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cases, if the dew sensor fails to function and stop the video recorder, moisture can cause the tape to stick to the spinning video head. This can pull a large amount of tape from the cassette before the head drum stops spinning. The tape will be extensively damaged, the video heads will often become clogged, and the mechanism may be unable to eject the cassette. The dew sensor itself is mounted very close to the video head drum. Contrary to how one might expect this to behave, the sensor increases its resistance when moisture is present. Poor contacts on the sensor can therefore be a cause of random dew sensor warnings. Usually, a "DEW" indicator or error code lights up on the display of most VCRs/camcorders, and on some, a
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484:. The format never became widely popular because recorders were expensive (retailing for $ 1,350 (equivalent to $ 9,266 in 2023)) and players were not available as standalone units. Cassettes intended for home use were encased in black plastic, and could be rewound by a home recorder, whereas rental cassettes could not be rewound, and had to be returned to the retailer in order to be rewound.
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of the signal, so that the exact switching point is not very important, the same is obviously not possible with a continuous audio signal that has no inaudible sections. Hi-Fi audio is thus dependent on a much more exact alignment of the head switching point than is required for non-HiFi VHS machines. Misalignments may lead to imperfect joining of the signal, resulting in low-pitched buzzing.
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Due to the path followed by the video and Hi-Fi audio heads being striped and discontinuous—unlike that of the linear audio track—head-switching is required to provide a continuous audio signal. While the video signal can easily hide the head-switching point in the invisible vertical retrace section
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which would prevent operation in this case, but it could not detect moisture on the surface of a tape. The presence of moisture between the tape and the rotating head drum increases friction which prevents correct operation and can cause damage to both the recording device and the tape. In extreme
510:
cassettes, used 3/4-inch (1.9 cm)-wide tape and had a maximum playing time of 60 minutes, later extended to 80 minutes. Sony also introduced two machines (the VP-1100 videocassette player and the VO-1700, also called the VO-1600 video-cassette recorder) to use the new tapes. U-matic, with its
434:
The Telcan (Television in a Can), produced by the UK Nottingham
Electronic Valve Company in 1963, was the first home video recorder. It was developed by Michael Turner and Norman Rutherford. It could be purchased as a unit or in kit form for £1,337 (equivalent to £35,400 in 2023). There were
636:
Hearings before the
Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties and the Administration of Justice of the Committee of the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress, Second Session on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794 H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705, Serial No 97, Part I, Home
281:
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The video cassette recorder is sensitive to changes in temperature and humidity. If the machine (or tape) was moved from a hot to a colder environment there could be condensation of moisture on the internal parts, such as the rotating video head drum. Some later models were equipped with a
511:
ease of use, quickly made other consumer videotape systems obsolete in Japan and North
America, where U-matic VCRs were widely used by television newsrooms (Sony BVU-150 and Trinitron DXC 1810 video camera), schools, and businesses. But the high cost –
752:
mandate) all have composite outputs, as well as those ATSC tuners (including TVs) and cable boxes that come with composite outputs; some combo units that allow recording to DVD do include an ATSC tuner built into them. JVC did ship one model of
553:
The industry boomed in the 1980s as more and more customers bought VCRs. By 1982, 10% of households in the United
Kingdom owned a VCR. The figure reached 30% in 1985 and by the end of the decade well over half of British homes owned a VCR.
435:
several drawbacks as it was expensive, not easy to assemble, and could record only 20 minutes at a time. It recorded in black-and-white, the only format available in the UK at the time as color broadcasts were not available until
280:
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professional broadcast standard format with its Ampex VRX-1000 in 1956. It became the world's first commercially successful videotape recorder using two-inch (5.1 cm) wide tape. Due to its high price of
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support, encouraged major electronics manufacturers to end production of standalone units, with VCR/DVD combo decks being made since then; most of them then can only record from external
664:
ruled that the device was allowable for private use. Subsequently the film companies found that making and selling video recordings of their productions had become a major income source.
1347:, 18 September 1972. Nicknamed in latter years "Betamax-VHS" The U-matic vcr Format was manufactured to as soon as 1990 arrived (VP means video player, VO means recorder "Video Office")
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Magnetic tapes could be mechanically damaged when ejected from the machine due to moisture or other problems. Rubber drive belts and rollers hardened with age, causing malfunctions.
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produced in the 20th century also feature an integrated VCR. Generally, they include neither a timer nor a TV tuner. Most of these use smaller format videocassettes, such as
757:
deck with a built-in ATSC tuner, the HM-DT100U, but it remains extremely rare, and therefore expensive. In July 2016, Funai
Electric, the last remaining manufacturer of VHS
749:
713:
became the first universally successful optical medium for playback of pre-recorded video, as it gradually overtook VHS to become the most popular consumer format.
615:
In the early 1980s US film companies fought to suppress the VCR in the consumer market, citing concerns about copyright violations. In
Congressional hearings,
506:
system, introduced in Tokyo in
September 1971, was the world's first commercial videocassette format. Its cartridges, resembling larger versions of the later
1619:
894:
656:
966:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
541:
developed a home video cassette format specially made for a TV station in 1970 and available on the consumer market in 1972. Philips named this format "
330:. VCRs can also play back prerecorded tapes, which were widely available for purchase and rental starting in the 80s and 90s, most popularly in the
389:(equivalent to $ 560,000 in 2023), the Ampex VRX-1000 could be afforded only by the television networks and the largest individual stations.
192:
1323:
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format. However, with many homes still having a large supply of VHS tapes and with all Blu-ray players designed to play regular DVDs and
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in
October 1969, then set it aside to work out an industry standard by March 1970 with seven fellow manufacturers. The result, the Sony
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I say to you that the VCR is to the
American film producer and the American public as the Boston strangler is to the woman home alone.
144:
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116:
986:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
623:
decried the "savagery and the ravages of this machine" and likened its effect on the film industry and the American public to the
776:
599:
Betamax was first to market in November 1975, and was argued by many to be technically more sophisticated in recording quality.
288:
A close-up process of how the magnetic tape in a VHS cassette is being pulled from the cassette shell to the head drum of the VCR
97:
52:
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dropped rapidly in price, making the VCR obsolete. DVD rentals in the United States first exceeded those of VHS in June 2003.
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A typical VCR toward the end of their popularity. After decades of refinement in design and production, models similar to this
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337:
VCRs declined in popularity during the 2000s and in 2016, Funai Electric, the last remaining manufacturer, ceased production.
123:
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The development of the videocassette followed the replacement by cassette of other open reel systems in consumer items: the
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marketed the 2" PV-100, its first reel-to-reel VTR, intended for business, medical, airline, and educational use.
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101:
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400:, releasing the first commercial helical scan video tape recorder that year. It was first implemented in
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Top-loading cassette mechanisms (such as the one on this VHS model) were common on early domestic VCRs.
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began broadcasting in color in 1967. An original Telcan Domestic Video Recorder can be seen at the
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or other AV sources and can play back the recording after rewinding. The use of a VCR to record a
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937:
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introduced its EL3400 1-inch helical scan recorder, aimed at the business and domestic user, and
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The history of the videocassette recorder follows the history of videotape recording in general.
90:
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1471:"A Look Back At How The Content Industry Almost Killed Blockbuster And Netflix (And The VCR)"
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20:
450:, first marketed in 1965, was its first VTR intended for home use. It was the first fully
8:
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Sony sold 15,000 U-matic machines in the U.S. in its first year. "Television on a Disk",
761:
recorders, announced it would cease production of VHS recorders by the end of the month.
545:" (although it is also referred to as "N1500", after the first recorder's model number).
515:
equivalent to $ 10,495 in 2023 for a combination TV/VCR – kept it out of most homes.
363:
355:
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840:, although some early models supported full-size VHS and Betamax. In the 21st century,
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1450:"Jack Valenti Testimony at 1982 House Hearing on Home Recording of Copyrighted Works"
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1278:"Vintage Kodak home movie cameras from the '60s: Instamatics, Super 8 & more"
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1133:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
857:
729:
1402:"The Betamax vs VHS Format War, Author: Dave Owen, Originally published: 2005"
1023:
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Recording of Copyrighted Works, April 12, 1982. US Government Printing Office.
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920:"RIP the VCR: The last manufacturer in Japan is finally stopping production"
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mandate effective March 1, 2007, that all new TV tuners in the US include
592:(Video Home System), which competed for sales in what became known as the
426:
1304:"Cartrivision – The First VCR with Prerecorded Sale/Rental Tapes in 1972"
568:
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In 1972, videocassettes of movies became available for home use through
257:
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938:"Ampex VRX-1000 – The First Commercial Videotape Recorder in 1956"
853:
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458:
451:
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1594:"Panasonic DMP-BD70V Blu-ray Disc/VHS Multimedia Player: Electronics"
884:
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768:
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1545:"VHS is dead, but at least it outlived Betamax tapes by nine months"
1449:
79:
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became the norm while videocassette tapes dwindled away gradually;
737:
470:
366:), and most professional broadcast analog videotape machines (e.g.
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to play back at a more convenient time is commonly referred to as
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videocassette format. Blank tapes were sold to make recordings.
262:
1620:"14.18 Is VHS Hi-Fi sound perfect? Is Beta Hi-Fi sound perfect?"
611:
A 1982 booth at CES promoting the right to make home recordings.
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For the Philips Video Cassette Recording (VCR) format, see
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deal primarily with United States and do not represent a
1160:"The quest for home video: Telcan home video recorder"
16:
Device which records and plays back audio-visual media
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Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
657:
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
104:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
848:use other storage media such as DVDs, or internal
362:. Early models of consumer video tape recorders (
533:Philips N1500 video recorder from the early 1970s
518:
1678:
1672:Total Rewind: the Virtual Museum of Vintage VCRs
1376:"In Pictures | Thatcher years in graphics"
1633:
1085:World's First Helical Scan Video Tape Recorder
1064:"The History of Video and Related Innovations"
1024:"Labguy's World: The Birth of Video Recording"
396:introduced a new method of recording known as
1248:"Trends in the Semiconductor Industry: 1970s"
421:
345:
189:The examples and perspective in this article
1567:"VHS, Beloved Home Video Format, Dies at 40"
1542:
1021:
701:VHS format VCR were available for less than
407:(VTRs), and later used with cassette tapes.
1119:
952:
771:DMP-BD70V, a VHS and Blu-Ray combo machine.
584:(also known as Betacord or just Beta), and
67:Learn how and when to remove these messages
19:"VCR" redirects here. For other uses, see
1129:inflation figures are based on data from
1046:"50 Years of the Video Cassette Recorder"
724:The declining market, combined with a US
245:Learn how and when to remove this message
227:Learn how and when to remove this message
164:Learn how and when to remove this message
1499:. The Sci.Electronics.Repair (S.E.R) FAQ
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461:four-track audio cartridge in 1962, the
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1332:, Sept. 18, 1972. Retrieved 2006-12-22.
1002:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
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709:Around the late '90s and early 2000s,
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1252:Semiconductor History Museum of Japan
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1000:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
617:Motion Picture Association of America
1317:
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102:adding citations to reliable sources
73:
32:
1643:. CamcorderInfo.com. Archived from
1162:. Terramedia.co.uk. 22 October 2001
803:, some manufacturers began to make
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13:
1519:"DVDs pass VHS in rental revenues"
662:Supreme Court of the United States
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498:Sony demonstrated a videocassette
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1687:Audiovisual introductions in 1963
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48:This article has multiple issues.
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370:) use reel to reel tape spools.
89:needs additional citations for
56:or discuss these issues on the
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572:A Sony Betamax C7 VCR, c. 1980
477:home movie cartridge in 1966.
446:The half-inch tape Sony model
358:use a cassette to contain the
1:
1641:"CES 2011 Camcorder Coverage"
1543:Samuel Gibbs (22 July 2016).
1426:. 8 June 2007. Archived from
940:. Cedmagic.com. 14 April 1956
905:
576:The two major standards were
1101:"Sony Global – Sony History"
994:American Antiquarian Society
974:American Antiquarian Society
791:was expected to replace the
469:film cartridge in 1963, the
441:Nottingham Industrial Museum
7:
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775:As a result of winning the
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1103:. Sony.net. Archived from
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422:First home video recorders
346:Early machines and formats
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25:
18:
1206:. BBC.co.uk. 24 June 1963
543:Video Cassette Recording
525:Video Cassette Recording
113:"Videocassette recorder"
28:Video Cassette Recording
1131:Clark, Gregory (2017).
719:digital video recorders
1226:"Sony CV Series Video"
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261:A typical late-model
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1692:Consumer electronics
1424:"Why is Beta better"
1362:www.computerhope.com
1324:Television on a Disk
787:optical disc format
564:Videotape format war
519:Philips "VCR" format
382:quadruplex videotape
356:video tape recorders
318:broadcast television
308:device that records
209:create a new article
201:improve this article
98:improve this article
21:VCR (disambiguation)
1707:Japanese inventions
1107:on 7 September 2009
1068:inventors.about.com
846:tapeless camcorders
549:Mass-market success
405:videotape recorders
1477:. 28 December 2013
1404:. Mediacollege.com
1284:. 22 February 2020
1282:clickamericana.com
1127:Retail Price Index
1026:. Labguysworld.com
1022:Richard N. Diehl.
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322:television program
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1647:on 2 January 2013
1258:on March 14, 2015
1074:on July 12, 2012.
842:digital recording
805:VCR/Blu-ray combo
740:sources (usually
473:in 1965, and the
471:8-track cartridge
306:electromechanical
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1573:. 21 July 2016
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1452:. Cryptome.org
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1430:on 8 June 2007
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1184:. Total Rewind
1182:"Total Rewind"
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1138:MeasuringWorth
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562:Main article:
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452:transistorized
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1649:. Retrieved
1645:the original
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1623:. Retrieved
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1570:
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1538:
1527:. Retrieved
1525:. 2003-03-29
1523:Deseret News
1522:
1513:
1501:. Retrieved
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1474:
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1454:. Retrieved
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1428:the original
1418:
1408:16 September
1406:. Retrieved
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1297:
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1281:
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1260:. Retrieved
1256:the original
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1198:
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1176:
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1154:
1142:. Retrieved
1136:
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1109:. Retrieved
1105:the original
1095:
1080:
1072:the original
1067:
1058:
1050:www.wipo.int
1049:
1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1017:
1007:February 29,
1005:. Retrieved
985:
965:
954:
942:. Retrieved
932:
923:
918:Woods, Ben.
913:
900:Blu-ray Disc
875:TV/VCR combo
850:flash memory
823:
814:
789:Blu-ray Disc
774:
723:
708:
684:
674:
671:
668:Shortcomings
655:
654:In the case
653:
646:A Panasonic
630:
621:Jack Valenti
614:
598:
575:
552:
536:
497:
488:Sony U-matic
482:Cartrivision
479:
456:
445:
433:
409:
402:reel-to-reel
398:helical scan
391:
376:
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336:
325:
314:analog video
310:analog audio
301:
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96:Please help
91:verification
88:
64:
57:
51:
50:Please help
47:
1625:30 December
1577:9 September
1571:ScreenCrush
1475:Tech Crunch
1309:30 December
1302:Howe, Tom.
1228:. Smecc.org
978:1700–1799:
958:1634–1699:
682:may sound.
675:dew warning
650:VCR c. 1998
1681:Categories
1651:7 November
1603:20 January
1547:. Guardian
1529:2022-03-21
1481:4 December
1456:2010-05-31
1386:20 January
1288:2022-03-21
906:References
854:hard drive
826:camcorders
807:players.
783:, the new
777:format war
748:which (by
717:and other
594:format war
467:Instamatic
459:Stereo-Pak
387:US$ 50,000
272:format VCR
217:March 2011
124:newspapers
53:improve it
1702:Videotape
1551:16 August
885:Kinescope
769:Panasonic
648:DV/MiniDV
537:In 1970,
513:US$ 1,395
500:prototype
410:In 1963,
392:In 1959,
360:videotape
205:talk page
59:talk page
1503:16 March
1380:BBC News
983:(1992).
963:(1997).
864:See also
820:Variants
738:baseband
634:—
354:Not all
266:Magnavox
199:You may
154:May 2011
1262:27 June
1089:Toshiba
858:SD card
811:Quality
801:default
699:Philips
689:Decline
582:Betamax
539:Philips
504:U-matic
494:U-matic
475:Super 8
448:CV-2000
437:BBC Two
412:Philips
394:Toshiba
341:History
263:Philips
138:scholar
1598:Amazon
1434:31 May
1232:31 May
1210:31 May
1188:31 May
1166:31 May
1144:May 7,
1111:31 May
1030:31 May
944:31 May
856:, and
838:MiniDV
781:HD DVD
680:buzzer
660:, the
454:VCR.
304:is an
140:
133:
126:
119:
111:
1358:"VCR"
990:(PDF)
970:(PDF)
924:Wired
836:, or
834:VHS-C
824:Most
779:over
755:D-VHS
746:CECBs
619:head
378:Ampex
316:from
300:) or
207:, or
145:JSTOR
131:books
1653:2012
1627:2016
1605:2012
1579:2016
1553:2016
1505:2011
1483:2021
1436:2010
1410:2012
1388:2012
1344:Time
1329:Time
1311:2016
1264:2019
1234:2010
1212:2010
1190:2010
1168:2010
1146:2024
1113:2010
1032:2010
1009:2024
946:2010
830:8 mm
750:NTIA
732:and
730:ATSC
711:DVDs
703:US$
578:Sony
465:and
416:Sony
364:VTRs
312:and
117:news
1125:UK
799:by
797:CDs
793:DVD
734:QAM
726:FCC
705:50.
590:VHS
588:'s
586:JVC
580:'s
508:VHS
332:VHS
298:VCR
270:VHS
100:by
1683::
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