269:
scan the text from the beginning of all definitive sequences in order to identify the various units and interpret the text correctly. In such encodings, one is liable to encounter false positives when searching for a string in the middle of the text. For example, if the hexadecimal values DE, DF, E0, and E1 can all be either lead units or trail units, then a search for the two-unit sequence DF E0 can yield a false positive in the sequence DE DF E0 E1, which consists of two consecutive two-unit sequences. There is also the danger that a single corrupted or lost unit may render the whole interpretation of a large run of multiunit sequences incorrect. In a variable-width encoding where all three types of units are disjunct, string searching always works without false positives, and (provided the decoder is well written) the corruption or loss of one unit corrupts only one character.
2537:
22:
291:
marked by having the most significant bit set, that is, being in the range 80–FF (hexadecimal), while the singletons were in the range 00–7F alone. The lead units and trail units were in the range A1 to FE (hexadecimal), that is, the same as their range in the ISO 2022 encodings, but with the high bit set to 1. These encodings were reasonably easy to work with provided all your delimiters were
471:
In the original version of UTF-8, from its 1992 publication until its code space was restricted to that of UTF-16 in 2003, the range of lead units encoding three-unit trailing sequences was larger (F0–F7); additionally, the lead units F8–FB were followed by four trail units, and FC–FD by five. FE–FF
282:
used the range 21–7E (hexadecimal) for both lead units and trail units, and marked them off from the singletons by using ISO 2022 escape sequences to switch between single-byte and multibyte mode. A total of 8,836 (94×94) characters could be encoded at first, and further sets of 94×94 characters with
359:
operating system, the first to implement
Unicode throughout, abandoned it and replaced it with a much better designed variable-width encoding for Unicode: UTF-8, in which singletons have the range 00–7F, lead units have the range C0–FD (now actually C2–F4, to avoid overlong sequences and to maintain
290:
platforms, the ISO 2022 7-bit encodings were replaced by a set of 8-bit encoding schemes, the
Extended Unix Code: EUC-JP, EUC-CN and EUC-KR. Instead of distinguishing between the multiunit sequences and the singletons with escape sequences, which made the encodings stateful, multiunit sequences were
194:
with an existing constraint. For example, with one byte (8 bits) per character, one can encode 256 possible characters; in order to encode more than 256 characters, the obvious choice would be to use two or more bytes per encoding unit, two bytes (16 bits) would allow 65,536 possible characters, but
367:
UTF-16 was devised to break free of the 65,536-character limit of the original
Unicode (1.x) without breaking compatibility with the 16-bit encoding. In UTF-16, singletons have the range 0000–D7FF (55,296 code points) and E000–FFFF (8192 code points, 63,488 in total), lead units the range D800–DBFF
268:
UTF-8 makes it easy for a program to identify the three sorts of units, since they fall into separate value ranges. Older variable-width encodings are typically not as well-designed, since the ranges may overlap. A text processing application that deals with the variable-width encoding must then
314:
respectively. In Shift-JIS, lead units had the range 81–9F and E0–FC, trail units had the range 40–7E and 80–FC, and singletons had the range 21–7E and A1–DF. In Big5, lead units had the range A1–FE, trail units had the range 40–7E and A1–FE, and singletons had the range 21–7E (all values in
203:
Since the aim of a multibyte encoding system is to minimise changes to existing application software, some characters must retain their pre-existing single-unit codes, even while other characters have multiple units in their codes. The result is that there are three sorts of units in a
216:, which come afterwards in a multiunit sequence. Input and display software obviously needs to know about the structure of the multibyte encoding scheme, but other software generally doesn't need to know if a pair of bytes represent two separate characters or just one character.
450:, which represents the most common characters in exactly the manner just described (and uses pairs of 16-bit code units for less-common characters) never gained traction as an encoding for text intended for interchange due to its incompatibility with the ubiquitous 7-/8-bit
376:, respectively, in Unicode terminology, map 1024Ă—1024 or 1,048,576 supplementary characters, making 1,112,064 (63,488 BMP code points + 1,048,576 code points represented by high and low surrogate pairs) encodable code points, or
277:
The first use of multibyte encodings was for the encoding of
Chinese, Japanese and Korean, which have large character sets well in excess of 256 characters. At first the encoding was constrained to the limit of 7 bits. The
283:
switching. The ISO 2022 encoding schemes for CJK are still in use on the
Internet. The stateful nature of these encodings and the large overlap make them very awkward to process.
2155:
315:
hexadecimal). This overlap again made processing tricky, though at least most of the symbols had unique byte values (though strangely the backslash does not).
364:
article), and trail units have the range 80–BF. The lead unit also tells how many trail units follow: one after C2–DF, two after E0–EF and three after F0–F4.
1000:
347:, in which singletons had the range 00–9F, lead units the range A0–FF and trail units the ranges A0–FF and 21–7E. Because of this bad design, similar to
837:
343:
standards were meant to be fixed-width, with
Unicode being 16-bit and ISO 10646 being 32-bit. ISO 10646 provided a variable-width encoding called
295:
characters and you avoided truncating strings to fixed lengths, but a break in the middle of a multibyte character could still cause major corruption.
306:
platforms), two encodings became established for
Japanese and Traditional Chinese in which all of singletons, lead units and trail units overlapped:
1946:
945:
1020:
534:
86:
58:
39:
183:(which unlike tapes allowed random access allowing text to be loaded on demand), increases in computer memory and general purpose
2247:
2001:
171:
Early variable width encodings using less than a byte per character were sometimes used to pack
English text into fewer bytes in
190:
Multibyte encodings are usually the result of a need to increase the number of characters which can be encoded without breaking
2237:
65:
1986:
940:
2120:
368:(1024 code points) and trail units the range DC00–DFFF (1024 code points, 2048 in total). The lead and trail units, called
72:
2514:
2025:
1828:
572:
2070:
1686:
1681:
1184:
1015:
562:
527:
105:
54:
1104:
2322:
2257:
2011:
1991:
121:
This article is about the storage of text in computers. For the transmission of data across noisy channels, see
2075:
668:
395:
265:
are trail units. The heart symbol is represented by the combination of the lead unit and the two trail units.
43:
2189:
2160:
1810:
2252:
2140:
2100:
520:
195:
such a change would break compatibility with existing systems and therefore might not be feasible at all.
2559:
2494:
2105:
2035:
2021:
2006:
1910:
1823:
1795:
1761:
2468:
2413:
2334:
2115:
1771:
1766:
1119:
2110:
2175:
2130:
1966:
1515:
1219:
1164:
1129:
407:
401:
79:
1690:
1199:
1179:
1174:
1114:
1109:
618:
2065:
2540:
2451:
2446:
2408:
2379:
2344:
1776:
1510:
1209:
1094:
32:
2135:
2125:
1981:
1971:
1505:
1214:
659:
646:
582:
191:
2312:
2150:
2085:
1961:
1500:
654:
356:
184:
1530:
2473:
2145:
1905:
1525:
122:
168:, because representation size is an attribute of the encoding, not of the character set.)
8:
2428:
2055:
1540:
1425:
1415:
1410:
2509:
2357:
2170:
2165:
2090:
1089:
1063:
587:
543:
433:
The concept long precedes the advent of the electronic computer, however, as seen with
133:
2499:
2438:
2418:
2080:
2060:
2040:
1668:
1144:
1124:
636:
303:
153:
2456:
2030:
1996:
1706:
1535:
498:
2504:
2423:
1154:
1149:
1139:
1084:
769:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
220:
1956:
1951:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1701:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1224:
809:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
557:
172:
1204:
2553:
2276:
1696:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1435:
1430:
1420:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1159:
1134:
1099:
1058:
804:
176:
137:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2016:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1194:
1189:
1169:
1053:
1045:
678:
279:
180:
611:
594:
228:
245:. Of the six units in that sequence, 49, 4E, and 59 are singletons (for
2461:
2369:
2222:
1900:
995:
965:
960:
955:
950:
915:
799:
794:
784:
779:
577:
567:
434:
2402:
512:
2349:
2327:
2232:
2045:
1074:
1005:
985:
980:
905:
900:
502:
348:
340:
307:
157:
21:
2519:
2374:
2339:
2317:
2227:
2050:
990:
975:
935:
930:
925:
910:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
641:
631:
627:
601:
165:
141:
2389:
2185:
2095:
1976:
1550:
920:
895:
885:
623:
389:
324:
136:
scheme in which codes of differing lengths are used to encode a
2394:
2384:
2362:
2242:
2217:
2212:
1895:
1786:
1676:
1035:
1025:
1010:
827:
447:
336:
332:
2489:
2207:
2202:
2197:
1814:
1520:
1030:
970:
832:
606:
472:
were never valid lead or trail units in any version of UTF-8.
455:
451:
361:
344:
328:
292:
224:
495:
156:) to encode different characters. (Some authors, notably in
1800:
890:
413:
352:
311:
287:
149:
140:(a repertoire of symbols) for representation, usually in a
360:
synchronism with the encoding capacity of UTF-16; see the
2267:
299:
454:
encoding, with its intended role instead being taken by
380:
in
Unicode parlance (surrogates are not encodable).
318:
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
280:ISO-2022-JP, ISO-2022-CN and ISO-2022-KR encodings
2551:
2469:Unicode control, format and separator characters
212:, which come first in a multiunit sequence, and
355:in its overlap of values, the inventors of the
528:
187:have rendered such tricks largely obsolete.
327:standard has two variable-width encodings:
144:. Most common variable-width encodings are
535:
521:
272:
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
219:For example, the four character string "
542:
492:
2552:
516:
335:(it also has a fixed-width encoding,
339:). Originally, both the Unicode and
198:
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
13:
1879:Norwegian and Danish (alternative)
208:, which consist of a single unit,
14:
2571:
118:Type of character encoding scheme
2536:
2535:
446:As a real-life example of this,
319:Unicode variable-width encodings
20:
2323:Digital encoding of APL symbols
2258:Comparison of Unicode encodings
776:Proposed but not approved
148:, which use varying numbers of
31:needs additional citations for
486:
465:
440:
427:
396:Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set
1:
479:
462:preserve ASCII compatibility.
493:Crispin, M. (1 April 2005).
160:documentation, use the term
7:
2495:Character encodings in HTML
1829:National Replacement (NRCS)
1796:Japanese language in EBCDIC
383:
10:
2576:
120:
2533:
2482:
2437:
2305:
2266:
2184:
1919:
1809:
1785:
1667:
1549:
1233:
1072:
1044:
878:
820:
677:
550:
414:Single-Byte Character Set
408:Double-byte character set
402:Triple-Byte Character Set
204:variable-width encoding:
55:"Variable-width encoding"
2525:Variable-length encoding
2306:Miscellaneous code pages
1064:Extended Unix Code / EUC
755:-15 (New Western Europe)
551:Early telecommunications
420:
162:multibyte character set,
2452:C0 and C1 control codes
273:CJK multibyte encodings
130:variable-width encoding
700:-3 (Maltese/Esperanto)
651:World System Teletext
192:backward compatibility
185:compression algorithms
2474:Whitespace characters
2151:Ventura International
1869:Norwegian and Danish
227:like this (shown as
123:variable-length code
40:improve this article
2429:Unified Hangul Code
2101:PostScript Standard
1824:Multinational (MCS)
695:-2 (Central Europe)
690:-1 (Western Europe)
544:Character encodings
257:is a lead unit and
146:multibyte encodings
2560:Character encoding
2510:Hardware code page
2270:typesetting system
2106:PostScript Latin 1
1762:Cyrillic + Finnish
1669:Windows code pages
1551:IBM AIX code pages
879:National standards
810:Ukrainian Cyrillic
134:character encoding
2547:
2546:
2500:Charset detection
2439:Control character
2121:Sharp calculators
1992:Casio calculators
1920:Platform specific
1772:Cyrillic + German
1767:Cyrillic + French
1185:Maltese/Esperanto
821:Bibliographic use
705:-4 (North Europe)
637:T.51/ISO/IEC 6937
595:Baudot and Murray
304:Microsoft Windows
199:General structure
116:
115:
108:
90:
2567:
2539:
2538:
2031:DG International
1906:Special Graphics
1707:Extended Latin-8
1105:Central European
1095:Barents Cyrillic
800:Barents Cyrillic
770:-12 (Devanagari)
766:Abandoned parts
537:
530:
523:
514:
513:
507:
506:
503:10.17487/rfc4042
490:
473:
469:
463:
444:
438:
431:
264:
260:
256:
244:
242:
239:
236:
223:" is encoded in
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2529:
2505:Han unification
2478:
2433:
2301:
2262:
2180:
2002:Compucolor 8001
1915:
1911:Technical (TCS)
1834:French Canadian
1805:
1781:
1777:Polytonic Greek
1663:
1545:
1229:
1215:Turkic Cyrillic
1130:Font X (Kermit)
1125:Farsi (Persian)
1077:
1068:
1040:
874:
816:
686:Approved parts
673:
546:
541:
511:
510:
491:
487:
482:
477:
476:
470:
466:
445:
441:
432:
428:
423:
392:wide characters
386:
370:high surrogates
321:
275:
262:
258:
254:
240:
237:
234:
232:
201:
173:adventure games
126:
119:
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
2573:
2563:
2562:
2545:
2544:
2541:Character sets
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2483:Related topics
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2449:
2447:Morse prosigns
2443:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2141:TI calculators
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1849:United Kingdom
1846:
1841:
1836:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1234:DOS code pages
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1180:Latin (Kermit)
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
882:
880:
876:
875:
873:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
841:
840:
835:
824:
822:
818:
817:
815:
814:
813:
812:
807:
802:
797:
789:
788:
787:
782:
780:KOI-8 Cyrillic
774:
773:
772:
764:
763:
762:
760:-16 (Romanian)
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
683:
681:
675:
674:
672:
671:
666:
665:
664:
663:
662:
657:
649:
644:
639:
621:
616:
615:
614:
604:
599:
598:
597:
592:
591:
590:
585:
580:
575:
565:
558:Telegraph code
554:
552:
548:
547:
540:
539:
532:
525:
517:
509:
508:
484:
483:
481:
478:
475:
474:
464:
439:
425:
424:
422:
419:
418:
417:
411:
405:
399:
393:
385:
382:
374:low surrogates
341:ISO 10646
320:
317:
274:
271:
231:byte values):
200:
197:
177:microcomputers
117:
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2572:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2542:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2190:ISO/IEC 10646
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2007:Compucolor II
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1962:Acorn RISC OS
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:8-bit Turkish
1889:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1059:ISO/IEC 10367
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
881:
877:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
829:
826:
825:
823:
819:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
790:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
775:
771:
768:
767:
765:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
710:-5 (Cyrillic)
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
685:
684:
682:
680:
676:
670:
667:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
633:
629:
625:
622:
620:
617:
613:
610:
609:
608:
605:
603:
600:
596:
593:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
556:
555:
553:
549:
545:
538:
533:
531:
526:
524:
519:
518:
515:
504:
500:
496:
489:
485:
468:
461:
457:
453:
449:
443:
436:
430:
426:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
387:
381:
379:
378:scalar values
375:
371:
365:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
316:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
289:
284:
281:
270:
266:
252:
248:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
196:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:character set
135:
132:is a type of
131:
124:
110:
107:
99:
96:December 2009
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2524:
2457:ISO/IEC 6429
2414:Stanford/ITS
2401:
2335:ARIB STD-B24
2116:Sega SC-3000
2017:DEC RADIX 50
1054:ISO/IEC 8859
1046:ISO/IEC 2022
791:Adaptations
750:-14 (Celtic)
745:-13 (Baltic)
735:-10 (Nordic)
730:-9 (Turkish)
679:ISO/IEC 8859
494:
488:
467:
459:
442:
429:
377:
373:
369:
366:
322:
297:
285:
276:
267:
250:
246:
218:
213:
209:
205:
202:
189:
170:
161:
145:
129:
127:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
2176:ZX Spectrum
2131:Sinclair QL
1967:Amstrad CPC
1886:8-bit Greek
1813:terminals (
1526:Iran System
1078:("scripts")
725:-8 (Hebrew)
715:-6 (Arabic)
612:ISO/IEC 646
298:On the PC (
229:hexadecimal
214:trail units
164:which is a
2462:JIS X 0211
2370:ISO-IR-169
2223:UTF-EBCDIC
1789:code pages
1516:CSX+ Indic
1120:Devanagari
1075:Code pages
996:LST 1590-4
966:JIS X 0213
961:JIS X 0212
956:JIS X 0208
951:JIS X 0201
916:GOST 10859
838:CCCII/EACC
740:-11 (Thai)
720:-7 (Greek)
655:background
578:Wabun/Kana
480:References
435:Morse code
210:lead units
206:singletons
179:. However
175:for early
66:newspapers
2515:MICR code
2350:IEC-P27-1
2328:ISO-IR-68
2233:DIN 91379
2111:SAM Coupé
2046:GSM 03.38
2036:Galaksija
1531:KamenickĂ˝
1511:CSX Indic
1220:Ukrainian
1006:Shift JIS
986:KS X 1002
981:KS X 1001
906:DIN 66003
901:CNS 11643
669:Transcode
647:ITU T.101
573:Non-Latin
349:Shift JIS
308:Shift-JIS
158:Microsoft
2554:Category
2520:Mojibake
2375:ISO 2033
2340:Fieldata
2318:ASMO 449
2228:GB 18030
2188: /
2136:Teletext
2126:Sharp MZ
2056:HP FOCAL
2051:HP Roman
1982:Atari ST
1972:Apple II
1506:CS Indic
1200:Romanian
1175:Keyboard
1155:Gurmukhi
1150:Gujarati
1140:Georgian
1115:Cyrillic
1110:Croatian
1085:Armenian
991:LST 1564
976:KPS 9566
936:GB 18030
931:GB 12052
926:GB 12345
911:ELOT 927
845:ISO 5426
805:Estonian
642:ITU T.61
632:Teletext
628:Videotex
602:Fieldata
588:Cyrillic
458:, which
384:See also
166:misnomer
142:computer
2409:SEASCII
2403:MojikyĹŤ
2390:KOI8-RU
2313:ABICOMP
2186:Unicode
2096:PETSCII
2086:NEC APC
2022:DEC MCS
1977:ATASCII
1874:Swedish
1859:Finnish
1844:Spanish
1536:Mazovia
1501:ABICOMP
1210:Turkish
1165:Iceland
1073:Mac OS
1016:TIS-620
921:GB 2312
896:BraSCII
886:ArmSCII
624:Teletex
583:Chinese
398:(LMBCS)
390:wchar_t
325:Unicode
80:scholar
2419:Symbol
2395:KOI8-U
2385:KOI8-R
2253:TACE16
2243:CESU-8
2238:BOCU-1
2218:UTF-32
2213:UTF-16
2156:WISCII
2146:TRS-80
2066:SQUOZE
2061:HP RPL
1901:Hebrew
1896:SI 960
1864:French
1787:EBCDIC
1677:CER-GS
1160:Hebrew
1135:Gaelic
1100:Celtic
1090:Arabic
1036:YUSCII
1026:VISCII
1011:SI 960
1001:PASCII
850:5426-2
828:MARC-8
563:Needle
448:UTF-16
416:(SBCS)
410:(DBCS)
404:(TBCS)
357:Plan 9
337:UTF-32
333:UTF-16
154:octets
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
2490:CCSID
2363:8-bit
2358:7-bit
2354:INIS
2208:UTF-8
2203:UTF-7
2198:UTF-1
2076:LMBCS
2012:CP/M+
1854:Dutch
1839:Swiss
1521:CWI-2
1225:VT100
1195:Roman
1190:Ogham
1170:Inuit
1145:Greek
1031:VSCII
1021:TSCII
971:KOI-7
946:ISCII
941:HKSCS
833:ANSEL
795:Welsh
619:BCDIC
607:ASCII
568:Morse
456:UTF-8
452:ASCII
421:Notes
362:UTF-8
345:UTF-1
329:UTF-8
293:ASCII
247:I, N,
243:4E 59
225:UTF-8
181:disks
150:bytes
87:JSTOR
73:books
2424:TRON
2277:Cork
2248:SCSU
2171:ZX81
2166:ZX80
2161:XCCS
2091:NeXT
2071:LICS
2026:NRCS
1987:BICS
1957:1058
1952:1057
1947:1056
1942:1055
1937:1054
1932:1053
1927:1052
1801:DKOI
1757:1270
1752:1258
1747:1257
1742:1256
1737:1255
1732:1254
1727:1253
1722:1252
1717:1251
1712:1250
1702:1169
1659:1133
1654:1124
1649:1046
1644:1019
1639:1018
1634:1017
1629:1016
1624:1015
1619:1014
1614:1013
1609:1012
1604:1010
1599:1009
1594:1008
1589:1006
1496:3846
1491:1127
1486:1118
1481:1117
1476:1116
1471:1115
1466:1098
1461:1044
1456:1043
1451:1042
1446:1040
1441:1034
1205:Sámi
891:Big5
870:6862
865:6438
860:5428
855:5427
785:Sámi
660:sets
626:and
460:does
372:and
353:Big5
351:and
331:and
323:The
312:Big5
310:and
302:and
288:Unix
261:and
249:and
221:I♥NY
59:news
2380:KOI
2297:OT1
2292:OMS
2287:OML
2282:LY1
2268:TeX
2081:MSX
2041:GEM
1997:CDC
1815:VTx
1811:DEC
1697:950
1691:GBK
1687:936
1682:932
1584:922
1579:921
1574:915
1569:912
1564:896
1559:895
1541:MIK
1436:951
1431:950
1426:949
1421:942
1416:936
1411:932
1406:904
1401:903
1396:899
1391:897
1386:869
1381:868
1376:867
1371:866
1366:865
1361:864
1356:863
1351:862
1346:861
1341:860
1336:859
1331:858
1326:857
1321:856
1316:855
1311:853
1306:852
1301:851
1296:850
1291:778
1286:777
1281:776
1276:775
1271:773
1266:770
1261:737
1256:720
1251:708
1246:668
1241:437
499:doi
300:DOS
286:On
253:),
233:49
42:by
2556::
2345:HZ
497:.
263:A5
259:99
255:E2
241:A5
238:99
235:E2
128:A
2024:/
1817:)
1693:)
1689:(
630:/
536:e
529:t
522:v
505:.
501::
437:.
251:Y
152:(
125:.
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
