43:, obtaining a gold standard test on every patient may not always be ethical, practical, or cost effective. These studies can thus be subjected to verification bias. One method to limit verification bias in clinical studies is to perform gold standard testing in a random sample of study participants.
35:
In clinical practice, verification bias is more likely to occur when a preliminary diagnostic test is negative. Because many gold standard tests can be invasive, expensive, and carry a higher risk (e.g. angiography, biopsy, surgery), patients and physicians may be more reluctant to undergo further
798:
773:
803:
46:
In most situations, verification bias introduces a sensitivity estimate that is too high and a specificity that is too low.
104:
Begg CB, Greenes RA (1983). "Assessment of diagnostic tests when disease verification is subject to selection bias".
200:
32:
procedure is used to verify the test result. This type of bias is also known as "work-up bias" or "referral bias".
875:
793:
603:
722:
608:
262:
257:
901:
380:
716:
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846:
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348:
870:
783:
665:
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856:
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520:
301:
279:
147:
Zhou XH (1998). "Correcting for verification bias in studies of a diagnostic test's accuracy".
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O'Sullivan, JW; Banerjee, A; Heneghan, C; Pluddemann, A (April 2018).
851:
338:
117:
810:
695:
28:
in which the results of a diagnostic test affect whether the
209:
25:
178:
103:
888:
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36:work-up if a preliminary test is negative.
857:Heuristics in judgment and decision-making
201:
187:
80:
149:Statistical Methods in Medical Research
146:
889:
182:
140:
97:
13:
14:
918:
56:
1:
49:
7:
723:DĂ©formation professionnelle
69:BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine
10:
923:
717:Basking in reflected glory
208:
161:10.1191/096228098676485370
82:10.1136/bmjebm-2018-110919
865:
847:Cognitive bias mitigation
839:
704:
579:
216:
24:is a type of measurement
431:Illusion of transparency
799:Arab–Israeli conflict
526:Social influence bias
471:Out-group homogeneity
441:Mere-exposure effect
371:Extrinsic incentives
317:Selective perception
666:Social desirability
561:von Restorff effect
436:Mean world syndrome
411:Hostile attribution
65:"Verification bias"
902:Medical statistics
581:Statistical biases
359:Curse of knowledge
884:
883:
521:Social comparison
302:Choice-supportive
22:verification bias
914:
681:Systematic error
636:Omitted-variable
551:Trait ascription
391:Frog pond effect
219:Cognitive biases
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835:
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556:Turkey illusion
324:Compassion fade
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118:10.2307/2530820
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840:Bias reduction
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816:Political bias
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746:
744:Infrastructure
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661:Self-selection
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496:Pro-innovation
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258:Actor–observer
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155:(4): 337–353.
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112:(1): 207–215.
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41:cohort studies
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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769:False balance
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641:Participation
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609:Psychological
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376:Fading affect
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30:gold standard
27:
23:
19:
897:Epidemiology
754:In education
721:
705:Other biases
691:Verification
690:
676:Survivorship
626:Non-response
599:Healthy user
541:Substitution
516:Self-serving
312:Confirmation
280:Availability
228:Acquiescence
152:
148:
142:
109:
105:
99:
75:(2): 54–55.
72:
68:
58:
45:
38:
34:
21:
15:
821:Publication
774:Vietnam War
621:Length time
604:Information
546:Time-saving
406:Horn effect
396:Halo effect
344:Distinction
253:Attribution
248:Attentional
891:Categories
784:South Asia
759:Liking gap
571:In animals
536:Status quo
451:Negativity
354:Egocentric
329:Congruence
307:Commitment
297:Blind spot
285:Mean world
275:Automation
106:Biometrics
50:References
18:statistics
852:Debiasing
831:White hat
826:Reporting
739:Inductive
656:Selection
616:Lead time
589:Estimator
566:Zero-risk
531:Spotlight
511:Restraint
501:Proximity
486:Precision
446:Narrative
401:Hindsight
386:Frequency
366:Emotional
339:Declinism
270:Authority
243:Anchoring
233:Ambiguity
749:Inherent
712:Academic
686:Systemic
671:Spectrum
651:Sampling
631:Observer
594:Forecast
506:Response
466:Optimism
461:Omission
456:Normalcy
426:In-group
421:Implicit
334:Cultural
238:Affinity
91:29595130
871:General
869:Lists:
804:Ukraine
729:Funding
491:Present
476:Outcome
381:Framing
169:9871951
134:6871349
126:2530820
876:Memory
789:Sweden
779:Norway
646:Recall
416:Impact
292:Belief
210:Biases
167:
132:
124:
89:
764:Media
734:FUTON
122:JSTOR
907:Bias
165:PMID
130:PMID
87:PMID
26:bias
811:Net
696:Wet
157:doi
114:doi
77:doi
39:In
16:In
893::
163:.
151:.
128:.
120:.
110:39
108:.
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73:23
71:.
67:.
20:,
202:e
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188:v
171:.
159::
153:7
136:.
116::
93:.
79::
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