847:
waited for them to finish, then responded that there was nothing stopping them from going home at any time and living peacefully if they so wished, and that they were in this situation by their own hand. They themselves, he said, had refused the Anglo-Rhodesian accord agreed four years previously, which he said had offered
Rhodesian blacks "preferential franchise facilities", and they themselves had chosen to use "unconstitutional means and terrorism in order to overthrow the legal government of our country." The UANC delegates countered by railing against Smith even more strongly than before, repeating their previous arguments and rejecting the right of Britain to negotiate on their behalf. This argument went on for nine and a half hours before the conference broke up, Smith refusing outright to grant diplomatic immunity to the UANC's "terrorist leaders who bear responsibility for ... murders and other atrocities". Muzorewa said that he doubted Smith's sincerity in seeking a resolution if he was unwilling to grant such a "very small thing" as immunity to the nationalist leaders. The conference broke up without any agreement or progress having been made.
882:" by his ZANU rivals, particularly Mugabe, so to prevent this from happening he first consulted Kaunda, Machel and Nyerere, the presidents of the Frontline States. Each of the presidents gave his approval to ZAPU's participation in direct talks, and with their blessing Nkomo and Smith signed a declaration of intent to negotiate on 1 December 1975. Constitutional negotiations between the government and ZAPU began in Salisbury ten days later. The ZAPU delegation proposed an immediate switch to black majority rule, a government elected on a "strictly non-racial" basis, and reluctantly offered some sweeteners for the Rhodesian white population, "which we detested", Nkomo says, including some reserved seats for whites in parliament. The talks dragged on for months afterwards, with little progress being made, though Smith notes the "congenial atmosphere, with both sides ready to crack a joke". Nkomo's account of the meetings is less favourable, stressing Smith's perceived intransigence: "We went to great lengths to offer conditions that the Rhodesian régime might find acceptable, but Smith would not budge."
786:
637:
646:
871:
stating that they wished to enter talks directly with the government. Smith "opted for the unthinkable", in the words of
Eliakim Sibanda, reasoning that for all of their differences, Nkomo was still, as Sibanda writes, "a seasoned and pragmatic politician", who commanded a not insignificant force of guerrillas. The ZAPU leader was popular, too, not only locally but also regionally and internationally. If he could be brought into an internal government, and ZIPRA onto the side of the security forces, Smith thought, ZANU would find it difficult to justify continuing the guerrilla war, and even if they did so, they would be less likely to win.
22:
494:
459:
diplomatic immunity for their leaders and fighters. The nationalists contended that Smith was being deliberately intransigent and that they did not believe he was sincere in seeking an agreement if he was so adamant about not giving diplomatic immunity. Direct talks between the government and the
Zimbabwe African People's Union followed in December 1975, but these also failed to produce any significant progress. The Victoria Falls Conference, the détente initiative and the associated ceasefire, though unsuccessful, did affect the course of the
757:
Rhodesia over the following months. Far from being seen as a gesture of potential reconciliation, the ceasefire and release of the nationalist leaders gave the message to the rural population that the security forces had been defeated, and that the guerrillas were in the process of emulating FRELIMO's victory in
Mozambique. ZANU and ZANLA were unable to totally capitalise on the situation, however, because of internal conflict which had started earlier in 1974. Some ordinary ZANU cadres perceived the ZANU High Command members in
856:
813:. According to Rhodesian intelligence, the various nationalist factions had not patched up their differences, were not prepared to accept Muzorewa as their leader and, to this end, were hoping that the conference failed to produce an agreement. The Rhodesians relayed these concerns to Pretoria, which told them firmly that the UANC would surely not risk losing the support of Kaunda and the Tanzanian President
777:, who continued to be recognised as such by the Frontline States. On his release, Mugabe moved into Mozambique to consolidate his supremacy within ZANU and ZANLA, while Sithole prepared to take part in talks with the Rhodesian government as part of the UANC delegation. Sithole retained the ZANU leadership in the eyes of the Frontline States until late 1975.
843:
possible to begin political campaigning. Smith replied calmly that Kaunda, Nyerere and
Vorster had all assured him that the UANC had agreed not to demand preconditions for talks, and that Kaunda and Vorster had in fact confirmed this to him that same morning; his delegation was therefore surprised by Muzorewa's confrontational opening speech.
802:, on the Rhodesian–Zambian border. The Rhodesian delegates could therefore take their seats in Rhodesia and the nationalists, on the opposite side of the carriage, would be able to attend without leaving Zambia. As part of the détente policy, Kaunda and Vorster would act as mediators in the conference, which was set for 26 August 1975.
826:
874:
Dr Elliot
Gabellah, Muzorewa's deputy in the UANC, told Smith that Nkomo was "the most balanced and experienced" of the nationalist leaders, and that most Ndebele now favoured open negotiation. He said that most Ndebele would support a deal between the government and Nkomo, and that Muzorewa probably
708:
assumed the presidency. Now that
Mozambique was under a friendly government, ZANLA could freely base themselves there with the full support of Machel and FRELIMO, with whom an alliance had already existed since the late 1960s. The Rhodesian Security Forces, on the other hand, now had a further 1,100
870:
After the failure of the talks across the Falls, even the facade of a united front amongst the nationalists was broken on 11 September, when
Muzorewa expelled Nkomo and four of his deputies from the council after they suggested a new leadership election be held. ZAPU contacted Salisbury soon after,
797:
According to the terms agreed in
December 1974, the talks between the Rhodesian government and the UANC were to take place within Rhodesia, but in the event the black nationalist leaders were loath to attend a conference on ground they perceived as not neutral. The Rhodesians, however, were keen to
756:
The nationalists, on the other hand, ignored the agreed terms and used the sudden cessation of security force activity as an opportunity to regroup and re-establish themselves both inside and outside the country. Guerrilla operations continued: an average of six incidents a day were reported inside
622:
in the country's north-east. The security forces mounted a strong counter-campaign and by the end of 1974 had reduced the number of guerrillas active within the country to under 300. In the period
October–November 1974, the Rhodesians killed more nationalist fighters than in the previous two years
458:
The conference failed to produce a settlement, breaking up on the same day it began with each side blaming the other for its unsuccessful outcome. Smith believed the nationalists were being unreasonable by requesting preconditions for talks—which they had previously agreed not to do—and asking for
846:
Smith says that his reply "provoked a flood of rhetoric"; the nationalists evaded his words and, one by one, gave passionate speeches about being "a suppressed people ... denied freedom in their own country" who only wanted to "return home and live normal, peaceful lives". Smith sat back and
837:
The conference started on the morning of 26 August as planned. The six Rhodesian delegates took their places first, then around 40 nationalists entered and crowded around Muzorewa on the opposite side of the cramped railway carriage. Vorster and Kaunda arrived and sat on the Rhodesian side, where
842:
was established by Muzorewa to be "a basic necessity"; second, an amnesty would have to be given for all guerrilla fighters, including those convicted of murder by the High Court in Salisbury; and finally, all of the nationalists would have to be given permission to return to Rhodesia as soon as
838:
there was more space, and each spoke in turn, giving their blessing to the negotiations. Muzorewa then opened the proceedings at Smith's invitation. Speaking assertively, the bishop gave three concessions which would have to be given by the Rhodesian side for talks to begin: first,
748:
to accept the terms, the Rhodesians agreed on 11 December 1974 and followed the terms of the ceasefire; Rhodesian military actions were temporarily halted and troops were ordered to allow retreating guerrillas to leave unhindered. Vorster withdrew some 2,000 members of the
613:
two years later. A constitution was agreed upon by the Rhodesian and British governments in November 1971, but when the British gauged Rhodesian public opinion in early 1972 they abandoned the deal on the grounds that they perceived most blacks to be against it. The
875:
would as well. Meetings between Nkomo and Smith were duly arranged, and the first took place in secret in October 1975. After a few clandestine sessions passed without major problems, the two leaders agreed to have formal talks in the capital in December 1975.
798:
adhere to the accord and meet at a Rhodesian venue. In an effort to placate both sides, Kaunda and Vorster relaxed the terms so that the two sides would instead meet aboard a train provided by the South African government, placed halfway across the
673:
The effect of the security forces' decisive counter-campaign was undone by two drastic changes to the geopolitical situation in 1974 and 1975, each relating to one of the Rhodesian government's two main backers, Portugal and South Africa. In
817:
by deliberately sabotaging the peace process. When the Rhodesians persisted in their complaints, citing evidence of nationalist infighting in Lusaka, the South Africans were terser still, eventually wiring
700:, Portuguese leadership was hurriedly withdrawn from Lisbon's overseas territories, each of which was earmarked for an immediate handover to communist guerrillas. Brief, frenzied negotiations with
596:, and, while based outside the country, sent groups of guerrillas into Rhodesia at regular intervals. Most of these early incursions, which had little success, were perpetrated by ZIPRA.
1658:
712:
The second event was more surprising for the Rhodesians. In late 1974, the government of Rhodesia's main ally and backer, South Africa, adopted a doctrine of "détente" with the
427:
to Rhodesia's north, west and east by helping to produce a settlement in Rhodesia. The participants in the conference were a delegation led by the Rhodesian Prime Minister
58:
732:
and "release all political detainees"—the leaders of ZANU and ZAPU—who would then attend a conference in Rhodesia, united under a single banner and led by Bishop
1670:
1572:
1472:
532:
484:
1536:
740:(UANC). Vorster hoped that if this were successful the Frontline States would enter full diplomatic relations with South Africa and allow it to retain
378:
2340:
51:
2350:
1869:
1319:
570:(ZANLA), received considerable backing in training, materiel and finances from the People's Republic of China and its allies, while the
455:
acted as mediators in the conference, which was held on the border in an attempt to provide a venue both sides would accept as neutral.
1497:
A matter of weeks rather than months: The Impasse between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith: Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969
2345:
951:. In 1974 they were Zambia, Tanzania and Botswana. Angola and Mozambique each joined on achieving independence from Portugal in 1975.
567:
2330:
1949:
1793:
575:
536:
504:
408:
44:
761:, the Zambian capital, to be following a luxurious lifestyle, contrary to the party's Maoist principles. This culminated in the
2370:
2355:
1840:
1529:
2375:
1820:
1648:
1504:
1457:
1416:
1390:
1360:
1308:
1285:
1266:
773:
had been elected ZANU president while they were incarcerated, though this was disputed by its founding leader, the Reverend
704:
in Mozambique preceded the country's independence on 25 June 1975; FRELIMO took power without contesting an election, while
1732:
1663:
1564:
810:
448:
1934:
1588:
1172:
2122:
2064:
1845:
1100:
863:
555:
463:, as they gave the nationalist guerrillas significant time to regroup and reorganise themselves following the decisive
444:
1924:
1875:
1653:
1522:
1485:
1438:
785:
618:
suddenly re-erupted after two years of relative inactivity on 21 December 1972 when ZANLA attacked Altena Farm near
1778:
1636:
1596:
2155:
1881:
805:
The UANC delegation was led, as expected, by Muzorewa and included Sithole representing ZANU, Nkomo for ZAPU and
769:. The ZANU and ZAPU leaders imprisoned in Rhodesia were released in December 1974 as part of the "détente" deal.
737:
724:
would prevent guerrilla infiltrations into Rhodesia from his country, and in return the Rhodesian Prime Minister
543:
440:
436:
30:
2001:
1788:
833:
was surprised by Muzorewa's confrontational opening speech, but only antagonised the nationalists by saying so.
237:
1909:
1893:
1768:
249:
117:
2360:
2025:
931:
741:
339:
232:
2365:
2042:
1815:
1803:
1798:
586:
founded and initially led ZANU. The two rival nationalist movements began what they called their "Second
415:(today Zimbabwe) and Zambia. It was the culmination of the "détente" policy introduced and championed by
278:
182:
177:
138:
753:(SAP) from forward bases in Rhodesia, and by August 1975 had pulled the SAP out of Rhodesia completely.
2253:
2145:
1919:
1810:
696:, Mozambique and Portugal's other African territories. Following this coup, which became known as the
2335:
2325:
2228:
1944:
1700:
593:
464:
346:
2258:
1991:
1685:
1606:
1556:
1450:
The Zimbabwe African People's Union 1961–87: A Political History of Insurgency in Southern Rhodesia
923:
468:
2268:
2102:
1996:
915:
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of November 1974, in which mutinous guerrillas were forcibly put down by the ZANU defence chief,
689:
563:
512:
297:
285:
259:
709:
kilometres (680 mi) of border to defend and had to rely on South Africa alone for imports.
1851:
1783:
822:: "If you don't like what we are offering, you always have the alternative of going it alone!"
684:
626:
1331:
539:
by Britain and the United Nations (UN), each of which imposed economic sanctions on Rhodesia.
2215:
2202:
2011:
1939:
1914:
1899:
1863:
1773:
1477:
799:
645:
636:
520:
404:
400:
172:
26:
1887:
1825:
1756:
1727:
1433:(First ed.). Nairobi, Kampala and Dar es Salaam: East African Educational Publishers.
750:
697:
559:
33:
and the Rhodesian government took place at the centre of the bridge on 26 August that year.
8:
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2069:
2037:
2006:
1929:
1690:
1626:
1382:
911:
619:
199:
1514:
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on behalf of his government, and a nationalist delegation attending under the banner of
2150:
1675:
1616:
1408:
1300:
850:
774:
716:. In an attempt to resolve the situation in Rhodesia, the South African Prime Minister
615:
607:
583:
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213:
187:
124:
68:
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2132:
1904:
1830:
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1500:
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1428:
A History of Africa: African Nationalism and the De-Colonisation Process, 1915–1995.
1412:
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1281:
1262:
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693:
493:
311:
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271:
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21:
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led the nationalists at Victoria Falls, and opened the debate at Smith's invitation.
2285:
2273:
1975:
1374:
944:
766:
713:
424:
358:
351:
318:
290:
264:
110:
96:
91:
1983:
1857:
1631:
1621:
1601:
1352:
806:
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600:
373:
325:
242:
225:
206:
157:
152:
145:
103:
2248:
2223:
2107:
1835:
1611:
1370:
903:
814:
721:
654:
574:
and associated nations, prominently Cuba, gave similar support to ZAPU and its
452:
332:
254:
2319:
2280:
2263:
2097:
1737:
790:
770:
733:
717:
705:
679:
661:
516:
432:
416:
2112:
2092:
2087:
2079:
1400:
1320:"A brief operational history of the campaign in Rhodesia from 1964 to 1978"
948:
927:
919:
859:
579:
547:
383:
531:, were unable to agree terms for the latter's full independence. Rhodesia
879:
571:
2140:
2047:
947:
were a group of countries aiming to achieve black majority rule in the
898:
588:
439:(UANC), which for this conference also incorporated delegates from the
855:
542:
The two most prominent black nationalist parties in Rhodesia were the
467:
counter-campaign of 1973–74. A further conference would follow in the
2210:
2178:
1467:
830:
729:
725:
528:
428:
420:
36:
851:
Aftermath: direct talks between the government and ZAPU in Salisbury
2117:
1707:
1580:
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1545:
745:
524:
497:
480:
412:
809:, the former ZAPU vice-president, for a third militant party, the
688:
administration with a leftist government opposed to the unpopular
627:
Mozambican independence and the South African "détente" initiative
1742:
825:
701:
2182:
2161:
819:
758:
675:
551:
1330:(1). Southampton: Rhodesian Army Association. Archived from
1452:. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa Research & Publications.
419:, the Prime Minister of South Africa, which was then under
29:, seen from the Rhodesian side in 1975. Talks between the
1544:
1280:. London, Sydney & Dover, New Hampshire: Croom Helm.
1176:
1104:
519:
and the predominantly white minority government of the
423:
and was attempting to improve its relations with the
1473:
The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith
1499:. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing.
1369:
1016:
906:word meaning "revolutionary struggle". The "First
507:in Africa with a mostly white minority government.
515:of the early 1960s, the British government under
485:Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence
2317:
1196:
1194:
1081:
780:
582:throughout their existence, while the Reverend
1297:Communism in Sub-Saharan Africa: a Reappraisal
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
975:
1530:
1347:Martin, David; Johnson, Phyllis (July 1981).
1346:
1191:
1087:
963:
451:(FROLIZI). Vorster and the Zambian President
52:
1167:
1165:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
599:Wilson and Smith held abortive talks aboard
1870:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress
1399:
1294:
1236:
1206:
1143:
1125:
981:
1537:
1523:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1048:
1036:
1010:
59:
45:
1162:
1027:
1025:
991:
720:negotiated a deal: the Zambian President
682:on 25 April 1974 replaced the right-wing
568:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army
1275:
1259:The Saints: The Rhodesian Light Infantry
1232:
1230:
1131:
1101:"1974: Rebels seize control of Portugal"
1004:
854:
824:
784:
492:
20:
1447:
1317:
1295:Duignan, Peter; Gann, Lewis H. (1994).
1240:
1200:
1060:
1031:
592:" against the Rhodesian government and
578:(ZIPRA). ZAPU and ZIPRA were headed by
2318:
1950:Chemical weapons and biological agents
1671:Unilateral Declaration of Independence
1318:Lockley, Lt-Col R. E. H. (July 1990).
1261:. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers.
1022:
399:took place on 26 August 1975 aboard a
66:
16:1975 talks between Rhodesia and Zambia
1518:
1466:
1425:
1379:The Rhodesian War: A Military History
1256:
1227:
1221:
1156:
1137:
1075:
1054:
1042:
985:
40:
1494:
1448:Sibanda, Eliakim M. (January 2005).
969:
878:Nkomo was wary of being labelled a "
811:Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe
576:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army
449:Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe
2341:20th-century diplomatic conferences
13:
2351:Diplomatic conferences in Rhodesia
1846:Responsible Government Association
1276:Cilliers, Jakkie (December 1984).
566:. ZANU and its military wing, the
533:unilaterally declared independence
14:
2387:
1876:Southern Rhodesia Communist Party
1403:; Harman, Nicholas (April 1984).
1173:"1975: Rhodesia peace talks fail"
2346:Diplomatic conferences in Zambia
644:
635:
550:movement, influenced by Chinese
2331:1975 in international relations
1882:Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party
1119:
1093:
1017:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 2008
937:
864:Zimbabwe African People's Union
556:Zimbabwe African People's Union
544:Zimbabwe African National Union
445:Zimbabwe African People's Union
441:Zimbabwe African National Union
1681:1975 Victoria Falls Conference
1278:Counter-Insurgency in Rhodesia
891:
535:on 11 November 1965. This was
1:
2356:Foreign relations of Rhodesia
1894:United National Federal Party
1659:Malayan Emergency involvement
1495:Wood, J. R. T. (April 2008).
1257:Binda, Alexandre (May 2008).
957:
781:The Victoria Falls Conference
474:
2376:August 1975 events in Africa
1794:Ministry of External Affairs
1546:Southern Rhodesia / Rhodesia
932:British South Africa Company
527:, led by the Prime Minister
7:
1405:Nkomo: The Story of My Life
10:
2392:
1407:(First ed.). London:
1351:(First ed.). London:
1249:
478:
407:on the border between the
2371:Rhodesia–Zambia relations
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2201:
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2131:
2078:
2063:
2056:
2033:
2024:
1971:
1964:
1764:
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1723:
1716:
1701:Lancaster House Agreement
1587:
1579:under UDI; 1980–present:
1553:
1349:The Struggle for Zimbabwe
1088:Martin & Johnson 1981
922:(separately) against the
403:train halfway across the
397:Victoria Falls Conference
78:
1935:Leader of the Opposition
1299:. Stanford, California:
949:Republic of South Africa
885:
738:African National Council
437:African National Council
31:African National Council
1237:Nkomo & Harman 1984
1126:Duignan & Gann 1994
982:Duignan & Gann 1994
667:, both pictured in 1983
546:(ZANU)—a predominantly
379:Cashel Helicopter Crash
1852:Rhodesian Action Party
1686:1976 Geneva Conference
934:between 1896 and 1897.
867:
834:
794:
744:. Under pressure from
508:
501:(highlighted in green)
401:South African Railways
34:
1925:Deputy Prime Minister
1900:United Rhodesia Party
1864:Rhodesia Labour Party
1728:Chimanimani Mountains
1478:John Blake Publishing
910:" in question is the
858:
828:
800:Victoria Falls Bridge
788:
521:self-governing colony
496:
405:Victoria Falls Bridge
27:Victoria Falls Bridge
24:
1978:(currency from 1970)
1888:United Federal Party
1826:Central Africa Party
1779:Legislative Assembly
1426:Okoth, Assa (2006).
751:South African Police
698:Carnation Revolution
662:Samora Moisés Machel
238:Odzanu Junction Farm
2361:History of Rhodesia
1691:Internal Settlement
1627:Second Matabele War
1383:Pen and Sword Books
1324:The Lion & Tusk
912:Second Matabele War
2366:Rhodesian Bush War
2038:List of Rhodesians
2002:Telecommunications
1986:(currency to 1970)
1617:First Matabele War
1409:Methuen Publishing
1371:Moorcraft, Paul L.
1243:, pp. 210–211
1224:, pp. 188–193
1203:, pp. 210–211
1159:, pp. 176–182
1140:, pp. 480–481
1057:, pp. 133–136
1045:, pp. 152–157
988:, pp. 135–138
984:, pp. 31–36;
868:
835:
795:
775:Ndabaningi Sithole
616:Rhodesian Bush War
584:Ndabaningi Sithole
558:(ZAPU), which was
509:
505:unrecognised state
489:Rhodesian Bush War
461:Rhodesian Bush War
409:unrecognised state
233:Woolworths bombing
70:Rhodesian Bush War
35:
2311:
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2020:
2019:
1960:
1959:
1831:Confederate Party
1821:Political parties
1799:Mission in Lisbon
1769:Political history
1751:
1750:
1696:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
1644:Southern Rhodesia
1577:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
1561:Southern Rhodesia
1506:978-1-4251-4807-2
1459:978-1-59221-276-7
1418:978-0-413-54500-8
1392:978-1-84415-694-8
1375:McLaughlin, Peter
1362:978-0-571-11066-7
1334:on 22 August 2011
1310:978-0-8179-3712-6
1287:978-0-7099-3412-7
1268:978-1-920143-07-7
840:one man, one vote
728:would agree to a
469:Geneva Conference
392:
391:
368:Related incidents
183:St Alberts School
178:Whistlefield Farm
87:Oberholzer murder
2383:
2336:1975 in Rhodesia
2326:1975 conferences
2219:
2076:
2075:
2061:
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1987:
1979:
1969:
1968:
1804:Centre in Sydney
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1733:Cities and towns
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1654:Second World War
1649:colonial history
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1179:. 26 August 1975
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1128:, pp. 19–21
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1007:, pp. 22–24
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945:Frontline States
941:
935:
914:, fought by the
895:
862:, leader of the
767:Josiah Tongogara
714:Frontline States
648:
639:
560:Marxist–Leninist
425:Frontline States
73:
71:
61:
54:
47:
38:
37:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2290:
2233:
2218:(South African)
2217:
2193:
2167:
2127:
2067:
2052:
2043:Public holidays
2016:
1985:
1977:
1956:
1945:Security Forces
1858:Rhodesian Front
1747:
1712:
1637:First World War
1632:Second Boer War
1622:Shangani Patrol
1602:Rudd Concession
1583:
1549:
1543:
1513:
1507:
1488:
1460:
1441:
1419:
1393:
1377:(April 2008) .
1363:
1353:Faber and Faber
1337:
1335:
1311:
1288:
1269:
1252:
1247:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1207:
1199:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1155:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1107:. 25 April 1974
1099:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1003:
992:
980:
976:
968:
964:
960:
955:
942:
938:
896:
892:
888:
853:
829:Prime Minister
807:James Chikerema
783:
763:Nhari rebellion
671:
670:
669:
668:
651:
650:
649:
641:
640:
629:
594:security forces
491:
479:Main articles:
477:
447:(ZAPU) and the
393:
388:
374:Nhari Rebellion
365:
347:Lancaster House
250:Montclair Hotel
153:Alcora Exercise
74:
69:
67:
65:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2389:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2073:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2012:Transportation
2009:
2004:
1999:
1997:Stock Exchange
1994:
1989:
1981:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1920:Prime Minister
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1838:
1836:Dominion Party
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1811:Municipalities
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1612:Pioneer Column
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548: articles
1542:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1492:
1486:
1464:
1458:
1445:
1439:
1423:
1417:
1397:
1391:
1367:
1361:
1344:
1315:
1309:
1292:
1286:
1273:
1267:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1226:
1205:
1190:
1161:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1092:
1080:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1021:
1009:
990:
974:
972:, pp. 1–8
961:
959:
956:
954:
953:
936:
889:
887:
884:
852:
849:
815:Julius Nyerere
782:
779:
722:Kenneth Kaunda
655:Kenneth Kaunda
653:
652:
643:
642:
634:
633:
632:
631:
630:
628:
625:
537:deemed illegal
513:Wind of Change
476:
473:
465:security force
453:Kenneth Kaunda
390:
389:
387:
386:
381:
376:
364:
363:
356:
349:
344:
337:
330:
323:
316:
309:
302:
295:
288:
283:
276:
269:
262:
257:
255:Vumba massacre
252:
247:
240:
235:
230:
223:
218:
211:
204:
197:
195:Victoria Falls
192:
185:
180:
175:
163:
162:
155:
150:
143:
136:
129:
122:
115:
108:
101:
94:
89:
79:
76:
75:
64:
63:
56:
49:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2388:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2314:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2065:Ethnic groups
2062:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:Federal Party
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1743:Zambezi River
1741:
1739:
1738:Limpopo River
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1487:1-85782-176-9
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1470:(June 1997).
1469:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1440:9966-25-358-0
1436:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:Nkomo, Joshua
1398:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1090:, p. 161
1089:
1084:
1078:, p. 166
1077:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1005:Cilliers 1984
1001:
999:
997:
995:
987:
983:
978:
971:
966:
962:
950:
946:
940:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:Shona peoples
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:
894:
890:
883:
881:
876:
872:
865:
861:
857:
848:
844:
841:
832:
827:
823:
821:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
792:
791:Abel Muzorewa
787:
778:
776:
772:
771:Robert Mugabe
768:
764:
760:
754:
752:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:Abel Muzorewa
731:
727:
723:
719:
718:B. J. Vorster
715:
710:
707:
706:Samora Machel
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:
681:
680:military coup
677:
666:
663:
659:
656:
647:
638:
624:
621:
617:
612:
611:
605:
604:
597:
595:
591:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:, and mostly
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:Harold Wilson
514:
506:
502:
499:
495:
490:
486:
482:
472:
470:
466:
462:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:Abel Muzorewa
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:B. J. Vorster
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
370:
369:
362:
361:
357:
355:
354:
350:
348:
345:
343:
342:
338:
336:
335:
331:
329:
328:
324:
322:
321:
317:
315:
314:
310:
308:
307:
303:
301:
300:
296:
294:
293:
289:
287:
284:
282:
281:
277:
275:
274:
270:
268:
267:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
245:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
228:
224:
222:
219:
217:
216:
212:
210:
209:
205:
203:
202:
198:
196:
193:
191:
190:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
170:
169:
167:
161:
160:
156:
154:
151:
149:
148:
144:
142:
141:
137:
135:
134:
130:
128:
127:
123:
121:
120:
116:
114:
113:
109:
107:
106:
102:
100:
99:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
84:
82:
77:
72:
62:
57:
55:
50:
48:
43:
42:
39:
32:
28:
23:
19:
2313:
2259:Coat of arms
2057:Demographics
1992:Reserve Bank
1680:
1607:Company rule
1597:Pre-colonial
1557:Company rule
1496:
1471:
1449:
1431:
1427:
1404:
1381:. Barnsley:
1378:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1332:the original
1327:
1323:
1301:Hoover Press
1296:
1277:
1258:
1241:Sibanda 2005
1239:, quoted in
1201:Sibanda 2005
1181:. Retrieved
1133:
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1095:
1083:
1050:
1038:
1032:Lockley 1990
1019:, p. 75
1012:
977:
965:
939:
928:Cecil Rhodes
907:
897:
893:
877:
873:
869:
860:Joshua Nkomo
845:
836:
804:
796:
755:
711:
690:Colonial War
683:
672:
664:
657:
609:
606:in 1966 and
602:
598:
587:
580:Joshua Nkomo
541:
510:
500:
457:
443:(ZANU), the
396:
394:
384:Beira Patrol
367:
366:
359:
352:
340:
333:
326:
319:
312:
305:
298:
291:
279:
272:
265:
243:
226:
214:
207:
200:
194:
188:
168:(1972–1979)
166:Second Phase
165:
164:
158:
146:
139:
132:
125:
118:
111:
104:
97:
83:(1964–1972)
80:
18:
2108:Rusape Jews
1567:; 1965–79:
1563:; 1953–63:
1559:; 1923–80:
1555:1890–1923:
1183:15 November
685:Estado Novo
572:Warsaw Pact
173:Altena Farm
81:First Phase
2320:Categories
2141:Afrikaners
2048:Rhodesiana
1784:Parliament
1664:Federation
1565:Federation
1476:. London:
1468:Smith, Ian
1338:1 December
1222:Smith 1997
1175:. London:
1157:Smith 1997
1138:Binda 2008
1103:. London:
1076:Binda 2008
1055:Binda 2008
1043:Smith 1997
986:Okoth 2006
958:References
908:Chimurenga
899:Chimurenga
623:combined.
589:Chimurenga
511:After the
475:Background
471:in 1976 .
286:Flight 827
260:Flight 825
2211:Afrikaans
2203:Languages
2179:Coloureds
1940:Provinces
1915:President
1789:Elections
1774:Districts
1717:Geography
1111:2 January
970:Wood 2008
866:, in 1978
831:Ian Smith
820:Salisbury
742:apartheid
730:ceasefire
726:Ian Smith
620:Centenary
554:—and the
529:Ian Smith
429:Ian Smith
421:apartheid
280:Salisbury
201:Long John
2303:Category
2281:Insignia
2274:national
2216:English
2118:Tokaleya
2070:diaspora
1910:Governor
1757:Politics
1708:Zimbabwe
1676:Bush War
1581:Zimbabwe
1575:; 1979:
1569:Rhodesia
1430:Volume 2
880:sell-out
746:Pretoria
736:and his
610:Fearless
525:Rhodesia
498:Rhodesia
481:Rhodesia
413:Rhodesia
215:Ignition
189:Overload
126:Flotilla
119:Cauldron
2242:Symbols
2229:Ndebele
2189:Indians
2183:Goffals
2162:Rhodies
2146:British
2103:Ndebele
2098:Manyika
2026:Society
2007:Tourism
1976:Dollar
1965:Economy
1930:Cabinet
1872:(SRANC)
1589:History
1250:Sources
916:Ndebele
789:Bishop
702:FRELIMO
665:(right)
564:Ndebele
503:was an
341:Miracle
313:Mineral
306:Chamber
273:Gatling
221:Hill 31
133:Griffin
2286:Flower
2264:Emblem
2254:Anthem
2249:Animal
2172:Others
2151:Greeks
1984:Pound
1896:(UNFP)
1884:(SRLP)
1878:(SRCP)
1816:Police
1571:under
1503:
1484:
1456:
1437:
1415:
1389:
1359:
1307:
1284:
1265:
759:Lusaka
694:Angola
676:Lisbon
658:(left)
552:Maoism
487:, and
360:Hectic
353:Quartz
320:Placid
292:Vanity
266:Snoopy
140:Excess
112:Nickel
98:Pagoda
92:Sinoia
2269:Flags
2224:Shona
2133:White
2123:Tonga
2113:Shona
2093:Lemba
2088:Kunda
2080:Black
1905:Queen
1890:(UFP)
1866:(RLP)
1854:(RAP)
1848:(RGA)
904:Shona
902:is a
886:Notes
603:Tiger
548:Shona
327:Motel
299:Beira
244:Dingo
227:Aztec
208:Eland
159:Panga
147:Birch
105:Yodel
2156:Jews
1860:(RF)
1501:ISBN
1482:ISBN
1454:ISBN
1435:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1340:2011
1305:ISBN
1282:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1185:2011
1113:2010
943:The
924:rule
918:and
678:, a
660:and
608:HMS
601:HMS
395:The
334:Uric
25:The
1573:UDI
1177:BBC
1105:BBC
930:'s
926:of
692:in
523:of
435:'s
411:of
2322::
1480:.
1411:.
1385:.
1373:;
1355:.
1326:.
1322:.
1303:.
1229:^
1208:^
1193:^
1164:^
1145:^
1062:^
1024:^
993:^
483:,
2185:)
2181:(
2164:"
2160:"
2072:)
2068:(
1538:e
1531:t
1524:v
1509:.
1490:.
1462:.
1443:.
1421:.
1395:.
1365:.
1342:.
1328:2
1313:.
1290:.
1271:.
1187:.
1115:.
60:e
53:t
46:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
