425:
416:
668:. There, the threads are attached to a traction device, and then daily are drawn tight so that the olive is pulled inwards and stretches the vagina, by approximately 1 cm per day, thereby creating a vagina, approximately 7 cm deep by 7 cm wide, in 7 days. The mean operating room (OR) time for the Vecchietti vaginoplasty is approximately 45 minutes; yet, depending upon the patient and her indications, the procedure might require more time. The outcomes of Vecchietti technique via the laparoscopic approach are found to be comparable to the procedure using laparotomy. In
693:
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811:
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neovascularization and reduces the risks of hematoma. In post-operative setting the expander can be used regularly to prevent post-operative vaginal retraction. Solid vaginal dilators can also be used immediately after surgery to keep the passage from attachments, and regularly thereafter to maintain the viability of the neovagina. The frequency required to use decreases over time, however remains obligatory lifelong.
797:
535:, insufficient penile and scrotal skin may be available for traditional penile inversion. In such cases, peritoneal vaginoplasty remedies the issue of insufficient tissue. Peritoneal vaginoplasty can be used as a surgical revision to increase or restore vaginal depth in persons who have had a previous vaginoplasty.
445:
Inversion of the penile skin is the method most often selected to create a neovagina by surgeons performing gender-affirming surgery. The inverted penile skin uses inferior pedicle skin or abdominal skin for the lining of the neovagina. The skin is cut to form an appropriate-sized flap. The skin flap
433:
The results of a penile inversion vaginoplasty, two years after surgery. Inner labia vary aesthetically based on surgeon; here, they are very minimal. The clitoris is tactile rather than visual, another aesthetic difference by surgeon. A faded surgical scar comes up from the perineum and follows the
675:
Other surgical techniques that have been developed include ileal neovagina (Monti's technique), Creatsas vaginoplasty, Wharton–Sheares–George neovaginoplasty, or the
Davydov procedure. The most widely used is the Vecchietti laparoscopic procedure. Sometimes sexual intercourse can result in the
477:
Bowel vaginoplasty is another common vaginoplasty technique. It is also used for vaginoplasty in cisgender women. As with penile inversion vaginoplasty, the testicles and scrotum are removed, the glans made into a clitoris, and the neovulva constructed from scrotal, penile and urethral tissue.
484:
As bowel vaginoplasty uses colon to construct the neovagina, post-operative depth is not dependent on the length of the penis prior to surgery. This makes it appropriate for individuals who have already undergone penectomy, orchiectomy, or who had a penis smaller than the desired depth of the
706:
The most techniques of vaginoplasty are using inflatable vaginal expanders or vaginal stents to design the vaginal diameter and length. At the end of the procedure the device stays in place to maintain the neovagina against the pelvic wall which also favors the process of microscopic
1549:
In 1956, the gynecologist Dr
Georges Burou (1910–1987) independently developed the anteriorly pedicled penile skin flap inversion vaginoplasty in his Clinique du Parc in Casablanca. This technique was to become the gold standard of skin-lined vaginoplasty in
453:
in his
Morocco clinic in the 1950s. By the 1970s he had performed hundreds of them, and gave his first public presentation of his technique to a conference at Stanford University in 1973, after which it gradually became the predominant technique worldwide.
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144:
can affect the structure and function of the vagina and sometimes the vagina is absent; these can be reconstructed or formed, using a vaginoplasty. Other candidates for the surgery include babies born with a microphallus, people with
968:
Horbach, Sophie E.R.; Bouman, Mark-Bram; Smit, Jan
Maerten; Ă–zer, MĂĽjde; Buncamper, Marlon E.; Mullender, Margriet G. (2015). "Outcome of Vaginoplasty in Male-to-Female Transgenders: A Systematic Review of Surgical Techniques".
304:, or congenital absence of the vagina, can be another reason for surgery to construct a normal and functional vagina. Vaginoplasty is used as part of the series of surgeries needed to treat those girls and women born with the
269:
material. A woman can use an autologous in vitro cultured tissue taken from her vaginal vestibule as transplanted tissue to form the lining of the reconstructed vagina. A reconstructed or newly constructed vagina is called a
350:
can result in the destruction or alteration of vaginal tissues. Vaginoplasty is often performed to reconstruct the vagina and other genital structures. In some cases, normal sexual function can be restored.
575:
311:
There are human rights concerns about vaginoplasties and other genital surgeries in children who are not old enough to consent, including concern with post-surgical sexual function, and assumptions of
1923:
Suwajo, Poonpissamai; Ratanalert, Worapon; Sooksatian, Krerkrit; Uerpairojkit, Ketchada; Dusitanond, Navipa; Chaovanalikit, Thiti; Jindarak, Sirachai; Udomsawaengsup, Suthep (26 August 2020).
1299:
485:
neovagina prior to surgery. Unlike penile inversion vaginoplasty, the neovagina created through bowel vaginoplasty is self-lubricating and does not require further dilation once fully healed.
521:, which were referred to as the "Davydov" procedure or "Rothman's" method. A 2022 review states, "In the last 5 years, peritoneal flap vaginoplasty has emerged as a promising technique".
1865:
Castanon, Carlos Daniel Guerra; Matic, Slavko; Bizic, Marta; Stojanovic, Borko; Bencic, Marko; Grubor, Nikola; Pusica, Slavica; Korac, Gradimir; Djordjevic, Miroslav L. (August 2022).
1340:
339:. The procedure took several months and was sometimes painful. It was not effective in every instance. Uncommon growths, cysts, septums in the vagina can also require vaginoplasty.
734:, or narrowing of the vaginal orifice was reported in 12–15% of the cases. Of those reporting stricture, 41% underwent a second operation to correct the condition. Necrosis of two
2655:
Borruto, F; Chasen, ST; Chervenak, FA; Fedele, L (February 1999). "The
Vecchietti procedure for surgical treatment of vaginal agenesis: comparison of laparoscopy and laparotomy".
1321:
1503:
Hage, J Joris; Karim, Refaat B.; Laub, Donald R. Sr (December 2007). "On the Origin of
Pedicled Skin Inversion Vaginoplasty: Life and Work of Dr Georges Burou of Casablanca".
672:, traction vaginoplasty such as the Vecchietti technique seems to have the highest success rates both anatomically (99%) and functionally (96%) among available treatments.
3039:
4102:
315:. There is no consensus attitude among clinicians about their necessity, timing, method or evaluation. Vaginoplasties may be performed in children or adolescents with
513:
peritoneal pull-down or pull-through (PPT), is based on neovaginal techniques documented in the 1970s and 80s for cisgender women born without a vaginal canal due to
2749:"The use of a silicone-coated acrylic vaginal stent in McIndoe vaginoplasty and review of the literature concerning silicone-based vaginal stents: a case report"
2461:
2460:
Shaw MBChB, Dorothy; Lefebvre MD, Guylaine; Bouchard MD, Celine; Shapiro MD, MHSc, Jodi; Blake MD, Jennifer; Allen MD, Lisa; Cassell MD, Krista (December 2013).
1173:
2312:
O'Dwyer, Cormac; Kumar, Sahil; Wassersug, Richard; Khorrami, Amir; Mukherjee, Smita; Mankowski, Peter; Genoway, Krista; Kavanagh, Alexander G. (27 June 2023).
1985:"Description d'une technique de vaginoplastie utilisant un lambeau péritonéal prélevé par voie cœlioscopie pour les affirmations de genre homme-à -femme (HtF)"
730:
of the clitoral region was 1–3%. Necrosis of the surgically created vagina was 3.7–4.2%. Vaginal shrinkage occurred was documented in 2–10% of those treated.
585:
502:
2314:"Vaginal self-lubrication following peritoneal, penile inversion, and colonic gender-affirming vaginoplasty: a physiologic, anatomic, and histologic review"
3596:
3161:
1424:
571:
470:
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is the presence of tissue that completely covers the vaginal opening. It is cut to allow menstrual flow to exit during a short surgical procedure. A
656:
of dimensions (depth and width) comparable to those of a normal vagina (ca. 8 cm deep). A small, plastic sphere called an olive is threaded (
1983:
Hu, W.; Tehri, I.; Kinn, H.; Henry, A. S.; Rouanet, M.; Pop, A.; Vais, B.; Claudic, Y.; Saraoui, W.; Perruisseau-Carrier, A. (1 November 2023).
54:
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42:
38:
34:
50:
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skin flaps are also used. Nongenital full-thickness graft (FTG) or split-thickness skin grafts from other parts of the body have been used.
102:
is often treated with one or more surgeries to repair the vagina. Sometimes a vaginoplasty is needed following the treatment or removal of
4165:
4150:
4003:
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was affected for some patients after this procedure: 13% reported improvement, 68% said that there was no change and 19% reported that
588:
published a policy statement against elective vaginoplasty based upon the risks associated with unnecessary cosmetic surgery in 2013.
3929:
1562:
Goddard, Jonathan
Charles; Vickery, Richard M.; Terry, Tim R. (2007). "Development of Feminizing Genitoplasty for Gender Dysphoria".
1420:
829:
404:
4092:
1605:
Djordjevic ML, Stanojevic DS, Bizic MR (December 2011). "Rectosigmoid vaginoplasty: clinical experience and outcomes in 86 cases".
598:
Vaginal rejuvenation is a form of elective plastic surgery. Its purpose is to restore or enhance the vagina's cosmetic appearance.
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3154:
3004:
134:) into the vagina. Often, a vaginoplasty is performed to repair the vagina and its attached structures due to trauma or injury.
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257:
In some instances, extra tissue is needed to reconstruct or construct the vagina. These grafts used in vaginoplasty can be an
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1208:
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4122:
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Reports of people seeking vaginoplasty go back to the 2nd century. The first modern vaginoplasty was performed in 1931 on
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absence of a vagina. The procedure involved the wearing of a saddle-like device and the use of increasing-diameter
3139:
3006:
Magnus
Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom: A History of the First International Sexual Freedom Movement
636:
inserted to the rectouterine pouch whereupon gradual traction and distension are applied to create a neovagina.
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824:
289:
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141:
1823:"[Phallus phantom - a superfluos remnant in surgical correction of vaginal aplasia (author's transl)]"
591:
The World Health
Organization describes any medically unnecessary surgery to the vaginal tissue and organs as
4277:
210:
4252:
4029:
3914:
3904:
2798:
Barutçu, Ali; Akgüner, Muharrem (November 1998). "McIndoe
Vaginoplasty with the Inflatable Vaginal Stent".
2607:
Fedele, Luigi; Bianchi, Stefano; Zanconato, Giovanni; Raffaelli, Ricciarda; Zatti, Nicoletta (March 2000).
1370:
Liao LM, Wood D, Creighton SM (September 2015). "Parental choice on normalising cosmetic genital surgery".
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region. Other materials have been used to create the lining of the new vagina. These have been cutaneous
1327:
End violence and harmful medical practices on intersex children and adults, UN and regional experts urge
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4242:
3998:
3646:
3171:
2382:
2264:"Davydov Procedure for Augmenting Vaginal Length in a Postsurgical Male-to-Female Transgender Patient"
1984:
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3641:
3636:
3525:
2698:
Callens, N.; De Cuypere, G.; De Sutter, P.; Monstrey, S.; Weyers, S.; Hoebeke, P.; Cools, M. (2014).
2568:"A new laparoscopic procedure for creation of a neovagina in Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome"
592:
4267:
4082:
3771:
3626:
1925:"Pedicled Peritoneal Flap Vaginoplasty in Male-to-Female Gender Affirmation Surgery: A Case Report"
61:
225:
the repair of a cystocele and a rectocele in the same procedure using a graft or prosthetic device
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3988:
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3065:
2032:"The use of peritoneum for vaginoplasty in 24 patients with congenital absence of the vagina"
371:. A skin graft is used from another area of the person's body. The graft is removed from the
110:
to restore a normal vaginal structure and function. Surgery to the vagina is done to correct
99:
3040:"The incredible story of the first known trans woman to undergo gender confirmation surgery"
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762:
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649:
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Coskun, Ayhan; Coban, Yusuf Kenan; Vardar, Mehmet Ali; Dalay, Ahmet Cemil (10 July 2007).
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got worse. Those reporting a negative outcome who experienced loss of bladder control and
660:) against the vaginal area; the threads are drawn though the vaginal skin, up through the
8:
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3849:
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3613:
3400:
3283:
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538:
258:
195:
137:
2835:"Vaginoplastia: modificación de la técnica de McIndoe usando esponja de gel hemostático"
2078:
1692:
Bizic M, Kojovic V, Duisin D, Stanojevic D, Vujovic S, Milosevic A, et al. (2014).
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2609:"Laparoscopic creation of a neovagina in a woman with a kidney transplant: Case Report"
2517:
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1957:
1924:
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1641:
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1403:
1244:"Global Disorders of Sex Development Update since 2006: Perceptions, Approach and Care"
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816:
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308:. After the repairs, women have been able to give birth but are at risk of prolapse.
305:
111:
29:
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90:
is any surgical procedure that results in the construction or reconstruction of the
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978:
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1242:
Lee PA, Nordenström A, Houk CP, Ahmed SF, Auchus R, Baratz A, et al. (2016).
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is also rare with only 1% documented. Vaginal prolapse was seen in 1–2% of people
4272:
4008:
3945:
3879:
3839:
3821:
3689:
3574:
3550:
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2279:
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2000:
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1694:"An overview of neovaginal reconstruction options in male to female transsexuals"
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360:
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67:
3125:. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health.
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1978:
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1918:
1916:
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1908:
1867:"Laparoscopy Assisted Peritoneal Pull-Through Vaginoplasty in Transgender Women"
1320:
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the vaginal suspension and stabilization using with graft or prosthetic material
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3305:
3239:
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3211:
2971:
2124:
2122:
2120:
1860:
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1502:
1341:"The Social Construction of Female Circumcision: Gender, Equality, and Culture"
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716:
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542:
312:
293:
2962:
Goldberg, Abbie E.; Beemyn, Genny, eds. (2021). "Ancient and Medieval Times".
2625:
2409:"Requests for cosmetic genitoplasty: how should healthcare providers respond?"
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3701:
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3224:
3024:
2725:
2337:
2329:
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2102:
2079:"Updates on feminizing genital affirmation surgery (vaginoplasty) techniques"
2055:
2008:
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1633:
1142:
1068:"2016 ICD-10-PCS Procedure Code 0UQG0ZZ : Repair Vagina, Open Approach"
715:
Reconstructive vaginoplasty in children and adolescents carries the risk of
576:
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
4216:
4199:
3487:
3427:
3316:
3273:
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2016:
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1399:
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1159:
998:
844:
778:
739:
95:
2819:
2700:"An update on surgical and non-surgical treatments for vaginal hypoplasia"
2593:
2552:
2217:"Surgically shortened vagina lengthened by laparoscopic Davydov procedure"
2063:
1846:
1807:
1768:
1710:
4034:
3993:
3960:
3728:
3721:
3530:
3455:
3333:
3278:
1126:"The presentation and management of complex female genital malformations"
738:
flaps has been described. Posterior vaginal wall is a rare complication.
297:
262:
165:
Vaginoplasty is the description of the following surgical interventions:
154:
2475:(12). Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada: 1108–1112.
300:, normalizing appearance, vagina creation, initiating vaginal dilation.
77:
4194:
3894:
3884:
3816:
3520:
3482:
3470:
3460:
3395:
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2654:
2047:
839:
525:
266:
220:
2129:
Li, Joy S.; Crane, Curtis N.; Santucci, Richard A. (3 February 2021).
2094:
1922:
1383:
1260:
1243:
982:
3983:
3871:
3711:
2031:
1784:"Formation of vagina (colpopoiesis) from peritoneum of Douglas pouch"
810:
782:
384:
205:
201:
131:
127:
2566:
Fedele L, Bianchi S, Tozzi L, Borruto F, Vignali M (November 1996).
2215:
Moriarty, Christopher R.; Miklos, John R.; Moore, Robert D. (2013).
3955:
3899:
3756:
3716:
3421:
2923:"The trans-formation of gender confirming surgery: a brief history"
2897:(2nd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Williams & Wilkins. 1992.
727:
503:
Gender-affirming surgery (male-to-female) § Peritoneal vaginoplasty
376:
336:
316:
186:
157:, and women who have had a vaginectomy after malignancy or trauma.
2697:
886:
Pediatric Robotic and Reconstructive Urology a Comprehensive Guide
482:
is grafted into a surgically created canal to form the neovagina.
3432:
3057:
2311:
1292:"Müllerian Agenesis: Diagnosis, Management, and Treatment – ACOG"
758:
754:
743:
735:
661:
559:
364:
115:
107:
3123:
Emans, Laufer, Goldstein's pediatric & adolescent gynecology
1017:
Understanding differences and disorders of sex development (DSD)
570:
Critics have labeled such surgery as the "designer vagina". The
342:
3761:
3447:
3384:
3249:
3234:
2606:
653:
368:
331:
Non-surgical vagina creation was used in the past to treat the
237:
the vaginal reconstruction using a graft or prosthetic material
119:
103:
91:
2895:
Textbook of plastic, maxillofacial, and reconstructive surgery
1195:
Unger, Cecile A.; Paraiso, Marie Fidela R. (16 October 2014).
471:
Gender-affirming surgery (male-to-female) § Bowel vaginoplasty
3512:
3188:
2837:[Vaginoplasty: modification to McIndoe techique [
2833:
Antoniadis, N; Charles, G; MejĂas, I; PabĂłn, R (March 2011).
1437:
Lee, P. A.; Houk, C. P.; Ahmed, S. F.; Hughes, I. A. (2006).
665:
574:
issued a warning against these procedures in 2007 as did the
372:
296:
deficiency. Specific procedures include: clitoral reduction,
234:
the vaginal construction using a graft or prosthetic material
2832:
1864:
1691:
537:
This technique has been reported to provide some degree of
2565:
1604:
1439:"Consensus statement on management of intersex disorders"
864:
862:
860:
696:
ZSI 200 NS vaginal expander stretching the female vagina
584:
strongly criticized the "designer vagina" in 2009. The
1745:"The use of peritoneum in the construction of a vagina"
1241:
639:
620:
is the surgical procedure that reconstructs the hymen.
446:
is sometimes combined with a scrotal or urethral flap.
2746:
3063:
2873:. New York: Facts On File. 12 May 2010. p. 195.
2406:
1094:
1082:
967:
857:
586:
Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
367:
in the anterior portion of the pelvic region and the
1781:
792:
2657:
International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
2268:
Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery
2261:
2221:
Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery
2214:
1929:
Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery
1561:
1425:
Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
963:
961:
959:
957:
572:
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
170:
separation of congenitally fused urethra and vagina
3604:
1436:
541:. This lubrication, however, is not responsive to
1369:
679:
524:This form of vaginoplasty utilizes tissue of the
4229:
2871:The encyclopedia of cosmetic and plastic surgery
2407:Liao, Lih Mei; Sarah M Creighton (24 May 2007).
2262:Jalalizadeh, Mehrsa; Shobeiri, S. Abbas (2018).
1982:
1640:Kim SK, Park JW, Lim KR, Lee KC (January 2017).
1486:
1484:
1482:
1322:Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
954:
449:The penile inversion technique was pioneered by
3104:Atlas of pelvic anatomy and gynecologic surgery
2128:
1124:Acién, Pedro; Acién, Maribel (1 January 2016).
3009:(1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
2966:. United States: SAGE Publishing. p. 32.
2961:
2797:
1421:Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
931:
929:
927:
925:
359:A canal is surgically constructed between the
3590:
3155:
1782:Davydov, S. N.; Zhvitiashvili, O. D. (1974).
1639:
1479:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
879:
877:
785:also underwent a vaginoplasty the same year.
354:
343:Reconstructive surgery after cancer treatment
277:
2921:Smith, Shannon; Han, Justin (1 April 2019).
2916:
2914:
2648:
2469:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada
1642:"Is Rectosigmoid Vaginoplasty Still Useful?"
1555:
1194:
601:
549:while not identical to natal vaginal fluids.
478:However, in bowel vaginoplasty a segment of
4166:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation
4151:Birth control movement in the United States
2691:
2559:
2532:
1047:
1010:
1008:
528:to form the canal lining of the neovagina.
398:
228:the repair of a rectocele using a graft or
4004:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
3597:
3583:
3162:
3148:
2538:
2135:International Brazilian Journal of Urology
2029:
1237:
1235:
1188:
1123:
902:
874:
710:
489:
4258:Gender-affirming surgery (male-to-female)
2938:
2911:
2854:
2774:
2764:
2715:
2624:
2583:
2436:
2358:
2162:
1989:Annales de Chirurgie Plastique Esthétique
1956:
1820:
1719:
1709:
1665:
1496:
1462:
1414:
1259:
1141:
830:Gender-affirming surgery (male-to-female)
3064:Erickson-Schroth, L.; Davis, B. (2021).
2920:
2841:] using hemostatic gel sponge].
2077:Ferrando, Cecile A. (24 November 2022).
2076:
1005:
691:
683:
676:dilation of a newly constructed vagina.
565:
306:bladder located outside of their abdomen
3070:. Oxford University Press. p. 74.
3002:
2383:"Designer vagina craze worries doctors"
1742:
1363:
1314:
1232:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
935:
883:
623:
4230:
2964:The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies
2843:CirugĂa Plástica Ibero-Latinoamericana
2402:
2400:
2380:
2188:
726:varied with gender-affirming surgery.
3578:
3143:
2385:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2376:
2374:
2036:Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
1991:. 67ème Congrès SOFCPRE (in French).
1203:. New York: Springer. pp. 267–.
1014:
510:
509:Transgender peritoneal vaginoplasty,
457:
3067:Gender: What Everyone Needs to Know®
3037:
2359:Zimmerman, Rachel (31 August 2007).
2089:(5) (published June 2023): 931–938.
2030:Tamaya, T.; Imai, A. (1 June 1991).
1106:
640:Pull through or Vecchietti procedure
3170:Tests and procedures involving the
3101:
2397:
2352:
1430:
1197:"18. Construction of the Neovagina"
1100:
1088:
868:
742:was reported in 4–9%. Rectovaginal
652:surgical technique that produces a
440:
122:. It may correct protrusion of the
13:
3003:Mancini, Elena (8 November 2010).
2381:Bourke, Emily (12 November 2009).
2371:
2189:Brandt, Ashley K. (3 March 2023).
1521:10.1097/01.sap.0000258974.41516.bc
835:List of transgender-related topics
769:occurred in 32% of those treated.
403:Several techniques may be used in
292:virilize genetic females due to a
215:the repair of a cystocele using a
14:
4309:
3860:self-report sexual risk behaviors
3120:
2940:10.1097/01.JU.0000555394.71572.8e
2520:. World Health Organization. 2016
2462:"Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery"
2361:"Genital Procedure Draws Warning"
2191:"Robotic peritoneal vaginoplasty"
2147:10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2020.0338
1490:
1347:. 2 February 2018. Archived from
940:. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
173:repair of a urethra that is short
3930:Precocious puberty and pregnancy
2812:10.1097/00000637-199811000-00020
1619:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02494.x
1576:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00480.x
809:
795:
648:, the Vecchietti procedure is a
553:
545:, and functions more as regular
501:This section is an excerpt from
469:This section is an excerpt from
423:
414:
130:) and protrusion of the rectum (
4050:Sexually transmitted infections
3095:
3038:Kaye, Hugh (16 November 2021).
3031:
2996:
2955:
2887:
2863:
2856:10.4321/S0376-78922011000100010
2826:
2791:
2740:
2600:
2510:
2453:
2255:
2208:
2070:
2023:
1814:
1775:
1736:
1598:
1333:
1284:
1166:
191:vaginal suspension and fixation
160:
3606:Sexual and reproductive health
3106:. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
2131:"Vaginoplasty tips and tricks"
1607:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
1564:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
971:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
825:Intersex medical interventions
722:In adults, rates and types of
680:Vaginal dilators and expanders
531:For trans women who had their
290:congenital adrenal hyperplasia
284:Intersex medical interventions
1:
2669:10.1016/s0020-7292(98)00244-6
2585:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)58653-1
2481:10.1016/S1701-2163(15)30762-3
1883:10.1016/j.urology.2022.05.001
1743:Rothman, D. (December 1972).
850:
348:Radiological cancer treatment
326:
211:retropubic paravaginal repair
4030:Disorders of sex development
2280:10.1097/SPV.0000000000000562
2233:10.1097/SPV.0b013e3182a11ae8
2083:Neurourology and Urodynamics
2001:10.1016/j.anplas.2023.07.007
1941:10.1097/SPV.0000000000000888
1827:Zentralblatt Fur Gynakologie
1199:. In Farzeen Firoozi (ed.).
753:The ability of emptying the
321:disorders of sex development
7:
4263:Female genital modification
4248:Surgical removal procedures
4040:Reproductive system disease
3559:Gynecologic ultrasonography
3289:Uterine artery embolization
2518:"Female genital mutilation"
2429:10.1136/bmj.39206.422269.BE
1646:Archives of Plastic Surgery
1176:. World Health Organization
788:
750:undergoing this procedure.
688:Vaginal expander ZSI 200 NS
10:
4314:
3999:Obstetrics and gynaecology
3172:female reproductive system
2972:10.4135/9781544393858.n188
1174:"Online ICD9/ICD9CM codes"
1039:: CS1 maint: postscript (
772:
699:
605:
578:, and a commentary in the
500:
493:
468:
461:
434:outer labia in a curved Y.
355:McIndoe surgical technique
281:
278:Vaginoplasties in children
4293:Female genital mutilation
4174:
4143:
4070:
4022:
3974:
3938:
3915:Pregnant patients' rights
3870:
3830:
3780:
3737:
3688:
3680:Pre-conception counseling
3662:
3637:Abortion-rights movements
3612:
3549:
3526:Female genital mutilation
3511:
3446:
3381:
3358:
3330:
3302:
3257:
3248:
3210:
3187:
3178:
3102:Baggish, Michael (2016).
2800:Annals of Plastic Surgery
2704:Human Reproduction Update
2539:Vecchietti G (1965). "".
1788:Acta Chirurgiae Plasticae
1749:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1698:TheScientificWorldJournal
1505:Annals of Plastic Surgery
1130:Human Reproduction Update
936:Hoffman, Barbara (2012).
888:. City: Wiley-Blackwell.
602:Hymen surgical procedures
593:female genital mutilation
74:
60:
28:
23:
3801:Gamete Cryopreservation
3647:Circumcision controversy
3627:Compulsory sterilization
1658:10.5999/aps.2017.44.1.48
767:Urinary tract infections
405:gender-affirming surgery
399:Gender-affirming surgery
4161:Social hygiene movement
4014:Transgender health care
3536:Clitoral hood reduction
3503:Vaginal transplantation
3121:Emans, Herriot (2011).
2626:10.1093/humrep/15.3.692
2421:British Medical Journal
2318:Sexual Medicine Reviews
884:Gundeti, Mohan (2012).
711:Risks and complications
581:British Medical Journal
496:Peritoneal vaginoplasty
490:Peritoneal vaginoplasty
407:to create a neovagina.
3989:Genitourinary medicine
3792:In vitro fertilization
3747:Hormonal contraception
3632:Contraceptive security
2927:The Journal of Urology
2766:10.1186/1471-2482-7-13
2330:10.1093/sxmrev/qead015
1821:Radzuweit, H. (1980).
1570:(4, Part 1): 981–989.
1455:10.1542/peds.2006-0738
748:assigned male at birth
697:
689:
4298:Intersex and medicine
4238:Gynecological surgery
3652:Intersex human rights
3564:Hysterosalpingography
3181:Gynecological surgery
2717:10.1093/humupd/dmu024
1201:Female Pelvic Surgery
1143:10.1093/humupd/dmv048
695:
687:
628:In this procedure, a
606:Further information:
566:Elective vaginoplasty
100:Pelvic organ prolapse
4278:Pediatric gynecology
4210:tax on childlessness
3966:Genital modification
3890:Unintended pregnancy
3622:Reproductive Justice
3350:Endometrial ablation
2541:Attual Ostet Ginecol
763:urinary incontinence
624:Balloon vaginoplasty
176:vaginal construction
138:Congenital disorders
4253:Reproductive system
3910:Pregnancy from rape
3767:Intrauterine device
3401:Cervical conization
3284:Pelvic exenteration
3202:Salpingoophorectomy
2365:Wall Street Journal
1711:10.1155/2014/638919
1351:on 12 February 2018
1324:(24 October 2016),
1302:on 13 December 2017
938:Williams gynecology
539:vaginal lubrication
288:Conditions such as
259:allotransplantation
230:prosthetic material
196:recto-uterine pouch
142:adrenal hyperplasia
4156:History of condoms
4045:Sexual dysfunction
3951:Sexual orientation
3905:Options counseling
3752:Male contraception
3675:Genetic counseling
3418:Cervical screening
3373:Uterine myomectomy
3345:Endometrial biopsy
2613:Human Reproduction
2048:10.1007/BF02390702
1345:femalecircumcision
1103:, p. 409-412.
1091:, p. 467-474.
871:, p. 779-798.
817:Transgender portal
698:
690:
670:vaginal hypoplasia
664:, and through the
646:MĂĽllerian agenesis
480:rectosigmoid colon
464:Bowel vaginoplasty
458:Bowel vaginoplasty
389:amniotic membranes
247:(vaginal agenesis)
151:vaginal hypoplasia
147:MĂĽllerian agenesis
112:congenital defects
94:. It is a type of
18:Surgical procedure
4288:Urethra disorders
4243:Surgical oncology
4225:
4224:
3925:Teenage pregnancy
3642:Genital integrity
3572:
3571:
3498:Vaginal wet mount
3442:
3441:
3413:Cervical cerclage
3322:Vacuum aspiration
3077:978-0-19-088003-3
3016:978-0-230-11439-5
2904:978-0-683-03454-7
2880:978-1-4381-2702-6
2095:10.1002/nau.25088
1613:(12): 3487–3494.
1384:10.1136/bmj.h5124
1261:10.1159/000442975
1248:Horm Res Paediatr
1210:978-1-4939-1504-0
1019:. Basel: Karger.
1015:Hiort, O (2014).
983:10.1111/jsm.12868
614:imperforate hymen
547:vaginal discharge
126:into the vagina (
104:malignant growths
85:
84:
4305:
4187:Two-child policy
4182:One-child policy
4062:Gender dysphoria
3599:
3592:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3389:
3366:
3338:
3310:
3262:
3255:
3254:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3117:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2768:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2719:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2628:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2587:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2498:on 10 March 2016
2497:
2491:. Archived from
2466:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2166:
2126:
2115:
2114:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2027:
2021:
2020:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1920:
1903:
1902:
1862:
1851:
1850:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1434:
1428:
1427:, February 2013.
1418:
1412:
1411:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1298:. Archived from
1288:
1282:
1281:
1263:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1145:
1121:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1064:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1030:
1012:
1003:
1002:
977:(6): 1499–1512.
965:
952:
951:
933:
900:
899:
881:
872:
866:
819:
814:
813:
805:
800:
799:
798:
634:laparoscopically
512:
441:Penile inversion
427:
418:
78:edit on Wikidata
70:
21:
20:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4268:Plastic surgery
4228:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4170:
4139:
4112:United Kingdom
4066:
4018:
4009:Sexual medicine
3970:
3946:Gender identity
3934:
3880:Maternal health
3866:
3826:
3822:fertility fraud
3783:
3776:
3733:
3684:
3658:
3608:
3603:
3573:
3568:
3551:Medical imaging
3545:
3507:
3438:
3382:
3377:
3359:
3354:
3331:
3326:
3303:
3298:
3294:Transplantation
3258:
3244:
3212:Fallopian tubes
3206:
3183:
3174:
3168:
3133:
3114:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3046:
3036:
3032:
3017:
3001:
2997:
2982:
2960:
2956:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2831:
2827:
2796:
2792:
2745:
2741:
2696:
2692:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2605:
2601:
2564:
2560:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2405:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2357:
2353:
2310:
2303:
2260:
2256:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2187:
2180:
2127:
2118:
2075:
2071:
2028:
2024:
1981:
1974:
1921:
1906:
1863:
1854:
1819:
1815:
1780:
1776:
1741:
1737:
1690:
1683:
1638:
1634:
1603:
1599:
1560:
1556:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1480:
1449:(2): e488–500.
1435:
1431:
1419:
1415:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1240:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1211:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1122:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1070:. ICD10Data.com
1066:
1065:
1048:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1013:
1006:
966:
955:
948:
934:
903:
896:
882:
875:
867:
858:
853:
815:
808:
803:Medicine portal
801:
796:
794:
791:
775:
713:
704:
702:Vaginal dilator
682:
642:
626:
610:
604:
568:
556:
551:
550:
533:puberty blocked
506:
498:
492:
487:
486:
474:
466:
460:
443:
438:
437:
436:
435:
430:
429:
428:
420:
419:
401:
361:urinary bladder
357:
345:
329:
302:Vaginal atresia
286:
280:
255:
163:
124:urinary bladder
114:to the vagina,
81:
66:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4311:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4128:teen pregnancy
4120:
4119:
4118:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3709:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3541:Vestibulectomy
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3476:husband stitch
3468:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3425:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3306:Uterine cavity
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3240:Tubal reversal
3237:
3232:
3230:Tubal ligation
3227:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3131:
3118:
3112:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3076:
3056:
3030:
3015:
2995:
2980:
2954:
2910:
2903:
2886:
2879:
2862:
2825:
2790:
2739:
2710:(5): 775–801.
2690:
2647:
2619:(3): 692–693.
2599:
2572:Fertil. Steril
2558:
2543:(in Italian).
2531:
2509:
2452:
2396:
2370:
2351:
2324:(3): 212–223.
2301:
2254:
2227:(5): 303–305.
2207:
2178:
2141:(2): 263–273.
2116:
2069:
2022:
1995:(5): 455–461.
1972:
1935:(8): e23–e26.
1904:
1852:
1833:(9): 519–526.
1813:
1774:
1755:(6): 835–838.
1735:
1681:
1632:
1597:
1554:
1513:Wolters Kluwer
1495:
1478:
1429:
1413:
1362:
1332:
1313:
1283:
1231:
1209:
1187:
1165:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1046:
1025:
1004:
953:
946:
901:
894:
873:
855:
854:
852:
849:
848:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
821:
820:
806:
790:
787:
774:
771:
717:superinfection
712:
709:
700:Main article:
681:
678:
641:
638:
630:Foley catheter
625:
622:
603:
600:
567:
564:
555:
552:
543:sexual arousal
507:
499:
494:Main article:
491:
488:
475:
467:
462:Main article:
459:
456:
442:
439:
432:
431:
422:
421:
413:
412:
411:
410:
409:
400:
397:
356:
353:
344:
341:
328:
325:
319:conditions or
313:cisnormativity
294:21-hydroxylase
279:
276:
254:
253:
248:
241:
238:
235:
232:
226:
223:
213:
208:
198:
194:operations on
192:
189:
185:vaginal vault
183:
181:reconstruction
177:
174:
171:
167:
162:
159:
83:
82:
75:
72:
71:
64:
58:
57:
32:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4310:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:child benefit
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4134:
4133:birth control
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4123:United States
4121:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:Prenatal care
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3772:Sterilization
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3739:Contraception
3736:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3707:Birth spacing
3705:
3703:
3702:childlessness
3699:
3698:Childfreeness
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3670:Sex education
3668:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3493:Hymenorrhaphy
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3466:Culdocentesis
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Salpingectomy
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3153:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3134:
3132:9781608316489
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3113:9780323225526
3109:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3060:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2981:9781544393810
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2915:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2547:(2): 131–47.
2546:
2542:
2535:
2519:
2513:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:: 1090–1092.
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2384:
2377:
2375:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2274:(4): e9–e11.
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1977:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1550:transsexuals.
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1254:(3): 158–80.
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1175:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1042:
1036:
1028:
1026:9783318025590
1022:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
964:
962:
960:
958:
949:
947:9780071716727
943:
939:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
897:
895:9781444335538
891:
887:
880:
878:
870:
865:
863:
861:
856:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
818:
812:
807:
804:
793:
786:
784:
780:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:complications
720:
718:
708:
703:
694:
686:
677:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
637:
635:
631:
621:
619:
618:hymenorrhaphy
615:
609:
608:Hymenorrhaphy
599:
596:
594:
589:
587:
583:
582:
577:
573:
563:
561:
554:Other methods
548:
544:
540:
536:
534:
529:
527:
522:
520:
516:
504:
497:
483:
481:
472:
465:
455:
452:
451:Georges Burou
447:
426:
417:
408:
406:
396:
394:
393:buccal mucosa
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
352:
349:
340:
338:
334:
324:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
285:
275:
273:
268:
264:
260:
252:
251:hymenorrhaphy
249:
246:
245:MRKH syndrome
243:treatment of
242:
239:
236:
233:
231:
227:
224:
222:
218:
214:
212:
209:
207:
203:
199:
197:
193:
190:
188:
184:
182:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
166:
158:
156:
152:
149:resulting in
148:
143:
139:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
79:
73:
69:
65:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
33:
31:
27:
22:
16:
4217:Abortion law
4200:bachelor tax
3850:vulvovaginal
3784:reproduction
3488:Colpocleisis
3428:Cervicectomy
3383:
3360:
3332:
3317:Hysteroscopy
3304:
3274:Hysterectomy
3269:Genitoplasty
3259:
3220:Falloposcopy
3197:Oophorectomy
3122:
3103:
3096:Bibliography
3081:. Retrieved
3066:
3059:
3047:. Retrieved
3043:
3033:
3005:
2998:
2963:
2957:
2933:(4S): e244.
2930:
2926:
2894:
2889:
2870:
2865:
2849:(1): 73–77.
2846:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2806:(5): 568–9.
2803:
2799:
2793:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2663:(2): 153–8.
2660:
2656:
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2616:
2612:
2602:
2578:(5): 854–7.
2575:
2571:
2561:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2493:the original
2472:
2468:
2455:
2416:
2412:
2387:. Retrieved
2364:
2354:
2321:
2317:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2194:
2138:
2134:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2042:(1): 15–17.
2039:
2035:
2025:
1992:
1988:
1932:
1928:
1874:
1870:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1794:(1): 35–41.
1791:
1787:
1777:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1701:
1697:
1652:(1): 48–52.
1649:
1645:
1635:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1548:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1416:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1349:the original
1344:
1335:
1326:
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1300:the original
1296:www.acog.org
1295:
1286:
1251:
1247:
1222:. Retrieved
1200:
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1168:
1136:(1): 48–69.
1133:
1129:
1096:
1084:
1072:. Retrieved
1016:
974:
970:
937:
885:
845:Sigmoidocele
779:Dora Richter
776:
752:
740:Genital pain
721:
714:
705:
674:
650:laparoscopic
644:In treating
643:
627:
611:
597:
590:
579:
569:
557:
530:
523:
508:
476:
448:
444:
402:
358:
346:
330:
310:
287:
271:
256:
164:
161:Medical uses
136:
96:genitoplasty
88:Vaginoplasty
87:
86:
24:Vaginoplasty
15:
4283:Chromosomes
4103:Philippines
4035:Infertility
3994:Gynaecology
3961:Transgender
3729:Sperm theft
3722:foster care
3531:Labiaplasty
3456:Vaginectomy
3334:Endometrium
3279:Hysterotomy
2753:BMC Surgery
1877:: 301–302.
1515:: 723–729.
1355:11 February
1306:26 December
298:labiaplasty
263:heterograft
155:trans women
4232:Categories
4195:baby bonus
4191:Financial
4071:By country
3895:childbirth
3885:Obstetrics
3817:Sperm bank
3521:Vulvectomy
3483:Hymenotomy
3471:Episiotomy
3461:Culdoscopy
3396:Colposcopy
3362:Myometrium
3049:31 January
2200:5 February
1704:: 638919.
1443:Pediatrics
851:References
840:Enterocele
765:were 19%.
526:peritoneum
385:skin flaps
333:congenital
327:Techniques
282:See also:
267:autologous
221:prosthesis
200:repair of
4108:Singapore
4023:Disorders
3984:Andrology
3872:Pregnancy
3856:Research
3712:Parenting
3663:Education
3435:insertion
3025:696313936
2990:242422061
2949:149966616
2759:(1): 13.
2726:1355-4786
2338:2050-0521
2288:2154-4212
2241:2151-8378
2155:1677-6119
2103:0733-2467
2056:1432-0711
2009:0294-1260
1949:2151-8378
1891:1527-9995
1839:0044-4197
1800:0001-5423
1761:0029-7844
1584:1743-6095
1529:0148-7043
1392:1756-1833
1378:: h5124.
1270:1663-2818
1219:941369411
1152:1355-4786
1035:cite book
991:1743-6095
783:Lili Elbe
732:Stricture
272:neovagina
206:rectocele
202:cystocele
132:rectocele
128:cystocele
108:abscesses
4098:Pakistan
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