2447:
2386:
507:
4377:
4022:
2735:
493:
2803:
2835:
2414:
521:
267:
6061:
2671:
486:
528:
500:
731:
2771:
514:
281:
4212:
3810:
2703:
274:
288:
6073:
260:
479:
1112:
molecule should be described as having 6 polar covalent (partly ionic) bonds made from only four orbitals on sulfur (one s and three p) in accordance with the octet rule, together with six orbitals on the fluorines. Similar calculations on transition-metal molecules show that the role of p orbitals
2913:
elements is generally even, and
Frankland suggested that the unused valencies saturated one another. For example, nitrogen has a maximum valence of 5, in forming ammonia two valencies are left unattached; sulfur has a maximum valence of 6, in forming hydrogen sulphide four valencies are left
4885:
While the concepts and definitions of valence have been refined over the years, that described by
Sidgwick remains the most useful and simple definition for covalent molecules: the valence of an atom in a covalent molecule is simply the number of electrons that an atom has used in
777:. If, for example, according to Higgins, the force between the ultimate particle of oxygen and the ultimate particle of nitrogen were 6, then the strength of the force would be divided accordingly, and likewise for the other combinations of ultimate particles (see illustration).
741:
The concept of valence was developed in the second half of the 19th century and helped successfully explain the molecular structure of inorganic and organic compounds. The quest for the underlying causes of valence led to the modern theories of chemical bonding, including the
171:
of a compound represents the connectivity of the atoms, with lines drawn between two atoms to represent bonds. The two tables below show examples of different compounds, their structural formulas, and the valences for each element of the compound.
145:, nitrogen has a valence of 3; in water, oxygen has a valence of 2; and in hydrogen chloride, chlorine has a valence of 1. Chlorine, as it has a valence of one, can be substituted for hydrogen in many compounds. Phosphorus has a valence 3 in
2908:
Frankland took the view that the valence (he used the term "atomicity") of an element was a single value that corresponded to the maximum value observed. The number of unused valencies on atoms of what are now called the
4904:
On the whole the best definition of absolute valency seems to be that adopted by Grimm and
Sommerfeld, that it is numerically equal to the number of electrons of the atom 'engaged' (beansprucht) in attaching the other
835:, etc.), equivalents of the attached elements. According to him, this is the manner in which their affinities are best satisfied, and by following these examples and postulates, he declares how obvious it is that
2926:
The maximum number of univalent atoms (originally hydrogen or chlorine atoms) that may combine with an atom of the element under consideration, or with a fragment, or for which an atom of this element can be
663:
The maximum number of univalent atoms (originally hydrogen or chlorine atoms) that may combine with an atom of the element under consideration, or with a fragment, or for which an atom of this element can be
1060:, which has fallen out of use in higher-level work from the advances in the theory of chemical bonding, but it is still widely used in elementary studies, where it provides a
888:
Most 19th-century chemists defined the valence of an element as the number of its bonds without distinguishing different types of valence or of bond. However, in 1893
674:
The number of hydrogen atoms that can combine with an element in a binary hydride or twice the number of oxygen atoms combining with an element in its oxide or oxides.
5093:
5866:
5876:
5926:
6023:
5901:
5192:
5163:
2918:
655:
1002:
bonds to four hydrogen atoms, but it is considered to be pentavalent because all five of nitrogen's valence electrons participate in the bonding.
5906:
5881:
5327:
792:
to show that certain elements have the tendency to combine with other elements to form compounds containing 3, i.e., in the 3-atom groups (e.g.,
2204:
it has gained or lost. In contrast to the valency number, the oxidation state can be positive (for an electropositive atom) or negative (for an
5861:
5577:
2955:
to complete chlorine's outer shell. However, chlorine can also have oxidation states from +1 to +7 and can form more than one bond by donating
2274:
atoms and 1 single bond with the other sulfur atom). Thus, each sulfur atom is hexavalent or has valence 6, but has oxidation state +5. In the
1750:(polyvalent) ion. Transition metals and metals to the right are typically multivalent but there is no simple pattern predicting their valency.
5990:
873:, contained an early version of the periodic table containing 28 elements, for the first time classified elements into six families by their
6000:
5995:
4917:
Grimm, H.G.; Sommerfeld, A (1926). "Über den. Zusammenhang des
Abschlusses der Elektronengruppen im Atom mit den chemischen Valenzzahlen".
137:
The valence is the combining capacity of an atom of a given element, determined by the number of hydrogen atoms that it combines with. In
6108:
5936:
5896:
5891:
5851:
960:
is not zero. It defines the valence of a given atom in a covalent molecule as the number of electrons that an atom has used in bonding:
5911:
5846:
5632:
1050:
means "together", so that a co-valent bond means that the atoms share a valence. Subsequent to that, it is now more common to speak of
5120:
6005:
5985:
5772:
2186:
1746:
cation is a trivalent cation. Unlike Cs and Ca, Fe can also exist in other charge states, notably 2+ and 4+, and is thus known as a
5841:
5805:
4539:
3016:
1086:, in which main-group elements have apparent valences greater than the maximal of 4 allowed by the octet rule. For example, in the
2185:
Because of the ambiguity of the term valence, other notations are currently preferred. Beside the lambda notation, as used in the
2159:† The same adjectives are also used in medicine to refer to vaccine valence, with the slight difference that in the latter sense,
2939:
were originally used as examples of univalent atoms, because of their nature to form only one single bond. Hydrogen has only one
5886:
5836:
4851:
Parkin, Gerard (May 2006). "Valence, Oxidation Number, and Formal Charge: Three
Related but Fundamentally Different Concepts".
2547:** Valences may also be different from absolute values of oxidation states due to different polarity of bonds. For example, in
2568:, so no typical molecule can be identified. In ferrous oxide, Fe has oxidation state +2; in ferric oxide, oxidation state +3.
1707:
Many elements have a common valence related to their position in the periodic table, and nowadays this is rationalised by the
5931:
5856:
5767:
5073:
4726:
956:
An alternative definition of valence, developed in the 1920's and having modern proponents, differs in cases where an atom's
723:"worth, value", and the chemical meaning referring to the "combining power of an element" is recorded from 1884, from German
2921:(IUPAC) has made several attempts to arrive at an unambiguous definition of valence. The current version, adopted in 1994:
1018:, which suggests that electrons are responsible for the interaction of atoms and the formation of chemical bonds. In 1916,
5365:
5320:
1102:
1075:, which are intermediate between covalent and ionic, and that the degree of ionic character depends on the difference of
5800:
5757:
2211:
Elements in a high oxidation state have an oxidation state higher than +4, and also, elements in a high valence state (
5973:
4782:
2177:), but they are not the conventionally established forms in English and thus are not entered in major dictionaries.
2234:
has 7 valence bonds (thus, it is heptavalent, in other words, it has valence 7), and it has oxidation state +7; in
5921:
5795:
2975:
6076:
5958:
5313:
2989:
2251:
In some molecules, there is a difference between valence and oxidation state for a given atom. For example, in
2248:
has 8 valence bonds (thus, it is octavalent, in other words, it has valence 8), and it has oxidation state +8.
843:
of the attracting element, if I may be allowed the term, is always satisfied by the same number of these atoms.
5532:
5064:
Frenking, Gernot; Shaik, Sason, eds. (May 2014). "Chapter 7: Chemical bonding in
Transition Metal Compounds".
5950:
5871:
5761:
1105:
on this and similar molecules have shown that the role of d orbitals in the bonding is minimal, and that the
1034:
leads to octets by the transfer of electrons from one atom to the other. The term covalence is attributed to
839:
A tendency or law prevails (here), and that, no matter what the characters of the uniting atoms may be, the
6103:
679:
This definition differs from the IUPAC definition as an element can be said to have more than one valence.
773:
published views on what he called combinations of "ultimate" particles, which foreshadowed the concept of
5980:
4748:
5542:
5537:
5037:
Magnusson, Eric (1990). "Hypercoordinate molecules of second-row elements: d functions or d orbitals?".
5815:
4960:
Smith, Derek W. (2005). "Valence, Covalence, Hypervalence, Oxidation State, and
Coordination Number".
2170:‡ As demonstrated by hit counts in Google web search and Google Books search corpora (accessed 2017).
6098:
5748:
2144:
770:
734:
780:
The exact inception, however, of the theory of chemical valencies can be traced to an 1852 paper by
5350:
1427:
157:
22:
5968:
6064:
6033:
5527:
5484:
5355:
1113:
is minor, so that one s and five d orbitals on the metal are sufficient to describe the bonding.
1022:
explained valence and chemical bonding in terms of a tendency of (main-group) atoms to achieve a
390:
44:
1935:
1927:
5554:
5381:
5787:
2962:
Hydrogen has only one valence electron, but it can form bonds with more than one atom. In the
1900:
6028:
5609:
4718:
3135:
2710:
2252:
1339:
1262:
1098:
4771:
2105:
1989:
1980:
1918:
1891:
922:
valences (German: 'Hauptvalenz' and 'Nebenvalenz'), corresponding to the modern concepts of
5710:
5394:
5128:
4969:
4926:
4860:
3126:
3037:
1620:
1611:
1590:
1570:
1494:
1083:
896:
455:
5150:
2096:
2049:
2028:
2007:
1962:
1953:
1810:
1783:
855:
proposed fixed valences for many elements, such as 4 for carbon, and used them to propose
8:
5627:
2872:
2235:
1667:
1554:
1515:
1087:
1072:
927:
751:
118:
29:
4973:
4930:
4864:
2572:
Variation of valence vs oxidation state for bonds between two atoms of the same element
1873:
1864:
1819:
1792:
5715:
5675:
5291:
4942:
4815:
4606:
4600:
2289:
atom has 2 valence bonds and so is divalent (valence 2), but has oxidation state 0. In
1655:
1414:
1246:
1203:
1174:
934:
856:
168:
2446:
1846:
1837:
5810:
5680:
5295:
5069:
4985:
4946:
4876:
4819:
4778:
4722:
4614:
3917:
2646:
2565:
2343:
2205:
1550:
1473:
1309:
1253:
1242:
1076:
882:
860:
789:
763:
755:
66:
5202:
5173:
5099:
6045:
5963:
5739:
5604:
5562:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5281:
5270:"Glossary of terms used in physical organic chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1994)"
5242:
5222:
5206:
5197:
5177:
5168:
5046:
5019:
4977:
4934:
4868:
4807:
4766:
4710:
3993:
3781:
3574:
3367:
3270:
3173:
3142:
3089:
3084:
3079:
2778:
2385:
2201:
1724:
1580:
1463:
1404:
1390:
1212:
1019:
1011:
893:
781:
711:
506:
403:
126:
78:
37:
852:
5916:
5777:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5250:
5226:
5089:
5003:
4694:
4674:
4666:
4643:
4638:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
2548:
2421:
2364:
2321:
Variation of valence vs oxidation state for bonds between two different elements
2197:
2190:
2173:§ A few other forms can be found in large English-language corpora (for example,
1757:
1715:
are used to describe ions in the charge states 1, 2, 3, and so on, respectively.
1691:
1633:
1506:
1305:
1271:
1170:
1035:
950:
923:
747:
699:
467:
122:
33:
5269:
2734:
2312:
atom). Each carbon atom is tetravalent (valence 4), but has oxidation state −1.
1097:), Pauling considered that the sulfur forms 6 true two-electron bonds using spd
5725:
5720:
5690:
5685:
5670:
5336:
3104:
2944:
2742:
2507:
1712:
1679:
1485:
1321:
1126:
785:
705:
693:
439:
378:
94:
90:
1014:
of the nuclear atom (1911) showed that the exterior of an atom is occupied by
6092:
5201:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
5172:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
4989:
4880:
4798:
Frankland, E. (1852). "On a New Series of
Organic Bodies Containing Metals".
4041:
2802:
2454:
2123:
1728:
1561:
1524:
1068:
1052:
1031:
1027:
957:
938:
889:
878:
774:
492:
419:
98:
74:
5286:
5210:
5181:
2834:
1731:. Species with a single charge are univalent (monovalent). For example, the
6040:
5705:
5700:
5454:
5389:
5254:
4811:
4743:
4678:
4407:
4242:
4107:
3099:
3032:
2476:
2413:
2193:
is a more clear indication of the electronic state of atoms in a molecule.
1599:
1367:
866:
759:
743:
1101:, which combine one s, three p and two d orbitals. However more recently,
5820:
5695:
5449:
4517:
4495:
4484:
4173:
4129:
4118:
3094:
2530:
2305:
2216:
2212:
1747:
86:
82:
5050:
5023:
4698:
266:
5594:
4981:
4938:
4319:
4297:
4264:
4184:
4096:
4063:
4030:
3650:
3639:
3324:
2963:
1708:
1122:
1023:
520:
4872:
167:), which shows that an element may exhibit more than one valence. The
65:
is a measure of its combining capacity with other atoms when it forms
5650:
5619:
5474:
5464:
5459:
4835:
Chemical
Atomism in the Nineteenth Century: From Dalton to Cannizzaro
4473:
4451:
4440:
4429:
4363:
4253:
4220:
4195:
4162:
4151:
3749:
3683:
3661:
3617:
3593:
3520:
3443:
3375:
3302:
3289:
3192:
3119:
3109:
2842:
2678:
2670:
2290:
2245:
1381:
1061:
688:
527:
248:
232:
146:
117:
is 4. Valence is not to be confused with the related concepts of the
50:
5007:
2770:
730:
513:
485:
5642:
5599:
4528:
4385:
4286:
4275:
4140:
4001:
3972:
3961:
3928:
3895:
3851:
3840:
3818:
3738:
3582:
3542:
3432:
3421:
3410:
3399:
3346:
3249:
3227:
3150:
2993:
2936:
2932:
2810:
2620:
2594:
2301:
2275:
2271:
2231:
1039:
1015:
991:
499:
188:
110:
102:
70:
4902:. London: Oxford University Press (Clarendon Press). p. 199.
2702:
1042:
which any given atom shares with the adjacent atoms is called the
715:) traces back to 1425, meaning "extract, preparation", from Latin
280:
273:
5469:
5305:
4506:
4418:
4396:
4352:
4330:
4308:
4085:
4074:
4052:
3950:
3884:
3862:
3829:
3789:
3705:
3672:
3628:
3606:
3564:
3553:
3531:
3509:
3386:
3313:
3181:
3114:
2910:
2903:
2393:
1372:
1330:
371:
287:
216:
200:
142:
138:
4462:
4341:
4231:
4012:
3873:
3800:
3760:
3716:
3694:
3487:
3476:
3465:
3335:
3278:
3238:
3216:
3163:
3019:. They are shown by the color code at the bottom of the table.
2943:
and can form only one bond with an atom that has an incomplete
2309:
2297:
2286:
2267:
1735:
114:
106:
3021:
949:
valences (maximal and minimal oxidation states), and proposed
259:
5586:
5066:
The
Chemical Bond: Chemical Bonding Across the Periodic Table
4546:
3983:
3771:
3357:
3205:
3015:
Maximum valences for the elements are based on the data from
1453:
1713:
numeral prefixes (mono-/uni-, di-/bi-, tri-/ter-, and so on)
3939:
3906:
3498:
3454:
3260:
965:
valence = number of electrons in valence shell of free atom
478:
62:
4671:
A text-book of inorganic chemistry for university students
4800:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
3727:
2215:
elements) have a valence higher than 4. For example, in
1727:
that are not restricted to a specific number of valence
2951:
and can form only one bond with an atom that donates a
881:, until then had been stymied by the widespread use of
851:
or valency (and valence by American chemists). In 1857
73:. Valence is generally understood to be the number of
5215:
5008:"The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules"
4761:
4759:
3010:
969:
number of non-bonding electrons on atom in molecule
4770:
4690:
4688:
1038:, who stated in 1919 that "the number of pairs of
1026:of 8 valence-shell electrons. According to Lewis,
5228:Lecture notes for chemical students(Google eBook)
4709:
2919:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
2180:
1738:is a univalent or monovalent cation, whereas the
1030:leads to octets by the sharing of electrons, and
6090:
4756:
2545:is monovalent, in other words, it has valence 1.
953:to the effect that their difference is often 8.
813:, etc.) or 5, i.e., in the 5-atom groups (e.g.,
4916:
4685:
18:Combining capacity of elements with other atoms
5143:
2270:atom has 6 valence bonds (5 single bonds with
885:for the elements, rather than atomic weights.
5321:
5241:
5235:
5063:
4846:
4844:
4832:
2562:, carbon has valence 4 but oxidation state 0.
2300:atom has 4 valence bonds (1 single bond with
2200:of an atom in a molecule gives the number of
847:This "combining power" was afterwards called
101:to be six. In most compounds, the valence of
4910:
4891:
4661:
4659:
760:valence shell electron pair repulsion theory
5088:
863:molecules, which are still accepted today.
762:(1958), and all of the advanced methods of
737:' combinations of ultimate particles (1789)
5328:
5314:
4953:
4841:
4765:
4665:
5285:
5231:(2d ed.). J. Van Voorst. p. 21.
5221:
5036:
4797:
4656:
2187:IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry
2175:*quintavalent, *quintivalent, *decivalent
682:
5012:Journal of the American Chemical Society
5002:
4897:
4540:List of oxidation states of the elements
3017:list of oxidation states of the elements
1129:, the valence can vary between 1 and 8.
1005:
729:
5095:Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
4623:shows natural occurrence of the element
4037:
990:In this convention, the nitrogen in an
719:"strength, capacity", from the earlier
6091:
5267:
4850:
4403:
4238:
4103:
877:. Works on organizing the elements by
669:An alternative modern description is:
5309:
4959:
4513:
4491:
4480:
4169:
4125:
4114:
1742:cation is a divalent cation, and the
4315:
4293:
4260:
4180:
4092:
4059:
4026:
3646:
3635:
3320:
2904:"Maximum number of bonds" definition
6072:
5082:
4469:
4447:
4436:
4425:
4359:
4249:
4216:
4191:
4158:
4147:
3745:
3679:
3657:
3613:
3589:
3516:
3439:
3371:
3298:
3285:
3188:
2381:H = +1 Cl = +7 O = −2
1771:Less common synonymous adjective‡§
13:
6109:Dimensionless numbers of chemistry
5335:
5198:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
5169:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
4741:
4538:Maximum valences are based on the
4524:
4381:
4282:
4271:
4136:
3997:
3968:
3957:
3924:
3891:
3847:
3836:
3814:
3734:
3578:
3538:
3428:
3417:
3406:
3395:
3342:
3245:
3223:
3146:
2766:S = +5 O = −2 H = +1
2442:C = 0 H = +1 Cl = −1
1116:
14:
6120:
5098:, Merriam-Webster, archived from
4502:
4414:
4392:
4348:
4326:
4304:
4081:
4070:
4048:
3946:
3913:
3880:
3858:
3825:
3785:
3701:
3668:
3624:
3602:
3560:
3549:
3527:
3505:
3382:
3309:
3177:
3025:Maximum valences of the elements
784:, in which he combined the older
6071:
6060:
6059:
5249:(1st ed.). pp. 75–85.
5121:"Lesson 7: Ions and Their Names"
4900:The electronic theory of valency
4458:
4375:
4337:
4227:
4210:
4020:
4008:
3869:
3808:
3796:
3756:
3712:
3690:
3483:
3472:
3461:
3331:
3274:
3234:
3212:
3159:
3011:Maximum valences of the elements
2833:
2801:
2769:
2733:
2701:
2669:
2445:
2439:C = 4 H = 1 Cl = 1
2412:
2384:
2378:H = 1 Cl = 7 O = 2
871:Die modernen Theorien der Chemie
526:
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
286:
279:
272:
265:
258:
141:, carbon has a valence of 4; in
85:are considered to be two bonds,
5261:
5186:
5157:
5113:
5057:
5030:
4996:
3979:
3767:
3353:
3201:
2976:three-center four-electron bond
2763:S = 6 O = 2 H = 1
1103:quantum-mechanical calculations
5390:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
4837:. Ohio State University Press.
4826:
4791:
4735:
4703:
3935:
3902:
3494:
3450:
3256:
2990:three-center two-electron bond
2181:Valence versus oxidation state
132:
1:
5932:Thermal expansion coefficient
5628:Lists of metalloids by source
4962:Journal of Chemical Education
4853:Journal of Chemical Education
4649:
3723:
1756:Valence adjectives using the
1071:proposed that there are also
1064:introduction to the subject.
649:
4773:A Short History of Chemistry
2564:*** Iron oxides appear in a
914:, in which he distinguished
7:
5671:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
5374:By periodic table structure
5125:Clackamas Community College
4777:. Dover Publications, Inc.
4749:Online Etymology Dictionary
4632:
2974:), for example, it forms a
2315:
1754:
10:
6125:
5816:Goldschmidt classification
5274:Pure and Applied Chemistry
4545:
4537:
4204:
3296:
3199:
3157:
3024:
2093:multiple / many / variable
1046:of that atom". The prefix
654:Valence is defined by the
77:that each atom of a given
42:
27:
20:
6054:
6016:
5949:
5829:
5786:
5747:
5738:
5663:
5641:
5618:
5585:
5575:
5553:
5483:
5395:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
5380:
5373:
5364:
5343:
4715:Chemistry of the Elements
4713:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
4667:Partington, James Riddick
4374:
4209:
3133:
3125:
2978:with two fluoride atoms:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1079:of the two bonded atoms.
980:valence = number of bonds
61:(British spelling) of an
4898:Sidgwick, N. V. (1927).
1082:Pauling also considered
158:phosphorus pentachloride
156:) and a valence of 5 in
28:Not to be confused with
23:Valence (disambiguation)
6034:systematic element name
6006:in East Asian languages
5356:Extended periodic table
5287:10.1351/pac199466051077
5211:10.1351/goldbook.O04365
5182:10.1351/goldbook.L03418
4594:of the chemical element
2988:Another example is the
1768:More common adjective‡
391:Thiophosphoryl chloride
45:Polyvalency (chemistry)
5877:Electron configuration
5867:Electrical resistivity
5806:Electron configuration
5610:Post-transition metals
4919:Zeitschrift für Physik
4833:Alan J. Rocke (1984).
4812:10.1098/rstl.1852.0020
2892:Hg = +1 Cl = −1
1099:hybrid atomic orbitals
897:coordination complexes
845:
738:
683:Historical development
5711:Transuranium elements
5149:The Free Dictionary:
4719:Butterworth-Heinemann
4711:Greenwood, Norman N.
2947:. Chlorine has seven
2798:C = +3 Cl = −1
2711:Disulfur decafluoride
2518:Na = +1 H = −1
2497:Fe = +3 O = −2
2466:Fe = +2 O = −2
2354:H = +1 Cl = −1
2253:disulfur decafluoride
1084:hypervalent molecules
1006:Electrons and valence
837:
733:
5927:Thermal conductivity
5902:Heat of vaporization
5344:Periodic table forms
5245:; Japp, F.R (1885).
4592:maximum valence
2889:Hg = 2 Cl = 1
2862:C = −1 H = +1
2830:C = −2 H = +1
2730:S = +5 F = −1
2698:H = +1 N = −2
2666:H = +1 O = −1
2409:C = −4 H = +1
2163:is more common than
1121:For elements in the
1073:polar covalent bonds
456:Dichlorine heptoxide
21:For other uses, see
6104:Chemical properties
5959:Element discoveries
5716:Superheavy elements
5676:Rare-earth elements
5268:Muller, P. (1994).
5247:Inorganic chemistry
5051:10.1021/ja00178a014
5024:10.1021/ja02227a002
4974:2005JChEd..82.1202S
4931:1926ZPhy...36...36G
4865:2006JChEd..83..791P
2983:[F−H F ↔ F H−F]
2873:Mercury(I) chloride
2795:C = 4 Cl = 1
2573:
2515:Na = 1 H = 1
2494:Fe = 3 O = 2
2463:Fe = 2 O = 2
2351:H = 1 Cl = 1
2322:
2236:ruthenium tetroxide
1761:
1088:sulfur hexafluoride
935:main-group elements
928:coordination number
857:structural formulas
752:valence bond theory
125:, or the number of
119:coordination number
30:coordination number
5131:on 21 January 2019
4982:10.1021/ed082p1202
4939:10.1007/bf01383924
2859:C = 4 H = 1
2827:C = 4 H = 1
2727:S = 6 F = 1
2695:H = 1 N = 3
2663:H = 1 O = 2
2571:
2406:C = 4 H = 1
2320:
1755:
1711:. The Greek/Latin
883:equivalent weights
869:in his 1864 book,
756:molecular orbitals
739:
568:Phosphorus: 5
169:structural formula
129:for a given atom.
67:chemical compounds
6086:
6085:
5945:
5944:
5907:Ionization energy
5882:Electronegativity
5872:Electron affinity
5811:Electronegativity
5801:Crystal structure
5796:Aqueous chemistry
5773:Nuclear stability
5768:Atomic properties
5734:
5733:
5681:Refractory metals
5659:
5658:
5605:Transition metals
5571:
5570:
5075:978-3-527-33315-8
5045:(22): 7940–7951.
4873:10.1021/ed083p791
4742:Harper, Douglas.
4728:978-0-08-037941-8
4630:
4629:
2957:valence electrons
2949:valence electrons
2901:
2900:
2647:Hydrogen peroxide
2566:crystal structure
2527:
2526:
2344:Hydrogen chloride
2202:valence electrons
2157:
2156:
1705:
1704:
1701:0, 2, 4, 6 and 8
1162:Typical valences
1077:electronegativity
975:or equivalently:
790:chemical affinity
788:with thoughts on
764:quantum chemistry
647:
646:
356:
355:
127:valence electrons
81:typically forms.
57:(US spelling) or
6116:
6099:Chemical bonding
6075:
6074:
6063:
6062:
6046:Dmitri Mendeleev
5974:1869 predictions
5964:Dmitri Mendeleev
5745:
5744:
5583:
5582:
5563:Aufbau principle
5475:18 (Noble gases)
5378:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5366:Sets of elements
5330:
5323:
5316:
5307:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5289:
5280:(5): 1077–1184.
5265:
5259:
5258:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5219:
5213:
5190:
5184:
5161:
5155:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5127:. Archived from
5117:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5039:J. Am. Chem. Soc
5034:
5028:
5027:
5004:Langmuir, Irving
5000:
4994:
4993:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4848:
4839:
4838:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4776:
4767:Partington, J.R.
4763:
4754:
4753:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4717:(2nd ed.).
4707:
4701:
4692:
4683:
4682:
4673:(1st ed.).
4663:
4624:
4617:
4611:
4609:
4603:
4595:
4588:Background color
4585:
4584:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4533:
4531:
4522:
4520:
4511:
4509:
4500:
4498:
4489:
4487:
4478:
4476:
4467:
4465:
4456:
4454:
4445:
4443:
4434:
4432:
4423:
4421:
4412:
4410:
4401:
4399:
4390:
4388:
4379:
4378:
4368:
4366:
4357:
4355:
4346:
4344:
4335:
4333:
4324:
4322:
4313:
4311:
4302:
4300:
4291:
4289:
4280:
4278:
4269:
4267:
4258:
4256:
4247:
4245:
4236:
4234:
4225:
4223:
4214:
4213:
4200:
4198:
4189:
4187:
4178:
4176:
4167:
4165:
4156:
4154:
4145:
4143:
4134:
4132:
4123:
4121:
4112:
4110:
4101:
4099:
4090:
4088:
4079:
4077:
4068:
4066:
4057:
4055:
4046:
4044:
4035:
4033:
4024:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4006:
4004:
3988:
3986:
3977:
3975:
3966:
3964:
3955:
3953:
3944:
3942:
3933:
3931:
3922:
3920:
3911:
3909:
3900:
3898:
3889:
3887:
3878:
3876:
3867:
3865:
3856:
3854:
3845:
3843:
3834:
3832:
3823:
3821:
3812:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3794:
3792:
3776:
3774:
3765:
3763:
3754:
3752:
3743:
3741:
3732:
3730:
3721:
3719:
3710:
3708:
3699:
3697:
3688:
3686:
3677:
3675:
3666:
3664:
3655:
3653:
3644:
3642:
3633:
3631:
3622:
3620:
3611:
3609:
3598:
3596:
3587:
3585:
3569:
3567:
3558:
3556:
3547:
3545:
3536:
3534:
3525:
3523:
3514:
3512:
3503:
3501:
3492:
3490:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3468:
3459:
3457:
3448:
3446:
3437:
3435:
3426:
3424:
3415:
3413:
3404:
3402:
3391:
3389:
3380:
3378:
3362:
3360:
3351:
3349:
3340:
3338:
3329:
3327:
3318:
3316:
3307:
3305:
3294:
3292:
3283:
3281:
3265:
3263:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3241:
3232:
3230:
3221:
3219:
3210:
3208:
3197:
3195:
3186:
3184:
3168:
3166:
3155:
3153:
3022:
3006:
2984:
2973:
2953:valence electron
2941:valence electron
2897:
2886:
2867:
2856:
2837:
2824:
2805:
2792:
2779:Hexachloroethane
2773:
2760:
2737:
2724:
2705:
2692:
2673:
2660:
2641:
2630:
2615:
2604:
2574:
2570:
2561:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2523:
2502:
2491:
2471:
2449:
2436:
2416:
2403:
2388:
2375:
2359:
2323:
2319:
2295:
2284:
2265:
2243:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2140:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2082:
2081:
2067:
2066:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2045:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2024:
2012:
2011:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1779:
1762:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1639:
1630:
1617:
1605:
1596:
1586:
1576:
1567:
1534:
1521:
1512:
1500:
1491:
1479:
1470:
1460:
1433:
1424:
1410:
1400:
1387:
1378:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1315:
1281:
1268:
1259:
1218:
1209:
1132:
1131:
1111:
1096:
1028:covalent bonding
1020:Gilbert N. Lewis
1012:Rutherford model
1001:
913:
894:transition metal
834:
827:
819:
812:
805:
798:
782:Edward Frankland
748:Lewis structures
625:Chlorine: 7
616:Hydrogen: 1
601:Hydrogen: 1
586:Hydrogen: 1
574:Chlorine: 1
559:Nitrogen: 3
544:Hydrogen: 1
541:Nitrogen: 3
530:
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
488:
481:
465:
453:
437:
417:
404:Hydrogen sulfide
401:
388:
369:
358:
357:
349:Hydrogen: 1
337:Hydrogen: 1
325:Hydrogen: 1
313:Hydrogen: 1
301:Hydrogen: 1
290:
283:
276:
269:
262:
246:
230:
214:
198:
186:
175:
174:
166:
155:
79:chemical element
38:valence electron
6124:
6123:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6050:
6012:
5941:
5917:Oxidation state
5825:
5782:
5730:
5726:Minor actinides
5721:Major actinides
5686:Precious metals
5655:
5637:
5614:
5567:
5549:
5479:
5465:16 (Chalcogens)
5460:15 (Pnictogens)
5360:
5339:
5334:
5304:
5303:
5266:
5262:
5240:
5236:
5220:
5216:
5203:Oxidation state
5191:
5187:
5162:
5158:
5148:
5144:
5134:
5132:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5105:
5103:
5090:Merriam-Webster
5087:
5083:
5076:
5068:. Wiley – VCH.
5062:
5058:
5035:
5031:
5001:
4997:
4958:
4954:
4915:
4911:
4896:
4892:
4849:
4842:
4831:
4827:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4764:
4757:
4740:
4736:
4729:
4708:
4704:
4695:IUPAC Gold Book
4693:
4686:
4664:
4657:
4652:
4644:Oxidation state
4635:
4626:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4605:
4599:
4597:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4376:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4211:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4021:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3809:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2982:
2971:
2967:
2906:
2895:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2865:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2639:
2629:
2625:
2613:
2603:
2599:
2586:Oxidation state
2563:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2549:dichloromethane
2546:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2521:
2500:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2469:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:Dichloromethane
2402:
2398:
2374:
2370:
2365:Perchloric acid
2357:
2335:Oxidation state
2318:
2308:with the other
2293:
2283:
2279:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2242:
2238:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2206:electronegative
2198:oxidation state
2191:oxidation state
2183:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2137:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2098:
2097:
2079:
2078:
2064:
2063:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2042:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2021:
2009:
2008:
2001:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1776:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1553:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1173:
1119:
1117:Common valences
1110:
1106:
1095:
1091:
1036:Irving Langmuir
1008:
999:
995:
924:oxidation state
912:
908:
904:
900:
841:combining power
833:
829:
825:
821:
818:
814:
811:
807:
804:
800:
797:
793:
771:William Higgins
735:William Higgins
685:
652:
643:
631:
619:
604:
589:
577:
562:
547:
468:Xenon tetroxide
466:
464:
460:
454:
452:
448:
444:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
418:
416:
412:
408:
402:
399:
395:
389:
387:
383:
377:
370:
368:
364:
352:
340:
328:
316:
304:
247:
245:
241:
237:
231:
229:
225:
221:
215:
213:
209:
205:
199:
197:
193:
187:
185:
181:
165:
161:
154:
150:
135:
123:oxidation state
97:to be five and
95:quintuple bonds
91:quadruple bonds
47:
41:
34:oxidation state
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
6122:
6112:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6068:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6031:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5955:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5937:Vapor pressure
5934:
5929:
5924:
5922:Speed of sound
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5897:Heat of fusion
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5852:Critical point
5849:
5844:
5839:
5833:
5831:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5792:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5753:
5751:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5691:Coinage metals
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5647:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5624:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5591:
5589:
5580:
5573:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5489:
5487:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5386:
5384:
5375:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5337:Periodic table
5333:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5310:
5302:
5301:
5260:
5234:
5214:
5185:
5156:
5142:
5112:
5081:
5074:
5056:
5029:
5018:(6): 868–934.
4995:
4952:
4909:
4890:
4840:
4825:
4790:
4783:
4755:
4734:
4727:
4702:
4684:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4598:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4535:
4534:
4523:
4512:
4501:
4490:
4479:
4468:
4457:
4446:
4435:
4424:
4413:
4402:
4391:
4380:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4358:
4347:
4336:
4325:
4314:
4303:
4292:
4281:
4270:
4259:
4248:
4237:
4226:
4215:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4190:
4179:
4168:
4157:
4146:
4135:
4124:
4113:
4102:
4091:
4080:
4069:
4058:
4047:
4036:
4025:
4018:
4007:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3978:
3967:
3956:
3945:
3934:
3923:
3912:
3901:
3890:
3879:
3868:
3857:
3846:
3835:
3824:
3813:
3806:
3795:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3766:
3755:
3744:
3733:
3722:
3711:
3700:
3689:
3678:
3667:
3656:
3645:
3634:
3623:
3612:
3601:
3599:
3588:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3559:
3548:
3537:
3526:
3515:
3504:
3493:
3482:
3471:
3460:
3449:
3438:
3427:
3416:
3405:
3394:
3392:
3381:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3352:
3341:
3330:
3319:
3308:
3297:
3295:
3284:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3255:
3244:
3233:
3222:
3211:
3200:
3198:
3187:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3158:
3156:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3131:
3130:
3129: →
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3012:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2986:
2985:
2969:
2930:
2929:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2743:Dithionic acid
2739:
2738:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2558:
2554:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2508:Sodium hydride
2504:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2317:
2314:
2281:
2262:
2258:
2240:
2182:
2179:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2121:
2113:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2026:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1925:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1827:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1645:1, 3, 5 and 7
1643:
1641:
1636:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1466:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1127:periodic table
1118:
1115:
1108:
1093:
1067:In the 1930s,
1053:covalent bonds
1007:
1004:
997:
988:
987:
973:
972:
930:respectively.
910:
906:
902:
831:
823:
816:
809:
802:
795:
786:radical theory
684:
681:
677:
676:
667:
666:
651:
648:
645:
644:
642:
641:
640:Oxygen: 2
638:
634:
632:
630:
629:
628:Oxygen: 2
626:
622:
620:
618:
617:
614:
613:Oxygen: 2
611:
610:Sulfur: 6
607:
605:
603:
602:
599:
598:Oxygen: 2
596:
595:Sulfur: 6
592:
590:
588:
587:
584:
583:Sulfur: 2
580:
578:
576:
575:
572:
571:Sulfur: 2
569:
565:
563:
561:
560:
557:
556:Carbon: 4
554:
553:Sodium: 1
550:
548:
546:
545:
542:
538:
536:
532:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
475:
471:
470:
462:
458:
450:
446:
442:
440:Dithionic acid
434:
430:
426:
422:
414:
410:
406:
397:
393:
385:
381:
379:Sodium cyanide
374:
366:
362:
354:
353:
351:
350:
347:
346:Carbon: 4
343:
341:
339:
338:
335:
334:Carbon: 4
331:
329:
327:
326:
323:
322:Carbon: 4
319:
317:
315:
314:
311:
310:Carbon: 4
307:
305:
303:
302:
298:
296:
292:
291:
284:
277:
270:
263:
256:
252:
251:
243:
239:
235:
227:
223:
219:
211:
207:
203:
195:
191:
183:
179:
163:
152:
134:
131:
99:sextuple bonds
75:chemical bonds
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6121:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6079:
6078:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5991:controversies
5989:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5912:Melting point
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5892:Heat capacity
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5847:Boiling point
5845:
5843:
5842:Atomic radius
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5706:Native metals
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5634:
5633:Dividing line
5631:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5574:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5470:17 (Halogens)
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5331:
5326:
5324:
5319:
5317:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5297:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5264:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5243:Frankland, E.
5238:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5223:Frankland, E.
5218:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5146:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5102:on 2020-05-25
5101:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5085:
5077:
5071:
5067:
5060:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5033:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4956:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4847:
4845:
4836:
4829:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4794:
4786:
4784:0-486-65977-1
4780:
4775:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4738:
4730:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4689:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4655:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4544:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4521:
4510:
4499:
4488:
4477:
4466:
4455:
4444:
4433:
4422:
4411:
4400:
4389:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4356:
4345:
4334:
4323:
4312:
4301:
4290:
4279:
4268:
4257:
4246:
4235:
4224:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4188:
4177:
4166:
4155:
4144:
4133:
4122:
4111:
4100:
4089:
4078:
4067:
4056:
4045:
4034:
4019:
4016:
4005:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3976:
3965:
3954:
3943:
3932:
3921:
3910:
3899:
3888:
3877:
3866:
3855:
3844:
3833:
3822:
3807:
3804:
3793:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3764:
3753:
3742:
3731:
3720:
3709:
3698:
3687:
3676:
3665:
3654:
3643:
3632:
3621:
3610:
3600:
3597:
3586:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3557:
3546:
3535:
3524:
3513:
3502:
3491:
3480:
3469:
3458:
3447:
3436:
3425:
3414:
3403:
3393:
3390:
3379:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3350:
3339:
3328:
3317:
3306:
3293:
3282:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3253:
3242:
3231:
3220:
3209:
3196:
3185:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3154:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3134:↓
3132:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3008:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2912:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2550:
2532:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2455:Ferrous oxide
2453:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2288:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2237:
2233:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1938:quinquivalent
1933:
1930:quinquevalent
1926:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1899:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1818:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1774:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1737:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1631:
1618:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1597:
1589:
1587:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1522:
1513:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1492:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1471:
1461:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1425:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1401:
1388:
1379:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1269:
1260:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1210:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1104:
1100:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:Linus Pauling
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:ionic bonding
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1003:
993:
985:
984:formal charge
981:
978:
977:
976:
970:
966:
963:
962:
961:
959:
958:formal charge
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
939:Richard Abegg
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
898:
895:
891:
890:Alfred Werner
886:
884:
880:
879:atomic weight
876:
872:
868:
864:
862:
858:
854:
853:August Kekulé
850:
849:quantivalence
844:
842:
836:
791:
787:
783:
778:
776:
775:valency bonds
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
736:
732:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:
708:
707:
702:
701:
696:
695:
691:of the words
690:
680:
675:
672:
671:
670:
665:
661:
660:
659:
657:
639:
637:Xenon: 8
636:
635:
633:
627:
624:
623:
621:
615:
612:
609:
608:
606:
600:
597:
594:
593:
591:
585:
582:
581:
579:
573:
570:
567:
566:
564:
558:
555:
552:
551:
549:
543:
540:
539:
537:
534:
533:
529:
525:
522:
518:
515:
511:
508:
504:
501:
497:
494:
490:
487:
483:
480:
476:
473:
472:
469:
459:
457:
443:
441:
423:
421:
420:Sulfuric acid
407:
405:
394:
392:
382:
380:
375:
373:
363:
360:
359:
348:
345:
344:
342:
336:
333:
332:
330:
324:
321:
320:
318:
312:
309:
308:
306:
300:
299:
297:
294:
293:
289:
285:
282:
278:
275:
271:
268:
264:
261:
257:
254:
253:
250:
236:
234:
220:
218:
204:
202:
192:
190:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
159:
148:
144:
140:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
113:is 3, and of
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:to be three,
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
46:
39:
35:
31:
24:
16:
6070:
6058:
6041:Trivial name
6029:nomenclature
5701:Heavy metals
5696:Noble metals
5455:14 (Tetrels)
5351:Alternatives
5277:
5273:
5263:
5246:
5237:
5227:
5217:
5196:
5188:
5167:
5159:
5151:
5145:
5133:. Retrieved
5129:the original
5124:
5115:
5104:, retrieved
5100:the original
5094:
5084:
5065:
5059:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5015:
5011:
4998:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4925:(1): 36–59.
4922:
4918:
4912:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4884:
4856:
4852:
4834:
4828:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4772:
4747:
4737:
4714:
4705:
4697:definition:
4670:
4639:Abegg's rule
4620:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4548:
3014:
2987:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2940:
2931:
2927:substituted.
2925:
2916:
2914:unattached.
2907:
2528:
2477:Ferric oxide
2250:
2217:perchlorates
2210:
2195:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2139:not together
2085:dodecavalent
2070:undecavalent
1903:quadrivalent
1752:
1721:multivalence
1720:
1716:
1706:
1120:
1081:
1066:
1057:
1056:rather than
1051:
1047:
1043:
1024:stable octet
1009:
989:
983:
979:
974:
968:
964:
955:
951:Abegg's rule
946:
942:
932:
919:
915:
887:
874:
870:
867:Lothar Meyer
865:
848:
846:
840:
838:
779:
768:
744:cubical atom
740:
724:
720:
716:
710:
704:
698:
692:
686:
678:
673:
668:
664:substituted.
662:
653:
136:
93:to be four,
87:triple bonds
83:Double bonds
58:
54:
48:
15:
6077:WikiProject
5821:Term symbol
5651:Noble gases
5595:Lanthanides
5578:metallicity
5450:13 (Triels)
4968:(8): 1202.
4806:: 417–444.
2945:outer shell
2896:Cl−Hg−Hg−Cl
2531:perchlorate
2501:O=Fe−O−Fe=O
2306:triple bond
2304:atom and a
2213:hypervalent
2147:noncovalent
2108:multivalent
1992:septivalent
1983:heptavalent
1921:pentavalent
1894:tetravalent
1748:multivalent
1717:Polyvalence
1542:2, 4 and 6
1123:main groups
941:considered
133:Description
6093:Categories
6001:for people
5996:for places
5969:1871 table
5862:Elasticity
5830:Data pages
5788:Properties
5664:Other sets
5620:Metalloids
5135:5 February
5106:2017-05-11
4859:(5): 791.
4650:References
4608:From decay
4601:Primordial
2964:bifluoride
2099:polyvalent
2052:decavalent
2031:nonavalent
2010:octavalent
1965:sexivalent
1956:hexavalent
1813:monovalent
1786:zerovalent
1723:refers to
1709:octet rule
1090:molecule (
937:, in 1904
920:subsidiary
901:[Co(NH
892:described
650:Definition
535:Valencies
295:Valencies
43:See also:
5986:etymology
5837:Abundance
5762:in humans
5758:Abundance
5643:Nonmetals
5600:Actinides
5296:195819485
4990:0021-9584
4947:120248399
4881:0021-9584
4820:186210604
4744:"valence"
4615:Synthetic
2843:Acetylene
2679:Hydrazine
2291:acetylene
2278:molecule
2255:molecule
2246:ruthenium
2080:12-valent
2065:11-valent
2044:10-valent
1876:tervalent
1867:trivalent
1822:univalent
1795:nonvalent
1650:18 (VIII)
1159:Valence 8
1156:Valence 7
1153:Valence 6
1150:Valence 5
1147:Valence 4
1144:Valence 3
1141:Valence 2
1138:Valence 1
1062:heuristic
1044:covalence
1040:electrons
1016:electrons
916:principal
859:for many
769:In 1789,
712:valencies
689:etymology
361:Compound
249:Acetylene
233:Propylene
178:Compound
147:phosphine
109:is 2, of
105:is 1, of
71:molecules
51:chemistry
6065:Category
6017:See also
5887:Hardness
5740:Elements
5255:6994182M
5225:(1870).
5006:(1919).
4886:bonding.
4769:(1989).
4679:7221486M
4669:(1921).
4633:See also
2994:diborane
2937:chlorine
2933:Hydrogen
2811:Ethylene
2621:Chlorine
2595:Hydrogen
2589:Diagram
2577:Compound
2338:Diagram
2326:Compound
2316:Examples
2302:hydrogen
2276:dioxygen
2272:fluorine
2232:chlorine
2126:covalent
2118:together
2023:9-valent
2002:8-valent
1975:7-valent
1948:6-valent
1913:5-valent
1886:4-valent
1859:3-valent
1849:bivalent
1840:divalent
1832:2-valent
1805:1-valent
1778:0-valent
1765:Valence
1760:suffix†
1547:17 (VII)
1443:3 and 5
1357:2 and 4
1239:13 (III)
992:ammonium
947:negative
943:positive
899:such as
758:(1928),
754:(1927),
750:(1916),
746:(1902),
717:valentia
709:(plural
700:valences
697:(plural
474:Diagram
255:Diagram
189:Hydrogen
111:nitrogen
103:hydrogen
5951:History
5857:Density
5485:Periods
5152:valence
4970:Bibcode
4927:Bibcode
4861:Bibcode
4699:valence
4618:
4612:
4604:
4582:Unknown
4205:
2968:[HF
2911:p-block
2866:H−C≡C−H
2583:Valence
2580:Formula
2394:Methane
2332:Valence
2329:Formula
2296:, each
2294:H−C≡C−H
2285:, each
2266:, each
2208:atom).
2161:quadri-
1758:-valent
1725:species
1448:16 (VI)
1300:14 (IV)
1125:of the
1058:valence
996:[NH
875:valence
861:organic
706:valency
694:valence
372:Ammonia
217:Propane
201:Methane
143:ammonia
139:methane
59:valency
55:valence
5981:Naming
5778:Symbol
5587:Metals
5555:Blocks
5543:Pyykkö
5538:Fricke
5533:Aufbau
5382:Groups
5294:
5253:
5174:Lambda
5072:
4988:
4945:
4905:atoms.
4879:
4818:
4781:
4725:
4677:
4621:Border
4590:shows
3136:Period
2636:Cl = 0
2633:Cl = 1
2529:* The
2310:carbon
2298:carbon
2287:oxygen
2268:sulfur
2165:tetra-
1736:cation
1362:15 (V)
1198:2 (II)
725:Valenz
703:) and
121:, the
115:carbon
107:oxygen
53:, the
6024:IUPAC
5749:Lists
5292:S2CID
5193:IUPAC
5164:IUPAC
4943:S2CID
4816:S2CID
3127:Group
2966:ion (
2640:Cl−Cl
2610:H = 0
2607:H = 1
1729:bonds
1167:1 (I)
1135:Group
721:valor
656:IUPAC
36:, or
5756:By:
5137:2019
5070:ISBN
4986:ISSN
4877:ISSN
4779:ISBN
4723:ISBN
2935:and
2917:The
2533:ion
2522:Na−H
2470:Fe=O
2371:HClO
2358:H−Cl
2196:The
1635:HClO
1601:HClO
1563:HClO
1341:SiCl
1311:PbCl
1264:AlCl
1243:InBr
1214:CaCl
1205:MgCl
1171:NaCl
1010:The
994:ion
945:and
933:For
926:and
918:and
687:The
658:as:
384:PSCl
376:NaCN
63:atom
5576:By
5282:doi
5207:doi
5205:".
5178:doi
5176:".
5047:doi
5043:112
5020:doi
4978:doi
4935:doi
4869:doi
4808:doi
4804:142
4525:102
4514:101
4503:100
4192:118
4181:117
4170:116
4159:115
4148:114
4137:113
4126:112
4115:111
4104:110
4093:109
4082:108
4071:107
4060:106
4049:105
4038:104
4027:103
3007:).
2992:in
2614:H−H
2535:ClO
2512:NaH
2479:***
2460:FeO
2457:***
2348:HCl
2239:RuO
2220:ClO
1719:or
1693:XeO
1681:XeO
1669:XeF
1657:KrF
1582:ClO
1572:ClF
1555:ICl
1551:HCl
1475:SCl
1429:PCl
1255:BCl
1247:TlI
1175:KCl
1048:co-
909:]Cl
461:XeO
162:PCl
69:or
49:In
6095::
5528:8+
5445:12
5440:11
5435:10
5290:.
5278:66
5276:.
5272:.
5251:OL
5195:,
5166:,
5123:.
5092:,
5041:.
5016:41
5014:.
5010:.
4984:.
4976:.
4966:82
4964:.
4941:.
4933:.
4923:36
4921:.
4883:.
4875:.
4867:.
4857:83
4855:.
4843:^
4814:.
4802:.
4758:^
4746:.
4721:.
4687:^
4675:OL
4658:^
4530:No
4519:Md
4508:Fm
4497:Es
4492:99
4486:Cf
4481:98
4475:Bk
4470:97
4464:Cm
4459:96
4453:Am
4448:95
4442:Pu
4437:94
4431:Np
4426:93
4415:92
4409:Pa
4404:91
4398:Th
4393:90
4387:Ac
4382:89
4365:Yb
4360:70
4354:Tm
4349:69
4343:Er
4338:68
4332:Ho
4327:67
4321:Dy
4316:66
4310:Tb
4305:65
4299:Gd
4294:64
4288:Eu
4283:63
4277:Sm
4272:62
4266:Pm
4261:61
4255:Nd
4250:60
4244:Pr
4239:59
4233:Ce
4228:58
4222:La
4217:57
4197:Og
4186:Ts
4175:Lv
4164:Mc
4153:Fl
4142:Nh
4131:Cn
4120:Rg
4109:Ds
4098:Mt
4087:Hs
4076:Bh
4065:Sg
4054:Db
4043:Rf
4032:Lr
4014:Ra
4009:88
4003:Fr
3998:87
3985:Rn
3980:86
3974:At
3969:85
3963:Po
3958:84
3952:Bi
3947:83
3941:Pb
3936:82
3930:Tl
3925:81
3919:Hg
3914:80
3908:Au
3903:79
3897:Pt
3892:78
3886:Ir
3881:77
3875:Os
3870:76
3864:Re
3859:75
3848:74
3842:Ta
3837:73
3831:Hf
3826:72
3820:Lu
3815:71
3802:Ba
3797:56
3791:Cs
3786:55
3773:Xe
3768:54
3757:53
3751:Te
3746:52
3740:Sb
3735:51
3729:Sn
3724:50
3718:In
3713:49
3707:Cd
3702:48
3696:Ag
3691:47
3685:Pd
3680:46
3674:Rh
3669:45
3663:Ru
3658:44
3652:Tc
3647:43
3641:Mo
3636:42
3630:Nb
3625:41
3619:Zr
3614:40
3603:39
3595:Sr
3590:38
3584:Rb
3579:37
3566:Kr
3561:36
3555:Br
3550:35
3544:Se
3539:34
3533:As
3528:33
3522:Ge
3517:32
3511:Ga
3506:31
3500:Zn
3495:30
3489:Cu
3484:29
3478:Ni
3473:28
3467:Co
3462:27
3456:Fe
3451:26
3445:Mn
3440:25
3434:Cr
3429:24
3418:23
3412:Ti
3407:22
3401:Sc
3396:21
3388:Ca
3383:20
3372:19
3359:Ar
3354:18
3348:Cl
3343:17
3332:16
3321:15
3315:Si
3310:14
3304:Al
3299:13
3291:Mg
3286:12
3280:Na
3275:11
3262:Ne
3257:10
3194:Be
3183:Li
3165:He
3120:18
3115:17
3110:16
3105:15
3100:14
3095:13
3090:12
3085:11
3080:10
2959:.
2882:Cl
2878:Hg
2788:Cl
2722:10
2626:Cl
2557:Cl
2553:CH
2551:,
2483:Fe
2432:Cl
2428:CH
2424:**
2399:CH
2263:10
2244:,
2230:,
2189:,
2167:.
2153:—
2132:—
2088:—
2073:—
2058:—
2037:—
2016:—
1934:,
1744:Fe
1740:Ca
1733:Cs
1622:Cl
1613:IF
1592:IF
1530:SO
1517:SF
1508:SO
1496:SF
1487:SO
1406:NO
1392:As
1383:PH
1374:NH
1368:NO
1332:CH
1323:CO
1306:CO
1295:3
1273:Al
1234:2
1193:1
1107:SF
1092:SF
982:+
967:−
830:PO
828:,
822:NH
820:,
815:NO
808:NI
806:,
801:NH
799:,
794:NO
766:.
727:.
445:Cl
413:SO
365:NH
194:CH
151:PH
32:,
5764:)
5760:(
5523:7
5518:6
5513:5
5508:4
5503:3
5498:2
5493:1
5430:9
5425:8
5420:7
5415:6
5410:5
5405:4
5400:3
5329:e
5322:t
5315:v
5298:.
5284::
5257:.
5209::
5180::
5139:.
5109:.
5078:.
5053:.
5049::
5026:.
5022::
4992:.
4980::
4972::
4949:.
4937::
4929::
4871::
4863::
4822:.
4810::
4787:.
4752:.
4731:.
4681:.
4578:9
4575:8
4572:7
4569:6
4566:5
4563:4
4560:3
4557:2
4554:1
4551:0
4420:U
3994:7
3853:W
3782:6
3762:I
3608:Y
3575:5
3423:V
3377:K
3368:4
3337:S
3326:P
3271:3
3251:F
3246:9
3240:O
3235:8
3229:N
3224:7
3218:C
3213:6
3207:B
3202:5
3189:4
3178:3
3174:2
3160:2
3152:H
3147:1
3143:1
3075:9
3070:8
3065:7
3060:6
3055:5
3050:4
3045:3
3038:2
3033:1
3004:6
3002:H
3000:2
2998:B
2996:(
2972:]
2970:2
2884:2
2880:2
2854:2
2852:H
2850:2
2848:C
2822:4
2820:H
2818:2
2816:C
2790:6
2786:2
2784:C
2758:6
2756:O
2754:2
2752:S
2750:2
2748:H
2720:F
2718:2
2716:S
2690:4
2688:H
2686:2
2684:N
2658:2
2656:O
2654:2
2652:H
2628:2
2602:2
2600:H
2559:2
2555:2
2541:4
2538:−
2489:3
2487:O
2485:2
2434:2
2430:2
2401:4
2373:4
2367:*
2282:2
2280:O
2261:F
2259:2
2257:S
2241:4
2226:4
2223:−
1695:4
1683:3
1671:4
1659:2
1637:4
1628:7
1626:O
1624:2
1615:7
1603:3
1594:5
1584:2
1574:3
1565:2
1532:4
1528:2
1526:H
1519:6
1510:3
1498:4
1489:2
1477:2
1469:S
1467:2
1465:H
1459:O
1457:2
1455:H
1431:5
1422:5
1420:O
1418:2
1416:N
1408:2
1398:3
1396:O
1394:2
1385:3
1376:3
1343:4
1334:4
1325:2
1313:2
1279:3
1277:O
1275:2
1266:3
1257:3
1216:2
1207:2
1109:6
1094:6
1000:]
998:4
986:.
971:,
911:3
907:6
905:)
903:3
832:5
826:O
824:4
817:5
810:3
803:3
796:3
463:4
451:7
449:O
447:2
435:6
433:O
431:2
429:S
427:2
425:H
415:4
411:2
409:H
400:S
398:2
396:H
386:3
367:3
244:2
242:H
240:2
238:C
228:6
226:H
224:3
222:C
212:8
210:H
208:3
206:C
196:4
184:2
182:H
164:5
160:(
153:3
149:(
40:.
25:.
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