249:
14152:
14094:
14079:
14069:
13959:
13902:
13819:
13814:
13781:
13776:
13739:
13720:
13715:
13680:
13578:
13531:
13501:
13496:
13396:
13194:
13144:
13129:
13101:
13042:
13005:
12975:
12860:
12827:
12817:
12797:
12769:
12719:
12682:
12652:
12581:
12518:
12469:
12342:
12277:
12262:
12141:
12122:
12062:
12045:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11832:
11827:
11822:
11800:
11775:
11755:
11750:
11642:
11549:
11364:
11346:
11257:
11160:
11155:
11127:
11104:
11014:
10966:
10956:
10923:
10913:
10808:
10803:
10798:
10788:
10710:
10700:
10685:
10670:
10664:
10629:
10560:
10546:
10511:
10506:
10462:
10425:
10420:
10405:
10298:
10208:
10175:
10132:
10026:
9980:
9975:
9837:
9682:
9658:
9633:
9599:
9564:
9509:
9494:
9484:
9381:
9282:
9269:
9244:
9229:
9164:
9109:
9023:
9003:
8973:
8865:
8820:
6503:
6136:
5873:
5384:
3068:
This is the emphatic form of the negator. It follows the same distribution as both
391:
381:
17495:
17423:
17418:
17413:
17156:
15607:
15197:
13628:
13343:
4775:
in Vaeakau-Taumako. They can be used with nouns or pronouns and can function as a
18113:
18108:
17935:
17828:
17716:
17566:
17555:
17505:
17480:
17290:
17246:
17191:
17186:
17038:
16980:
16975:
16960:
16915:
16900:
16858:
16853:
16713:
16683:
16615:
16589:
16548:
16478:
16463:
16458:
16438:
16413:
16373:
16294:
16284:
16279:
16269:
16249:
16234:
16208:
16123:
16085:
16070:
16050:
16045:
16000:
15974:
15926:
15906:
15858:
15853:
15838:
15813:
15768:
15750:
15745:
15735:
15729:
15724:
15694:
15674:
15649:
15644:
15628:
15547:
15502:
15491:
15418:
15361:
15243:
15207:
15192:
15174:
15100:
15077:
15072:
14979:
14936:
14930:
14920:
14903:
14833:
14818:
14803:
14760:
14714:
14660:
14639:
14565:
14491:
14486:
14465:
14430:
14395:
14385:
14380:
14374:
14259:
14210:
14137:
14132:
14104:
14059:
14035:
14015:
13992:
13987:
13982:
13977:
13954:
13933:
13892:
13859:
13849:
13747:
13725:
13695:
13659:
13623:
13618:
13583:
13563:
13526:
13516:
13488:
13331:
13305:
13295:
13243:
13238:
13037:
12995:
12985:
12940:
12935:
12920:
12875:
12754:
12714:
12523:
12505:
12490:
12434:
12410:
12337:
12322:
12191:
12169:
12100:
12005:
11947:
11932:
11872:
11795:
11780:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11582:
11534:
11460:
11455:
11232:
11170:
11137:
11122:
11049:
10931:
10903:
10895:
10793:
10760:
10644:
10573:
10440:
10410:
10331:
10308:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10223:
10213:
10137:
10052:
10047:
10020:
9927:
9887:
9882:
9855:
9695:
9690:
9517:
9411:
9307:
9297:
9292:
9249:
9224:
9174:
9144:
9033:
9028:
9018:
9013:
8988:
8983:
8968:
8787:
8764:
7897:
7664:
5877:
5731:
lPL.INCL=IPFV REDUP~search go.along SG.NSP coconut young SG.NSP banana COL thing
5380:
4299:
4236:
4201:
1376:
prescriptive. Negated declarative clauses typically occur with either perfective
398:
253:
219:
215:
155:
61:
13613:
8794:. Oslo: Kon-Tiki Museum, Institute for Pacific Archaeology and Cultural History.
18166:
18035:
17906:
17838:
17675:
17520:
17500:
17443:
17380:
17301:
17251:
17241:
17236:
17216:
17201:
17181:
17086:
17076:
17071:
17043:
16885:
16880:
16848:
16738:
16728:
16678:
16663:
16610:
16594:
16558:
16523:
16423:
16329:
16319:
16314:
16203:
16183:
16168:
16128:
16100:
16095:
16065:
16040:
16030:
16020:
16010:
16005:
15984:
15956:
15941:
15916:
15868:
15863:
15848:
15755:
15719:
15704:
15699:
15684:
15664:
15638:
15617:
15612:
15602:
15552:
15512:
15486:
15470:
15460:
15444:
15434:
15413:
15408:
15403:
15288:
15273:
15217:
15212:
15202:
15164:
15159:
15154:
15067:
15016:
14946:
14798:
14793:
14788:
14719:
14655:
14613:
14352:
14347:
14326:
14316:
14189:
14054:
14030:
14020:
13998:
13918:
13897:
13829:
13824:
13791:
13573:
13465:
13300:
13207:
13161:
13053:
13032:
13000:
12990:
12970:
12930:
12915:
12865:
12850:
12792:
12744:
12677:
12624:
12560:
12429:
12382:
12312:
12236:
12164:
12146:
12090:
12085:
12035:
12015:
11937:
11927:
11903:
11892:
11790:
11785:
11770:
11744:
11729:
11724:
11637:
11619:
11522:
11501:
11409:
11394:
11389:
11374:
11369:
11336:
11326:
11316:
11281:
11274:
11200:
11099:
11094:
11034:
10941:
10765:
10750:
10725:
10501:
10467:
10415:
10346:
10336:
10293:
10228:
10218:
10057:
9969:
9916:
9910:
9827:
9819:
9734:
9648:
9479:
9421:
9317:
9234:
9219:
9204:
9199:
9189:
9159:
9154:
9139:
9089:
9056:
9038:
9008:
8998:
8978:
8958:
8881:
5360:
3PL=PFV hit-TR LDA place DEM.1 then-DEM.2 TOP 3SG 1SG=FUT REDUP~tell-TR go.out
4035:
2286:
Instances of 3rd person are less frequent and tend to include the imperfective
8560:
3626:
A hinana koi takuange po ke hano moa oi kutea moa a haupƝ po ko lanu e hikiai?
18182:
18040:
18004:
17540:
17525:
17515:
17485:
17463:
17433:
17385:
17256:
17221:
17211:
17166:
17053:
17048:
17028:
17020:
16920:
16905:
16890:
16865:
16842:
16837:
16818:
16803:
16777:
16723:
16703:
16518:
16498:
16453:
16448:
16393:
16339:
16324:
16309:
16274:
16244:
16148:
16138:
16133:
16060:
16055:
16035:
16015:
15979:
15931:
15891:
15886:
15833:
15823:
15808:
15709:
15659:
15366:
15149:
14854:
14838:
14770:
14755:
14724:
14709:
14699:
14694:
14618:
14587:
14506:
14460:
14424:
14336:
14276:
14254:
14183:
14178:
14064:
14025:
13869:
13844:
13839:
13834:
13806:
13786:
13654:
13541:
13536:
13478:
13473:
13437:
13259:
13212:
13202:
13058:
12980:
12925:
12822:
12764:
12613:
12513:
12485:
12475:
12332:
12282:
12272:
12257:
12226:
12130:
12105:
12095:
12080:
12075:
11952:
11897:
11867:
11862:
11384:
11019:
10430:
10193:
10164:
10142:
9997:
9922:
9845:
9748:
9668:
9569:
9184:
9071:
8943:
3972:
1896:
o ia auā no kute-a mai t-o-ku mata ia {a iau} auā t-a-ku kut-a ange o-na mata
299:
230:
9332:
5197:'We know that chickens wander around here, on land (as opposed to the sea).’
17231:
16813:
16808:
16668:
16488:
16334:
16219:
16188:
16090:
15936:
15592:
15222:
14823:
14808:
14084:
13771:
13608:
13010:
12307:
12216:
12206:
12186:
10976:
9638:
9239:
8948:
4551:
2889:
GENR refuse EMPH SG.SP eat CONJ NEG again PFV-3SG wash-TR POSS-3SG.POSS eye
2399:
2225:
1343:
211:
203:
37:
126:
14676:
12327:
12317:
12241:
12231:
10552:
9763:
8709:
Næss, Åshild (2004). "Spatial deixis in Pileni". In Senft, Gunter (ed.).
6132:
6128:
4772:
4311:
2201:
PROH again SG.SP-2S.POSS do-TR go.along again DM.3 place DEM.1 again DM.3
1902:'She is not allowed to look at my face, 'and I cannot look at her face.'
1335:
559:
294:
8816:
a number of collections that include Vaeakau-Taumako language materials.
8565:
1090:
to express this distinction, or they may occur without a preposition.
644:
357:
311:
304:
8664:
Papers from the Parasession on the Lexicon, Chicago Linguistic Society
8811:
4294:
4200:
Furthermore, in the following discussion it will become evident that
4043:
4039:
1696:
O ia auā no kutea mai tuku mata, ia a iau auā taku kuteange ona mata.
860:
610:
531:
341:
326:
268:. Within that group, it has traditionally been considered one of the
135:
119:
1384:, with other options only marginally represented in collected data.
7499:
4613:
When acting as heads of nouns, the demonstratives may also be used
2052:
PROH {HYP SG.SP-POSS-2SG} POSS do-TR. SG.NSP work GENR bad LDA side
1369:
1339:
286:
There is little allophonic variation between vowel pronunciations.
234:
182:
7656:
7368:
5040:
4618:
4055:
2924:
453:
207:
178:
41:
12454:
8735:"WALS Online - Chapter Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives"
7494:'They called to him, "Come here, let us sunbathe on the shore.'"
6843:
Away from both speaker and hearer, toward a third person, along
356:
Vowel sequences in Vaeakau-Taumako are typically not treated as
249:. Speakers are thought to be descendants of people from Tuvalu.
8734:
8677:
7675:
The abbreviations used in the above examples are listed below:
6792:
5893:
5889:
5376:
5052:
4776:
4622:
4550:
Alternatively, the demonstratives can occur as a free-standing
4323:
4225:
3968:
3825:'His mother told him to go and see if the tide was rising yet.'
2609:
246:
242:
238:
5366:'They killed him in this place, I will tell you about it now.'
1398:
appears clause-initially, however discourse particles such as
8713:. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 81–98.
8678:"WALS Online - Chapter Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives"
5591:'It was the same as in Kahula, he went to the village there'
4279:'there, some distance away; neither very near nor very far'
3459:‘(or) not' and the third is the addition of verbal negator
256:
and Åshild Næss, in the form of a dictionary and a grammar.
7175:
4042:
uses, but are also used in various capacities to structure
3351:
The same negators are used as in the verbal clauses above.
4310:
Demonstratives in Vaeakau-Taumako can be used as heads of
4028:'there, away from both speaker and hearer, quite far away
181:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
10096:
8641:. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. p. 177.
7638:
Vaeakau-Taumako directionals have cognates in most other
6926:
The second category of directionals is summarised below:
6803:(indicate direction relative to speech-act participants)
5737:'We have looked for coconuts, bananas, things like that.'
5354:
ilhatu=ne ta-ia i mua ne a-na ko ia u=ka tala~tala-a atu
4232:), with a two-way contrast being the most common system.
3336:
a thatou hiekhiē po no kutea i mui thatu=no utu~utu ai na
2721:
TOP 3SG NEG PFV listen {go along} to PERS mother 3SG.POSS
1354:
Prohibitive clauses may be divided into two. Prohibitive
1290:(3rd person) apply to a restricted set of kinship nouns:
8807:
Portions of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer in Pileni
7371:
of 'mai' in related Polynesian languages are also used.
5190:
PERS 1PL.INCL=GENR know-TR COMP COL chicken IPFV stroll
3197:
A thatou hiekhiē po no kutea i mui thatuno utuutu ai na.
2892:'He refused to eat, and he didn't wash his face either.'
14540:
13418:
5773:
3463:(not yet) if the interrogative has a temporal element.
2900:
which generally serves to connect a complement clause.
2487:, creating a clause without tense-aspect-mood marking.
1682:
1PL.INCL.HORT stay quiet PROH PL.INCL=IPFV {make noise}
3076:
and is often accompanied by the post-nuclear modifier
7466:
7137:
7017:
6932:
Directionals that denote direction on a vertical axis
6465:
6307:
5808:
5528:
5237:
5169:
4848:
3956:
NEG EMPH SG.NSP knife HORT=1SG work OBL.PRO LDA house
3939:
3466:
Simple interrogative formed with declarative clause:
2353:
2035:
8850:
7646:
languages. The corresponding reconstructed forms in
1909:
is also found in conjunction with modifiers such as
6118:'And he said, "Oh, somewhere here there is water".’
5725:thatu=no he-henga ange e niu boho e taveli a hinga
5051:Demonstratives in Vaeakau-Taumako also function as
8792:A Short Dictionary of the Vaeakau-Taumako Language
5861:COMP 3PL=FUT PREP-prepare HYP DEM.3 LDA SG.SP day
5035:'One of them was Diuku, this man is called Diuku.'
3172:not.at.all EMPH PFV-3SG see-TR SG.SP flatfish DM.2
2208:
1334:Vaeako-Taumako displays negation in prohibitions (
1183:
1068:
8622:. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. p. 2.
7229:
6724:
6690:
6286:
5491:
5084:
5046:
4513:
4460:
3539:
2886:e mae loa te kai ia siai oki ne-i fui-a o-na mata
2761:
2017:
1076:
18180:
5284:
5007:
4337:
4020:'there, close to addressee, some distance away'
3959:'There is no knife for me to use in the house.'
2626:
1358:, (equal to the English 'don't') and Admonitive
937:
616:
7591:
4823:
4674:
2754:E mae loa te kai ia siai oki nei fuia ona mata.
2363:
2103:
1963:
1505:
1442:
8711:Deixis and demonstratives in Oceanic languages
8639:Deixis and demonstratives in Oceanic languages
8620:Deixis and demonstratives in Oceanic languages
7895:
7546:
7219:
6493:'Maybe tomorrow we will go fishing at Malimi.'
6490:lPL.INCL=FUT go.PL go.out just fish LDA Malimi
6122:
5971:
5304:
5294:
4742:
3907:
3662:
3644:
3116:
3060:
2868:
2843:
2708:
2636:
1878:
1841:
1809:
1774:
1713:
9779:
9746:
9362:
9348:
8836:
7174:Directionals may also be used as independent
4755:look just PERS wife POSS-2SG.POSS DEM.3 PN.3
3346:
2555:'Mary, sit properly, do not expose yourself.'
7382:
7297:
7269:
7105:'Let us sit down on the rafter of the rats.'
5759:
5212:
5076:
4913:
4539:COL woman GENR CL-two CONJ SG.SP child GENR
4034:Overall, these demonstratives have not only
3283:
3214:
2198:auā oki t-ō hai-a ange oki la mua nei oki la
1613:
7487:3PL=INCEP REDUP-call.PL go.vertically COMP
5611:
5133:
4216:This three-way distinction is so common in
3291:
3246:
3186:appears in conjunction with complementiser
2984:is the formal written expression of spoken
2969:
2335:
2255:
1733:
1685:'We should all sit still and not be noisy.'
1665:
1561:
1509:
1406:from the verb category of Vaeakao-Taumako.
252:Vaeakau-Taumako was described by linguists
9793:
9786:
9772:
9355:
9341:
8843:
8829:
7356:3PL INCEP go.vertically 3PL INCEP go.down
7257:'She went down with it and stood (there)’.
4766:
3480:
2552:Mary stay good ADMON PRSC {expose oneself}
1019:
7659:, while directionals are categorised as '
7363:'They went down and came to the village.'
7049:
6922:'Come here and climb aboard (the canoe).'
6579:
6522:
6387:
5867:'They were to be ready on a certain day.'
5784:
5692:
5216:
5115:
4827:
4771:Demonstratives also function to modify a
4678:
4670:
4533:a hahine e toko-lua ma te memea e ko-tahi
4442:
4305:
3861:
3648:
3601:
3573:
3437:then Malani DEM. NEG SG.NSP water OBL.PRO
3392:
3112:
3036:
2988:) appears in the same formation as above
2914:
2872:
2864:
2839:
2821:
2712:
2656:
2646:
2564:
2307:
2107:
2049:auā ala t-a-u fai-a e anga e tapeo i taha
1973:
1959:
1948:
1882:
1874:
1845:
1837:
1778:
1770:
1446:
1438:
736:
9757:) is being considered for deletion. See
8666:. 14–15: 71–84 – via Chicago: CLS.
7441:
7386:
7307:
7279:
7189:
6983:
6615:
6518:
6416:
6247:
6190:
5967:
5607:
5375:In Vaeakau-Taumako, the formal class of
5370:
5080:
4242:
4226:The World Atlas of Linguistic Structures
3953:siai loa e mahila k=u kapakapa ai i hale
3658:
3610:GENR exist just person PFV come CONJ NEG
3484:
3287:
3218:
3175:'He couldn’t find the flatfish at all.'
3159:
2325:
2245:
2188:
2144:
2077:
2055:'You should not do bad things outside.'
1938:
1819:
1723:
1661:
1647:
1617:
1551:
1495:
1420:
8526:
8524:
8514:
8512:
8510:
8500:
8498:
8496:
8486:
8484:
8482:
8463:
8461:
8459:
8457:
8447:
8445:
8435:
8433:
8423:
8421:
8411:
8409:
8399:
8397:
8387:
8385:
8375:
8373:
8371:
8369:
8359:
8357:
8347:
8345:
8343:
8324:
8322:
8312:
8310:
8308:
8298:
8296:
8294:
8292:
8282:
8280:
8243:
8241:
8239:
8220:
8218:
8216:
8214:
8204:
8202:
8165:
8163:
8161:
8151:
8149:
8139:
8137:
8135:
8133:
8123:
8121:
8119:
8117:
8107:
8105:
8103:
8101:
8099:
8097:
8024:
8022:
8012:
8010:
8008:
7633:
7027:
6649:
6258:
6150:
5818:
5670:
5640:
5547:
4985:
4945:
4923:
4719:
4491:
4207:
3881:
3829:
3712:
3440:'And Malani, there was no water there.'
3402:
3137:
2789:
2600:, however the standard written form is
2525:
2447:
2416:
2095:
1995:
1951:
1829:
1762:
1457:
1424:
175:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
18181:
9806:
8607:Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
7740:GENR general tense-aspect -mood marker
7678:
7418:
6056:
6000:
5855:po lhatu=ka ta-pena ala la i te langi
5749:
5105:
3854:Hiai loa e mahila ku kapakapai i hale.
3777:
3691:
3236:
1931:Auā ala tau faia e anga e tapeo i taha
1273:
16:Polynesian language of Solomon Islands
14539:
13417:
12121:
11256:
10098:Western branches of Malayo–Polynesian
10095:
10079:
10078:
9805:
9767:
9336:
8824:
8704:
8702:
8700:
8698:
8661:
8632:
8630:
8628:
7926:
7924:
7843:
7400:
7396:
7085:
7081:
7059:
6885:
6881:
6714:
6710:
6679:
6675:
6604:
6600:
6558:
6554:
6533:
6431:
6404:
6400:
6332:
6328:
6296:
6275:
6271:
6215:
6211:
6200:
6179:
6175:
6066:
6046:
6042:
6031:
6027:
5844:
5794:
5718:
5714:
5621:
5509:
5505:
5453:
5343:
5318:
5274:
5270:
5255:
5154:
4970:
4870:
4866:
4812:
4808:
4727:
4688:
4568:
4427:
4419:
4354:
4049:
3499:
3381:
3342:'We had no idea where to draw water.'
3330:
3326:
3301:
3163:
2944:
2896:A further example is the addition of
2718:ko ia siai ne longo ange ki a sina na
2619:Ko ia siai ne longo ange ki a sinana.
2270:
2259:
2166:
1657:
1576:
1565:
1095:
854:
747:
627:
8708:
8636:
8521:
8507:
8493:
8479:
8454:
8442:
8430:
8418:
8406:
8394:
8382:
8366:
8354:
8340:
8331:
8319:
8305:
8289:
8277:
8236:
8227:
8211:
8199:
8190:
8181:
8172:
8158:
8146:
8130:
8114:
8094:
8019:
8005:
7169:
6860:
6420:
6106:
6105:then INCEP-3SG say-TR go.along COMP
6088:
6010:
5848:
5798:
5763:
5457:
5347:
5308:
5259:
5158:
4974:
4731:
4706:
4692:
4431:
4220:that it is "virtually certain" that
4054:Vaeakau-Taumako demonstratives have
3925:
3834:
3787:
3488:
3424:
3312:
2535:
2426:
2192:
2170:
2148:
2070:Auoki tō haiange oki la manei oki la
611:inclusive and exclusive distinctions
14542:Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages
13420:Central Malayo-Polynesian languages
7102:LDA SG.SP tree POSS PL.SP rat DEM.2
6569:
6483:thatu=ka ō atu mua hangota i Malimi
6359:'He went and bathed in the lagoon.'
6070:
5674:
5644:
5588:come LDA Kahula go.SG come to shore
4989:
4927:
4481:
3885:
3805:
3730:
3591:
3406:
2811:
2724:'She did not listen to her mother.'
2375:'Nothing shall be hidden from you.'
1999:
1796:
1703:
1679:tatu noho themu, auā hat=no holongā
13:
18162:? indicates classification dispute
9730:? indicates classification dispute
8695:
8625:
8554:
7921:
7794:PP predicative possessive particle
7514:
7456:
6123:Demonstratives in discourse
5982:
5883:
5322:
5227:
5183:a thatu=e ilo-a po a kio no tahao
5095:
5028:one 3PL SG.NSP Diuku SG.SP person
4838:
4470:
3741:
3673:
3449:
3257:
3127:
2854:
2437:
2372:COL thing PROH IPFV hidden LDA 2SG
2204:'Don’t ever do that anymore here.'
2118:
1984:
1856:
1744:
1606:Tatu noho themu, auā hatno folongā
1387:
14:
18210:
9761:to help reach a consensus. ›
8800:
7764:LDA locative-directional-ablative
7445:
6987:
6775:INCEP scatter fall to SG.SP path
5888:Vaeakau-Taumako also has deictic
3987:
3963:
3903:
3701:
3532:E ai mua etai ne au o siai? (NUP)
3190:, although with lower frequency.
2934:
2584:
1621:
571:
550:
543:
536:
520:
513:
477:
470:
463:
422:
415:
408:
259:
18194:Languages of the Solomon Islands
8852:Languages of the Solomon Islands
7670:
7581:
7536:
7063:
7031:
6965:'vertical movement, up or down'
6742:
6653:
6154:
5892:that are formed by applying the
5822:
5581:mai i Kahula hano mai ki nghauta
5066:
4949:
4794:
4762:'Look, that is your wife there.'
4723:
4652:
4495:
4423:
3871:
3759:
3633:
3204:
3169:hiekhī loa ne-i kute-a te ali na
3141:
3102:
3010:
2962:NEG COM HORT REDUP~look straight
2793:
2779:
2690:
2451:
2379:
2099:
1955:
1833:
1806:
1766:
1537:to create a prohibitive clause.
1434:
1060:
1052:
8756:
8727:
8670:
8655:
8612:
8533:
8470:
8268:
8259:
8250:
8085:
8076:
8067:
8058:
8049:
8040:
8031:
7996:
7987:
7978:
7969:
6786:
6115:DEM.2 COMP PL.NSP Water OBL.PRO
6092:
4887:2SG=PFV find-TR LDA where DEM.2
4702:
4579:
4365:
4350:
3971:is primarily expressed through
3929:
3428:
3316:
3087:Hiekhī loa nei kutea te ali na.
1184:Postnominal possessive pronouns
1069:Alienability and inalienability
8599:
8587:
8575:
7960:
7951:
7942:
7933:
7491:lPL.INCL.HORT sun-TR LDA shore
6110:
6023:
5047:Local adverbial demonstratives
4890:'Where did you find that man?’
4540:
4523:
4302:also adopts a "mixed" system.
1913:which marks a hypothetical or
1466:PROH.SG SP-POSS-2SG.POSS go.SG
1349:
1077:Prenominal possessive pronouns
1:
8771:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
7904:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
7629:'You get away! You move out!'
2740:which is an emphatic marker.
2559:
1035:
938:Emphatic corefential pronouns
617:Independent personal pronouns
599:
363:
18159:* indicates proposed status
9727:* indicates proposed status
8769:A Grammar of Vaeakau-Taumako
8594:Næss & Hovdhaugen (2011)
7902:A Grammar of Vaeakau-Taumako
7824:TOP topicalizing preposition
7797:PREF prefix; gloss uncertain
7349:lhatou ko oho lhatou ko iho
6779:GENR lie DEM.2 GENR bad EMPH
4748:ila mua a nohine a-u la nga
4326:'te' to denote singularity:
3444:
3053:PERS Åshild not.yet PFV wake
2494:Meri noho lavoi, na me sepe.
2290:in postposition to morpheme
2059:
275:
7:
18046:Futuna-Aniwa / West Futunan
9639:Futuna-Aniwa (West Futunan)
6767:lPL.EXCL=PFV go.PL {go up}
6353:GENR REDUP~swim LDA lagoon
5021:thai lhatou e Diuku te tai
2468:ADMON PRSC hit-TR SG.SP man
2300:A heinga auā no hū ite koe.
1329:
604:
210:Islands (also known as the
10:
18215:
8786:
8581:
7480:lhatu=ko ha-haloki oho po
6232:INCEP REDUP~go~go.up DEM.2
4068:linguistic reconstructions
3358:A Malani na siai e vai ai.
3347:Non-verbal Clause Negation
2369:a heinga auā no hū ite koe
1920:
1526:PROH 2SG=IPFV {make noise}
1040:
18154:
18093:
18028:
17949:
17920:
17872:
17861:
17852:
17824:
17817:
17791:
17780:
17735:
17656:
17645:
17622:
17613:
17600:
17591:
17473:
17406:
17399:
17373:
17364:
17347:
17311:
17278:
17269:
17062:
17019:
16944:
16933:
16828:
16796:
16753:
16654:
16643:
16632:
16603:
16572:
16361:
16352:
16114:
15965:
15877:
15796:
15785:
15764:
15561:
15479:
15453:
15427:
15386:
15375:
15354:
15323:
15312:
15301:
15183:
15137:
15126:
15086:
15060:
15034:
15025:
15002:
14960:
14913:
14899:
14890:
14881:
14847:
14779:
14746:
14737:
14685:
14669:
14648:
14627:
14606:
14597:
14561:
14552:
14548:
14535:
14409:
14370:
14361:
14302:
14295:
14242:
14229:
14219:
14203:
14166:
14103:
14045:
14008:
13968:
13942:
13911:
13888:
13878:
13805:
13761:
13738:
13668:
13650:
13641:
13556:
13487:
13464:
13455:
13446:
13430:
13426:
13413:
13384:
13367:
13319:
13283:
13252:
13234:
13225:
13193:
13160:
13153:
13115:
13084:
13075:
13023:
12966:
12957:
12950:
12884:
12841:
12778:
12700:
12691:
12661:
12640:
12601:
12574:
12556:
12504:
12465:
12447:
12419:
12403:
12364:
12160:
12114:
12061:
12054:
11976:
11913:
11813:
11709:
11628:
11609:
11600:
11563:
11510:
11489:
11480:
11470:
11440:
11433:
11421:
11407:
11355:
11265:
11249:
11214:
11191:
11184:
11146:
11113:
11085:
11062:
11000:
10922:
10894:
10876:
10838:
10817:
10774:
10620:
10572:
10529:
10520:
10492:
10481:
10453:
10396:
10377:
10368:
10317:
10264:
10246:
10237:
10184:
10160:
10151:
10123:
10108:
10104:
10091:
10087:
10074:
10040:
10011:
9990:
9962:
9953:
9896:
9873:
9864:
9836:
9818:
9814:
9801:
9722:
9681:
9616:
9537:
9508:
9455:
9444:
9435:
9407:
9400:
9374:
9370:
9364:Central Pacific languages
9268:
9123:
9080:
9047:
8917:
8899:
8890:
8874:
8858:
7879:vsem semi-transitive verb
7776:OBL.PRO oblique pro-forru
7746:HYP hypothetical particle
7095:i te lakau a ngha lepū na
6801:Person-based directionals
6506:with the particle 'la'.
4012:'here, close to speaker'
3607:E ai mua etai ne au o sai
3434:a Malani na siai e vai ai
2549:Meri noho lavoi n me sepe
1257:
1243:
1221:
1215:
1202:
1164:
1147:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1003:
989:
967:
961:
948:
922:
908:
887:
881:
868:
832:
812:
780:
774:
755:
752:
749:
714:
694:
662:
656:
635:
632:
629:
558:
530:
452:
397:
378:
280:
161:
149:
133:
117:
112:
58:
48:
33:
28:
23:
9759:templates for discussion
8762:
8593:
7886:
7770:NMLZ nominalizing suffix
6098:a ko-i taku-a ange po ī
5397:Adverbial demonstrative
3613:'Has anyone come here?’
2965:'She did not feel safe.'
2736:. An example of this is
1278:The possessive suffixes
17339:Whitesands / East Tanna
8571:(subscription required)
7695:APPL applicative suffix
4767:Demonstrative adjective
4070:are summarised below:
3516:1DU.INCL=FUT go.PL just
3056:'Åshild is not yet up.'
2959:siai po ke ila~ila sika
2907:Siai po ke ileila sika.
18076:Wallisian / East Uvean
18051:Futunan / East Futunan
17799:Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua
14009:Luangic–Kisaric ?
12268:Kelantan-Pattani Malay
9795:Austronesian languages
9754:Austronesian languages
9634:Futunan (East Futunan)
9624:Wallisian (East Uvean)
9387:Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua
7731:EMPH emphatic particle
5940:enā 'somewhere there'
4306:Demonstrative pronouns
2565:Verbal Clause Negation
2483:often appears without
2465:na me ta-ai te tangata
2409:Na me teia te tangara!
2282:'Don’t you (two) go!’
1588:'Don’t you (two) go!’
737:Bound subject pronouns
202:spoken in some of the
163:This article contains
17319:Kwamera / South Tanna
12293:Negeri Sembilan Malay
11545:Kota Marudu Talantang
8618:Senft, Gunter (ed.).
7855:gn geographical narue
7701:CAUS causative prefix
7484:tatu la-ina i nghauta
6756:ko pae ino ki te ala
5371:Verbal demonstratives
5032:SG.NSP name TOP Diuku
4401:'That is a big fish.'
4243:Distance-based system
3839:Non-specific article
3003:A Osil hikiai ne ala.
2471:'Don’t kill the man!’
2390:behaves similarly to
1168:tana, tona, tena, na
1160:(a/o) koto, (a/o) tu
264:Vaeakau-Taumako is a
17324:Lenakel / West Tanna
12187:Brunei/Kedayan Malay
10319:Southern Cordilleran
7876:VI intransitive verb
7827:TR transitive suffix
7782:PERS personal marker
6941:English translation
6811:English translation
6235:'The woman went up.'
6135:(Figure 9.2) and an
5400:English Translation
4880:ko=ne lau-a i hea na
4619:third-person pronoun
4263:English Translation
4208:Speaker-based system
4004:English Translation
3830:Noun Phrase Negation
3050:A Osil sikiai ne ala
1306:'same-sex sibling',
1020:The general pronoun
18199:Polynesian outliers
15106:Natügu / Santa Cruz
13943:Wetar–Galoli ?
13355:Toraja-Saʼdan
12614:Kawi / Old Javanese
11555:Klias River Kadazan
11002:Gorontalo–Mongondow
10266:Central Cordilleran
7861:n, en corrnnon noun
7713:COMP complementizer
7679:Grammatical glosses
7254:with 3SG GENR stand
7098:lPL.INCL.HORT stay
6934:
6804:
6504:Outlier East Futuna
6486:maybe tomorrow HYP
6343:e kau~kau i thaupē
5901:
5393:
4781:anaphoric reference
4320:Polynesian language
4256:
4075:
3997:
1529:'Don’t make noise!’
1488:Auā ko no hualonga!
1310:'grandparent', and
1274:Possessive Suffixes
1109:Singular possessed
1047:a and o possessives
200:Polynesian language
194:(formerly known as
18189:Ellicean languages
18000:Rakahanga-Manihiki
17962:Cook Islands Māori
17227:Northeast Malakula
15466:Lavatbura–Lamusong
10522:Central Philippine
9808:Formosan languages
9585:Rakahanga-Manihiki
9580:Cook Islands Māori
7882:vt transitive verb
7844:Lexical categories
7755:INTRJ interjection
7692:AG agentive marker
7634:Historical context
6929:
6798:
5933:Ilā 'there, then'
5930:inā 'there, then'
5899:
5424:'do/be like that'
5416:'do/be like that'
5408:'do/be like this'
5391:
4287:'there, far away'
4254:
4249:discourse analyses
4073:
4050:Historical context
3995:
2728:As in the case of
2279:PROH 2DU=IRR go.PL
1917:, 'back, again'.
1585:PROH 2DU=IRR go.PL
1523:auā ko=no hualonga
893:tatu, hatu, tatou
855:Hortative pronouns
266:Polynesian outlier
206:as well as in the
54:(1,700 cited 1999)
18176:
18175:
18150:
18149:
18146:
18145:
18142:
18141:
18138:
18137:
18134:
18133:
18130:
18129:
18126:
18125:
18122:
18121:
18089:
18088:
17776:
17775:
17772:
17771:
17768:
17767:
17587:
17586:
17583:
17582:
17579:
17578:
17575:
17574:
17360:
17359:
17265:
17264:
16929:
16928:
16628:
16627:
16624:
16623:
16348:
16347:
15781:
15780:
15777:
15776:
15297:
15296:
15122:
15121:
14998:
14997:
14877:
14876:
14873:
14872:
14733:
14732:
14531:
14530:
14527:
14526:
14523:
14522:
14519:
14518:
14515:
14514:
14199:
14198:
13734:
13733:
13637:
13636:
13552:
13551:
13409:
13408:
13405:
13404:
13380:
13379:
13363:
13362:
13221:
13220:
13071:
13070:
13067:
13066:
13019:
13018:
12570:
12569:
12552:
12551:
12456:Northwest Sumatra
12443:
12442:
12360:
12359:
12356:
12355:
12247:Kendayan / Selako
11809:
11808:
11705:
11704:
11701:
11700:
11596:
11595:
11417:
11416:
11403:
11402:
11245:
11244:
11241:
11240:
11077:Calamian Tagbanwa
11058:
11057:
10834:
10833:
10746:Southern Sorsogon
10721:Northern Sorsogon
10680:
10673:
10563:
10556:
10449:
10448:
10364:
10363:
10360:
10359:
10125:Batanic (Bashiic)
10081:Malayo–Polynesian
10070:
10069:
10066:
10065:
10036:
10035:
9949:
9948:
9744:
9743:
9718:
9717:
9714:
9713:
9710:
9709:
9677:
9676:
9330:
9329:
9326:
9325:
8859:Official language
8778:978-3-11-023826-6
8582:Hovdhaugen (2006)
8569:(18th ed., 2015)
7911:978-3-11-023826-6
7815:RED reduplication
7806:PRSC prescriptive
7758:IPFV imperfective
7722:DIST distributive
7716:DEM demonstrative
7170:Independent usage
6969:
6968:
6847:
6846:
6500:rising intonation
5946:
5945:
5428:
5427:
4291:
4290:
4271:'here, close by'
4218:Oceanic languages
4198:
4197:
4107:Proto-Polynesian
4032:
4031:
3977:directional forms
3835:Negated Existence
2213:and Imperfective
1286:(2nd person) and
1271:
1270:
1181:
1180:
1112:Plural possessed
1017:
1016:
935:
934:
852:
851:
734:
733:
597:
596:
584:
566:
510:
488:
460:
433:
405:
354:
353:
189:
188:
171:rendering support
167:phonetic symbols.
75:Malayo-Polynesian
44:, Solomon Islands
18206:
17870:
17869:
17859:
17858:
17822:
17821:
17789:
17788:
17654:
17653:
17620:
17619:
17598:
17597:
17404:
17403:
17371:
17370:
17276:
17275:
17017:
17016:
17011:Southeast Ambrym
16942:
16941:
16652:
16651:
16641:
16640:
16494:Arifama-Miniafia
16359:
16358:
15794:
15793:
15384:
15383:
15321:
15320:
15310:
15309:
15138:Gela–Guadalcanal
15135:
15134:
15101:Engdewu / Nanggu
15088:Reefs–Santa Cruz
15032:
15031:
14897:
14896:
14888:
14887:
14744:
14743:
14604:
14603:
14559:
14558:
14550:
14549:
14537:
14536:
14368:
14367:
14300:
14299:
14227:
14226:
14167:Southwest Maluku
13886:
13885:
13648:
13647:
13462:
13461:
13453:
13452:
13428:
13427:
13415:
13414:
13291:Aralle-Tabulahan
13284:Pitu Ulunna Salu
13232:
13231:
13158:
13157:
13082:
13081:
12964:
12963:
12955:
12954:
12698:
12697:
12463:
12462:
12458:–Barrier Islands
12452:
12451:
12343:Terengganu Malay
12119:
12118:
12059:
12058:
11607:
11606:
11550:Rungus / Momogun
11487:
11486:
11478:
11477:
11438:
11437:
11431:
11430:
11390:West Coast Bajaw
11263:
11262:
11254:
11253:
11250:Greater Barito *
11189:
11188:
10992:Western Bukidnon
10858:Central Tagbanwa
10848:Aborlan Tagbanwa
10676:
10669:
10602:Mount Iriga Agta
10597:Mount Iraya Agta
10559:
10551:
10527:
10526:
10494:Southern Mindoro
10490:
10489:
10455:Northern Mindoro
10375:
10374:
10244:
10243:
10239:Meso-Cordilleran
10158:
10157:
10121:
10120:
10106:
10105:
10093:
10092:
10089:
10088:
10076:
10075:
9960:
9959:
9871:
9870:
9816:
9815:
9803:
9802:
9788:
9781:
9774:
9765:
9764:
9453:
9452:
9442:
9441:
9405:
9404:
9372:
9371:
9357:
9350:
9343:
9334:
9333:
8897:
8896:
8845:
8838:
8831:
8822:
8821:
8795:
8788:Hovdhaugen, Even
8782:
8765:Hovdhaugen, Even
8750:
8749:
8747:
8745:
8731:
8725:
8724:
8706:
8693:
8692:
8690:
8688:
8674:
8668:
8667:
8659:
8653:
8652:
8634:
8623:
8616:
8610:
8603:
8597:
8591:
8585:
8579:
8573:
8572:
8558:
8540:
8537:
8531:
8528:
8519:
8516:
8505:
8502:
8491:
8488:
8477:
8474:
8468:
8465:
8452:
8449:
8440:
8437:
8428:
8425:
8416:
8413:
8404:
8401:
8392:
8389:
8380:
8377:
8364:
8361:
8352:
8349:
8338:
8335:
8329:
8326:
8317:
8314:
8303:
8300:
8287:
8284:
8275:
8272:
8266:
8263:
8257:
8254:
8248:
8245:
8234:
8231:
8225:
8222:
8209:
8206:
8197:
8194:
8188:
8185:
8179:
8176:
8170:
8167:
8156:
8153:
8144:
8141:
8128:
8125:
8112:
8109:
8092:
8089:
8083:
8080:
8074:
8071:
8065:
8062:
8056:
8053:
8047:
8044:
8038:
8035:
8029:
8026:
8017:
8014:
8003:
8000:
7994:
7991:
7985:
7982:
7976:
7973:
7967:
7964:
7958:
7955:
7949:
7946:
7940:
7937:
7931:
7928:
7915:
7898:Hovdhaugen, Even
7873:quant quantifier
7870:prep preposition
7800:PROH prohibitive
7728:DY dyad particle
7719:DES desiderative
7710:CONI conjunction
7704:CLASS classifier
7689:ADMON admonitive
7623:PERS 2SG little
7593:
7583:
7548:
7538:
7516:
7468:
7458:
7447:
7443:
7420:
7402:
7398:
7388:
7384:
7309:
7299:
7281:
7271:
7231:
7221:
7191:
7139:
7087:
7083:
7065:
7061:
7051:
7033:
7029:
7019:
6989:
6985:
6935:
6928:
6887:
6883:
6862:
6819:Towards speaker
6805:
6797:
6744:
6726:
6716:
6712:
6692:
6681:
6677:
6655:
6651:
6617:
6606:
6602:
6581:
6571:
6560:
6556:
6535:
6524:
6520:
6479:matea atiao ala
6467:
6433:
6422:
6418:
6406:
6402:
6389:
6334:
6330:
6309:
6298:
6288:
6277:
6273:
6260:
6249:
6225:ko le~lek~ake na
6217:
6213:
6202:
6192:
6181:
6177:
6156:
6152:
6137:adverbial phrase
6131:(Figure 9.1), a
6112:
6108:
6094:
6090:
6072:
6068:
6058:
6048:
6044:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6012:
6002:
5984:
5973:
5969:
5927:inē 'here, now'
5902:
5898:
5850:
5846:
5824:
5820:
5810:
5800:
5796:
5786:
5775:
5765:
5761:
5751:
5720:
5716:
5694:
5676:
5672:
5646:
5642:
5623:
5613:
5609:
5549:
5530:
5511:
5507:
5493:
5476:'Sit like this!’
5459:
5455:
5394:
5390:
5349:
5345:
5324:
5320:
5310:
5306:
5296:
5286:
5276:
5272:
5261:
5257:
5239:
5229:
5218:
5214:
5171:
5160:
5156:
5135:
5117:
5107:
5097:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5068:
5025:e ingoa ko Diuku
5009:
4991:
4987:
4976:
4972:
4951:
4947:
4929:
4925:
4915:
4872:
4868:
4850:
4840:
4829:
4825:
4814:
4810:
4796:
4744:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4708:
4704:
4694:
4690:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4654:
4581:
4570:
4542:
4525:
4515:
4497:
4493:
4483:
4472:
4462:
4444:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4367:
4356:
4352:
4339:
4257:
4253:
4076:
4072:
4060:Proto-Polynesian
3998:
3994:
3941:
3931:
3927:
3909:
3905:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3863:
3807:
3789:
3779:
3761:
3743:
3732:
3714:
3703:
3693:
3675:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3646:
3635:
3603:
3593:
3575:
3541:
3501:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3430:
3426:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3383:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3314:
3303:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3259:
3248:
3238:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3165:
3161:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3038:
3012:
2946:
2936:
2926:
2916:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2845:
2841:
2823:
2813:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2763:
2714:
2710:
2692:
2658:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2537:
2527:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2428:
2418:
2398:which acts as a
2365:
2355:
2337:
2327:
2309:
2272:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2194:
2190:
2172:
2168:
2150:
2146:
2120:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2079:
2037:
2019:
2001:
1997:
1986:
1975:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1940:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1858:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1811:
1808:
1798:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1746:
1735:
1725:
1715:
1705:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1578:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1459:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1422:
1380:or imperfective
1200:
1199:
1123:taku, toku/tuku
1093:
1092:
946:
945:
866:
865:
745:
744:
707:khoutou, khotou
701:khoulua, kholua
625:
624:
591:
582:
575:
564:
554:
547:
540:
524:
517:
508:
503:
498:
493:
486:
481:
474:
467:
458:
448:
443:
438:
431:
426:
419:
412:
403:
376:
375:
289:
288:
145:
129:
122:
64:
21:
20:
18214:
18213:
18209:
18208:
18207:
18205:
18204:
18203:
18179:
18178:
18177:
18172:
18171:
18118:
18085:
18024:
17945:
17916:
17864:
17848:
17813:
17783:
17764:
17731:
17648:
17641:
17615:
17609:
17571:
17469:
17395:
17374:Loyalty Islands
17366:
17356:
17343:
17334:Southwest Tanna
17307:
17286:Erromanga / Sie
17261:
17058:
17015:
16947:
16937:
16935:
16925:
16854:Cape Cumberland
16824:
16797:South Pentecost
16792:
16773:Northeast Ambae
16756:North Pentecost
16755:
16749:
16646:
16635:
16620:
16599:
16573:Kilivila–Misima
16568:
16344:
16110:
15961:
15873:
15799:
15788:
15773:
15760:
15564:
15557:
15475:
15449:
15423:
15379:
15377:
15371:
15350:
15315:
15304:
15293:
15185:
15179:
15129:
15118:
15082:
15056:
15021:
14994:
14974:Southern Kaniet
14968:Northern Kaniet
14956:
14909:
14869:
14843:
14775:
14729:
14687:South Halmahera
14681:
14665:
14644:
14623:
14593:
14544:
14511:
14405:
14357:
14291:
14238:
14215:
14195:
14162:
14143:Southeast Babar
14118:Dawera-Daweloor
14099:
14041:
14004:
13964:
13938:
13912:Central Timor *
13907:
13874:
13801:
13757:
13730:
13664:
13633:
13548:
13483:
13442:
13422:
13401:
13376:
13359:
13315:
13279:
13248:
13217:
13189:
13149:
13111:
13063:
13015:
12946:
12886:Tomini–Tolitoli
12880:
12837:
12774:
12687:
12664:
12657:
12636:
12597:
12566:
12548:
12500:
12457:
12439:
12415:
12399:
12352:
12323:Pontianak Malay
12156:
12110:
12055:Malayo–Chamic *
12050:
11972:
11909:
11843:Kanowit–Tanjong
11815:Central Sarawak
11805:
11720:Kenyah / Bakung
11697:
11624:
11602:
11592:
11559:
11540:Eastern Kadazan
11528:Coastal Kadazan
11506:
11482:
11472:Southwest Sabah
11466:
11442:Northeast Sabah
11424:
11413:
11399:
11380:Pangutaran Sama
11351:
11237:
11210:
11180:
11142:
11109:
11081:
11054:
10996:
10947:Cotabato Manobo
10918:
10890:
10886:Western Subanon
10872:
10830:
10813:
10770:
10616:
10568:
10516:
10484:
10483:Greater Central
10477:
10445:
10392:
10356:
10313:
10260:
10233:
10180:
10147:
10112:
10100:
10083:
10062:
10041:Southern ?
10032:
10007:
9986:
9945:
9898:
9892:
9860:
9832:
9810:
9797:
9792:
9762:
9745:
9740:
9739:
9706:
9673:
9612:
9533:
9504:
9447:
9431:
9396:
9366:
9361:
9331:
9322:
9264:
9126:
9119:
9115:Vaeakau-Taumako
9076:
9043:
8920:
8913:
8892:
8886:
8870:
8854:
8849:
8803:
8779:
8759:
8754:
8753:
8743:
8741:
8733:
8732:
8728:
8721:
8707:
8696:
8686:
8684:
8676:
8675:
8671:
8660:
8656:
8649:
8635:
8626:
8617:
8613:
8604:
8600:
8592:
8588:
8580:
8576:
8570:
8561:Vaeakau-Taumako
8559:
8555:
8543:
8538:
8534:
8529:
8522:
8517:
8508:
8503:
8494:
8489:
8480:
8475:
8471:
8466:
8455:
8450:
8443:
8438:
8431:
8426:
8419:
8414:
8407:
8402:
8395:
8390:
8383:
8378:
8367:
8362:
8355:
8350:
8341:
8336:
8332:
8327:
8320:
8315:
8306:
8301:
8290:
8285:
8278:
8273:
8269:
8264:
8260:
8255:
8251:
8246:
8237:
8232:
8228:
8223:
8212:
8207:
8200:
8195:
8191:
8186:
8182:
8177:
8173:
8168:
8159:
8154:
8147:
8142:
8131:
8126:
8115:
8110:
8095:
8090:
8086:
8081:
8077:
8072:
8068:
8063:
8059:
8054:
8050:
8045:
8041:
8036:
8032:
8027:
8020:
8015:
8006:
8001:
7997:
7992:
7988:
7983:
7979:
7974:
7970:
7965:
7961:
7956:
7952:
7947:
7943:
7938:
7934:
7929:
7922:
7912:
7893:References from
7889:
7846:
7812:RECP reciprocal
7791:POSS possessive
7773:NSP nonspecific
7752:INCEP inceptive
7698:BEN benefactive
7686:
7681:
7673:
7636:
7631:
7615:
7603:
7595:
7585:
7575:
7568:
7550:
7540:
7530:
7518:
7507:
7496:
7478:
7470:
7460:
7449:
7434:
7422:
7412:
7404:
7390:
7376:
7365:
7347:
7339:
7331:
7319:
7311:
7301:
7291:
7283:
7273:
7263:
7259:
7241:
7233:
7223:
7213:
7205:
7193:
7183:
7172:
7167:
7149:
7141:
7131:
7119:
7111:
7107:
7089:
7075:
7067:
7053:
7043:
7035:
7021:
7011:
6999:
6991:
6976:
6924:
6906:
6898:
6890:
6872:
6864:
6854:
6835:Towards hearer
6827:Towards hearer
6789:
6784:
6748:mhatu=ne ō ake
6746:
6736:
6728:
6718:
6702:
6694:
6684:
6665:
6657:
6643:
6635:
6627:
6619:
6609:
6591:
6583:
6573:
6563:
6545:
6537:
6526:
6511:
6495:
6477:
6469:
6459:
6451:
6443:
6435:
6424:
6409:
6391:
6381:
6373:
6365:
6361:
6337:
6319:
6311:
6301:
6290:
6280:
6262:
6251:
6241:
6237:
6219:
6205:
6194:
6184:
6166:
6158:
6144:
6125:
6120:
6102:na po ni vai ai
6096:
6082:
6074:
6060:
6050:
6036:
6014:
6004:
5994:
5986:
5975:
5961:
5953:
5922:alā 'and then'
5919:anā 'and then'
5908:Medial/neutral
5886:
5884:Deictic adverbs
5869:
5853:
5834:
5826:
5812:
5802:
5788:
5778:
5767:
5753:
5743:
5739:
5723:
5704:
5696:
5686:
5678:
5664:
5656:
5648:
5634:
5626:
5615:
5600:
5593:
5575:
5567:
5559:
5551:
5540:
5532:
5522:
5514:
5495:
5485:
5478:
5462:
5443:
5435:
5373:
5368:
5352:
5334:
5326:
5312:
5298:
5288:
5278:
5263:
5249:
5241:
5231:
5220:
5206:
5199:
5181:
5173:
5163:
5145:
5137:
5127:
5119:
5109:
5099:
5088:
5070:
5060:
5049:
5037:
5019:
5011:
5001:
4993:
4979:
4961:
4953:
4939:
4931:
4917:
4907:
4899:
4892:
4874:
4860:
4852:
4842:
4831:
4817:
4798:
4788:
4769:
4764:
4746:
4736:
4710:
4696:
4682:
4664:
4656:
4646:
4638:
4630:
4611:
4591:
4583:
4573:
4559:
4548:
4528:
4517:
4507:
4499:
4485:
4475:
4464:
4454:
4446:
4436:
4410:
4403:
4385:
4377:
4369:
4359:
4341:
4331:
4308:
4245:
4237:Solomon Islands
4210:
4150:Vaeakau-Taumako
4052:
3990:
3966:
3961:
3951:
3943:
3933:
3919:
3911:
3897:
3889:
3875:
3865:
3855:
3852:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3817:
3809:
3799:
3791:
3781:
3771:
3763:
3753:
3745:
3734:
3724:
3716:
3705:
3695:
3685:
3677:
3666:
3652:
3637:
3627:
3624:
3615:
3605:
3595:
3585:
3577:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3543:
3533:
3530:
3521:
3511:
3503:
3492:
3474:
3471:
3452:
3450:Polar Questions
3447:
3442:
3432:
3418:
3410:
3396:
3386:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3356:
3349:
3344:
3334:
3320:
3306:
3295:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3250:
3240:
3230:
3222:
3208:
3198:
3195:
3177:
3167:
3153:
3145:
3131:
3120:
3106:
3096:
3088:
3085:
3066:
3058:
3048:
3040:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3004:
3001:
2975:
2967:
2957:
2949:
2938:
2928:
2918:
2908:
2905:
2894:
2884:
2876:
2858:
2847:
2833:
2825:
2815:
2805:
2797:
2783:
2773:
2765:
2755:
2752:
2726:
2716:
2702:
2694:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2650:
2640:
2630:
2620:
2617:
2590:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2547:
2539:
2529:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2492:
2473:
2463:
2455:
2441:
2430:
2420:
2410:
2407:
2385:
2377:
2367:
2357:
2347:
2339:
2329:
2319:
2311:
2301:
2298:
2284:
2274:
2263:
2249:
2239:
2236:
2218:
2206:
2196:
2182:
2174:
2160:
2152:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2111:
2089:
2081:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2047:
2039:
2029:
2021:
2011:
2003:
1989:
1977:
1967:
1942:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1904:
1894:
1886:
1868:
1860:
1849:
1823:
1813:
1800:
1790:
1782:
1756:
1748:
1737:
1727:
1717:
1707:
1697:
1694:
1687:
1677:
1669:
1651:
1641:
1633:
1625:
1607:
1604:
1590:
1580:
1569:
1555:
1545:
1542:
1531:
1521:
1513:
1499:
1489:
1486:
1471:
1461:
1450:
1428:
1414:
1411:
1393:
1352:
1332:
1276:
1186:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1043:
1038:
1025:
940:
857:
739:
688:mihatou, mhatu
619:
607:
602:
366:
283:
278:
262:
254:Even Hovdhaugen
220:Solomon Islands
192:Vaeakau-Taumako
169:Without proper
156:Vaeakau-Taumako
141:
125:
118:
108:
96:Vaeakau-Taumako
65:
62:Language family
60:
51:
50:Native speakers
24:Vaeakau-Taumako
17:
12:
11:
5:
18212:
18202:
18201:
18196:
18191:
18174:
18173:
18170:
18169:
18167:extinct status
18163:
18160:
18156:
18155:
18152:
18151:
18148:
18147:
18144:
18143:
18140:
18139:
18136:
18135:
18132:
18131:
18128:
18127:
18124:
18123:
18120:
18119:
18117:
18116:
18111:
18106:
18099:
18097:
18091:
18090:
18087:
18086:
18084:
18083:
18078:
18073:
18068:
18063:
18058:
18053:
18048:
18043:
18038:
18032:
18030:
18026:
18025:
18023:
18022:
18017:
18012:
18007:
18002:
17997:
17992:
17987:
17986:
17985:
17974:
17969:
17964:
17959:
17953:
17951:
17947:
17946:
17944:
17943:
17938:
17933:
17926:
17924:
17918:
17917:
17915:
17914:
17909:
17904:
17899:
17894:
17889:
17884:
17879:
17877:Kapingamarangi
17873:
17867:
17856:
17850:
17849:
17847:
17846:
17841:
17836:
17831:
17825:
17819:
17815:
17814:
17812:
17811:
17809:Western Fijian
17806:
17801:
17795:
17793:
17786:
17778:
17777:
17774:
17773:
17770:
17769:
17766:
17765:
17763:
17762:
17757:
17752:
17747:
17741:
17739:
17733:
17732:
17730:
17729:
17724:
17719:
17714:
17709:
17704:
17699:
17694:
17689:
17684:
17679:
17673:
17668:
17662:
17660:
17651:
17643:
17642:
17640:
17639:
17634:
17629:
17623:
17617:
17611:
17610:
17608:
17607:
17601:
17595:
17589:
17588:
17585:
17584:
17581:
17580:
17577:
17576:
17573:
17572:
17570:
17569:
17564:
17558:
17553:
17548:
17543:
17538:
17533:
17528:
17523:
17518:
17513:
17508:
17503:
17498:
17493:
17488:
17483:
17477:
17475:
17471:
17470:
17468:
17467:
17461:
17456:
17451:
17446:
17441:
17436:
17431:
17426:
17421:
17416:
17410:
17408:
17401:
17400:New Caledonian
17397:
17396:
17394:
17393:
17388:
17383:
17377:
17375:
17368:
17362:
17361:
17358:
17357:
17355:
17354:
17348:
17345:
17344:
17342:
17341:
17336:
17331:
17326:
17321:
17315:
17313:
17309:
17308:
17306:
17305:
17299:
17294:
17288:
17282:
17280:
17273:
17267:
17266:
17263:
17262:
17260:
17259:
17254:
17249:
17244:
17239:
17234:
17229:
17224:
17219:
17214:
17209:
17204:
17199:
17194:
17189:
17184:
17179:
17174:
17169:
17164:
17159:
17154:
17149:
17144:
17139:
17134:
17129:
17124:
17119:
17114:
17109:
17104:
17099:
17094:
17089:
17084:
17079:
17074:
17068:
17066:
17060:
17059:
17057:
17056:
17051:
17046:
17041:
17036:
17031:
17025:
17023:
17014:
17013:
17008:
17003:
16998:
16993:
16988:
16983:
16978:
16973:
16968:
16963:
16958:
16952:
16950:
16939:
16931:
16930:
16927:
16926:
16924:
16923:
16918:
16913:
16908:
16903:
16898:
16893:
16888:
16883:
16878:
16873:
16868:
16863:
16862:
16861:
16851:
16846:
16840:
16834:
16832:
16830:Espiritu Santo
16826:
16825:
16823:
16822:
16816:
16811:
16806:
16800:
16798:
16794:
16793:
16791:
16790:
16785:
16780:
16775:
16770:
16765:
16759:
16757:
16751:
16750:
16748:
16747:
16742:
16736:
16731:
16726:
16721:
16716:
16711:
16706:
16701:
16696:
16691:
16686:
16681:
16676:
16671:
16666:
16660:
16658:
16649:
16638:
16630:
16629:
16626:
16625:
16622:
16621:
16619:
16618:
16613:
16607:
16605:
16601:
16600:
16598:
16597:
16592:
16587:
16582:
16576:
16574:
16570:
16569:
16567:
16566:
16561:
16556:
16551:
16546:
16541:
16536:
16531:
16526:
16521:
16516:
16511:
16506:
16501:
16496:
16491:
16486:
16481:
16476:
16471:
16466:
16461:
16456:
16451:
16446:
16441:
16436:
16431:
16426:
16421:
16416:
16411:
16406:
16401:
16396:
16391:
16386:
16381:
16376:
16371:
16365:
16363:
16356:
16350:
16349:
16346:
16345:
16343:
16342:
16337:
16332:
16327:
16322:
16317:
16312:
16307:
16302:
16297:
16292:
16287:
16282:
16277:
16272:
16267:
16262:
16257:
16252:
16247:
16242:
16237:
16232:
16227:
16222:
16217:
16211:
16206:
16201:
16196:
16191:
16186:
16181:
16176:
16171:
16166:
16161:
16156:
16151:
16146:
16141:
16136:
16131:
16126:
16120:
16118:
16112:
16111:
16109:
16108:
16103:
16098:
16093:
16088:
16083:
16078:
16073:
16068:
16063:
16058:
16053:
16048:
16043:
16038:
16033:
16028:
16023:
16018:
16013:
16008:
16003:
15998:
15993:
15987:
15982:
15977:
15971:
15969:
15963:
15962:
15960:
15959:
15954:
15949:
15944:
15939:
15934:
15929:
15924:
15919:
15914:
15909:
15904:
15899:
15894:
15889:
15883:
15881:
15875:
15874:
15872:
15871:
15866:
15861:
15856:
15851:
15846:
15841:
15836:
15831:
15826:
15821:
15816:
15811:
15805:
15803:
15791:
15783:
15782:
15779:
15778:
15775:
15774:
15772:
15771:
15765:
15762:
15761:
15759:
15758:
15753:
15748:
15743:
15738:
15733:
15727:
15722:
15717:
15712:
15707:
15702:
15697:
15692:
15687:
15682:
15677:
15672:
15667:
15662:
15657:
15652:
15647:
15642:
15636:
15631:
15626:
15620:
15615:
15610:
15605:
15600:
15595:
15590:
15585:
15580:
15575:
15569:
15567:
15559:
15558:
15556:
15555:
15550:
15545:
15540:
15535:
15530:
15525:
15520:
15515:
15510:
15505:
15500:
15494:
15489:
15483:
15481:
15477:
15476:
15474:
15473:
15468:
15463:
15457:
15455:
15451:
15450:
15448:
15447:
15442:
15437:
15431:
15429:
15425:
15424:
15422:
15421:
15416:
15411:
15406:
15401:
15396:
15390:
15388:
15381:
15373:
15372:
15370:
15369:
15364:
15358:
15356:
15352:
15351:
15349:
15348:
15343:
15338:
15333:
15327:
15325:
15318:
15307:
15299:
15298:
15295:
15294:
15292:
15291:
15286:
15281:
15276:
15271:
15266:
15261:
15256:
15251:
15246:
15241:
15236:
15231:
15225:
15220:
15215:
15210:
15205:
15200:
15195:
15189:
15187:
15181:
15180:
15178:
15177:
15172:
15167:
15162:
15157:
15152:
15147:
15141:
15139:
15132:
15124:
15123:
15120:
15119:
15117:
15116:
15115:
15114:
15111:
15103:
15098:
15092:
15090:
15084:
15083:
15081:
15080:
15075:
15070:
15064:
15062:
15058:
15057:
15055:
15054:
15049:
15044:
15038:
15036:
15029:
15023:
15022:
15020:
15019:
15014:
15008:
15006:
15004:Saint Matthias
15000:
14999:
14996:
14995:
14993:
14992:
14987:
14982:
14977:
14971:
14964:
14962:
14958:
14957:
14955:
14954:
14949:
14944:
14939:
14934:
14928:
14923:
14917:
14915:
14911:
14910:
14908:
14907:
14900:
14894:
14885:
14879:
14878:
14875:
14874:
14871:
14870:
14868:
14867:
14862:
14857:
14851:
14849:
14845:
14844:
14842:
14841:
14836:
14831:
14826:
14821:
14816:
14811:
14806:
14801:
14796:
14791:
14785:
14783:
14777:
14776:
14774:
14773:
14768:
14763:
14758:
14752:
14750:
14741:
14735:
14734:
14731:
14730:
14728:
14727:
14722:
14717:
14712:
14707:
14702:
14697:
14691:
14689:
14683:
14682:
14680:
14679:
14673:
14671:
14667:
14666:
14664:
14663:
14658:
14652:
14650:
14646:
14645:
14643:
14642:
14637:
14631:
14629:
14625:
14624:
14622:
14621:
14616:
14610:
14608:
14601:
14595:
14594:
14592:
14591:
14585:
14579:
14574:
14569:
14562:
14556:
14546:
14545:
14533:
14532:
14529:
14528:
14525:
14524:
14521:
14520:
14517:
14516:
14513:
14512:
14510:
14509:
14504:
14499:
14494:
14489:
14484:
14478:
14473:
14468:
14463:
14458:
14453:
14448:
14443:
14438:
14433:
14428:
14422:
14416:
14414:
14407:
14406:
14404:
14403:
14398:
14393:
14388:
14383:
14378:
14371:
14365:
14359:
14358:
14356:
14355:
14350:
14345:
14340:
14334:
14329:
14324:
14319:
14314:
14309:
14303:
14297:
14293:
14292:
14290:
14289:
14284:
14279:
14274:
14268:
14262:
14257:
14252:
14246:
14244:
14240:
14239:
14237:
14236:
14230:
14224:
14221:Central Maluku
14217:
14216:
14214:
14213:
14207:
14205:
14201:
14200:
14197:
14196:
14194:
14193:
14187:
14181:
14176:
14170:
14168:
14164:
14163:
14161:
14160:
14155:
14150:
14145:
14140:
14135:
14130:
14125:
14120:
14115:
14109:
14107:
14101:
14100:
14098:
14097:
14092:
14087:
14082:
14077:
14072:
14067:
14062:
14057:
14051:
14049:
14043:
14042:
14040:
14039:
14033:
14028:
14023:
14018:
14012:
14010:
14006:
14005:
14003:
14002:
13996:
13990:
13985:
13980:
13974:
13972:
13966:
13965:
13963:
13962:
13957:
13952:
13946:
13944:
13940:
13939:
13937:
13936:
13931:
13926:
13921:
13915:
13913:
13909:
13908:
13906:
13905:
13900:
13895:
13889:
13883:
13876:
13875:
13873:
13872:
13867:
13862:
13857:
13852:
13847:
13842:
13837:
13832:
13827:
13822:
13817:
13811:
13809:
13803:
13802:
13800:
13799:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13779:
13774:
13768:
13766:
13759:
13758:
13756:
13755:
13750:
13744:
13742:
13736:
13735:
13732:
13731:
13729:
13728:
13723:
13718:
13713:
13708:
13703:
13698:
13693:
13688:
13683:
13678:
13672:
13670:
13666:
13665:
13663:
13662:
13657:
13651:
13645:
13643:Flores–Lembata
13639:
13638:
13635:
13634:
13632:
13631:
13626:
13621:
13616:
13611:
13606:
13601:
13596:
13591:
13586:
13581:
13576:
13571:
13566:
13560:
13558:
13557:Western Flores
13554:
13553:
13550:
13549:
13547:
13546:
13545:
13544:
13534:
13529:
13524:
13519:
13514:
13509:
13504:
13499:
13493:
13491:
13485:
13484:
13482:
13481:
13476:
13470:
13468:
13459:
13450:
13444:
13443:
13441:
13440:
13434:
13432:
13424:
13423:
13411:
13410:
13407:
13406:
13403:
13402:
13400:
13399:
13394:
13388:
13386:
13382:
13381:
13378:
13377:
13375:
13374:
13368:
13365:
13364:
13361:
13360:
13358:
13357:
13352:
13346:
13341:
13340:
13339:
13329:
13323:
13321:
13317:
13316:
13314:
13313:
13308:
13303:
13298:
13293:
13287:
13285:
13281:
13280:
13278:
13277:
13272:
13267:
13262:
13256:
13254:
13250:
13249:
13247:
13246:
13241:
13235:
13229:
13223:
13222:
13219:
13218:
13216:
13215:
13210:
13205:
13199:
13197:
13191:
13190:
13188:
13187:
13182:
13177:
13172:
13166:
13164:
13155:
13151:
13150:
13148:
13147:
13142:
13140:Highland Konjo
13137:
13132:
13127:
13121:
13119:
13113:
13112:
13110:
13109:
13104:
13099:
13094:
13088:
13086:
13079:
13077:South Sulawesi
13073:
13072:
13069:
13068:
13065:
13064:
13062:
13061:
13056:
13051:
13045:
13040:
13035:
13029:
13027:
13021:
13020:
13017:
13016:
13014:
13013:
13008:
13003:
12998:
12993:
12988:
12983:
12978:
12973:
12967:
12961:
12952:
12948:
12947:
12945:
12944:
12938:
12933:
12928:
12923:
12918:
12913:
12908:
12903:
12897:
12891:
12889:
12882:
12881:
12879:
12878:
12873:
12868:
12863:
12858:
12853:
12847:
12845:
12843:Saluan–Banggai
12839:
12838:
12836:
12835:
12830:
12825:
12820:
12815:
12810:
12805:
12800:
12795:
12790:
12784:
12782:
12776:
12775:
12773:
12772:
12767:
12762:
12757:
12752:
12747:
12742:
12737:
12732:
12727:
12722:
12717:
12712:
12706:
12704:
12695:
12689:
12688:
12686:
12685:
12680:
12675:
12669:
12667:
12659:
12658:
12656:
12655:
12650:
12644:
12642:
12638:
12637:
12635:
12634:
12633:
12632:
12627:
12622:
12617:
12605:
12603:
12599:
12598:
12596:
12595:
12590:
12587:
12584:
12578:
12576:
12572:
12571:
12568:
12567:
12565:
12564:
12557:
12554:
12553:
12550:
12549:
12547:
12546:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12521:
12516:
12510:
12508:
12502:
12501:
12499:
12498:
12493:
12488:
12483:
12478:
12473:
12466:
12460:
12449:
12445:
12444:
12441:
12440:
12438:
12437:
12432:
12426:
12424:
12417:
12416:
12414:
12413:
12407:
12405:
12401:
12400:
12398:
12397:
12396:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12380:
12368:
12366:
12362:
12361:
12358:
12357:
12354:
12353:
12351:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12330:
12325:
12320:
12315:
12310:
12305:
12300:
12295:
12290:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12270:
12265:
12260:
12255:
12250:
12244:
12239:
12234:
12229:
12224:
12219:
12214:
12209:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12189:
12184:
12179:
12178:
12177:
12172:
12161:
12158:
12157:
12155:
12154:
12149:
12144:
12139:
12133:
12127:
12125:
12116:
12112:
12111:
12109:
12108:
12103:
12098:
12093:
12088:
12083:
12078:
12073:
12067:
12065:
12056:
12052:
12051:
12049:
12048:
12043:
12038:
12033:
12028:
12023:
12018:
12013:
12008:
12003:
11998:
11993:
11988:
11982:
11980:
11974:
11973:
11971:
11970:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11919:
11917:
11911:
11910:
11908:
11907:
11901:
11895:
11890:
11885:
11880:
11878:Bah-Biau Punan
11875:
11870:
11865:
11860:
11855:
11850:
11845:
11840:
11835:
11830:
11825:
11819:
11817:
11811:
11810:
11807:
11806:
11804:
11803:
11798:
11793:
11788:
11783:
11778:
11773:
11768:
11763:
11758:
11753:
11748:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11716:
11714:
11707:
11706:
11703:
11702:
11699:
11698:
11696:
11695:
11693:Sesayap Tidong
11690:
11688:Nonukan Tidong
11685:
11680:
11675:
11670:
11665:
11660:
11655:
11650:
11645:
11640:
11634:
11632:
11626:
11625:
11623:
11622:
11617:
11610:
11604:
11598:
11597:
11594:
11593:
11591:
11590:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11569:
11567:
11561:
11560:
11558:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11531:
11530:
11525:
11516:
11514:
11508:
11507:
11505:
11504:
11499:
11493:
11491:
11484:
11475:
11468:
11467:
11465:
11464:
11458:
11453:
11447:
11445:
11435:
11434:North Borneo *
11428:
11419:
11418:
11415:
11414:
11408:
11405:
11404:
11401:
11400:
11398:
11397:
11392:
11387:
11382:
11377:
11372:
11367:
11361:
11359:
11353:
11352:
11350:
11349:
11344:
11339:
11334:
11329:
11324:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11299:
11294:
11289:
11284:
11279:
11278:
11277:
11266:
11260:
11251:
11247:
11246:
11243:
11242:
11239:
11238:
11236:
11235:
11230:
11224:
11218:
11216:
11212:
11211:
11209:
11208:
11206:Umiray Dumaget
11203:
11198:
11192:
11186:
11185:Other branches
11182:
11181:
11179:
11178:
11173:
11168:
11163:
11158:
11152:
11150:
11144:
11143:
11141:
11140:
11135:
11130:
11125:
11119:
11117:
11111:
11110:
11108:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11091:
11089:
11083:
11082:
11080:
11079:
11074:
11068:
11066:
11060:
11059:
11056:
11055:
11053:
11052:
11047:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11006:
11004:
10998:
10997:
10995:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10979:
10974:
10969:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10928:
10926:
10920:
10919:
10917:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10900:
10898:
10892:
10891:
10889:
10888:
10882:
10880:
10874:
10873:
10871:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10844:
10842:
10836:
10835:
10832:
10831:
10829:
10828:
10821:
10819:
10818:(unclassified)
10815:
10814:
10812:
10811:
10806:
10801:
10796:
10791:
10786:
10780:
10778:
10772:
10771:
10769:
10768:
10763:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10683:
10682:
10681:
10674:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10626:
10624:
10618:
10617:
10615:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10584:
10578:
10576:
10570:
10569:
10567:
10566:
10565:
10564:
10557:
10544:
10539:
10533:
10531:
10524:
10518:
10517:
10515:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10498:
10496:
10487:
10479:
10478:
10476:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10459:
10457:
10451:
10450:
10447:
10446:
10444:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10402:
10400:
10394:
10393:
10391:
10390:
10384:
10378:
10372:
10366:
10365:
10362:
10361:
10358:
10357:
10355:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10323:
10321:
10315:
10314:
10312:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10276:
10270:
10268:
10262:
10261:
10259:
10258:
10253:
10247:
10241:
10235:
10234:
10232:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10206:
10201:
10196:
10190:
10188:
10186:Cagayan Valley
10182:
10181:
10179:
10178:
10173:
10167:
10161:
10155:
10153:Northern Luzon
10149:
10148:
10146:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10129:
10127:
10118:
10102:
10101:
10085:
10084:
10072:
10071:
10068:
10067:
10064:
10063:
10061:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10044:
10042:
10038:
10037:
10034:
10033:
10031:
10030:
10024:
10017:
10015:
10009:
10008:
10006:
10005:
10000:
9994:
9992:
9988:
9987:
9985:
9984:
9978:
9973:
9966:
9964:
9957:
9951:
9950:
9947:
9946:
9944:
9943:
9937:
9931:
9925:
9920:
9914:
9908:
9902:
9900:
9894:
9893:
9891:
9890:
9885:
9879:
9877:
9868:
9862:
9861:
9859:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9842:
9840:
9834:
9833:
9831:
9830:
9824:
9822:
9812:
9811:
9799:
9798:
9791:
9790:
9783:
9776:
9768:
9742:
9741:
9738:
9737:
9735:extinct status
9731:
9728:
9724:
9723:
9720:
9719:
9716:
9715:
9712:
9711:
9708:
9707:
9705:
9704:
9698:
9693:
9687:
9685:
9679:
9678:
9675:
9674:
9672:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9620:
9618:
9614:
9613:
9611:
9610:
9605:
9604:
9603:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9541:
9539:
9535:
9534:
9532:
9531:
9525:
9520:
9514:
9512:
9506:
9505:
9503:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9490:Kapingamarangi
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9456:
9450:
9439:
9433:
9432:
9430:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9408:
9402:
9398:
9397:
9395:
9394:
9392:Western Fijian
9389:
9384:
9378:
9376:
9368:
9367:
9360:
9359:
9352:
9345:
9337:
9328:
9327:
9324:
9323:
9321:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9274:
9272:
9266:
9265:
9263:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9131:
9129:
9121:
9120:
9118:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9086:
9084:
9078:
9077:
9075:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9053:
9051:
9045:
9044:
9042:
9041:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8925:
8923:
8915:
8914:
8912:
8911:
8905:
8903:
8894:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8884:
8878:
8876:
8872:
8871:
8869:
8868:
8862:
8860:
8856:
8855:
8848:
8847:
8840:
8833:
8825:
8819:
8818:
8809:
8802:
8801:External links
8799:
8798:
8797:
8784:
8777:
8763:Næss, Åshild;
8758:
8755:
8752:
8751:
8726:
8720:0-85883-55-1-7
8719:
8694:
8669:
8654:
8648:0-85883-55-1-7
8647:
8624:
8611:
8598:
8586:
8574:
8552:
8551:
8550:
8549:
8542:
8541:
8532:
8520:
8506:
8492:
8478:
8469:
8453:
8441:
8429:
8417:
8405:
8393:
8381:
8365:
8353:
8339:
8330:
8318:
8304:
8288:
8276:
8267:
8258:
8249:
8235:
8226:
8210:
8198:
8189:
8180:
8171:
8157:
8145:
8129:
8113:
8093:
8084:
8075:
8066:
8057:
8048:
8039:
8030:
8018:
8004:
7995:
7986:
7977:
7968:
7959:
7950:
7941:
7932:
7919:
7918:
7917:
7910:
7896:Næss, Åshild;
7888:
7885:
7884:
7883:
7880:
7877:
7874:
7871:
7868:
7865:
7862:
7859:
7856:
7853:
7850:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7837:
7834:
7831:
7828:
7825:
7822:
7819:
7816:
7813:
7810:
7807:
7804:
7801:
7798:
7795:
7792:
7789:
7786:
7785:PFV perfective
7783:
7780:
7777:
7774:
7771:
7768:
7765:
7762:
7759:
7756:
7753:
7750:
7749:INCL inclusive
7747:
7744:
7743:HORT hortative
7741:
7738:
7735:
7734:EXCL exclusive
7732:
7729:
7726:
7723:
7720:
7717:
7714:
7711:
7708:
7707:COL collective
7705:
7702:
7699:
7696:
7693:
7690:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7672:
7669:
7635:
7632:
7604:
7596:
7586:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7541:
7531:
7519:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7471:
7461:
7450:
7435:
7423:
7413:
7405:
7391:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7340:
7332:
7320:
7312:
7302:
7292:
7284:
7274:
7264:
7261:
7260:
7234:
7224:
7214:
7206:
7194:
7184:
7181:
7180:
7171:
7168:
7142:
7132:
7120:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7076:
7068:
7054:
7044:
7036:
7022:
7012:
7000:
6992:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6963:
6959:
6958:
6955:
6951:
6950:
6947:
6943:
6942:
6939:
6899:
6891:
6873:
6865:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6837:
6836:
6833:
6829:
6828:
6825:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6813:
6812:
6809:
6788:
6785:
6771:CONJ COL tree
6737:
6729:
6719:
6703:
6695:
6685:
6666:
6658:
6644:
6636:
6628:
6620:
6610:
6592:
6584:
6574:
6564:
6546:
6538:
6527:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6470:
6460:
6452:
6444:
6436:
6425:
6410:
6392:
6382:
6374:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6320:
6312:
6302:
6291:
6281:
6263:
6252:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6206:
6195:
6185:
6167:
6159:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:(Figure 9.3):
6124:
6121:
6083:
6075:
6061:
6051:
6037:
6015:
6005:
5995:
5987:
5976:
5962:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5916:anē 'and now'
5913:
5912:
5909:
5906:
5885:
5882:
5835:
5827:
5813:
5803:
5789:
5779:
5768:
5754:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5705:
5697:
5687:
5679:
5665:
5657:
5649:
5635:
5627:
5616:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5568:
5560:
5552:
5541:
5533:
5523:
5515:
5496:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5444:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5372:
5369:
5335:
5327:
5313:
5299:
5289:
5279:
5264:
5250:
5242:
5232:
5221:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5174:
5164:
5146:
5138:
5128:
5120:
5110:
5100:
5089:
5071:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5048:
5045:
5012:
5002:
4994:
4980:
4962:
4954:
4940:
4932:
4918:
4908:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4861:
4853:
4843:
4832:
4818:
4799:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4768:
4765:
4737:
4711:
4697:
4683:
4665:
4657:
4647:
4639:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4609:is a chicken'.
4584:
4574:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4518:
4508:
4500:
4486:
4476:
4465:
4455:
4447:
4437:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4378:
4370:
4360:
4342:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4307:
4304:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:Demonstrative
4244:
4241:
4209:
4206:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4093:Proto-Oceanic
4090:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4051:
4048:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4001:Demonstrative
3989:
3988:Demonstratives
3986:
3973:demonstratives
3969:Spatial deixis
3965:
3964:Spatial Deixis
3962:
3944:
3934:
3920:
3912:
3898:
3890:
3876:
3866:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3810:
3800:
3792:
3782:
3772:
3764:
3754:
3746:
3735:
3725:
3717:
3706:
3696:
3686:
3678:
3667:
3653:
3638:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3596:
3586:
3578:
3568:
3560:
3552:
3544:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3519:'Shall we go?’
3504:
3493:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3419:
3411:
3397:
3387:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3345:
3321:
3307:
3296:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3251:
3241:
3231:
3223:
3209:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3154:
3146:
3132:
3121:
3107:
3097:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3065:
3062:hiekhī/hiekhiē
3059:
3041:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2978:sikiai, hikiai
2974:
2971:sikiai, hikiai
2968:
2950:
2939:
2929:
2919:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2877:
2859:
2848:
2834:
2826:
2816:
2806:
2798:
2784:
2774:
2766:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2703:
2695:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2651:
2641:
2631:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2589:
2583:
2581:'not at all'.
2577:'not yet',and
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2545:expose oneself
2540:
2530:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2456:
2442:
2431:
2421:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2384:
2378:
2358:
2348:
2340:
2330:
2320:
2312:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2264:
2250:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2217:
2207:
2183:
2175:
2161:
2153:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2112:
2090:
2082:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2040:
2030:
2022:
2012:
2004:
1990:
1978:
1968:
1943:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1887:
1869:
1861:
1850:
1824:
1814:
1801:
1791:
1783:
1757:
1749:
1738:
1728:
1718:
1708:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1670:
1652:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1582:auā kholu=na ō
1570:
1556:
1546:
1544:Auā kholuna ō!
1543:
1540:
1539:
1514:
1500:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1463:auā t-a-u hano
1451:
1429:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1392:
1386:
1351:
1348:
1331:
1328:
1282:(1st person),
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
987:
986:
983:
980:
976:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
959:
958:
955:
952:
949:
939:
936:
933:
932:
929:
926:
924:
920:
919:
916:
913:
910:
906:
905:
902:
899:
895:
894:
891:
888:
886:
883:
879:
878:
875:
872:
869:
856:
853:
850:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
830:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
810:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
795:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
772:
771:
768:
765:
762:
758:
757:
754:
751:
748:
738:
735:
732:
731:
728:
727:lhatou, lhatu
725:
722:
719:
716:
712:
711:
708:
705:
704:houlua, holua
702:
699:
696:
692:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
677:
676:
673:
672:thatou, thatu
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
654:
653:
650:
647:
642:
638:
637:
634:
631:
628:
618:
615:
606:
603:
601:
598:
595:
594:
592:
587:
585:
579:
578:
576:
569:
567:
562:
556:
555:
548:
541:
534:
528:
527:
525:
518:
511:
505:
504:
499:
494:
489:
483:
482:
475:
468:
461:
456:
450:
449:
444:
439:
434:
428:
427:
420:
413:
406:
401:
395:
394:
389:
384:
379:
365:
362:
352:
351:
349:
346:
344:
338:
337:
334:
332:
329:
323:
322:
319:
317:
314:
308:
307:
302:
297:
292:
282:
279:
277:
274:
261:
260:Classification
258:
187:
186:
173:, you may see
159:
158:
153:
147:
146:
139:
131:
130:
123:
115:
114:
113:Language codes
110:
109:
107:
106:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
100:
99:
98:
68:
66:
59:
56:
55:
52:
49:
46:
45:
35:
31:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18211:
18200:
18197:
18195:
18192:
18190:
18187:
18186:
18184:
18168:
18164:
18161:
18158:
18157:
18153:
18115:
18112:
18110:
18107:
18104:
18101:
18100:
18098:
18096:
18092:
18082:
18079:
18077:
18074:
18072:
18069:
18067:
18064:
18062:
18059:
18057:
18054:
18052:
18049:
18047:
18044:
18042:
18039:
18037:
18034:
18033:
18031:
18027:
18021:
18018:
18016:
18013:
18011:
18008:
18006:
18003:
18001:
17998:
17996:
17993:
17991:
17988:
17983:
17980:
17979:
17978:
17975:
17973:
17970:
17968:
17965:
17963:
17960:
17958:
17955:
17954:
17952:
17948:
17942:
17939:
17937:
17934:
17931:
17928:
17927:
17925:
17923:
17919:
17913:
17910:
17908:
17905:
17903:
17900:
17898:
17895:
17893:
17890:
17888:
17885:
17883:
17880:
17878:
17875:
17874:
17871:
17868:
17866:
17860:
17857:
17855:
17851:
17845:
17842:
17840:
17837:
17835:
17832:
17830:
17827:
17826:
17823:
17820:
17816:
17810:
17807:
17805:
17802:
17800:
17797:
17796:
17794:
17790:
17787:
17785:
17779:
17761:
17758:
17756:
17753:
17751:
17748:
17746:
17743:
17742:
17740:
17738:
17734:
17728:
17725:
17723:
17720:
17718:
17715:
17713:
17710:
17708:
17705:
17703:
17700:
17698:
17695:
17693:
17690:
17688:
17685:
17683:
17680:
17677:
17674:
17672:
17669:
17667:
17664:
17663:
17661:
17659:
17655:
17652:
17650:
17644:
17638:
17635:
17633:
17630:
17628:
17625:
17624:
17621:
17618:
17612:
17606:
17603:
17602:
17599:
17596:
17594:
17590:
17568:
17565:
17562:
17559:
17557:
17554:
17552:
17549:
17547:
17544:
17542:
17539:
17537:
17534:
17532:
17529:
17527:
17524:
17522:
17519:
17517:
17514:
17512:
17509:
17507:
17504:
17502:
17499:
17497:
17494:
17492:
17489:
17487:
17484:
17482:
17479:
17478:
17476:
17472:
17465:
17462:
17460:
17457:
17455:
17452:
17450:
17447:
17445:
17442:
17440:
17437:
17435:
17432:
17430:
17427:
17425:
17422:
17420:
17417:
17415:
17412:
17411:
17409:
17405:
17402:
17398:
17392:
17389:
17387:
17384:
17382:
17379:
17378:
17376:
17372:
17369:
17367:New Caledonia
17363:
17353:
17350:
17349:
17346:
17340:
17337:
17335:
17332:
17330:
17327:
17325:
17322:
17320:
17317:
17316:
17314:
17310:
17303:
17300:
17298:
17295:
17292:
17289:
17287:
17284:
17283:
17281:
17277:
17274:
17272:
17271:South Vanuatu
17268:
17258:
17255:
17253:
17250:
17248:
17245:
17243:
17240:
17238:
17235:
17233:
17230:
17228:
17225:
17223:
17220:
17218:
17215:
17213:
17210:
17208:
17205:
17203:
17200:
17198:
17197:Port Sandwich
17195:
17193:
17190:
17188:
17185:
17183:
17180:
17178:
17175:
17173:
17170:
17168:
17165:
17163:
17160:
17158:
17155:
17153:
17150:
17148:
17145:
17143:
17140:
17138:
17135:
17133:
17130:
17128:
17125:
17123:
17120:
17118:
17115:
17113:
17110:
17108:
17105:
17103:
17100:
17098:
17095:
17093:
17090:
17088:
17085:
17083:
17080:
17078:
17075:
17073:
17070:
17069:
17067:
17065:
17061:
17055:
17052:
17050:
17047:
17045:
17042:
17040:
17037:
17035:
17032:
17030:
17027:
17026:
17024:
17022:
17018:
17012:
17009:
17007:
17004:
17002:
16999:
16997:
16994:
16992:
16989:
16987:
16984:
16982:
16979:
16977:
16974:
16972:
16969:
16967:
16964:
16962:
16959:
16957:
16954:
16953:
16951:
16949:
16943:
16940:
16932:
16922:
16919:
16917:
16914:
16912:
16909:
16907:
16904:
16902:
16899:
16897:
16894:
16892:
16889:
16887:
16884:
16882:
16879:
16877:
16874:
16872:
16869:
16867:
16864:
16860:
16857:
16856:
16855:
16852:
16850:
16847:
16844:
16841:
16839:
16836:
16835:
16833:
16831:
16827:
16820:
16817:
16815:
16812:
16810:
16807:
16805:
16802:
16801:
16799:
16795:
16789:
16786:
16784:
16781:
16779:
16776:
16774:
16771:
16769:
16766:
16764:
16761:
16760:
16758:
16752:
16746:
16743:
16740:
16737:
16735:
16732:
16730:
16727:
16725:
16722:
16720:
16717:
16715:
16712:
16710:
16707:
16705:
16702:
16700:
16697:
16695:
16692:
16690:
16687:
16685:
16682:
16680:
16677:
16675:
16672:
16670:
16667:
16665:
16662:
16661:
16659:
16657:
16653:
16650:
16648:
16642:
16639:
16637:
16631:
16617:
16614:
16612:
16609:
16608:
16606:
16602:
16596:
16593:
16591:
16588:
16586:
16583:
16581:
16578:
16577:
16575:
16571:
16565:
16562:
16560:
16557:
16555:
16552:
16550:
16547:
16545:
16542:
16540:
16537:
16535:
16532:
16530:
16527:
16525:
16522:
16520:
16517:
16515:
16512:
16510:
16507:
16505:
16502:
16500:
16497:
16495:
16492:
16490:
16487:
16485:
16482:
16480:
16477:
16475:
16472:
16470:
16467:
16465:
16462:
16460:
16457:
16455:
16452:
16450:
16447:
16445:
16442:
16440:
16437:
16435:
16432:
16430:
16427:
16425:
16422:
16420:
16417:
16415:
16412:
16410:
16407:
16405:
16402:
16400:
16397:
16395:
16392:
16390:
16387:
16385:
16382:
16380:
16377:
16375:
16372:
16370:
16367:
16366:
16364:
16360:
16357:
16355:
16351:
16341:
16338:
16336:
16333:
16331:
16328:
16326:
16323:
16321:
16318:
16316:
16313:
16311:
16308:
16306:
16303:
16301:
16298:
16296:
16293:
16291:
16288:
16286:
16283:
16281:
16278:
16276:
16273:
16271:
16268:
16266:
16263:
16261:
16260:Lesing-Gelimi
16258:
16256:
16253:
16251:
16248:
16246:
16243:
16241:
16238:
16236:
16233:
16231:
16228:
16226:
16223:
16221:
16218:
16215:
16212:
16210:
16207:
16205:
16202:
16200:
16197:
16195:
16192:
16190:
16187:
16185:
16182:
16180:
16177:
16175:
16172:
16170:
16167:
16165:
16162:
16160:
16157:
16155:
16152:
16150:
16147:
16145:
16142:
16140:
16137:
16135:
16132:
16130:
16127:
16125:
16122:
16121:
16119:
16117:
16113:
16107:
16104:
16102:
16099:
16097:
16094:
16092:
16089:
16087:
16084:
16082:
16079:
16077:
16074:
16072:
16069:
16067:
16064:
16062:
16059:
16057:
16054:
16052:
16049:
16047:
16044:
16042:
16039:
16037:
16034:
16032:
16029:
16027:
16024:
16022:
16019:
16017:
16014:
16012:
16009:
16007:
16004:
16002:
15999:
15997:
15994:
15991:
15988:
15986:
15983:
15981:
15978:
15976:
15973:
15972:
15970:
15968:
15964:
15958:
15955:
15953:
15950:
15948:
15945:
15943:
15940:
15938:
15935:
15933:
15930:
15928:
15925:
15923:
15920:
15918:
15915:
15913:
15910:
15908:
15905:
15903:
15900:
15898:
15895:
15893:
15890:
15888:
15885:
15884:
15882:
15880:
15876:
15870:
15867:
15865:
15862:
15860:
15857:
15855:
15852:
15850:
15847:
15845:
15842:
15840:
15837:
15835:
15832:
15830:
15827:
15825:
15822:
15820:
15817:
15815:
15812:
15810:
15807:
15806:
15804:
15801:
15795:
15792:
15790:
15784:
15770:
15767:
15766:
15763:
15757:
15754:
15752:
15749:
15747:
15744:
15742:
15739:
15737:
15734:
15731:
15728:
15726:
15723:
15721:
15718:
15716:
15713:
15711:
15708:
15706:
15703:
15701:
15698:
15696:
15693:
15691:
15688:
15686:
15683:
15681:
15678:
15676:
15673:
15671:
15668:
15666:
15663:
15661:
15658:
15656:
15653:
15651:
15648:
15646:
15643:
15640:
15637:
15635:
15632:
15630:
15627:
15624:
15621:
15619:
15616:
15614:
15611:
15609:
15606:
15604:
15601:
15599:
15596:
15594:
15591:
15589:
15586:
15584:
15581:
15579:
15576:
15574:
15571:
15570:
15568:
15566:
15560:
15554:
15551:
15549:
15546:
15544:
15541:
15539:
15536:
15534:
15531:
15529:
15526:
15524:
15521:
15519:
15516:
15514:
15511:
15509:
15506:
15504:
15501:
15498:
15495:
15493:
15490:
15488:
15485:
15484:
15482:
15478:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15462:
15459:
15458:
15456:
15452:
15446:
15443:
15441:
15438:
15436:
15433:
15432:
15430:
15426:
15420:
15417:
15415:
15412:
15410:
15407:
15405:
15402:
15400:
15397:
15395:
15392:
15391:
15389:
15385:
15382:
15374:
15368:
15365:
15363:
15360:
15359:
15357:
15353:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15337:
15334:
15332:
15329:
15328:
15326:
15322:
15319:
15317:
15311:
15308:
15306:
15300:
15290:
15287:
15285:
15282:
15280:
15277:
15275:
15272:
15270:
15267:
15265:
15262:
15260:
15257:
15255:
15252:
15250:
15247:
15245:
15242:
15240:
15237:
15235:
15232:
15229:
15226:
15224:
15221:
15219:
15216:
15214:
15211:
15209:
15206:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15190:
15188:
15186:San Cristobal
15182:
15176:
15173:
15171:
15168:
15166:
15163:
15161:
15158:
15156:
15153:
15151:
15148:
15146:
15143:
15142:
15140:
15136:
15133:
15131:
15125:
15112:
15109:
15108:
15107:
15104:
15102:
15099:
15097:
15094:
15093:
15091:
15089:
15085:
15079:
15076:
15074:
15071:
15069:
15066:
15065:
15063:
15059:
15053:
15050:
15048:
15045:
15043:
15040:
15039:
15037:
15033:
15030:
15028:
15024:
15018:
15015:
15013:
15010:
15009:
15007:
15005:
15001:
14991:
14988:
14986:
14983:
14981:
14978:
14975:
14972:
14969:
14966:
14965:
14963:
14959:
14953:
14950:
14948:
14945:
14943:
14940:
14938:
14935:
14932:
14929:
14927:
14924:
14922:
14919:
14918:
14916:
14912:
14905:
14902:
14901:
14898:
14895:
14893:
14889:
14886:
14884:
14880:
14866:
14863:
14861:
14858:
14856:
14853:
14852:
14850:
14846:
14840:
14837:
14835:
14832:
14830:
14827:
14825:
14822:
14820:
14817:
14815:
14812:
14810:
14807:
14805:
14802:
14800:
14797:
14795:
14792:
14790:
14787:
14786:
14784:
14782:
14778:
14772:
14769:
14767:
14764:
14762:
14759:
14757:
14754:
14753:
14751:
14749:
14745:
14742:
14740:
14736:
14726:
14723:
14721:
14718:
14716:
14713:
14711:
14708:
14706:
14703:
14701:
14698:
14696:
14693:
14692:
14690:
14688:
14684:
14678:
14675:
14674:
14672:
14668:
14662:
14659:
14657:
14654:
14653:
14651:
14647:
14641:
14638:
14636:
14633:
14632:
14630:
14626:
14620:
14617:
14615:
14612:
14611:
14609:
14605:
14602:
14600:
14599:Halmahera Sea
14596:
14589:
14586:
14583:
14580:
14578:
14575:
14573:
14570:
14567:
14564:
14563:
14560:
14557:
14555:
14551:
14547:
14543:
14538:
14534:
14508:
14505:
14503:
14500:
14498:
14495:
14493:
14490:
14488:
14485:
14482:
14479:
14477:
14474:
14472:
14469:
14467:
14464:
14462:
14459:
14457:
14454:
14452:
14449:
14447:
14444:
14442:
14439:
14437:
14434:
14432:
14429:
14426:
14423:
14421:
14418:
14417:
14415:
14412:
14408:
14402:
14399:
14397:
14394:
14392:
14389:
14387:
14384:
14382:
14379:
14376:
14373:
14372:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14360:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14346:
14344:
14341:
14338:
14335:
14333:
14330:
14328:
14325:
14323:
14320:
14318:
14315:
14313:
14310:
14308:
14305:
14304:
14301:
14298:
14294:
14288:
14285:
14283:
14280:
14278:
14275:
14272:
14269:
14266:
14263:
14261:
14258:
14256:
14253:
14251:
14248:
14247:
14245:
14241:
14235:
14232:
14231:
14228:
14225:
14222:
14218:
14212:
14209:
14208:
14206:
14204:Kowiai ?
14202:
14191:
14188:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14171:
14169:
14165:
14159:
14156:
14154:
14151:
14149:
14146:
14144:
14141:
14139:
14136:
14134:
14131:
14129:
14126:
14124:
14121:
14119:
14116:
14114:
14111:
14110:
14108:
14106:
14102:
14096:
14093:
14091:
14088:
14086:
14083:
14081:
14078:
14076:
14073:
14071:
14068:
14066:
14063:
14061:
14058:
14056:
14053:
14052:
14050:
14048:
14044:
14037:
14034:
14032:
14029:
14027:
14024:
14022:
14019:
14017:
14014:
14013:
14011:
14007:
14000:
13997:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13975:
13973:
13971:
13967:
13961:
13958:
13956:
13953:
13951:
13948:
13947:
13945:
13941:
13935:
13932:
13930:
13927:
13925:
13922:
13920:
13917:
13916:
13914:
13910:
13904:
13901:
13899:
13896:
13894:
13891:
13890:
13887:
13884:
13881:
13877:
13871:
13868:
13866:
13863:
13861:
13858:
13856:
13853:
13851:
13848:
13846:
13843:
13841:
13838:
13836:
13833:
13831:
13828:
13826:
13823:
13821:
13818:
13816:
13813:
13812:
13810:
13808:
13804:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13778:
13775:
13773:
13770:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13760:
13754:
13751:
13749:
13746:
13745:
13743:
13741:
13737:
13727:
13724:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13714:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13701:South Lembata
13699:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13689:
13687:
13684:
13682:
13679:
13677:
13674:
13673:
13671:
13667:
13661:
13658:
13656:
13653:
13652:
13649:
13646:
13644:
13640:
13630:
13627:
13625:
13622:
13620:
13617:
13615:
13612:
13610:
13607:
13605:
13602:
13600:
13597:
13595:
13592:
13590:
13587:
13585:
13582:
13580:
13577:
13575:
13572:
13570:
13567:
13565:
13562:
13561:
13559:
13555:
13543:
13540:
13539:
13538:
13535:
13533:
13530:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13515:
13513:
13510:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13500:
13498:
13495:
13494:
13492:
13490:
13486:
13480:
13477:
13475:
13472:
13471:
13469:
13467:
13463:
13460:
13458:
13454:
13451:
13449:
13445:
13439:
13436:
13435:
13433:
13429:
13425:
13421:
13416:
13412:
13398:
13395:
13393:
13390:
13389:
13387:
13383:
13373:
13370:
13369:
13366:
13356:
13353:
13350:
13347:
13345:
13342:
13338:
13335:
13334:
13333:
13330:
13328:
13325:
13324:
13322:
13318:
13312:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13302:
13299:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13288:
13286:
13282:
13276:
13273:
13271:
13268:
13266:
13263:
13261:
13258:
13257:
13255:
13253:Massenrempulu
13251:
13245:
13242:
13240:
13237:
13236:
13233:
13230:
13228:
13224:
13214:
13211:
13209:
13206:
13204:
13201:
13200:
13198:
13196:
13192:
13186:
13183:
13181:
13178:
13176:
13173:
13171:
13170:Budong-Budong
13168:
13167:
13165:
13163:
13159:
13156:
13154:Seko–Badaic *
13152:
13146:
13143:
13141:
13138:
13136:
13135:Coastal Konjo
13133:
13131:
13128:
13126:
13123:
13122:
13120:
13118:
13114:
13108:
13105:
13103:
13100:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13090:
13089:
13087:
13083:
13080:
13078:
13074:
13060:
13057:
13055:
13052:
13049:
13046:
13044:
13041:
13039:
13036:
13034:
13031:
13030:
13028:
13026:
13022:
13012:
13009:
13007:
13004:
13002:
12999:
12997:
12994:
12992:
12989:
12987:
12984:
12982:
12979:
12977:
12974:
12972:
12969:
12968:
12965:
12962:
12960:
12956:
12953:
12951:Kaili–Wolio *
12949:
12942:
12939:
12937:
12934:
12932:
12929:
12927:
12924:
12922:
12919:
12917:
12914:
12912:
12909:
12907:
12904:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12892:
12890:
12887:
12883:
12877:
12874:
12872:
12869:
12867:
12864:
12862:
12859:
12857:
12854:
12852:
12849:
12848:
12846:
12844:
12840:
12834:
12831:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12819:
12816:
12814:
12811:
12809:
12806:
12804:
12801:
12799:
12796:
12794:
12791:
12789:
12786:
12785:
12783:
12781:
12777:
12771:
12768:
12766:
12763:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12751:
12748:
12746:
12743:
12741:
12738:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12716:
12713:
12711:
12708:
12707:
12705:
12703:
12702:Bungku–Tolaki
12699:
12696:
12694:
12690:
12684:
12681:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12670:
12668:
12666:
12660:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12646:
12645:
12643:
12639:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12618:
12615:
12612:
12611:
12610:
12607:
12606:
12604:
12600:
12594:
12591:
12588:
12585:
12583:
12580:
12579:
12577:
12573:
12562:
12559:
12558:
12555:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12511:
12509:
12507:
12503:
12497:
12494:
12492:
12489:
12487:
12484:
12482:
12479:
12477:
12474:
12471:
12468:
12467:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12453:
12450:
12446:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12427:
12425:
12422:
12418:
12412:
12409:
12408:
12406:
12404:Rejang ?
12402:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12381:
12378:
12377:Old Sundanese
12375:
12374:
12373:
12370:
12369:
12367:
12363:
12349:
12346:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12333:Sarawak Malay
12331:
12329:
12326:
12324:
12321:
12319:
12316:
12314:
12311:
12309:
12306:
12304:
12303:Orang Seletar
12301:
12299:
12296:
12294:
12291:
12289:
12286:
12284:
12281:
12279:
12276:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12264:
12261:
12259:
12256:
12254:
12251:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12185:
12183:
12180:
12176:
12173:
12171:
12168:
12167:
12166:
12163:
12162:
12159:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12140:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12129:
12128:
12126:
12124:
12120:
12117:
12113:
12107:
12104:
12102:
12099:
12097:
12094:
12092:
12089:
12087:
12084:
12082:
12079:
12077:
12076:Cham dialects
12074:
12072:
12069:
12068:
12066:
12064:
12060:
12057:
12053:
12047:
12044:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11992:
11989:
11987:
11984:
11983:
11981:
11979:
11975:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11920:
11918:
11916:
11912:
11905:
11902:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11879:
11876:
11874:
11871:
11869:
11866:
11864:
11861:
11859:
11856:
11854:
11851:
11849:
11846:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11831:
11829:
11826:
11824:
11821:
11820:
11818:
11816:
11812:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11759:
11757:
11754:
11752:
11749:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11717:
11715:
11712:
11711:North Sarawak
11708:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11684:
11681:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11671:
11669:
11666:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11651:
11649:
11646:
11644:
11641:
11639:
11636:
11635:
11633:
11631:
11627:
11621:
11618:
11615:
11612:
11611:
11608:
11605:
11599:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11570:
11568:
11566:
11562:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11523:Central Dusun
11521:
11520:
11519:Kadazandusun
11518:
11517:
11515:
11513:
11509:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11497:Brunei Bisaya
11495:
11494:
11492:
11488:
11485:
11479:
11476:
11473:
11469:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11439:
11436:
11432:
11429:
11426:
11420:
11411:
11406:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11362:
11360:
11358:
11354:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11290:
11288:
11285:
11283:
11280:
11276:
11273:
11272:
11271:
11268:
11267:
11264:
11261:
11259:
11255:
11252:
11248:
11234:
11231:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11222:Inagta Alabat
11220:
11219:
11217:
11215:Manide–Alabat
11213:
11207:
11204:
11202:
11199:
11197:
11194:
11193:
11190:
11187:
11183:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11153:
11151:
11149:
11145:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11131:
11129:
11126:
11124:
11121:
11120:
11118:
11116:
11112:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11092:
11090:
11088:
11084:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11069:
11067:
11065:
11061:
11051:
11048:
11046:
11043:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11023:
11021:
11018:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11007:
11005:
11003:
10999:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10929:
10927:
10925:
10921:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10901:
10899:
10897:
10893:
10887:
10884:
10883:
10881:
10879:
10875:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10845:
10843:
10841:
10837:
10826:
10823:
10822:
10820:
10816:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10781:
10779:
10777:
10773:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10684:
10679:
10678:Old Cebuano †
10675:
10672:
10668:
10667:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10627:
10625:
10623:
10619:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10587:Central Bikol
10585:
10583:
10580:
10579:
10577:
10575:
10571:
10562:
10558:
10554:
10550:
10549:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10534:
10532:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10519:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10499:
10497:
10495:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10480:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10460:
10458:
10456:
10452:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10403:
10401:
10399:
10395:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10379:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10370:Central Luzon
10367:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10324:
10322:
10320:
10316:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10271:
10269:
10267:
10263:
10257:
10256:Southern Alta
10254:
10252:
10251:Northern Alta
10249:
10248:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10236:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10191:
10189:
10187:
10183:
10177:
10174:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10162:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10150:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10130:
10128:
10126:
10122:
10119:
10116:
10111:
10107:
10103:
10099:
10094:
10090:
10086:
10082:
10077:
10073:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10045:
10043:
10039:
10028:
10025:
10022:
10019:
10018:
10016:
10014:
10010:
10004:
10001:
9999:
9996:
9995:
9993:
9989:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9971:
9968:
9967:
9965:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9952:
9941:
9940:Papora-Hoanya
9938:
9935:
9932:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9918:
9915:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9903:
9901:
9895:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9880:
9878:
9876:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9863:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9843:
9841:
9839:
9835:
9829:
9826:
9825:
9823:
9821:
9817:
9813:
9809:
9804:
9800:
9796:
9789:
9784:
9782:
9777:
9775:
9770:
9769:
9766:
9760:
9756:
9755:
9750:
9736:
9732:
9729:
9726:
9725:
9721:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9688:
9686:
9684:
9680:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9621:
9619:
9615:
9609:
9606:
9601:
9598:
9597:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9542:
9540:
9536:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9515:
9513:
9511:
9507:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9457:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9434:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9409:
9406:
9403:
9399:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9379:
9377:
9373:
9369:
9365:
9358:
9353:
9351:
9346:
9344:
9339:
9338:
9335:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9275:
9273:
9271:
9267:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9132:
9130:
9128:
9122:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9087:
9085:
9083:
9079:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9054:
9052:
9050:
9046:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8926:
8924:
8922:
8916:
8910:
8907:
8906:
8904:
8902:
8898:
8895:
8889:
8883:
8880:
8879:
8877:
8875:Lingua franca
8873:
8867:
8864:
8863:
8861:
8857:
8853:
8846:
8841:
8839:
8834:
8832:
8827:
8826:
8823:
8817:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8804:
8793:
8789:
8785:
8780:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8761:
8760:
8740:
8736:
8730:
8722:
8716:
8712:
8705:
8703:
8701:
8699:
8683:
8679:
8673:
8665:
8658:
8650:
8644:
8640:
8633:
8631:
8629:
8621:
8615:
8609:
8608:
8602:
8595:
8590:
8583:
8578:
8568:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8553:
8548:
8547:Other sources
8545:
8544:
8536:
8527:
8525:
8515:
8513:
8511:
8501:
8499:
8497:
8487:
8485:
8483:
8473:
8464:
8462:
8460:
8458:
8448:
8446:
8436:
8434:
8424:
8422:
8412:
8410:
8400:
8398:
8388:
8386:
8376:
8374:
8372:
8370:
8360:
8358:
8348:
8346:
8344:
8334:
8325:
8323:
8313:
8311:
8309:
8299:
8297:
8295:
8293:
8283:
8281:
8271:
8262:
8253:
8244:
8242:
8240:
8230:
8221:
8219:
8217:
8215:
8205:
8203:
8193:
8184:
8175:
8166:
8164:
8162:
8152:
8150:
8140:
8138:
8136:
8134:
8124:
8122:
8120:
8118:
8108:
8106:
8104:
8102:
8100:
8098:
8088:
8079:
8070:
8061:
8052:
8043:
8034:
8025:
8023:
8013:
8011:
8009:
7999:
7990:
7981:
7972:
7963:
7954:
7945:
7936:
7927:
7925:
7920:
7913:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7894:
7891:
7890:
7881:
7878:
7875:
7872:
7869:
7866:
7864:part particle
7863:
7860:
7858:In local noun
7857:
7854:
7851:
7849:adj adjective
7848:
7847:
7838:
7835:
7832:
7829:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7817:
7814:
7811:
7808:
7805:
7802:
7799:
7796:
7793:
7790:
7787:
7784:
7781:
7778:
7775:
7772:
7769:
7766:
7763:
7760:
7757:
7754:
7751:
7748:
7745:
7742:
7739:
7736:
7733:
7730:
7727:
7724:
7721:
7718:
7715:
7712:
7709:
7706:
7703:
7700:
7697:
7694:
7691:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7676:
7671:Abbreviations
7668:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7649:
7648:Proto-Oceanic
7645:
7641:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7621:
7620:
7614:
7613:
7609:
7608:
7602:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7571:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7557:
7555:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7528:
7524:
7523:
7517:
7511:
7503:
7501:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7485:
7483:
7477:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7453:
7448:
7438:
7433:
7432:
7428:
7427:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7410:go.vertically
7408:
7403:
7394:
7389:
7380:
7372:
7370:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7358:go.vertically
7354:
7352:
7346:
7343:
7338:
7335:
7330:
7329:
7328:go.vertically
7325:
7324:
7318:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7289:go.vertically
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7248:
7246:
7240:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7209:
7204:
7203:
7199:
7198:
7192:
7187:
7179:
7177:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7160:go.vertically
7156:
7154:
7148:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7129:
7128:go.vertically
7125:
7124:
7118:
7115:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7096:
7094:
7088:
7079:
7074:
7071:
7066:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7039:
7034:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7009:
7005:
7004:
6998:
6995:
6990:
6980:
6972:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6956:
6953:
6952:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6933:
6930:Figure 1.2 -
6927:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:PRSC go-come
6913:
6911:
6905:
6902:
6897:
6894:
6889:
6888:
6878:
6877:
6871:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6850:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6802:
6799:Figure 1.1 -
6796:
6794:
6793:verbal deixis
6783:
6780:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6765:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6752:ioko a lakau
6751:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6708:
6707:
6701:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6682:
6672:
6670:
6664:
6661:
6656:
6647:
6642:
6639:
6634:
6631:
6626:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6607:
6597:
6596:
6590:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6561:
6551:
6550:
6544:
6541:
6536:
6530:
6525:
6515:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6484:
6482:
6476:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6455:
6450:
6447:
6442:
6439:
6434:
6428:
6423:
6413:
6408:
6407:
6397:
6396:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6377:
6372:
6369:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6352:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6325:
6324:
6318:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6278:
6268:
6267:
6261:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6226:
6224:
6218:
6209:
6204:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6182:
6172:
6171:
6165:
6162:
6157:
6148:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6103:
6101:
6095:
6086:
6081:
6078:
6073:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6040:
6035:
6034:
6020:
6019:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5990:
5985:
5979:
5974:
5965:
5960:
5957:
5949:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5897:
5895:
5891:
5881:
5879:
5878:Boumaa Fijian
5875:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5858:
5852:
5851:
5840:
5839:
5833:
5830:
5825:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5771:
5766:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5710:
5709:
5703:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5682:
5677:
5668:
5663:
5660:
5655:
5652:
5647:
5638:
5633:
5630:
5625:
5619:
5614:
5604:
5596:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5582:
5580:
5574:
5571:
5566:
5563:
5558:
5555:
5550:
5544:
5539:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5518:
5513:
5512:
5501:
5500:
5494:
5489:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5449:
5448:
5442:
5439:
5431:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5381:Boumaa Fijian
5378:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5340:
5339:
5333:
5330:
5325:
5316:
5311:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5267:
5262:
5253:
5248:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5224:
5219:
5210:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5188:
5186:
5180:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5161:
5151:
5150:
5144:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5092:
5087:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5056:
5054:
5053:local adverbs
5044:
5042:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5026:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4997:
4992:
4983:
4978:
4977:
4967:
4966:
4960:
4957:
4952:
4943:
4938:
4935:
4930:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4903:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4881:
4879:
4873:
4864:
4859:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4830:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4804:
4803:
4797:
4792:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4753:
4751:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4734:
4716:
4715:
4709:
4700:
4695:
4686:
4681:
4668:
4663:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4642:
4637:
4634:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4615:anaphorically
4610:
4608:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4595:
4590:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4555:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4538:
4534:
4532:
4527:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4503:
4498:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4416:
4415:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4392:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4376:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4347:
4346:
4340:
4335:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4303:
4301:
4300:Boumaa Fijian
4296:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4222:Proto-Oceanic
4219:
4214:
4205:
4203:
4202:Boumma Fijian
4193:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4064:Proto-Oceanic
4061:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3993:
3985:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3923:
3918:
3915:
3910:
3901:
3896:
3893:
3888:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3665:
3656:
3651:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3555:
3550:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3513:tha=ka ō mua?
3510:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3491:
3478:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3422:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3374:
3371:
3366:
3363:
3352:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3324:
3319:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3294:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3221:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3157:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3119:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3092:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3008:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2875:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2846:
2837:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2748:
2746:
2743:For example,
2741:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:auā kholu= na
2273:
2267:
2262:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2110:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1993:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1848:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1611:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1568:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1538:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1449:
1432:
1427:
1418:
1413:Auā tau hano!
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:autou, outou
1252:
1250:aulua, oulua
1249:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1074:
1066:
1061:O-possessives
1058:
1053:A-possessives
1050:
1048:
1033:
1030:
1023:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
992:
988:
984:
981:
978:
977:
973:
970:
964:
960:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
930:
927:
925:
921:
917:
914:
911:
907:
903:
900:
897:
896:
892:
889:
884:
880:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
862:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
831:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
811:
808:
805:
803:
800:
797:
796:
792:
789:
786:
783:
777:
773:
769:
766:
763:
760:
759:
746:
743:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
713:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
693:
690:
687:
685:
682:
679:
678:
674:
671:
668:
665:
659:
655:
651:
648:
646:
643:
640:
639:
626:
623:
614:
612:
593:
588:
586:
581:
580:
577:
574:
570:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:
542:
539:
535:
533:
529:
526:
523:
519:
516:
512:
507:
506:
500:
495:
490:
485:
484:
480:
476:
473:
469:
466:
462:
457:
455:
451:
445:
440:
435:
430:
429:
425:
421:
418:
414:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
377:
374:
370:
361:
359:
350:
347:
345:
343:
340:
339:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
290:
287:
273:
271:
267:
257:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
166:
160:
157:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
138:
137:
132:
128:
124:
121:
116:
111:
97:
94:
93:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
71:
67:
63:
57:
53:
47:
43:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
18165:† indicates
17930:Niuatoputapu
16754:Maewo–Ambae–
16656:Torres–Banks
16604:Nimoa–Sudest
16116:Ngero–Vitiaz
16076:Mangga Buang
15887:Arop-Sissano
15387:Tungag–Nalik
15376:New Ireland–
15012:Mussau-Emira
14739:Cenderawasih
14476:Seit-Kaitetu
13763:Kei–Tanimbar
13448:Sumba–Flores
12959:Kaili–Pamona
12308:Pahang Malay
12207:Bangka Malay
12115:Iban–Malayan
12001:Bukar–Sadong
11740:Wahau Kenyah
11578:Kinabatangan
11490:Bisaya–Lotud
11425:North Borneo
10607:Pandan Bikol
10199:Cagayan Agta
10170:Dicamay Agta
9752:
9733:† indicates
9528:Niuatoputapu
9114:
8791:
8768:
8757:Bibliography
8742:. Retrieved
8738:
8729:
8710:
8685:. Retrieved
8681:
8672:
8663:
8657:
8638:
8619:
8614:
8606:
8601:
8589:
8577:
8564:
8556:
8546:
8535:
8472:
8333:
8270:
8261:
8252:
8229:
8192:
8183:
8174:
8087:
8078:
8069:
8060:
8051:
8042:
8033:
7998:
7989:
7980:
7971:
7962:
7953:
7944:
7935:
7901:
7892:
7867:pron pronoun
7839:3 3rd person
7836:2 2nd person
7833:I 1st person
7830:VOC vocative
7779:OPT optative
7767:NEG negative
7761:IRR irrealis
7683:
7674:
7637:
7628:
7624:
7622:
7618:
7616:
7611:
7610:
7606:
7605:
7600:
7597:
7590:
7587:
7580:
7577:
7569:
7565:
7560:
7558:
7553:
7551:
7545:
7542:
7535:
7532:
7526:
7525:
7521:
7520:
7512:
7509:
7500:metaphorical
7497:
7493:
7488:
7486:
7481:
7479:
7475:
7472:
7465:
7462:
7454:
7451:
7439:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7425:
7424:
7417:
7414:
7409:
7406:
7395:
7392:
7381:
7378:
7366:
7362:
7357:
7355:
7350:
7348:
7344:
7341:
7336:
7333:
7327:
7326:
7322:
7321:
7316:
7313:
7306:
7303:
7296:
7293:
7288:
7285:
7278:
7275:
7268:
7265:
7256:
7251:
7249:
7244:
7242:
7238:
7235:
7228:
7225:
7218:
7215:
7210:
7207:
7201:
7200:
7196:
7195:
7188:
7185:
7173:
7164:
7159:
7157:
7152:
7150:
7146:
7143:
7136:
7133:
7127:
7126:
7122:
7121:
7116:
7113:
7104:
7099:
7097:
7092:
7090:
7080:
7077:
7072:
7069:
7058:
7055:
7048:
7045:
7040:
7037:
7026:
7023:
7016:
7013:
7007:
7006:
7002:
7001:
6996:
6993:
6981:
6978:
6970:
6938:Directional
6931:
6925:
6921:
6916:
6914:
6909:
6907:
6903:
6900:
6895:
6892:
6880:
6879:
6875:
6874:
6869:
6866:
6859:
6856:
6848:
6808:Directional
6800:
6790:
6787:Directionals
6781:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6766:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6747:
6741:
6738:
6733:
6730:
6723:
6720:
6709:
6705:
6704:
6699:
6696:
6689:
6686:
6674:
6673:
6668:
6667:
6662:
6659:
6648:
6645:
6640:
6637:
6632:
6629:
6624:
6621:
6614:
6611:
6599:
6598:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6585:
6578:
6575:
6568:
6565:
6553:
6552:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6539:
6531:
6528:
6516:
6513:
6496:
6492:
6487:
6485:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6471:
6464:
6461:
6456:
6453:
6448:
6445:
6440:
6437:
6429:
6426:
6414:
6411:
6399:
6398:
6394:
6393:
6386:
6383:
6378:
6375:
6370:
6367:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6349:INCEP go.SG
6348:
6344:
6340:
6338:
6327:
6326:
6322:
6321:
6316:
6313:
6306:
6303:
6295:
6292:
6285:
6282:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6256:
6253:
6246:
6243:
6234:
6229:
6228:SG.SP woman
6227:
6222:
6220:
6210:
6207:
6199:
6196:
6189:
6186:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6160:
6149:
6146:
6126:
6117:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6097:
6087:
6084:
6079:
6076:
6065:
6062:
6055:
6052:
6041:
6038:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6016:
6009:
6006:
5999:
5996:
5991:
5988:
5980:
5977:
5966:
5963:
5958:
5955:
5947:
5887:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5854:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5836:
5831:
5828:
5817:
5814:
5807:
5804:
5793:
5790:
5783:
5780:
5772:
5769:
5758:
5755:
5748:
5745:
5736:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5724:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5698:
5691:
5688:
5683:
5680:
5669:
5666:
5661:
5658:
5653:
5650:
5639:
5636:
5631:
5628:
5620:
5617:
5605:
5602:
5594:
5590:
5585:
5583:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5564:
5561:
5556:
5553:
5545:
5542:
5537:
5534:
5527:
5524:
5519:
5516:
5503:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5490:
5487:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5463:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5437:
5429:
5374:
5365:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5353:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5328:
5317:
5314:
5303:
5300:
5293:
5290:
5283:
5280:
5268:
5265:
5254:
5251:
5246:
5243:
5236:
5233:
5225:
5222:
5211:
5208:
5200:
5196:
5191:
5189:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5168:
5165:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5139:
5132:
5129:
5124:
5121:
5114:
5111:
5104:
5101:
5093:
5090:
5075:
5072:
5065:
5062:
5050:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5027:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5006:
5003:
4998:
4995:
4984:
4981:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4955:
4944:
4941:
4936:
4933:
4922:
4919:
4912:
4909:
4904:
4901:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4882:
4877:
4875:
4865:
4862:
4857:
4854:
4847:
4844:
4836:
4833:
4822:
4819:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4793:
4790:
4770:
4761:
4756:
4754:
4749:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4701:
4698:
4687:
4684:
4669:
4666:
4661:
4658:
4651:
4648:
4643:
4640:
4635:
4632:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4602:ART chicken.
4599:
4598:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4578:
4575:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4552:lexical item
4549:
4545:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4529:
4522:
4519:
4512:
4509:
4504:
4501:
4490:
4487:
4480:
4477:
4469:
4466:
4459:
4456:
4451:
4448:
4441:
4438:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4404:
4400:
4398:ART Fish bg.
4395:
4393:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4374:
4371:
4364:
4361:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4336:
4333:
4312:noun phrases
4309:
4292:
4246:
4234:
4229:
4215:
4211:
4199:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4053:
4033:
3991:
3967:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3938:
3935:
3924:
3921:
3916:
3913:
3902:
3899:
3894:
3891:
3880:
3877:
3870:
3867:
3860:
3857:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3804:
3801:
3796:
3793:
3786:
3783:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3758:
3755:
3750:
3747:
3739:
3736:
3729:
3726:
3721:
3718:
3710:
3707:
3700:
3697:
3690:
3687:
3682:
3679:
3671:
3668:
3657:
3654:
3642:
3639:
3632:
3629:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3590:
3587:
3582:
3579:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3545:
3538:
3535:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3497:
3494:
3479:
3476:
3473:Thaka ō mua?
3465:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3412:
3401:
3398:
3391:
3388:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3361:
3350:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3325:
3322:
3311:
3308:
3300:
3297:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3255:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3213:
3210:
3203:
3200:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3136:
3133:
3125:
3122:
3111:
3108:
3101:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3064:'not at all'
3061:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3009:
3006:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2943:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2923:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2863:
2860:
2852:
2849:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2810:
2807:
2802:
2799:
2788:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2760:
2757:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2534:
2531:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2497:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2446:
2443:
2435:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2400:prescriptive
2395:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2306:
2303:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2254:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2238:Auā kholuna!
2228:
2226:imperfective
2221:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2005:
1994:
1991:
1982:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1947:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1921:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1854:
1851:
1828:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1805:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1742:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1656:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1612:
1609:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1560:
1557:
1550:
1547:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1504:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1469:'Don’t go.'
1468:
1465:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1433:
1430:
1419:
1416:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1388:Prohibitive
1381:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1344:imperfective
1333:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1044:
1028:
1026:
1021:
941:
858:
740:
730:hatou, hatu
675:hatou, hatu
620:
608:
371:
367:
355:
284:
263:
251:
224:
218:province of
212:Duff Islands
204:Reef Islands
195:
191:
190:
162:
134:
95:
70:Austronesian
38:Reef Islands
18:
17897:Ontong Java
17755:Pingelapese
17682:Mortlockese
17637:Marshallese
17616:Micronesian
17593:Micronesian
17329:North Tanna
17302:Utaha / Ifo
16956:North Efate
16876:Merei-Tiale
16081:Mapos Buang
14628:Maya–Matbat
14446:Sepa-Teluti
14123:North Babar
14075:Dela-Oenale
13797:Uruangnirin
13185:Seko Tengah
13180:Seko Padang
13125:Makassarese
13097:Campalagian
12833:Tukang Besi
12589:Lampung Api
12586:Lampung Nyo
12348:Urak Lawoiʼ
12328:Reman Malay
12318:Perak Malay
12298:Orang Kanaq
12253:Kutai Malay
12242:Kedah Malay
12232:Jambi Malay
12202:Berau Malay
12182:Minangkabau
12063:Aceh–Chamic
11888:Punan Merap
11583:Abai Sungai
10909:Maguindanao
10868:Taawʼt Bato
10741:Romblomanon
10592:Isarog Agta
10582:Albay Bikol
10553:Old Tagalog
10542:Kasiguranin
10389:(Remontado)
10387:Hatang Kayi
10382:Kapampangan
9747:‹ The
9470:Ontong Java
8901:Micronesian
7821:SP specific
7818:SG singular
7247:ma ia e thū
7165:'Sit down!’
6764:e tapeo loa
6760:, e takoto
6133:verb phrase
6129:noun phrase
5900:Figure 8.1
5392:Figure 7.1
5315:tala~tala-a
4773:noun phrase
4757:SG.SP-DEM.3
4537:PL.SP-DEM.3
4135:Irafa-Mele
4088:3rd person
4085:2nd person
4082:1st person
3847:is absent.
2380:Admonitive
1689:3rd Person
1599:1st Person
1350:Prohibition
1336:prohibitive
1258:3rd person
1244:2nd person
1216:1st person
1177:(a/o) latu
1165:3rd person
1148:2nd person
1143:(a/o) matu
1132:(a/o) tatu
1117:1st person
1004:3rd person
990:2nd person
962:1st person
931:latu, hatu
923:3rd person
909:2nd person
882:1st person
863:sentences.
833:3rd person
813:2nd person
775:1st person
770:colloquial
764:colloquial
715:3rd person
695:2nd person
657:1st person
652:colloquial
560:Approximant
177:instead of
18183:Categories
18081:West Uvean
18066:Rennellese
17865:Polynesian
17854:Polynesian
17702:Satawalese
17697:Puluwatese
17666:Carolinian
17627:Gilbertese
17365:Loyalties–
17137:Maskelynes
17092:Big Nambas
16783:Sun̄wadaga
16379:Bwanabwana
16354:Papuan Tip
16290:Arop-Lukep
15902:Ulau-Suain
15789:New Guinea
15588:Cheke Holo
15543:Sursurunga
15518:Lungalunga
15480:St. George
15316:Melanesian
15228:Marau Wawa
14926:Baluan-Pam
14829:Serui-Laut
14607:Ambel–Biga
14174:East Damar
14113:West Damar
13691:Lewo Eleng
13507:Anakalangu
13457:Sumba–Hawu
13048:Ledo Kaili
13025:Wotu–Wolio
12803:Kaimbulawa
12780:Muna–Buton
12735:Mori Bawah
12663:Bali–Sasak
12630:Tenggerese
12620:Banyumasan
12544:Mandailing
12534:Simalungun
12448:Sumatran *
12393:Cirebonese
12278:Orang Laut
12175:Indonesian
11978:Land Dayak
11963:Krio Dayak
11858:Punan Batu
11735:Umaʼ Lasan
11357:Sama–Bajaw
11227:Katabangan
11176:Tontemboan
10972:Matigsalug
10937:Ata Manobo
10756:Surigaonon
10691:Hiligaynon
10640:Bantayanon
10561:Batangueño
10485:Philippine
10436:Mariveleño
10352:Pangasinan
10110:Philippine
9851:Kanakanavu
9654:Rennellese
9629:West Uvean
9555:Mangarevan
9448:Polynesian
9437:Polynesian
9100:Rennellese
9082:Polynesian
9062:Lavukaleve
8939:Cheke Holo
8909:Gilbertese
8891:Indigenous
8566:Ethnologue
7852:adv adverb
7803:PN pronoun
7737:FUT future
7640:Polynesian
7617:a koe poi
7566:'Help me!'
7353:ki nghauta
7091:tatu noho
6908:me le-mai
6221:te hahine
6197:le~lek~ake
5863:like-DEM.3
5733:like-DEM.2
5586:like-DEM.2
5472:like-DEM.1
4391:e ika efa.
4295:narratives
4185:Marquesan
3982:Polynesian
3228:not.at.all
3094:not.at.all
2560:Statements
1675:make noise
1519:make noise
1302:'mother',
1298:'father',
1233:exclusive
1219:inclusive
1137:exclusive
1120:inclusive
1036:Possession
1013:okilhatou
985:okimhatou
979:exclusive
974:okithatou
965:inclusive
898:exclusive
885:inclusive
798:exclusive
778:inclusive
680:exclusive
660:inclusive
645:colloquial
600:Morphology
364:Consonants
358:diphthongs
85:Polynesian
18103:Niuafoʻou
18061:Pukapukan
18056:Mele-Fila
18020:Tuamotuan
17990:Marquesan
17972:Mangareva
17941:Tokelauan
17844:Lomaiviti
17760:Pohnpeian
17750:Ngatikese
17687:Namonuito
17279:Erromango
17207:Sörsörian
17132:Malua Bay
17117:Lendamboi
17107:Bwenelang
17006:Port Vato
16996:Lonwolwol
16991:Dalkalaen
16891:Shark Bay
16788:Sun̄wadia
16554:Yakaikeke
16504:Gapapaiwa
16369:ʼAuhelawa
16300:Malasanga
16199:Mouk-Aria
16154:Awad Bing
16144:Malalamai
16021:Maralango
15996:Aribwaung
15990:Aribwatsa
15967:Huon Gulf
15819:Kayupulau
15598:Ghanongga
15583:Blablanga
15565:Solomonic
15563:Northwest
15533:Ramoaaina
15523:Niwer Mil
15497:Guramalum
15492:Fanamaket
15399:Laxudumau
15380:Solomonic
15378:Northwest
15355:Bali-Vitu
15324:Willaumez
15269:Gulaʼalaa
15234:Toʼabaita
15230: ? †
15130:Solomonic
15128:Southeast
15052:Tanimbili
14892:Admiralty
14848:Southwest
14582:Warembori
14497:Nusa Laut
14401:Yalahatan
14047:Rote–Meto
13970:Kawaimina
13753:Seluwasan
13676:Lamaholot
13669:Lamaholot
13569:Manggarai
13327:Kalumpang
13311:Ulumandaʼ
13275:Malimpung
12895:Balaesang
12808:Kumbewaha
12740:Mori Atas
12710:Bahonsuai
12575:Lampungic
12388:Bantenese
12372:Sundanese
12365:Sundanese
12170:Malaysian
12152:Seberuang
12031:Semandang
11838:Daro-Matu
11683:Kalabakan
11658:Sembakung
11603:Murutic *
11573:Tombonuwo
11483:Dusunic *
11166:Tonsawang
11148:Minahasan
11133:Sangirese
11072:Agutaynen
11045:Ponosakan
11040:Mongondow
11030:Kaidipang
11025:Gorontalo
10982:Sarangani
10962:Kagayanen
10840:Palawanic
10784:Davawenyo
10731:Porohanon
10716:Masbateño
10706:Karolanos
10655:Caluyanon
10612:Rinconada
10530:Tagalogic
10416:Mag-antsi
10342:Kalanguya
10304:Kankanaey
9963:Kavalanic
9934:Favorlang
9897:Northwest
9701:Niuafo'ou
9664:Mele-Fila
9644:Pukapukan
9590:Tongareva
9575:Tuamotuan
9550:Marquesan
9523:Tokelauan
9500:Pukapukan
9427:Lomaiviti
9313:Tanimbili
9255:To’abaita
9195:Gula'alaa
9127:Solomonic
9125:Southeast
8954:Ghanongga
8934:Blablanga
8921:Solomonic
8919:Northwest
8893:languages
8812:Paradisec
8739:wals.info
8682:wals.info
8002:p.106-107
7975:p.103-104
7788:PL plural
7661:particles
7393:ha-haloki
7162:LDA under
6203:~go~go.up
5905:Proximal
5209:ilhatu=ne
5194:LDA shore
5187:i nghauta
4885:man-DEM.2
4255:Figure 3
4247:However,
4110:*ni/*nei
4079:Language
4074:Figure 2
4044:discourse
4040:adverbial
3996:Figure 1
3445:Questions
2973:'not yet'
2612:pronoun.
2588:'not, no'
2220:Irrealis
2209:Irrealis
2061:auā - oki
1473:However,
1261:ana, ona
1222:aku, oku
1205:Singular
1174:(a/o) la
1171:ana, ona
1157:(a/o) lu
1154:au, ou/ō
1140:(a/o) ma
1129:(a/o) ta
1126:aku, oku
1098:Singular
1027:The word
1010:okhilaua
999:okhoutou
996:okhoulua
982:okhimaua
971:okhitaua
951:Singular
871:Singular
861:hortative
845:lhat(u)=
825:khot(u)=
819:khol(u)=
806:mhat(u)=
790:that(u)=
750:Singular
630:Singular
583:aspirated
532:Fricative
487:aspirated
432:aspirated
276:Phonology
214:) in the
136:Glottolog
120:ISO 639-3
18015:Tahitian
18010:Rapa Nui
17967:Hawaiian
17912:Tuvaluan
17902:Sikaiana
17887:Nukumanu
17834:Gone Dau
17745:Mokilese
17737:Pohnpeic
17727:Woleaian
17722:Ulithian
17707:Sonsorol
17671:Chuukese
17649:Pohnpeic
17647:Chuukic–
17632:Kosraean
17561:Waamwang
17511:Hmwaveke
17474:Northern
17459:Xârâgurè
17429:Ndrumbea
17407:Southern
17352:Aneityum
17177:Neverver
17147:Nasarian
17127:Malfaxal
17122:Litzlitz
17082:Aveteian
17064:Malakula
16946:Central
16936:Southern
16911:Tolomako
16906:Tasiriki
16634:Southern
16585:Kilivila
16564:Gumawana
16539:Minaveha
16514:Kaninuwa
16474:Sewa Bay
16444:Boselewa
16434:Maiadomu
16429:Koluwawa
16419:Iamalele
16409:Bwaidoka
16404:Wagawaga
16305:Mur Pano
16265:Mangseng
16225:Sengseng
16041:Silisili
15879:Schouten
15829:Masimasi
15800:Jayapura
15670:Papapana
15655:Mono-Alu
15623:Kazukuru
15573:Babatana
15528:Patpatar
15508:Konomala
15341:Meramera
15284:ꞋAreꞌare
15259:Kwaraʼae
15249:Fataleka
15239:Baelelea
15184:Malaita–
15061:Vanikoro
14860:Yerisiam
14481:Kamarian
14436:Wakasihu
14411:Piru Bay
14391:Manusela
14363:Nunusaku
14332:Masiwang
14322:Watubela
14265:Hukumina
14234:Teor-Kur
14148:Emplawas
14090:Uab Meto
13924:Tukudede
13865:Tarangan
13855:Manombai
13711:Lewotobi
13706:Lamalera
13686:Lamatuka
13614:Nagé-Kéo
13594:Wae Rana
13522:Baliledo
13512:Wanukaka
13392:Chamorro
13385:Isolates
13372:Lemolang
13349:Talondoʼ
13265:Enrekang
13227:Northern
13175:Panasuan
13117:Makassar
13092:Buginese
12906:Dampelas
12871:Bobongko
12856:Balantak
12813:Lasalimu
12788:Bonerate
12760:Tomadino
12750:Rahambuu
12730:Moronene
12725:Kulisusu
12673:Balinese
12665:–Sumbawa
12648:Madurese
12641:Madurese
12609:Javanese
12602:Javanese
12593:Komering
12496:Simeulue
12481:Mentawai
12421:Moklenic
12212:Bengkulu
12136:Keninjal
12071:Acehnese
12041:Benyaduʼ
12026:Kembayan
12021:Jangkang
12011:Tringgus
11943:Hovongan
11761:Lundayeh
11653:Selungai
11648:Keningau
11588:Serudung
11565:Paitanic
11342:Ampanang
11332:Bakumpai
11312:Lawangan
11302:Maʼanyan
11297:Balangan
11270:Malagasy
11115:Sangiric
11064:Kalamian
11010:Bintauna
10987:Tagabawa
10952:Higaonon
10863:Palawano
10776:Mansakan
10736:Ratagnon
10696:Kabalian
10671:Boholano
10660:Capiznon
10650:Butuanon
10537:Filipino
10473:Tadyawan
10431:Mag-indi
10398:Sambalic
10327:Bugkalot
10274:Balangao
10117:) ?
10013:Siraiyac
10003:Sakizaya
9906:Saisiyat
9899:Formosan
9875:Atayalic
9866:Northern
9749:template
9608:Rapa Nui
9560:Tahitian
9545:Hawaiian
9475:Nukumanu
9465:Sikaiana
9460:Tuvaluan
9417:Gone Dau
9210:Kwara'ae
9180:Fataleka
9150:Baelelea
9135:'Are'are
9105:Sikaiana
9095:Luangiua
9067:Savosavo
8964:Kazukuru
8929:Babatana
8790:(2006).
8767:(2011).
8744:29 March
8687:29 March
7966:p.99-100
7900:(2011).
7809:PST past
7653:Tuvaluan
7563:PERS 1SG
7559:help-TR
7379:lhatu=ko
7369:cognates
7360:to shore
6919:to climb
6514:mhatu=ne
6412:thatu=ka
6379:tomorrow
6339:ko hano
5992:go.along
5894:prefixes
5776:-prepare
5756:lhatu=ka
5632:go.along
5618:he-henga
5603:thatu=no
4589:chicken.
4467:toko-lua
4316:articles
4194:ʔā, aʔā
4174:(le)nei
4096:*ni/*ne
4066:. These
4056:cognates
3914:kapakapa
3683:go.along
3524:(o) siai
3457:(o) siai
3280:thatu=no
3179:As with
3151:flatfish
2955:straight
2745:siai loa
2674:go along
2475:However
2128:go.along
1866:go.along
1558:kholu=na
1516:hualonga
1370:irrealis
1340:irrealis
1330:Negation
1151:tau, tō
968:okhoiau
848:hat(u)=
839:lha(u)=
828:hot(u)=
822:hol(u)=
801:mha(u)=
793:hat(u)=
784:tha(u)=
781:u=, ku=
767:standard
761:standard
663:iau, au
649:standard
641:standard
605:Pronouns
459:unvoiced
235:Nifiloli
183:Help:IPA
143:pile1238
18105: ?
18071:Tikopia
18029:Futunic
17995:Penrhyn
17982:Moriori
17957:Austral
17950:Eastern
17892:Nukuoro
17882:Nuguria
17863:Nuclear
17804:Rotuman
17784:Pacific
17782:Central
17712:Tanapag
17692:Pááfang
17658:Chuukic
17614:Nuclear
17605:Nauruan
17546:Pwaamèi
17531:Nyâlayu
17454:Xârâcùù
17391:Nengone
17172:Neveʻei
17162:Navwien
17152:Nasvang
17142:Nahavaq
17112:Larëvat
17102:Burmbar
17097:Botovro
17034:Bierebo
17001:Paamese
16986:Daakaka
16966:Efatese
16948:Vanuatu
16938:Oceanic
16934:Nuclear
16896:Tamambo
16763:Baetora
16719:Mwotlap
16709:Mwerlap
16694:Lo-Toga
16689:Lemerig
16647:Vanuatu
16636:Oceanic
16580:Budibud
16544:Taupota
16534:Maiwala
16529:Haigwai
16509:Ghayavi
16484:Kakabai
16469:Mwatebu
16399:Unubahe
16384:Oyaʼoya
16362:Nuclear
16214:Kaulong
16194:Lamogai
16179:Mindiri
16174:Matukar
16164:Gedaged
16159:Bilibil
16106:Numbami
15947:Medebur
15922:Kairiru
15912:Yakamul
15897:Sissano
15844:Kaptiau
15802: ?
15741:Vangunu
15715:Tinputz
15690:Roviana
15634:Kusaghe
15578:Bannoni
15346:Nakanai
15305:Oceanic
15303:Western
15170:Malango
15047:Asumboa
14961:Western
14952:Penchal
14914:Eastern
14906: ?
14883:Oceanic
14814:Munggui
14766:Meoswar
14590: ?
14584: ?
14577:Waropen
14502:Saparua
14456:Kaibobo
14451:Paulohi
14420:Asilulu
14413: ?
14343:Benggoi
14287:Taliabo
14282:Mangole
14271:Moksela
14250:Ambelau
14153:Imroing
14095:Amarasi
14080:Termanu
14070:Ringgou
14001: ?
13995: ?
13960:Atauran
13903:Idalaka
13880:Timoric
13820:Batuley
13815:Barakai
13782:Yamdena
13777:Fordata
13765: ?
13721:Ile Ape
13716:Adonara
13681:Alorese
13579:Rembong
13532:Lamboya
13502:Mamboru
13497:Kambera
13397:Palauan
13351: ?
13337:Pattaeʼ
13145:Selayar
13130:Bentong
13102:Embaloh
13043:Laiyolo
13006:Topoiyo
12976:Mbelala
12943: ?
12902: ?
12861:Banggai
12828:Pancana
12818:Liabuku
12798:Cia-Cia
12770:Wawonii
12720:Kodeoha
12693:Celebic
12683:Sumbawa
12653:Kangean
12582:Lampung
12563: ?
12519:Angkola
12472: ?
12470:Enggano
12423: ?
12263:Kerinci
12249: ?
12142:Mualang
12138: ?
12046:Sanggau
11986:Bakatiʼ
11915:Kayanic
11853:Bukitan
11848:Melanau
11833:Sekapan
11828:Lahanan
11823:Kajaman
11801:Bintulu
11776:Berawan
11756:Lengilu
11751:Kelabit
11747: ?
11643:Timugon
11630:Murutic
11616: ?
11601:Greater
11512:Dusunic
11481:Greater
11463: ?
11423:Greater
11365:Abaknon
11347:Tunjung
11161:Tondano
11156:Tombulu
11128:Ratahan
11105:Teduray
11015:Bolango
10967:Kamigin
10957:Ilianen
10942:Binukid
10914:Maranao
10878:Subanen
10809:Mansaka
10804:Mandaya
10799:Mamanwa
10789:Kalagan
10711:Magahat
10701:Karay-a
10686:Cuyonon
10665:Cebuano
10630:Akeanon
10622:Bisayan
10547:Tagalog
10512:Tawbuid
10507:Hanunoo
10463:Alangan
10426:Botolan
10421:Bolinao
10406:Abellen
10299:Kalinga
10209:Gaddang
10204:Gaʼdang
10176:Ilocano
10133:Itbayat
10115:linkage
10027:Taivoan
9981:Luilang
9976:Kavalan
9751:below (
9703: ?
9659:Tikopia
9617:Futunic
9600:Moriori
9565:Austral
9538:Eastern
9495:Nukuoro
9485:Nuguria
9446:Nuclear
9382:Rotuman
9230:Malango
9165:Bughotu
9110:Tikopia
9024:Vangunu
9004:Roviana
8974:Kusaghe
8866:English
7939:p.34-35
7725:DU dual
7657:adverbs
7644:Oceanic
7473:nghauta
7342:nghauta
7317:go.down
7252:go.down
7202:go.down
7155:ki lalo
7100:go.down
7008:go.down
6957:'down'
6870:go-come
6625:scatter
6454:hangota
6293:kau~kau
5911:Distal
5890:adverbs
5874:Dyirbal
5770:ta-pena
5654:coconut
5624:~search
5570:nghauta
5385:Dyirbal
5377:adverbs
5176:nghauta
5125:chicken
5073:thatu=e
5041:pronoun
4777:deictic
4531:Ngha-la
4520:ko-tahi
4414:Ngha-la
4396:ART-DEM
4180:le(lā)
4177:(le)nā
4171:Samoan
4121:Tongan
4102:*ra(i)
4036:nominal
3815:not.yet
3643:mother-
3640:hina-na
3298:utu~utu
3225:hiekhiē
3028:not.yet
2980:(where
2941:ila~ila
2573:'not',
2458:tangata
1922:auā-ala
1672:holongā
1247:au, ou
1211:Plural
1104:Plural
1041:Control
1007:okhoia
957:Plural
943:alone.
877:Plural
756:Plural
742:forms.
710:houtou
683:mhuaua
636:Plural
454:Plosive
387:Coronal
300:Central
270:Futunic
208:Taumako
198:) is a
179:Unicode
92: ?
90:Futunic
80:Oceanic
42:Taumako
18114:Tongan
18109:Niuean
18095:Tongic
17936:Samoan
17922:Samoic
17829:Fijian
17717:Tobian
17567:Yuanga
17556:Vamale
17551:Pwapwâ
17506:Haveke
17491:Cèmuhî
17481:Bwatoo
17291:Sorung
17247:Alovas
17192:Nitita
17187:Nisvai
17039:Bieria
16981:Makura
16976:Lelepa
16961:Nafsan
16916:Tutuba
16901:Tangoa
16871:Mav̋ea
16859:Nokuku
16768:Duidui
16734:Veraʼa
16714:Mwesen
16684:Lehali
16616:Sudest
16590:Misima
16549:Tawala
16479:Dawawa
16464:Molima
16459:Galeya
16439:Bunama
16414:Diodio
16389:Saliba
16374:Buhutu
16295:Karnai
16285:Mengen
16280:Mamusi
16270:Solong
16250:Bebeli
16240:Apalik
16235:Akolet
16230:Aiklep
16209:Karore
16124:Bariai
16086:Mumeng
16071:Kumalu
16051:Wampur
16046:Wampar
16006:Dangal
16001:Adzera
15975:Bukawa
15927:Terebu
15907:Tumleo
15859:Tobati
15854:Tarpia
15839:Podena
15814:Bonggo
15798:Sarmi–
15769:Tomoip
15751:Zabana
15746:Varisi
15736:Vaghua
15730:Uruava
15725:Ughele
15695:Saposa
15675:Petats
15650:Marovo
15645:Lungga
15629:Kokota
15548:Tangga
15503:Kandas
15440:Madara
15419:Tungag
15279:Doriʼo
15244:Baeggu
15208:Fagani
15193:Longgu
15175:Talise
15145:Bugotu
15110:Nalögo
15078:Tanema
15073:Lovono
15035:Utupua
15027:Temotu
14985:Wuvulu
14980:Seimat
14937:Lenkau
14931:Hermit
14904:Yapese
14834:Kurudu
14819:Papuma
14804:Wamesa
14761:Dusner
14748:Biakic
14715:Patani
14661:Fiawat
14640:Matbat
14566:Tandia
14492:Amahai
14487:Haruku
14466:Tulehu
14431:Manipa
14396:Wemale
14386:Huaulu
14381:Nuaulu
14375:Kayeli
14260:Lisela
14211:Kowiai
14158:Telaʼa
14138:Serili
14133:Masela
14060:Dengka
14036:Makuva
14016:Romang
13993:Naueti
13988:Midiki
13983:Waimoa
13978:Kairui
13955:Galoli
13934:Bekais
13929:Mambai
13893:Helong
13860:Mariri
13850:Lorang
13748:Selaru
13740:Selaru
13726:Mingar
13696:Levuka
13660:Kedang
13624:Rongga
13619:Ngadha
13599:Paluʼe
13584:Rajong
13564:Komodo
13527:Wejewa
13517:Pondok
13332:Mamasa
13320:Toraja
13306:Pannei
13296:Bambam
13244:Mandar
13239:Mamuju
13195:Badaic
13038:Kamaru
12996:Sarudu
12986:Pamona
12941:Totoli
12936:Tomini
12921:Pendau
12876:Saluan
12755:Tolaki
12715:Bungku
12491:Sikule
12435:Moklen
12411:Rejang
12338:Temuan
12222:Duanoʼ
12197:Banjar
12192:Bamayo
12123:Ibanic
12101:Roglai
12006:Biatah
11948:Aoheng
11933:Modang
11873:Burusu
11796:Tutong
11781:Belait
11766:Saʼban
11673:Paluan
11668:Okolod
11663:Baukan
11614:Tatana
11535:Kuijau
11461:Molbog
11456:Bonggi
11451:Idaʼan
11287:Malang
11258:Barito
11233:Manide
11171:Tonsea
11138:Talaud
11123:Bantik
11050:Suwawa
10932:Agusan
10924:Manobo
10904:Iranun
10794:Kamayo
10761:Tausug
10645:Baybay
10441:Sambal
10411:Ambala
10332:Ibaloi
10309:Tuwali
10289:Isinai
10284:Ifugao
10279:Bontoc
10224:Itawis
10214:Ibanag
10138:Ivatan
10053:Paiwan
10048:Puyuma
10021:Siraya
9928:Babuza
9888:Seediq
9883:Atayal
9856:Saaroa
9838:Tsouic
9820:Rukaic
9696:Niuean
9691:Tongan
9683:Tongic
9518:Samoan
9510:Samoic
9412:Fijian
9308:Tanema
9303:Natügu
9298:Nanggu
9293:Lovono
9283:Asubuo
9270:Temotu
9250:Talise
9225:Longgu
9175:Fagani
9170:Dori'o
9145:Baeggu
9049:Papuan
9034:Zabana
9029:Varisi
9019:Vaghua
9014:Ughele
8989:Marovo
8984:Lungga
8969:Kokota
8775:
8717:
8645:
8530:p. 142
8518:p. 136
8504:p. 134
8490:p. 135
8476:p. 140
8467:p. 133
8451:p. 436
8439:p. 433
8427:p. 432
8415:p. 132
8403:p. 130
8391:p. 129
8379:p. 128
8363:p. 127
8351:p. 126
8337:p. 125
8328:p. 124
8316:p. 123
8302:p. 122
8286:p. 121
8274:p.167.
8265:p.166.
8256:p.399.
8247:p.398.
8233:p.396.
8224:p.395.
8208:p.394.
8196:p.393.
8187:p.392.
8178:p.391.
8169:p.390.
8155:p.389.
8143:p.388.
8127:p.387.
8111:p.386.
8091:p.385.
8082:p.397.
8073:p.149.
7908:
7665:Somoan
7625:go.out
7612:go.out
7601:little
7552:oi-na
7452:la-ina
7399:-call.
7294:lhatou
7266:lhatou
7250:INCEP
6912:o kake
6867:le-mai
6697:takoto
6475:Malimi
6472:Malimi
6441:go.out
6317:lagoon
6314:thaupē
6161:hahine
6113:-DEM.2
5978:taku-a
5857:phe-la
5838:phe-la
5727:phe-na
5708:phe-na
5684:banana
5681:taveli
5579:phe-na
5538:Kahula
5535:Kahula
5499:phe-na
5466:phe-ne
5447:phe-ne
5421:phelā
5413:phenā
5405:phenē
5332:go.out
5321:~tell-
5143:stroll
4959:person
4910:lhatou
4878:mhe-na
4802:mhe-na
4659:nohine
4449:hahine
4324:prefix
4268:ne(i)
4009:ne(i)
3892:mahila
3812:sikiai
3769:lagoon
3766:thaupē
3737:kute-a
3669:taku-a
3618:sikiai
3565:person
3477:tha=ka
3461:sikiai
3373:Malani
3370:Malani
3211:thatou
3184:hiekhī
3123:kute-a
3091:hiekhī
3074:sikiai
3025:sikiai
3020:Åshild
2986:hikiai
2982:sikiai
2771:refuse
2700:mother
2666:listen
2610:clitic
2575:sikiai
2345:hidden
2314:heinga
2252:kholu=
1826:t-a-ku
1759:t-o-ku
1740:kute-a
1654:hat=no
1636:themu,
1400:nahilā
1312:mokupu
1267:latou
1239:matou
1228:tatou
993:okhoe
721:lhaua
666:thaua
509:voiced
392:Dorsal
382:Labial
348:a, aː
336:o, oː
331:e, eː
321:u, uː
316:i, iː
281:Vowels
247:Pileni
245:, and
243:Nukapu
239:Nupani
231:Matema
216:Temotu
196:Pileni
34:Region
29:Pileni
18036:Anuta
17977:Māori
17907:Takuu
17839:Lauan
17676:Mapia
17536:Paicî
17521:Kumak
17501:Haeke
17444:Orowe
17439:Numèè
17381:Drehu
17312:Tanna
17252:Najit
17242:Rutan
17237:Vivti
17217:Tirax
17202:Rerep
17182:Ninde
17087:Axamb
17077:Avava
17072:Aulua
17044:Lamen
16886:Sakao
16881:Mores
16849:Araki
16745:Vurës
16739:Volow
16729:Olrat
16699:Löyöp
16679:Lakon
16664:Dorig
16645:North
16611:Nimoa
16595:Muyuw
16559:Anuki
16524:Gweda
16424:Iduna
16330:Mbula
16325:Maleu
16320:Amara
16315:Ronji
16204:Aigon
16184:Takia
16169:Marik
16129:Gitua
16101:Yamap
16096:Vehes
16066:Kapin
16031:Musom
16011:Duwet
15985:Yabem
15957:Wogeo
15942:Manam
15917:Kaiep
15869:Yamna
15864:Wakde
15849:Sobei
15787:North
15756:Zazao
15720:Torau
15705:Solos
15700:Simbo
15685:Ririo
15665:Nehan
15660:Nduke
15639:Laghu
15618:Hoava
15613:Halia
15603:Hahon
15553:Tolai
15513:Label
15487:Bilur
15471:Madak
15461:Barok
15454:Madak
15445:Notsi
15435:Lihir
15428:Tabar
15414:Tigak
15409:Tiang
15404:Nalik
15314:Meso–
15289:Oroha
15274:Kwaio
15218:Kahua
15213:Bauro
15203:Arosi
15165:Ghari
15160:Birao
15155:Lengo
15113:Noipx
15096:Äiwoo
15068:Teanu
15017:Tenis
14947:Nauna
14921:Manus
14799:Marau
14794:Ansus
14789:Ambai
14781:Yapen
14720:Sawai
14656:Maden
14649:Maden
14635:Maʼya
14614:Ambel
14554:SHWNG
14441:Boano
14353:Liana
14348:Salas
14327:Bobot
14317:Geser
14307:Banda
14190:Serua
14105:Babar
14055:Bilba
14031:Luang
14021:Kisar
13999:Habun
13950:Wetar
13919:Kemak
13898:Tetum
13830:Karey
13825:Dobel
13792:Sekar
13589:Kepoʼ
13574:Riung
13542:Gaura
13489:Sumba
13301:Dakka
13270:Maiwa
13208:Behoa
13107:Taman
13085:Bugis
13054:Wolio
13033:Kalao
13001:Sedoa
12991:Rampi
12971:Kaili
12931:Tajio
12916:Lauje
12911:Dondo
12900:Boano
12866:Batui
12851:Andio
12793:Busoa
12745:Padoe
12678:Sasak
12625:Osing
12561:Nasal
12524:Dairi
12506:Batak
12430:Moken
12383:Baduy
12313:Pekal
12237:Jakun
12165:Malay
12147:Remun
12091:Jarai
12086:Haroi
12036:Ribun
12016:Jagoi
11996:Laraʼ
11968:Murik
11958:Punan
11938:Segai
11928:Bahau
11923:Kayan
11904:Lelak
11893:Bukat
11883:Sajau
11791:Narom
11786:Kiput
11771:Tring
11745:Penan
11730:Tutoh
11725:Sebob
11678:Ganaʼ
11638:Tagol
11620:Papar
11502:Lotud
11410:Basap
11395:Yakan
11375:Mapun
11370:Bajaw
11337:Ngaju
11327:Siang
11322:Dohoi
11317:Kohin
11282:Deyah
11275:Bushi
11201:Klata
11100:Tboli
11095:Blaan
11087:Bilic
11035:Lolak
10896:Danao
10853:Batak
10766:Waray
10751:Sulod
10726:Onhan
10574:Bikol
10502:Buhid
10468:Iraya
10347:Karao
10337:Iwaak
10294:Itneg
10229:Yogad
10219:Isnag
10058:Bunun
9970:Basay
9917:Kulon
9911:Pazeh
9828:Rukai
9649:Anuta
9595:Māori
9480:Takuu
9422:Lauan
9318:Teanu
9288:Äiwoo
9235:Oroha
9220:Lengo
9205:Kwaio
9200:Kahua
9190:Ghari
9160:Birao
9155:Bauro
9140:Arosi
9090:Anuta
9057:Bilua
9039:Zazao
9009:Simbo
8999:Ririo
8979:Laghu
8959:Hoava
8882:Pijin
8539:p. xi
8064:p.148
8055:p.147
8046:p.115
8037:p.112
8028:p.111
8016:p.109
7993:p.106
7984:p.105
7887:Notes
7663:' in
7556:a iau
7513:help-
7510:oi-na
7476:shore
7397:REDUP
7387:INCEP
7345:shore
7308:INCEP
7280:INCEP
7239:stand
7190:INCEP
7176:verbs
7158:stay
7151:Noho
7147:under
7038:lakau
6949:'up'
6917:DEM.2
6904:climb
6840:ange
6832:ange
6777:DEM.2
6773:DEM.2
6769:DEM.2
6731:tapeo
6616:INCEP
6586:lakau
6543:go up
6488:DEM.2
6376:atiao
6371:maybe
6368:matea
6355:DEM.2
6351:DEM.2
6299:~swim
6297:REDUP
6248:INCEP
6230:DEM.2
6201:REDUP
6191:INCEP
6164:woman
6107:INTRJ
6080:Water
6011:INTRJ
5968:INCEP
5843:like-
5829:langi
5713:like-
5702:thing
5699:hinga
5662:young
5622:REDUP
5584:GENR
5573:shore
5504:like-
5464:noho
5452:like-
5362:DEM.1
5319:REDUP
5269:then-
5247:place
5223:ta-ia
5192:DEM.1
5179:shore
5140:tahao
5094:know-
5091:ilo-a
5030:DEM.1
5017:Diuku
5014:Diuku
4996:ingoa
4937:Diuku
4934:Diuku
4883:PERS
4858:where
4837:find-
4834:lau-a
4820:ko=ne
4750:te-la
4714:te-la
4596:e kio
4505:child
4502:memea
4452:woman
4389:te-na
4345:te-na
4155:ne(i)
4141:- nā
4138:-nei
4127:e-na
4124:e-ni
3949:house
3895:knife
3659:INCEP
3549:exist
3416:water
3304:~draw
3302:REDUP
3275:place
3253:kutea
2947:~look
2945:REDUP
2853:wash-
2850:fui-a
2831:again
2663:longo
2579:hiekh
2526:ADMON
2514:lavoi
2433:ta-ai
2417:ADMON
2317:thing
2180:again
2158:place
2136:again
2114:hai-a
2087:again
2024:tapeo
1980:fai-a
1970:t-a-u
1852:kut-a
1803:a iau
1639:quiet
1502:ko=no
1431:t-a-u
1308:thupu
1304:thoka
1264:laua
1236:maua
1225:taua
1208:Dual
1101:Dual
954:Dual
904:matu
874:Dual
753:Dual
724:haua
669:haua
633:Dual
565:plain
404:plain
399:Nasal
295:Front
18041:Emae
18005:Rapa
17818:East
17792:West
17541:Pije
17526:Nemi
17516:Jawe
17496:Fwâi
17486:Caac
17464:Zire
17449:Tîrî
17434:Neku
17424:Arhö
17419:Arhâ
17414:Ajië
17386:Iaai
17257:Njav
17222:Unua
17212:Tape
17167:Nese
17157:Nāti
17054:Maii
17049:Lewo
17029:Baki
16971:Eton
16921:Wusi
16866:Kiai
16843:Aore
16838:Akei
16819:Sowa
16804:Apma
16778:Raga
16724:Nume
16704:Mota
16674:Koro
16519:Ubir
16499:Doga
16454:Duau
16449:Dobu
16394:Suau
16340:Tami
16310:Mato
16275:Lote
16255:Gimi
16245:Avau
16149:Mutu
16139:Lusi
16134:Kove
16061:Iwal
16056:Hote
16036:Nafi
16026:Mari
16016:Labu
15980:Kela
15952:Sepa
15932:Biem
15892:Sera
15834:Ormu
15824:Liki
15809:Anus
15710:Teop
15680:Piva
15608:Hakö
15538:Siar
15394:Kara
15367:Vitu
15362:Bali
15336:Bulu
15331:Bola
15264:Wala
15198:Saʼa
15150:Gela
15042:Amba
14865:Umar
14855:Yaur
14839:Wabo
14809:Wooi
14771:Roon
14756:Biak
14725:Gebe
14710:Maba
14705:Buli
14700:Taba
14695:Gane
14619:Biga
14588:Yoke
14507:Latu
14471:Laha
14461:Hitu
14425:Luhu
14337:Hoti
14312:Bati
14296:East
14277:Sula
14255:Buru
14243:West
14184:Nila
14179:Teun
14065:Lole
14026:Leti
13870:Ujir
13845:Lola
13840:Kola
13835:Koba
13787:Onin
13655:Sika
13629:Soʼa
13604:Ende
13537:Kodi
13479:Dhao
13474:Hawu
13466:Savu
13438:Bima
13431:Bima
13344:Lawa
13260:Duri
13213:Napu
13203:Bada
13162:Seko
13059:Wotu
12981:Moma
12926:Taje
12823:Muna
12765:Waru
12539:Toba
12529:Karo
12514:Alas
12486:Nias
12476:Gayo
12288:Musi
12283:Lubu
12273:Kubu
12258:Kaur
12227:Haji
12131:Iban
12106:Tsat
12096:Rade
12081:Chru
11991:Sara
11953:Aput
11898:Seru
11868:Ukit
11863:Sian
11385:Sama
11307:Paku
11292:Witu
11020:Buol
10194:Atta
10165:Arta
10143:Yami
9998:Amis
9955:East
9923:Thao
9846:Tsou
9669:Emae
9570:Rapa
9401:East
9375:West
9278:Amba
9260:Wala
9245:Sa'a
9185:Gela
9072:Touo
8994:Mono
8944:Duke
8814:has
8773:ISBN
8746:2021
8715:ISBN
8689:2021
8643:ISBN
7957:p.98
7948:p.36
7930:p.28
7906:ISBN
7642:and
7582:PERS
7561:come
7537:PERS
7527:come
7489:come
7455:sun-
7446:HORT
7442:INCL
7440:lPL.
7437:tatu
7431:come
7419:COMP
7230:GENR
7211:with
7144:lalo
7117:stay
7114:Noho
7070:lepū
7056:ngha
7050:POSS
7041:tree
6997:stay
6994:noho
6988:HORT
6984:INCL
6982:lPL.
6979:tatu
6962:oho
6954:iho
6946:ake
6901:kake
6861:PRSC
6824:atu
6816:mai
6743:EMPH
6725:GENR
6691:GENR
6663:path
6633:fall
6589:tree
6570:CONJ
6566:ioko
6519:EXCL
6517:lPL.
6457:fish
6449:just
6417:INCL
6415:lPL.
6287:GENR
6254:hano
6111:PREF
6100:e-na
6057:COMP
6024:PREF
6018:e-na
6001:COMP
5989:ange
5981:say-
5964:ko-i
5959:then
5876:and
5774:PREP
5750:COMP
5659:boho
5629:ange
5612:IPFV
5608:INCL
5606:lPL.
5557:come
5543:hano
5520:come
5492:GENR
5470:sit
5438:noho
5383:and
5301:u=ka
5266:a-na
5226:hit-
5134:IPFV
5106:COMP
5085:GENR
5081:INCL
5067:PERS
4999:name
4902:thai
4807:man-
4795:PERS
4679:POSS
4671:POSS
4662:wife
4653:PERS
4644:just
4636:look
4623:WALS
4607:That
4543:-one
4541:PREF
4526:-one
4524:PREF
4514:GENR
4482:CONJ
4473:-two
4461:GENR
4394:TOP
4380:efa.
4375:Fish
4230:WALS
4188:nei
4116:*ra
4113:*na
4099:*na
4062:and
4038:and
3975:and
3946:hale
3917:work
3904:HORT
3872:EMPH
3858:siai
3806:CONJ
3797:rise
3794:lanu
3778:COMP
3760:PERS
3751:just
3740:see-
3731:CONJ
3722:just
3708:hano
3702:HORT
3692:COMP
3680:ange
3672:say-
3655:ko-i
3649:POSS
3634:PERS
3592:CONJ
3583:come
3562:etai
3557:just
3540:GENR
3509:just
3506:mua?
3485:INCL
3389:siai
3365:then
3292:IPFV
3288:INCL
3267:some
3256:see-
3247:IPFV
3237:COMP
3219:INCL
3205:PERS
3181:siai
3126:see-
3109:ne-i
3103:EMPH
3072:and
3046:wake
3017:Osil
3011:PERS
2990:siai
2952:sika
2935:HORT
2911:siai
2879:mata
2873:POSS
2865:POSS
2861:o-na
2836:ne-i
2818:siai
2812:CONJ
2780:EMPH
2762:GENR
2734:siai
2713:POSS
2697:sina
2691:PERS
2671:ange
2643:siai
2606:Siai
2602:siai
2598:hiai
2594:siai
2586:siai
2571:siai
2542:sepe
2536:PRSC
2517:good
2509:stay
2506:noho
2501:Mary
2498:Meri
2436:hit-
2427:PRSC
2392:aluā
2336:IPFV
2326:PROH
2292:auā.
2246:PROH
2224:and
2125:ange
2108:POSS
2078:PROH
2045:side
2042:taha
2018:GENR
2009:work
2006:anga
1974:POSS
1960:POSS
1939:PROH
1889:mata
1883:POSS
1875:POSS
1871:o-na
1863:ange
1855:see-
1846:POSS
1838:POSS
1820:PROH
1807:PERS
1797:CONJ
1785:mata
1779:POSS
1771:POSS
1754:come
1743:see-
1734:IPFV
1724:PROH
1704:CONJ
1666:IPFV
1662:INCL
1648:PROH
1631:stay
1628:noho
1622:HORT
1618:INCL
1610:tatu
1552:PROH
1510:IPFV
1496:PROH
1453:hano
1447:POSS
1439:POSS
1421:PROH
1300:hina
1292:tama
1193:and
1086:and
842:ha=
816:ko=
787:ha=
698:koe
312:High
305:Back
40:and
17297:Ura
17232:Vao
17021:Epi
16814:Ske
16669:Hiw
16489:Are
16335:Sio
16220:Miu
16189:Wab
16091:Piu
15937:Kis
15593:Gao
15254:Lau
15223:Owa
14990:Aua
14942:Lou
14824:Pom
14572:Mor
14128:Dai
14085:Tii
13807:Aru
13772:Kei
13609:Lio
13011:Uma
12217:Col
11196:Ati
10977:Obo
10825:Ata
10635:Asi
9991:Ami
9240:Owa
9215:Lau
8949:Gao
8563:at
7619:atu
7607:atu
7598:poi
7592:2SG
7588:koe
7574:ex:
7554:mai
7547:1SG
7543:iau
7522:mai
7506:ex:
7482:mai
7467:LDA
7426:mai
7407:oho
7383:3PL
7375:ex:
7351:oho
7323:oho
7314:iho
7298:3PL
7286:oho
7270:3PL
7262:ex:
7245:iho
7243:Ko
7236:thū
7220:3SG
7197:iho
7182:ex:
7153:oho
7138:LDA
7123:oho
7110:ex:
7093:iho
7082:DEM
7073:rat
7018:LDA
7003:iho
6975:ex:
6882:DEM
6853:ex:
6750:na'
6739:loa
6734:bad
6711:DEM
6700:lie
6676:DEM
6660:ala
6630:ino
6622:pae
6601:DEM
6580:COL
6555:DEM
6549:na'
6540:ake
6532:go.
6523:PFV
6510:ex:
6466:LDA
6446:mua
6438:atu
6430:go.
6421:FUT
6401:DEM
6388:HYP
6384:ala
6364:ex:
6329:DEM
6308:LDA
6272:DEM
6257:go.
6240:ex:
6212:DEM
6176:DEM
6143:ex:
6093:PRO
6089:OBL
6077:vai
6071:NSP
6043:DEM
6028:DEM
5972:3SG
5952:ex:
5845:DEM
5832:day
5809:LDA
5795:DEM
5785:HYP
5781:ala
5764:FUT
5760:3PL
5742:ex:
5715:DEM
5693:COL
5675:NSP
5651:niu
5645:NSP
5599:ex:
5554:mai
5546:go.
5529:LDA
5517:mai
5506:DEM
5484:ex:
5454:DEM
5441:sit
5434:ex:
5344:DEM
5329:atu
5309:FUT
5305:1SG
5295:3SG
5285:TOP
5271:DEM
5256:DEM
5244:mua
5238:LDA
5217:PFV
5213:3PL
5205:ex:
5170:LDA
5155:DEM
5122:kio
5116:COL
5077:1PL
5059:ex:
5008:TOP
4990:NSP
4971:DEM
4956:tai
4928:NSP
4914:3PL
4905:one
4898:ex:
4867:DEM
4855:hea
4849:LDA
4828:PFV
4824:2SG
4809:DEM
4787:ex:
4779:or
4759:3SG
4743:3SG
4728:DEM
4699:nga
4689:DEM
4675:2SG
4667:a-u
4641:mua
4633:ila
4629:ex:
4600:DEM
4586:kio
4580:ART
4569:DEM
4558:ex:
4443:COL
4428:DEM
4409:ex:
4387:Ko
4383:bg.
4372:ika
4366:ART
4355:DEM
4351:ART
4338:TOP
4330:ex:
4284:la
4276:na
4191:nā
4144:rā
4130:ia
4025:la
4017:na
3940:LDA
3930:PRO
3926:OBL
3908:1SG
3900:k=u
3886:NSP
3868:loa
3862:NEG
3851:ex:
3788:FUT
3748:mua
3719:mua
3711:go.
3663:3SG
3645:3SG
3623:ex:
3602:NEG
3598:sai
3574:PFV
3554:mua
3529:ex:
3498:go.
3489:FUT
3481:1DU
3470:ex:
3429:PRO
3425:OBL
3413:vai
3407:NSP
3393:NEG
3382:DEM
3355:ex:
3327:DEM
3317:PRO
3313:OBL
3284:1PL
3272:mui
3215:1PL
3194:ex:
3148:ali
3117:3SG
3113:PFV
3099:loa
3084:ex:
3078:loa
3070:sia
3043:ala
3037:PFV
3000:ex:
2925:COM
2915:NEG
2904:ex:
2882:eye
2869:3SG
2844:3SG
2840:PFV
2828:oki
2822:NEG
2803:eat
2800:kai
2776:loa
2768:mae
2751:ex:
2738:loa
2730:auā
2709:3SG
2657:PFV
2647:NEG
2637:3SG
2627:TOP
2616:ex:
2604:.
2596:is
2491:ex:
2461:man
2406:ex:
2364:2SG
2360:koe
2354:LDA
2350:ite
2322:auā
2308:COL
2297:ex:
2269:go.
2260:IRR
2256:2DU
2242:auā
2235:ex:
2177:oki
2167:DEM
2163:nei
2155:mua
2133:oki
2117:do-
2092:t-ō
2084:oki
2074:auā
2067:ex:
2036:LDA
2027:bad
2000:NSP
1983:do-
1964:2SG
1949:HYP
1945:ala
1935:auā
1928:ex:
1915:oki
1911:ala
1907:Auā
1892:eye
1879:3SG
1842:1SG
1816:auā
1810:1SG
1788:eye
1775:1SG
1751:mai
1720:auā
1714:3SG
1693:ex:
1644:auā
1614:1PL
1603:ex:
1594:auā
1575:go.
1566:IRR
1562:2DU
1548:auā
1541:ex:
1506:2SG
1492:auā
1485:ex:
1475:auā
1456:go.
1443:2SG
1417:auā
1410:ex:
1404:auā
1396:auā
1390:auā
1372:or
1356:auā
1324:-na
1320:-na
1316:-na
1296:mha
1288:-na
1280:-ku
1029:nga
1022:nga
928:la
918:tu
915:lu
912:ko
901:ma
890:ta
718:ia
342:Low
327:Mid
227:Aua
165:IPA
151:ELP
127:piv
18185::
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14677:As
14670:As
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7457:TR
7415:po
7401:PL
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7334:ki
7304:ko
7276:ko
7216:ia
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7186:Ko
7134:ki
7078:na
7064:SP
7060:PL
7032:SP
7028:SG
7024:te
6910:na
6896:to
6876:na
6857:me
6762:na
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6754:na
6706:na
6669:na
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6650:SG
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6612:ko
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6432:PL
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6345:na
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2222:na
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2100:SP
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1996:SG
1985:TR
1956:SP
1952:SG
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1710:ia
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1577:PL
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1425:SG
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1378:ne
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1360:na
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502:kʰ
497:tʰ
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