251:, which was a program that had impressed Nelson deeply. Osborne also bemoaned those prisoners who had given innovative prison reform programs a bad name by failing to live constructively after release from prison. Nelson approached Osborne after the lecture, telling Osborne he felt regret for having been the type of prisoner who undermined public faith in Osborne’s prison reform work. Nelson agreed to leave Cincinnati and return to Osborne’s home in Auburn, New York. Nelson remained in Osborne’s home for a week and then was accompanied by Osborne when he decided to turn himself in to Charleston Prison Warden Elmer E. Shattuck. At Nelson's subsequent resentencing trial, Osborne testified on his behalf and helped to persuade the judge not to add too much time to Nelson's sentence as extra punishment for having escaped, despite the protest of Warden Shattuck and the district attorney.
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399:. ... His chief concern is to produce good prisoners (men who cheerfully obey, or at any rate do not get caught breaking, prison regulations). Whether or not this is likely to make them good citizens when they are released does not greatly concern him. ... It thus comes about that wardens, as a group, due allowance being made for the rare exceptions, are incapable of anything beyond the mere literal execution of the court’s sentence. ... If, therefore, society is satisfied merely to punish the criminal, her wardens are eminently capable of performing the task. But if the declared purpose of imprisonment is actually the real purpose—if, that is, society’s real object is the reformation of the criminal—precious little progress will be made through the efforts of the present crop of wardens.
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on, it may be, by an able, sincere prison commissioner, becomes a convert to the new faith and desires to lend a hand, he is rarely able to accomplish very much. Political interference, the opposition of ignorant but well-organized guards, the burdens of administrative detail work, the hostility of prisoners, personal inefficiency through lack of training; all these things render the warden more or less incapable of doing his higher duty toward society and toward the criminal. In the end, up against these and other difficulties beyond his powers of control, the average warden takes the easiest way out of his dilemma and lapses into a deliberate policy of
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window bars, and scaled the 40-foot high wall of the prison's Cherry Hill section. At the top of the wall, he performed "what was always believed an impossible stunt: throwing his body across a 10-foot space to the wall," where he managed to catch hold of the false coping of a small building in the corner where the south wing joined the main wall. The top of the false coping was too wide for him to grip with his fingers, but he managed to catch it with the crooks of his arms, regain his balance, and then topple over the outer wall to drop 30 feet down to the Boston and Maine railroad tracks, where two brakemen who saw him made no effort to stop him.
453:. Police had received a call from an anonymous woman who informed them that they "would find a man ill in the room." Police learned that Nelson had rented a room at the boarding house and that shortly after two women had visited him there. Police found lipstick-covered cigarette butts in the room, as well as a mostly full bottle of liquor and some liquor glasses, and they sought the two unidentified women for questioning. A chemical analysis of the liquids in the liquor bottle and glasses was ordered, and a determination of "barbiturate poisoning, manner not known" was entered into the City of Boston Registry Certificate of Death for Nelson.
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sending him books and suggestions about courses of study. Nelson found his way to additional books through citations listed in the books
Osborne sent him. Nelson also became interested in strengthening his skills in the written form of the Swedish language of his childhood, so he acquired the necessary reference books and practiced by translating Scandinavian stories into English. He sent some of these translations to a friend in New York, who then forwarded the translations to a magazine, which resulted in some of the translations being published. Nelson would later publish a piece in
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415:. He married a nurse, Pearl Geneva Osborne, daughter of Adeline York and William A. Osborne, on February 27, 1934, in Exeter, New Hampshire, listing his occupation as "writer" on their marriage records. In the years after his release from prison Nelson sometimes wrote and published letters to the editors of various Massachusetts newspapers on the topics of prison policy and broader
222:, due to interest in a local girl he had encountered on the train. After just a short time in East Liverpool, Nelson was nearly apprehended by a team of Pennsylvania and Ohio detectives, but he managed to escape across the state line into West Virginia where none of the detectives had jurisdiction to make arrests.
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in which he would state: "I had always nursed a strong desire to write, and the translating proved to be the accidental means of making me a writer." Nelson easily learned foreign languages, and Boston news reporter
Charles P. Haven once wrote that Nelson could "translate foreign books into sparkling
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soles to enable both speed and silent running. He made his break from a line of 13 prisoners after attending evening school in the prison chapel. Despite an attempted intervening tackle from a prisoner trusty and bullets from a guard's gun, Nelson ran some distance, leapt, caught the lower end of the
456:
Medical examiner
William J. Brickley reported that Nelson had told three different people on previous occasions that he intended to take his own life using drugs. Brickley deemed the cause of Nelson's death "self ingestion of poison." Further investigation by Boston police Captain William D. Donovan
432:
In 1936 Nelson suffered a broken neck in a car accident. After this injury, which caused him ongoing pain and discouragement, he struggled with depression and began drinking heavily. His wife, Pearl, remained a consistent support to him, despite his growing challenges. However, in August 1936 he was
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During a 1931 hiatus from incarceration Nelson lived with friends in New York, who expected Nelson would work as a writer. Nelson instead picked up odd jobs around the neighborhood, but "failed to do satisfactory work." Nelson's friends subsequently paid his way to Sweden in hopes of getting him out
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Now in all the years I have spent in various prisons, I have never seen a deputy warden or principal keeper who was not a promoted guard. ... I only know one who was even remotely capable of perceiving and attempting to perform this duty. ... Even when an occasional warden of a better type, spurred
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approached him and asked him to write something that would help psychiatrists understand how prisoners perceive those in the psychiatry profession. This piece of writing later became a chapter in Nelson's comprehensive book about prisoners' psychological experiences and prison reform in the United
457:
and
Sergeant Joseph Maraghy revealed that prior to his death, Nelson had registered and left two suitcases filled with writings, personal papers, and clothing at a house on Derne St. in West End Boston. Nelson had been writing a book on alcoholism at the time of his death, which was to be called
196:
from the US Naval
Reserve in 1920. He cycled in and out of various New York and Massachusetts prisons from 1920 to 1932, spending a total of 12 and a half years incarcerated, primarily for robbery and larceny crimes. In May 1921, at age 22, Nelson made a sensational and highly publicized run and
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from
December 1932 to January 1933, Nelson credited Osborne for inspiring him to cultivate his intellectual pursuits, stating "...the more I read and studied, the stronger became my desire for the intellectual things in life." Osborne served as an informal academic advisor to Nelson, frequently
433:
jailed for 30 days on a charge of drunkenness after Pearl filed a domestic violence complaint. In March 1937 he was sentenced by Judge Elmer Briggs of the Boston
Plymouth District Court to Bridgewater State Farm (where chronic alcoholics were often sent at the time, and which later became the
213:
while authorities were searching for him. He remained in Boston for ten days, then traveled through
Massachusetts, West Virginia, New York, and Pennsylvania before heading to Ohio. While in Pennsylvania he took a job selling enlarged photographs—work that he was able to continue doing for his
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era political issues. Nelson's publications would continue to be cited in 20th and 21st century criminal justice and sociocultural writing and research, though he would never complete the second book he had begun writing, which was on the topic of alcoholism and was to be called
448:
On
December 8, 1939, at the age of 41, Nelson phoned his wife after leaving home, telling her he intended to leave the state and that he was contemplating taking his own life. Nelson was found dead on December 9, 1939, in a room at the 66 Bowdoin St. boarding house in West End,
259:
addiction and excessive drinking, and he later published writing giving personal insight into the patterns of drug use and recidivism to which many prisoners fall prey. Nelson's final prison sentence was from 1930 to 1932, after which he paroled under the supervision of
288:
both recognized Victor Nelson's potential as a writer. Before being reincarcerated in 1924, Nelson had worked for
Osborne as a librarian and literary assistant while on parole. In a series of articles entitled "In a Prison Cell I Sat," which Nelson wrote for
384:. The book was reviewed in newspapers across multiple states. In addition to commenting on the culture and language of prisoners, the book identifies, from the perspective of one who has lived within American prisons, the causes of continually high
149:, US with him and his three siblings when he was three years old. The Nelson family struggled economically and Victor's mother died when he was seven years old. Victor spent the next six years in Swedish Lutheran Orphanage of Massachusetts.
121:(June 5, 1898 – December 9, 1939) was a Swedish-American writer, prisoner, and prison reform advocate. He spent many years incarcerated in both the New York and Massachusetts prison systems and came to the attention of neurologist
255:
of the neighborhood setting, but Nelson was sent back to the United States by Swedish relatives after one month and soon recidivated. Throughout his years of incarceration and paroles, Nelson at times struggled with
314:
extension courses in writing and began publishing articles on penology. In 1930 he won a Writers' Club of Columbia University prize for his essay "Is Honesty Abnormal?" In 1929 he published a review on
152:
Orphanage records documented that Victor was bright but had difficulties constructively managing his boredom. He frequently ran away and was eventually placed in the
474:, The Welfare Bulletin Official Publication of the Illinois Department of Public Welfare Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois, Vol. 18, 1927; reprinted in
180:
Victor Nelson's first charge of larceny occurred when he was 18 years old, but was discharged by a grand jury in New York City. He was incarcerated twice in the
1415:
487:, The Welfare Bulletin Official Publication of the Illinois Department of Public Welfare Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois, Vol. 19, 1928)
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in Massachusetts. He spent some days planning his escape, even modifying a pair of prison-issued shoes, replacing the heavy soles with homemade
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and pleaded not guilty to a charge of defrauding a hotel keeper and in November 1938 was arrested after getting into an automobile accident on
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328:. Nelson also cultivated skills in art and regularly illustrated criminology articles for local newspapers, including his own articles in
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Johnson, R., Dobrzanska, A., & Palla, S. "The American prison in historical perspective: Race, gender, and adjustment."
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Nelson’s friends gave him money for clothing and on the day of his escape Nelson joined a game of "scrub" baseball at
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City of Boston Registry, Certificate of Death record for Victor Folke Nelson, No. 10407, filed December 14, 1939.
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employer as a traveling salesmen when worries about being detected by law enforcement made him eager to leave
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States, the first edition of which was published by Little, Brown, and Company in 1933 under the title
145:, Sweden on June 5, 1898 to Anna Pehrson and Carl Nelson. Victor's parents immigrated to the state of
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332:. He had musical talent as well and worked as a pianist for the prison orchestra during his time at
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1221:"Signifyin (g) Afro-Orientalism: The Jazz-Addict Subculture in Nigger Heaven and Home to Harlem"
438:
193:
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Nelson, Victor F. "Wages for Prisoners: Former Inmate Explains Advantages of Present System."
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336:. During the later years of his incarceration, Nelson taught prison evening school courses.
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Inscription to Donald Moreland from Victor Folke Nelson in a copy of Prison Days and Nights
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had terminated the Mutual Welfare League program for prisoners that Osborne had started at
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Inscription to George Steele from Victor Folke Nelson in a copy of Prison Days and Nights
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437:) after assaulting an elderly neighbor while intoxicated. In August 1938 he appeared in
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264:, though he would have additional encounters with the law in his troubled later years.
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882:"In a Prison Cell I Sat: Ex-Charlestown Convict Tells Own Story of Life Behind Bars."
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and fined $ 50 by the Roxbury Court for “operating a vehicle under the influence.”
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1191:"Situating sex: Prison sexual culture in the mid-twentieth-century United States"
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1092:"In a Prison Cell I Sat: Nelson Tells How He Educated Himself in Prison Cell."
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New Hampshire, U.S., Marriage Records Index, 1637–1947, FHL Film Number 2069768
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Thomas Mott Osborne and Paul Revere Frothingham letters to Victor Folke Nelson.
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641:"What Convicts Think of Psychiatrists Told By One Who's Lived Long in Cells"
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Thomas Mott Osborne, Attorney Edward J. Ziegler, and Victor Folke Nelson 1921
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72:
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1139:, by Victor F. Nelson (New York: Garden City Publishing Co., Inc., 1936)
714:, by Victor F. Nelson (New York: Garden City Publishing Co., Inc., 1936)
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1034:." Commonwealth Historical Collaborative. Retrieved February 19, 2022.
964:"In a Prison Cell I Sat: Quest of Blonde Leads Nelson to Police Trap."
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236:
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188:—where he met and worked as an office clerk for then prison commander
951:"In a Prison Cell I Sat: Blonde Lass Upsets Jail-Breaker’s Flight."
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movie theatre. During his lecture, Osborne spoke about how the new
938:"Osborne Brings Noted Escaped Convict Back to State Prison Here".
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for his potential as a writer. In 1932, Nelson published his book
50:
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was touring the region to promote a film Osborne had sponsored,
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1066:"Greater Boston News Briefs and Personal Paragraphs: Roxbury."
1032:
Industry records: Massachusetts State Farm (Bridgewater, Mass.)
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that ran in 24 instalments from December 1932 to January 1933)
856:"Victor F. Nelson, Notorious Ex-Convict, Believed Poisoned".
654:
Norman S. Hayner and Ellis Ash. "The Prison As a Community."
996:"In a Prison Cell I Sat: Saved from Stiff Term by Osborne."
980:"In a Prison Cell I Sat: Jail Angel Aids Nelson to Reform."
834:"In a Prison Cell I Sat: Nelson Escaped Hotel Police Trap."
776:"Movie Made Escaped Convict Go Back to Charleston Prison".
202:
351:
Title page of Victor Folke Nelson's Prison Days and Nights
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Denmark's Best Stories: An Introduction to Danish Fiction
537:"Ethics and Etiquette in Prison" (nonfiction article in
407:
Victor Folke Nelson, author photo Prison Days and Nights
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Nelson was paroled in August 1932 in the midst of the
343:
Cover of Prison Days and Nights by Victor Folke Nelson
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rates in a chapter called "Reforming the Criminal":
1122:. January 19, 1929. Retrieved on February 1, 2022.
752:Merrill, Anthony. "The Man Who Broke Charlestown".
567:"Addenda to 'Junker Lingo'" (nonfiction article in
478:, Columbia University, University Extension, 1930)
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464:
625:"The Articulate Convict Studies Prison Life."
470:"Is Honesty Abnormal?" (nonfiction article in
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35:Victor Folke Nelson, published in 1921 by the
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916:"Back in Prison After Restful Sojourn Here".
476:Copy . . .1930: Stories, Plays, Poems, Essays
900:"In a Prison Cell I Sat: Dash for Liberty."
818:Nelson Victor Folke Service Number 001239225
1416:Prisoners and detainees of New York (state)
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501:"Anne and the Cow" (English translation of
492:"Code of the Crook" (nonfiction article in
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658:. Vol. 5, No. 4 (Aug., 1940), pp. 577–583.
483:"The New Penology" (nonfiction article in
371:In 1932, while Nelson was incarcerated in
29:
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1195:GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies
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1401:Prisoners and detainees of Massachusetts
1343:. Vol. 8, No. 3 (Oct., 1933), pp. 33-34.
1301:"Dr. Brickley Says Nelson Took Poison."
1178:. p. 95. (New York: Vintage Books, 2000)
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160:from 1916 to 1918, then enlisted in the
16:Swedish-American author on prison reform
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754:Boston Sunday Advertiser Green Magazine
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556:"Prison Stupor" (nonfiction article in
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1411:Swedish emigrants to the United States
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276:Victor Folke Nelson and his typewriter
1451:Escapees from Massachusetts detention
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1227:, Vol. 16, No. 4 (2009), pp. 685–707.
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526:"In a Prison Cell I Sat" (series for
512:The MĂĄrbacka Edition of the Works of
317:The MĂĄrbacka Edition of the Works of
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1197:, Vol. 8, No. 3 (2002), pp. 253–270.
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869:"Victor F. Nelson Eludes Pursuers."
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225:In August 1921, Nelson learned that
133:with the assistance of Dr. Myerson.
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1243:"Former Convict Declared Suicide".
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1426:20th-century American male writers
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510:"The MĂĄrbacka Edition" (review of
14:
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1150:The Springfield Weekly Republican
1120:The Saturday Review of Literature
1050:"Nelson, Author, Held in $ 500."
796:." Retrieved on January 30, 2022.
710:Abraham Myerson, introduction to
632:
519:The Saturday Review of Literature
325:The Saturday Review of Literature
1461:20th-century American memoirists
1456:1920 crimes in the United States
1355:
167:
141:Victor Folke Nelson was born in
613:. Carlisle, Pa. March 16, 1933.
1279:"Nelson Lands in Jail Again."
1263:"Think Nelson Took Own Life".
820:. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
1:
577:
543:, December 1932, pp. 455–462)
465:Written and translation works
235:, and would be speaking at a
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918:Daily Springfield Republican
656:American Sociological Review
280:Progressive prison official
7:
1208:Prisons: Today and Tomorrow
1176:Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing
1105:"Writing Prizes Bestowed".
268:Writing career and marriage
162:United States Naval Reserve
156:. He served in the British
10:
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562:, March 1933, pp. 339–344)
521:, January 19, 1929, issue)
496:, Vol. 19, Issue 3, 1928)
435:Bridgewater State Hospital
306:While incarcerated in the
218:—and he briefly stayed in
65:December 9, 1939 (aged 41)
1436:Suicides in Massachusetts
1337:Addenda to "Junker Lingo"
1014:"Prison Protégé Jailed."
627:The Philadelphia Inquirer
310:in New York, Nelson took
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87:
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43:
28:
21:
1327:(New York: Norton, 1928)
1118:"The MĂĄrbacka Edition".
334:Charlestown State Prison
199:Charlestown State Prison
1406:Memoirs of imprisonment
1094:The Boston Daily Record
998:The Boston Daily Record
982:The Boston Daily Record
966:The Boston Daily Record
953:The Boston Daily Record
902:The Boston Daily Record
884:The Boston Daily Record
836:The Boston Daily Record
551:(nonfiction book, 1933)
505:'s "Ane og Koen", 1928)
249:Portsmouth Naval Prison
243:appointed by President
182:Portsmouth Naval Prison
1370:Prison Days and Nights
1137:Prison Days and Nights
920:. September 12, 1921.
778:The Boston Sunday Post
712:Prison Days and Nights
549:Prison Days and Nights
439:Boston Municipal Court
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382:Prison Days and Nights
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194:dishonorable discharge
177:
131:Prison Days and Nights
111:Prison Days and Nights
1364:at Wikimedia Commons
1305:. December 11, 1939.
1267:. December 11, 1939.
1161:"For the President."
1070:. November 22, 1938.
968:. December 31, 1932.
955:. December 30, 1932.
942:. September 12, 1921.
904:. December 27, 1932.
886:. December 26, 1932.
860:. December 10, 1939.
780:. December 17, 1939.
756:. December 17, 1939.
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373:Dedham, Massachusetts
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241:Secretary of the Navy
186:absence without leave
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154:Lyman School for Boys
1247:. December 11, 1939.
1096:. January 12, 1933.
871:Boston Evening Globe
611:The Evening Sentinel
609:"Bound to be Read."
559:The American Mercury
540:The American Mercury
428:Later life and death
220:East Liverpool, Ohio
192:. Nelson received a
184:—punishment for his
37:Boston Evening Globe
1386:Writers from Boston
1362:Victor Folke Nelson
1225:Modernism/Modernity
1054:. August 31, 1938.
1052:The Boston Traveler
1000:. January 7, 1933.
984:. January 3, 1933.
838:. January 2, 1933.
312:Columbia University
308:Auburn State Prison
282:Thomas Mott Osborne
227:Thomas Mott Osborne
190:Thomas Mott Osborne
127:Thomas Mott Osborne
119:Victor Folke Nelson
23:Victor Folke Nelson
1431:Suicides by poison
1421:Writers from Malmö
1323:Hanna Astrup, ed.
1283:. August 2, 1936.
1210:(2005), pp. 22–42.
503:Johannes V. Jensen
409:
369:
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303:English prose."
278:
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158:Royal Flying Corps
1446:American escapees
1360:Media related to
1245:The Boston Herald
1188:Kunzel, Regina G.
1165:. April 8, 1937.
1163:The Boston Herald
1018:. March 24, 1937.
1016:The Boston Record
940:The Boston Herald
858:The Boston Herald
643:Kansas City Times
629:. April 8, 1933.
593:"Prison Ethics."
529:The Boston Record
330:The Boston Record
299:The Boston Record
292:The Boston Record
245:Warren G. Harding
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96:Years active
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1441:American robbers
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1152:. June 1, 1933.
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597:. March 6, 1933.
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494:Welfare Magazine
485:Welfare Magazine
472:Welfare Magazine
417:Great Depression
413:Great Depression
284:and neurologist
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83:Swedish-American
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377:Abraham Myerson
286:Abraham Myerson
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262:Abraham Myerson
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125:and penologist
123:Abraham Myerson
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105:Notable work
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1396:1939 deaths
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80:Nationality
1380:Categories
578:References
443:Park Drive
386:recidivism
237:Cincinnati
216:Pittsburgh
137:Early life
109:Author of
88:Occupation
164:in 1918.
99:1927–1933
257:morphia
451:Boston
91:Writer
69:Boston
55:Sweden
143:Malmö
51:Malmö
203:felt
62:Died
44:Born
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