281:) artifacts in the graves from the Varna Chalcolithic site are numerous beads of a chalcedony (carnelian) and agate composition. Three main morphological types of beads are described: type 1 – elongated barrel-shaped; type 2 – elongated with trapezohedral facets; type 3 – short cylindrical (Kostov, 2007; Kostov, Pelevina, 2008). The carnelian and related beads of type 2 have a "constant" number of 32 facets – 16+16 on both sides on the elongation of the bead, which is considered probably the earliest in Chalcolithic complex faceting on such a hard mineral (hardness of chalcedony is 6.5–7 on the Mohs scale). In the hole of a single carnelian bead was found a gold mini-cylinder (~2x2 mm). The gold artifacts from the Varna Chalcolithic necropolis are assumed to be the "oldest gold of mankind" according to their total volume and quantity. Analysis of the measured weight of the different types of gold artеfacts (beads, appliqués, rings, bracelets, pectorals and diadems) revealed a weight system with at least two minimal weight units of ~0.14 and ~0.40 g among both mineral and gold beads (Kostov, 2004; 2007). The second one (=2 carats) was suggested as a basic "Chalcolithic unit" with the name
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183:"Varna is the oldest cemetery yet found where humans were buried with abundant golden ornaments. … The weight and the number of gold finds in the Varna cemetery exceeds by several times the combined weight and number of all of the gold artifacts found in all excavated sites of the same millenium, 5000-4000 BC, from all over the world, including Mesopotamia and Egypt. … Three graves contained gold objects that together accounted for more than half of the total weight of all gold grave goods yielded by the cemetery. A scepter, symbol of a supreme secular or religious authority, was discovered in each of these three graves." (Slavchev 2010)
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175:). These symbolic (empty) graves are the richest in gold artifacts. Three thousand gold artifacts have been found, with a weight of approximately six kilograms. Grave 43 contained more gold than has been found in the entire rest of the world for that epoch. It was initially identified as the grave of a prince, but is now thought to be that of a
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by excavator operator Raycho
Marinov. The first to value the significant historical meaning was Dimitar Zlatarski, the creator of the Dalgopol Historical Museum. He was called by the locals to examine what they had found earlier that day. He realized how important the finding was, so he contacted the
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cultures in their main territories and the large scale population shifts to the north and northwest are indirect evidence of a catastrophe of such proportions that cannot be explained by possible climatic change, land exhaustion, or epidemics (for which there is no evidence in the second half of the
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R. Krauß/S. Zäuner/E. Pernicka. 2014. Statistical and
Anthropological Analysis of the Varna Necropolis. In: H. Meller/R. Risch/E. Pernicka (Hrsg.), Metalle der Macht – Frühes Gold und Silber. 6. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 17. bis 19. Oktober 2013 in Halle (Saale). Tagungen des Landesmuseums
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The Varna gold started touring the world in 1973; it was included in "The Gold of the
Thracian Horseman" national exhibition, shown at many of the world's leading museums and exhibition venues in the 1970s. In 1982, it was exhibited for 7 months in Japan as "The Oldest Gold in the World – The First
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claims that the end of the fifth millennium BC is the time that the development to male dominance began in Europe.) The high status man buried with the most remarkable amount of gold held a war adze or mace and wore a gold penis sheath or likely a Belt Tip made of gold. Bull-shaped gold platelets
269:
According to J. Chapman, "Once upon a time, not so very long ago, it was widely accepted that steppe nomads from the North Pontic zone invaded the
Balkans, putting an end to the Climax Copper Age society that produced the apogee of tell living, autonomous copper metallurgy and, as the grandest
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Kostov, R. I., O. Pelevina. 2008. Complex faceted and other carnelian beads from the Varna
Chalcolithic necropolis: gemmological analysis. – In: Proceedings of the International Conference "Geology and Archaeomineralogy". Sofia, 29–30 October 2008. Sofia, Publishing House "St. Ivan Rilski",
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274:. Now the boot is very much on the other foot and it is the Varna complex and its associated communities that are held responsible for stimulating the onset of prestige goods-dominated steppe mortuary practice following the expansion of farming."
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Kostov, R. I., T. Dimov, O. Pelevina. 2004. Gemmological characteristics of carnelian and agate beads from the
Chalcolithic necropolis at Durankulak and Varna. – Geology and Mineral Resources, 11, 10, 15–24 (in Bulgarian with an English
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Chapman, J., B. Gaydarska, V. Slavchev. 2008. The life histories of
Spondylus shell rings from the Varna I Eneolithic cemetery (Northeast Bulgaria): transformation, revelation, fragmentation and deposition. – Acta Musei Varnaensis, 6,
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European
Civilization" with massive publicity, including two full length TV documentaries. In the 1980s and 1990s it was also shown in Canada, Germany, France, Italy, and Israel, among others, and featured in a cover story by the
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Kostov, R. I. 2016. Symmetry of form and weight: standardization of gold and mineral artifacts from the Varna
Chalcolithic necropolis (5th millennium BC). – In: Symmetry Festival 2016 (Ed. by G. Darvas). Vienna, 18–23 July 2016,
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Kostov, R. I. 2007. Archaeomineralogy of
Neolithic and Chalcolithic Artifacts from Bulgaria and their Significance to Gemmology. Sofia, Publishing House "St. Ivan Rilski", 126 p., I–VIII (in Bulgarian with an English
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Chapman, J., T. Higham, B. Gaydarska, V. Slavchev, N. Honch. 2006. The social context of the emergence, development and abandonment of the Varna Cemetery, Bulgaria. – European Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 9, No. 2–3,
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Fol, A., J. Lichardus (eds.). 1988. Macht, Herrschaft und Gold: das Graberfeld von Varna (Bulgarien) und die Anfänge einer neuen europäischen Zivilisation. Saarbrücken, Moderne Galerie des Saarland–Museums.
1311:
Renfrew, C. 1986. Varna and the emergence of wealth in prehistoric Europe. – In: The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective (A. Appadurai, Ed.). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,
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Higham, T., J. Chapman, V. Slavchev, B. Gaydarska, N. Honch, Y. Yordanov, B. Dimitrova. 2007. New perspectives on the Varna cemetery (Bulgaria) – AMS dates and social implications. – Antiquity, 81, 313,
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Ivanov, I. 1988. Die Ausgrabungen des Gräberfeldes von Varna. – In: Fol, A., J. Lichardus (Hrsg.). Macht, Herrschaft und Gold. Moderne–Galerie des Saarlands–Museum, Saarbrüken, Krüger, 49–66, 67–78.
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Bailey, D. W. 2004. Varna. – In: Bogucki, P., P. J. Crabtree (Eds.). Ancient Europe 8000 B.C. – A.D. 1000. Vol. 1. The Mesolithic to Copper Age (c. 8000–2000 B.C.). New York, Scribner's, 341–344.
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Kostov, R. I. 2004. Prehistoric weight system among the gold objects of the Varna Chalcolithic necropolis. – Geology and Mineral Resources, 11, 3, 25–28 (in Bulgarian with an English abstract).
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Ivanov, I. 1982. The Varna Chalcolithic necropolis. – In: The First Civilization in Europe and the Oldest Gold in the World – Varna, Bulgaria. Nippon Television Network Cultural Society, 21–24.
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Varna Historical Museum and, after signing government papers, he handed over the research to the direction of Mihail Lazarov (1972–1976) and Ivan Ivanov (1972–1991). About 30% of the estimated
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5th millennium B.C.). Direct evidence of the incursion of horse-riding warriors is found, not only in single burials of males under barrows, but in the emergence of a whole complex of
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R. Krauß/C. Schmid/D. Kirschenheuter/J. Abele/V. Slavchev/B. Weninger, Chronology and development of the Chalcolithic necropolis of Varna I. Documenta Praehistorica 44, 2017, 282–305
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The culture had sophisticated religious beliefs about afterlife and had developed hierarchical status differences. The site offers the oldest known burial evidence of an elite man. (
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Chapman, J. 1990. Social inequality on Bulgarian tells and the Varna problem. – In: R. Samson (ed.). The Social Archaeology of Houses, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 49–98.
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in the world, dating from 4,600 BC to 4,200 BC, was discovered at the site. Several prehistoric Bulgarian finds are considered no less old – the golden treasures of Hotnitsa,
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Manolakakis L. 2005. Les industries lithiques énéolithiques de Bulgarie: Die kupferzeitliche Steinbearbeitung in Bulgarien (Internationale Archäologie), Marie Leidorf, 2005.
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Nikolov, V. 1994. Der soziale und religious-mythologische Kontext des Goldes in der Nekropole bei Varna. – Ann. Department of Archaeology, New Bulgarian University, I, 4–7.
1192:Éluére, Ch., D. Raub. 1991. Investigations on the gold coating technology of the great dish from Varna. – In: J.-P. Mohen (Ed.). Découverte du métal. Picard, Paris, 13–30.
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Chapman, J. 1991. The creation of social arenas in Varna. – In: P. Garwood (Ed.). Sacred and Profane. Oxford University Committee for Archaeology, Monograph 32, 152–171.
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Ivanov, I. 1986. Der kupferzeitlishe Friedhof in Varna. – In: G. Biegel (Hrsg.). Das erste Gold der Menschheit. Die älteste Zivilisation in Europa. Freiburg, 30–42.
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Slavchev, Vladimir (2010). "The Varna Eneolithic Cemetery in the Context of the Late Copper Age in the East Balkans". In Anthony, David; Chi, Jennifer (eds.).
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in Sofia. In 2006, some gold objects were included in a major and broadly advertised national exhibition of antique gold treasures in both Sofia and Varna.
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The Varna necropolis artifacts were shown for the first time in the United States in 1998 and 1999 as part of a major Bulgarian archaeological exhibition,
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Kuleff, I. 2009. Archeometric investigation of gold in the Chalcolithic necropolis of Varna (5th millennium BC) – Advances in Bulgarian Science, 2, 16–22.
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https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/varna-bulgaria-gold-graves-social-hierarchy-prehistoric-archaelogy-smithsonian-journeys-travel-quarterly-180958733/
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Kănchev, K. 1978. Microwear studies of the weapons and tools from the chalcolithic necropolis at the city of Varna. – Studia Praehistorica, 1–2, 46–49.
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Todorova, H. 1978. The Eneolithic Period in Bulgaria in the Fifth Millennium B.C. Oxford, British Archaeological Reports, BAR supplementary series 49.
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Todorova, H. 1982. Kupferzeitliche Siedlungen in Nordostbulgarien. München, Beck, Materialien zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie, Band 13.
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Thracian Treasures from Bulgaria: Checklist of The Special Exhibition, June 11 – September 4, 1977, coordinated by Dietrich von Bothmer, items 20–74
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Marler, J. 1999. A response to Brian Hayden's article "An archaeological evaluation of the Gimbutas paradigm". – In: The Virtual Pomegranate, 10.
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Smolenov, H., H. Mihailov et V. Bozhilov. 2009. Archeo-Logique: La méthode heuristique des symboles et des conniassances sacrés. Sofia, Magoart.
848:, By: Higham, Tom; Chapman, John; Slavchev, Vladimir; Gaydarska, Bisserka; Honch, Noah; Yordanov, Yordan; Dimitrova, Branimira; 1 September 2007
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might also have venerated virility, instinctual force, and warfare. Gimbutas holds that the artifacts were made largely by local craftspeople.
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Clay anthropomorphic head, Late Chalcolithic period, 4500–4000 BCE, Hamangia Culture, found submerged in Varna Lake, Varna Archeology Museum
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Slavchev, V. 2004. Fragmentation research and the Varna Eneolithic cemetery Spondylus rings. – Proceedings of the Varna Round Table.
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Ivanov, I. 1978. Les fouilles archéologiques de la nécropole chalcolithique а Varna (1972–1976). – Studia Praehistorica, 1–2, 13–26.
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Gimbutas, M. 1977. Varna: a sensationally rich cemetery at the Karanovo civilization: about 4500 B.C. – Expedition, Summer, 39–47.
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Avramova, M. 2000. Myth, ritual and gold of a "civilization that did not take place". – In: Varna Necropolis. Varna, Agató, 15–24.
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Ivanov, I. 1991. Les objets metalliques de la necropole chalcolithique de Varna. – In: Découverte du metal. Paris, 9–12.
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96:(“salt pit”). However, Varna gold is most often called the oldest since this treasure is the largest and most diverse.
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Anthony, D. W., J. Y. Chi (Eds.) 2010. The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000–3500 BC. Princeton, U.P.
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Krauß, Raiko; Schmid, Clemens; Kirschenheuter, David; Abele, Jonas; Slavchev, Vladimir; Weninger, Bernhard (2018).
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The findings showed that the Varna culture had trade relations with distant lands (possibly including the lower
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Marazov, I. 1997. The blacksmith as 'King' in the necropolis of Varna. – In: J. Marler (Ed.). From the Realm.
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Manolakakis, L. 2008. Le mobilier en silex taille des tombes de Varna I. – Acta Musei Varnaensis, 6, 115–138.
132:(about 600 pieces, including gold-painted ones), high-quality flint and obsidian blades, beads, and shells.
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Ivanov, I. S., M. Avramova. 1997. Varna i razhdaneto na evropeiskata tsivilizatsiia. Sofia (in Bulgarian).
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Hayden, B. 1998. An archaeological evaluation of the Gimbutas paradigm. – In: The Virtual Pomegranate, 6.
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The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia. Evolution, Organisation and Consumption of Early Metal in the Balkans
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Ivanov, I., M. Avramova. 2000. Varna Necropolis. The Dawn of European Civilization. Sofia, Agató, 55 p.
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Renfrew, C., P. Bahn. 1996. Archaeology: theories, methods, and practice. New York, Thames and Hudson.
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The Durankulak Lake Town – Kibela's Temple (Древното селище при Дуранкулашкото езеро – Езерният град)
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There are crouched and straight inhumations. Some graves do not contain a skeleton, but grave gifts (
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Bahn, P. G. (ed.). 1995. 100 Great Archaeological Discoveries. New York, Barnes & Noble, No. 34.
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A total of 294 graves have been found in the necropolis, many containing sophisticated examples of
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1095:"The Wealth of the Thracians: A Spectacular Exhibitions of Thracian Treasures Travelling America"
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Reconstruction of elite male burial, with some of the world's oldest gold jewellery, c. 4,500 BC
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Among the metallic (gold and copper) and non-metallic (minerals, rocks, pottery, pigments,
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https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-gold-object-unearthed-bulgaria-180960093/
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Thracian Treasures from Bulgaria; 12 May – 1 July, 1979, Nagoya City Museum; items 20–74
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936:. New York University, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. pp. 192–211.
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The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000–3500 BC. Retrieved on 2009-10-31
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Renfrew, Colin (November 1978). "Varna and the social context of early metallurgy".
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Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World, By Lance Grande
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Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World, By Lance Grande
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and 4 km from the city centre), internationally considered one of the key
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779:"Archaeologists have discovered the oldest treasure in the world - Afrinik"
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Ivanov, I. 1977. La nécropole chalcolithique de Varna. – Obzor, 38, 87–96.
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New perspectives on the Varna cemetery (Bulgaria) The Free Library
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Institute for the Study of the Ancient World in a joint Bulgarian-
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shells found in the graves may have served as primitive currency.
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Varna necropolis, grave offerings on exhibit at the Varna Museum
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The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000–3500 BC
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The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC
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The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000–3500 BC
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1015:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1977. Archived from
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Buildings and structures completed in the 5th millennium BC
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207:. The copper ore used in the artifacts originated from a
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84:, artifacts from the Kurgan settlement of Yunatsite near
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According to Gimbutas (1991), "The discontinuity of the
1082:. Tokyo: The Chunichi Shimbun, The Tokyo Shimbun. 1979.
1041:(1977). "The Archaeological Wealth of Ancient Thrace".
965:. Oxford and Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p.
897:(2021): 'Balkan metallurgy in a Eurasian context' in
57:, is a burial site in the western industrial zone of
316:. In 2009–2010, several artifacts were shown at the
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1009:"The Varna Treasures; Archaeological Museum, Varna"
270:climax, the Varna cemetery with its stunning early
195:), perhaps exporting metal goods and salt from the
957:Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert, eds. (1999). "Varna".
839:New perspectives on the Varna cemetery (Bulgaria)
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112:The site was accidentally discovered in October
140:The graves have been dated to 4569–4340 BCE by
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1151:A Lost European Culture, Pulled From Obscurity
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1139:(Publication). Retrieved on 2009-10-31
1093:Eisenberg, Jerome M. (January 1998).
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61:(approximately half a kilometre from
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1464:History of Varna, Bulgaria
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299:National Historical Museum
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128:(gold and copper),
37:Danube civilisation
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1106:. Retrieved
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42:
40:
1469:Necropoleis
1408: /
1049:(1): 7–71.
609:World War I
601:Balkan Wars
380:Roman times
351:History of
297:and at the
209:Sredna Gora
1423:Categories
1396:27°51′52″E
1393:43°12′47″N
1251:abstract).
755:References
720:Old Europe
636:since 1990
526:after 1413
523:Resistance
420:Golden Age
211:mine near
205:Solnitsata
136:Chronology
126:metallurgy
119:necropolis
94:Solnitsata
86:Pazardzhik
82:Durankulak
63:Lake Varna
1361:web site.
1305:162450895
1285:Antiquity
1239:summary).
662:1893–1944
628:1946–1990
620:1941–1945
612:1915–1918
604:1912–1913
570:1877–1878
534:1762–1878
518:1396–1878
491:1371–1396
483:1300–1371
473:1273–1291
465:1274–1300
457:1230–1241
449:1185–1396
441:1018–1185
388:Dark Ages
218:Spondylus
201:salt mine
197:Provadiya
173:cenotaphs
47:Bulgarian
1378:Archived
1312:141–168.
1243:176–179.
1205:640–651.
1189:139–162.
1185:159–183.
842:Archived
794:Archived
431:968–1018
410:681–1018
353:Bulgaria
342:a series
340:Part of
332:See also
279:biofacts
272:goldwork
251:Karanovo
193:Cyclades
191:and the
90:Provadia
74:treasure
1256:[online
1102:Minerva
1063:3258668
870:: 282.
501:Dobruja
423:896–927
259:Lengyel
130:pottery
78:jewelry
1303:
1247:67–72.
1108:6 July
1061:
1023:6 July
973:
940:
506:Lovech
383:46–681
344:on the
264:Kurgan
53:), or
35:, and
1301:S2CID
1098:(PDF)
1059:JSTOR
539:Early
496:Vidin
255:Vinča
247:Varna
199:rock
189:Volga
177:smith
153:KGKVI
59:Varna
1110:2018
1025:2018
971:ISBN
938:ISBN
596:1903
588:1885
562:1876
554:1870
544:Late
257:and
114:1972
76:and
71:gold
41:The
1293:doi
1051:doi
967:603
872:doi
283:van
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