231:
620:
29:
691:. This caused an enormous change in viewing practices, as one no longer had to wait for a repeat of a program that had been missed. The shift to home viewing also changed the movie industry's revenue streams, because home renting created an additional window of time in which a film could make money. In some cases, films that did only modestly in their theater releases went on to have strong performances in the rental market (e.g.,
164:. The color system used half-inch (1.27 cm) tape on 10½ inch reels to record five tracks, one each for red, blue, green, synchronization, and audio. The black-and-white system used quarter-inch (0.635 cm) tape also on 10½ inch reels with two tracks, one for video and one for audio. Both systems ran at 360 inches per second (9.1 m/s) with 2,500 feet (760 m) per reel yielding an 83-second capacity. RCA-owned
763:
455:
786:, a corresponding compact version, S-VHS-C, was released as well. Video8 is an indirect descendant of Betamax, using narrower tape and a smaller cassette. Because of its narrower tape and other technical differences, it is not possible to develop an adapter from Video8 to Betamax. Video8 was later developed into
126:
200 tape recorder and standard quarter-inch (0.635 cm) audio tape moving at 360 inches (9.1 m) per second. A year later, an improved version using one-inch (2.54 cm) magnetic tape was shown to the press, who reportedly expressed amazement at the quality of the images although they had
869:
With advances in technology, videotape has moved past its original uses (original recording, editing, and broadcast playback) and is now primarily an archival medium. The death of tape for video recording was predicted as early as 1995 when the Avid nonlinear editing system was demonstrated storing
741:
Due to these advantages, by the mid-2000s, DVDs were the dominant form of prerecorded video movies. Through the late 1990s and early 2000s consumers continued to use VCRs to record over-the-air TV shows, because consumers could not make home recordings onto DVDs. This last barrier to DVD domination
726:, DVDs and other optical discs are not affected by magnetic fields. DVDs can still be damaged by scratches. DVDs are smaller and take less space to store. DVDs can support both standard 4x3 and widescreen 16x9 screen aspect ratios and DVDs can provide twice the video resolution of VHS. DVD supports
438:
introduced in 1976. This format introduced features such as shuttling, various-speed playback (including slow-motion), and still framing. Although 1" Type C's quality was still quite high, the sound and picture reproduction attainable on the format were of slightly lower quality than Quad. However,
881:
being the current market leader. There are two primary advantages: First, copying a tape recording onto a computer or other video machine occurs in real time (e.g. a ten-minute video would take ten minutes to copy); since tapeless camcorders record video as computer-ready data files, the files can
885:
Despite these conveniences, tape is still used extensively with filmmakers and television networks because of its longevity, low cost, and reliability. Master copies of visual content are often stored on tape for these reasons, particularly by users who cannot afford to move to tapeless machines.
678:
At first VCRs and videocassettes were very expensive, but by the late 1980s the price had come down enough to make them affordable to a mainstream audience. Videocassettes finally made it possible for consumers to buy or rent a complete film and watch it at home whenever they wished, rather than
331:
Although Quad became the industry standard for approximately thirty years, it has drawbacks such as an inability to freeze pictures, and no picture search. Also, in early machines, a tape could reliably be played back using only the same set of hand-made tape heads, which wore out very quickly.
346:
them, and (in the United States) regarded videotape as simply a better and more cost-effective means of time-delaying broadcasts than kinescopes. It was the four time zones of the continental United States which had made the system very desirable in the first place.
870:
video clips on hard disks. Yet videotape was still used extensively, especially by consumers, up until about 2004, when DVD-based camcorders became affordable and domestic computers had large enough hard drives to store an acceptable amount of video.
97:
method of storing information and thus imposes delays to access a portion of the tape that is not already against the heads. The early 2000s saw the introduction and rise to prominence of high-quality random-access video recording media such as
901:
While live recording has migrated to solid state, optical disc (Sony's XDCAM) and hard disks, the high cost of solid state and the limited shelf life of hard-disk drives make them less desirable for archival use, for which tape is still used.
843:
in 2001. Sony was the only electronics manufacturer to sell MicroMV cameras. In 2006, Sony stopped offering new MicroMV camcorder models. In
November 2015, Sony announced that shipment of MicroMV cassettes would be discontinued in March 2016.
782:. VHS-C is a downsized version of VHS, using the same recording method and the same tape, but in a smaller cassette. It is possible to play VHS-C tapes in a regular VHS tape recorder by using an adapter. After the introduction of
446:. Type B machines use the same 1" tape as Type C but they lacked C's shuttle and slow-motion options. The picture quality is slightly better, though. Type B was the broadcast norm in continental Europe for most of the 1980s.
332:
Despite these problems, Quad is capable of producing excellent images. Subsequent videotape systems have used helical scan, where the video heads record diagonal tracks (of complete fields) onto the tape.
882:
copied onto a computer significantly faster than real time. Second, tapeless camcorders, and those using solid-state memory in particular, are far simpler mechanically and so are more reliable.
388:; despite some obvious technical problems, the color tape was remarkably good. Some classic television programs recorded on studio videotape have been made available on DVD – among them NBC's
299:
Ampex introduced a color videotape recorder in 1958 in a cross-licensing agreement with RCA, whose engineers had developed it from an Ampex black-and-white recorder. NBC's special,
118:'s production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE), gave the world's first demonstration of a videotape recording in Los Angeles on November 11, 1951. In development by
160:
laboratories on
December 1, 1953. The high-speed longitudinal tape system, called Simplex, in development since 1951, could record and play back only a few minutes of a
362:
which aired on
October 18, 1958 and was the oldest color videotape of an entertainment program known to exist until the discovery of the October 8, 1958 episode of the
722:. The DVD format has several advantages over VHS tape. A DVD is much better able to take repeated viewings than VHS tape. Whereas a VHS tape can be erased though
832:. By using the same cassettes as Hi8, many Digital8 camcorders were able to play analog Video8 or Hi8 recordings, preserving compatibility with already recorded
1535:"Sony will end the shipment of Betamax video cassettes and micro MV cassettes in March 2016," the company said in a Japanese-language statement on its website.
1222:
738:
and subtitling (with the option of turning the subtitles on or off, or selecting subtitles in several languages). Moreover, a DVD can be played on a computer.
266:. Quad employed a transverse (scanning the tape across its width) four-head system on a two-inch (5.08 cm) tape and stationary heads for the soundtrack.
817:
video and sophisticated nonlinear editing capability on consumer and some professional equipment and has been used on feature films, including Danny Boyle's
1563:ソニーは2016年3月※をもって、ベータビデオカセットおよびマイクロMVカセットの出荷を終了いたします。 ("Sony with a ? March 2016, will end the shipment of beta video cassette and micro cassette MV.")
1046:
1114:
1606:
480:
system, which Sony introduced commercially in
September 1971 after working out industry standards with other manufacturers. Sony later refined it to
576:, in which the heads in the head drum have a gap that is tilted at an angle, and opposing heads have their gaps tilted so as to oppose each other.
1663:
1547:
1291:
855:, were the two most popular consumer or prosumer tape-based formats. The formats use different encoding methods, but the same cassette type.
1715:
1520:
774:
used full-size VHS or
Betamax cassettes. Later models switched to more compact formats, designed explicitly for smaller camcorder use, like
127:
a "persistent grainy quality that looked like a worn motion picture." Overall the picture quality was still considered inferior to the best
1550:[Beta video cassette and micro MV cassette tape shipment end of announcement] (in Japanese). Sony Japan. 2015-11-10. Archived from
877:
machines that record video as computer files. Small hard disks and writable optical discs have been used, with solid-state memory such as
2502:
886:
During the mid- to late 2000s, professional users such as broadcast television were still using tape heavily but tapeless formats like
272:
first used the Ampex VRX-1000 Mark IV at its
Television City studios in Hollywood on November 30, 1956, to play a delayed broadcast of
1616:
439:
compared to Quad, 1" Type C machines required much less maintenance, took up less space, and consumed much less electrical power.
510:
was introduced in 1986 and featured uncompressed digital component recording. Because D-1 was extremely expensive, the composite
1626:
797:) digital video recording format, introduced in 1995, used a smaller Digital Video Cassette (DVC). The format was later renamed
1703:
556:
system was introduced in 1996. Panasonic used its DV variant DVCPRO for all professional cameras, with the higher-end format
139:
1438:
1087:
259:
1656:
146:. VERA used half-inch metallized (1.27 cm) tape on 20-inch reels traveling at 200 inches per second (5.1 m/s).
122:
and Wayne R. Johnson since 1950, the device gave what were described as "blurred and indistinct" images using a modified
1465:
491:
family introduced in 1982. This tape form factor would go on to be used for leading professional digital video formats.
335:
56:
131:
recordings on film. Bing Crosby
Enterprises hoped to have a commercial version available in 1954 but none came forth.
1330:
1175:
977:
2268:
310:
296:, produced in Hollywood, became the first program to be broadcast in all time zones from a prerecorded videotape.
48:
2257:
1575:
1320:
918:
In fact, the quadruplex format can only reproduce recognizable pictures when the tape is playing at normal speed.
607:. For VTR and archive use, Panasonic expanded the D-5 specification to store compressed HD streams and called it
518:(Panasonic, 1991) were introduced soon after. Ampex introduced the first compressed component recording with its
1134:
718:
never caught up in popularity. In the early 2000s in the prerecorded video market, VHS began to be displaced by
2492:
2214:
1649:
1269:
1054:
79:
2487:
364:
358:
301:
274:
191:
2065:
338:. While much less expensive (if repeatedly recycled) and more convenient than kinescope, the high cost of
2083:
1466:"'Inland Empire' Restoration Trailer: David Lynch's Surreal DV Nightmare Comes Back To Theaters In April"
71:. Videotapes have also been used for storing scientific or medical data, such as the data produced by an
1373:
679:
going to a movie theater or having to wait until it was telecast. It gave birth to video rental stores,
2460:
2251:
2071:
1920:
1859:
519:
399:
320:, originally a videotape-based system, was used for the first time during the live transmission of the
1551:
572:
media. Many helical scan cassette formats such as VHS and
Betacam use a head drum with heads that use
2220:
1993:
1769:
1491:
683:
the largest chain, which lasted from 1985 to 2005. It also made it possible for a VCR owner to begin
343:
734:
and must be rewound. DVDs can have interactive menus, multiple language tracks, audio commentaries,
484:(BVU). Sony continued its hold on the professional market with its ever-expanding ½ʺ (1.27 cm)
1835:
1811:
1757:
1709:
390:
2407:
2167:
1256:
2360:
2328:
2185:
1823:
1591:
also dropping its MicroMV camcorder tapes In a bid to... make space in the warehouse, we guess.
1155:
747:
644:
64:
2322:
1413:"Anthony Dod Mantle, DFF injects the apocalyptic 28 Days Later with a strain of digital video"
1068:
1028:
568:
format, which compresses video data in a way similar to DVCPRO but uses a cassette similar to
2390:
1973:
1733:
675:
format, which did not find favor with the TV rental companies in the UK and lost out to VHS.
592:
342:
Scotch 179 and other early videotapes ($ 300 per one-hour reel) meant that most broadcasters
292:
230:
157:
2310:
1205:
810:
2316:
2179:
1781:
1697:
822:
703:
668:
603:
in 2003. Panasonic's competing HD format for its camcorders was based on DVCPRO and called
251:
203:
143:
8:
2497:
864:
417:
60:
1439:"'28 Days Later': The Oral History of Danny Boyle's Genre-Redefining Zombie Masterpiece"
794:
2482:
2415:
2089:
1412:
887:
874:
688:
526:
format was introduced in 1994. Like D-1, it is uncompressed, but much more affordable.
473:
introduced a prototype for the first widespread video cassette, the ¾ʺ (1.905 cm)
412:
385:
321:
306:
161:
106:. Since then, videotape has been increasingly relegated to archival and similar uses.
2304:
2208:
2107:
1847:
1443:
1326:
1301:
973:
928:
814:
802:
735:
731:
573:
530:
283:
243:
72:
1243:
1109:
SMPTE Journal: Publication of the
Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
2276:
2238:
2155:
1793:
1787:
1721:
588:
443:
435:
403:
384:'s 50th-anniversary special included an excerpt from a 1957 color special starring
377:
153:
1926:
1630:
1620:
1610:
1179:
1107:
680:
541:
485:
474:
177:
173:
90:
video head rotates against the moving tape to record the data in two dimensions.
1093:
667:(1976) created a mass-market for VCRs and the two competing systems battled the
533:
standard, which debuted in 1995, and was widely used both in its native form as
372:. The oldest color videotape known to survive is the May 1958 dedication of the
138:
experimented from 1952 to 1958 with a high-speed linear videotape system called
2161:
422:
352:
317:
287:
269:
119:
2476:
1894:
1305:
818:
727:
684:
496:
279:
94:
52:
40:
1944:
1853:
813:
from
Panasonic reflect the original name. The DVC or MiniDV format provides
2454:
1751:
1636:
833:
743:
503:
407:
369:
184:
103:
87:
1956:
1689:
1397:
1346:
1172:
828:
In 1999 Sony backported the DV recording scheme to 8-mm systems, creating
619:
2384:
2366:
2059:
2017:
1914:
1908:
699:
515:
511:
395:
115:
20:
1641:
1902:
1817:
1296:
771:
723:
692:
672:
545:
507:
325:
28:
2029:
798:
2448:
2378:
2345:
2202:
2095:
2077:
2044:
1987:
1981:
1938:
604:
565:
499:
system, but never could compare to Betacam in terms of market share.
492:
247:
152:
demonstrated the magnetic tape recording of both black-and-white and
128:
99:
83:
68:
595:. In 1997, Sony supplemented its Betacam family with the HD-capable
2173:
2124:
2101:
1950:
878:
829:
600:
557:
549:
234:
A 14-inch reel of 2-inch quad videotape compared with a modern-day
1223:"He Invented Instant Replay, The TV Trick We Now Take For Granted"
762:
2427:
2421:
2348:
2232:
2142:
2130:
1962:
1841:
1805:
1775:
1745:
1727:
1138:
840:
671:, which VHS ultimately won. In Europe, Philips had developed the
660:
652:
648:
623:
488:
477:
458:
263:
214:
540:
In digital camcorders, Sony adapted the Betacam system with its
217:
released the first commercial helical scan video tape recorder.
51:
in addition. Information stored can be in the form of either an
2226:
1763:
1739:
1507:
The last camcorder with MicroMV was discontinued in early 2006.
848:
779:
631:
608:
534:
373:
235:
1014:"Magnetic Tape Used By RCA to Photograph Television Program",
442:
In Europe, a similar tape format was developed, called 1 inch
434:
The next format to gain widespread usage was 1 inch (2.54 cm)
2372:
2354:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1932:
1871:
1865:
1829:
1672:
895:
891:
783:
775:
751:
715:
711:
707:
656:
596:
569:
553:
544:
format in 1993, and in 1996 following it up with the cheaper
523:
255:
199:
123:
44:
16:
Magnetic tape used for storing video and sound simultaneously
1206:
Industry Agrees to Standardize Tape Recording on Ampex Lines
1162:, Vol. 7. 1994: The National Academies Press, Washington DC.
742:
was broken in the late 2000s with the advent of inexpensive
2396:
1883:
873:
Consumer camcorders have switched from being tape-based to
750:(DVRs). In July 2016, the last known manufacturer of VCRs,
585:
470:
86:
would require extremely high tape speeds, in most cases, a
1244:
Wink Hackman; Expert training for Sony MVS users worldwide
454:
2136:
2023:
1877:
1799:
1230:
852:
839:
Sony introduced another camcorder cassette format called
787:
766:
DV cassettes left to right: DVCAM-L, DVCPRO-M, DVC/MiniDV
719:
664:
627:
561:
381:
350:
Some early broadcast videotapes have survived, including
198:, RCA's competitor, was about to order BCE machines when
195:
190:
BCE demonstrated a color system in February 1955 using a
172:
on October 23, 1956, when a prerecorded song sequence by
165:
149:
135:
968:
Eric D. Daniel, C. Denis Mee, and Mark H. Clark (eds.),
655:
entered the domestic market the following year with the
238:
videocassette. Both media store one hour of color video.
339:
207:
793:
The first consumer-level and lower-end professional (
790:, which provides better resolution similar to S-VHS.
931:
to compensate for the differences in the four heads.
142:(VERA), but this was ultimately dropped in favor of
1490:m.b.H., STANDARD Verlagsgesellschaft (2015-11-10).
757:
1160:Memorial Tributes: National Academy of Engineering
1115:Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
336:Many early videotape recordings were not preserved
1521:"Sony is finally killing off Betamax video tapes"
183:In 1953, Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype
2474:
805:encoding scheme, but the tapes are still marked
754:, announced that it was ceasing VCR production.
698:VHS became the leading consumer tape format for
449:
1374:"The last VCR will be manufactured this month"
1150:
1148:
1146:
1135:World's First Helical Scan Video Tape Recorder
1089:RCA-NBC Firsts in Color Television (commented)
1044:
821:(2002, shot on a Canon XL1) and David Lynch's
469:is a cartridge containing videotape. In 1969,
309:color videotape, and has been restored by the
1657:
1576:"40 years later, Sony finally kills Betamax"
1483:
1300:. Vol. 1, no. 1. pp. 77–79.
1143:
1664:
1650:
1289:
1283:
638:
537:and in more robust professional variants.
1671:
951:"Tape Recording Used by Filmless 'Camera'
356:, broadcast live on October 13, 1957 and
1410:
1347:"Philips N1500, N1700 and V2000 systems"
927:Later machines had longer life and used
761:
618:
453:
246:videotape machines capable of replacing
229:
114:The electronics division of entertainer
27:
1372:Sun, Yazhou; Yan, Sophia (2016-07-22).
970:Magnetic Recording: The First 100 Years
176:in color was included in the otherwise
78:Because video signals have a very high
2475:
2258:CBHD (China Blue High-definition Disc)
1518:
1489:
1371:
651:technology and were launched in 1971.
552:format, The semiprofessional DV-based
1645:
1548:"ベータビデオカセットおよびマイクロMVカセットテープ出荷終了のお知らせ"
1463:
1457:
1436:
1319:Tozer, E. P. J. (November 12, 2012).
1318:
1191:"Daily N.B.C. Show Will Be on Tape",
1085:
988:"Tape-Recorded TV Nears Perfection",
140:Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus
2215:HVD (High-Definition Versatile Disc)
1512:
420:'s classic production of the ballet
260:National Association of Broadcasters
1322:Broadcast Engineer's Reference Book
1271:Sony Unveils Latest Products at IBC
1249:
599:standard and its higher-end cousin
13:
1607:The Loss of Early Video Recordings
1430:
1111:, Volume 96, Issues 1-6; Volume 96
825:(2006, shot on a Sony DSR-PD150).
730:while a VHS tape is restricted to
591:necessitated a medium for storing
579:
495:had some limited success with its
406:(1960), the television version of
402:(late 1950s/early 60s), the final
242:The first commercial professional
220:
194:on half-inch (1.27 cm) tape.
14:
2514:
2503:Audiovisual introductions in 1950
1600:
1492:"Sony: Das Ende von Betamax naht"
1464:Perez, Rodrigo (March 24, 2022).
1411:Bankston, Douglas (1 July 2003).
1001:"New Deal on TV Seen at Parley",
898:were gaining broader acceptance.
858:
687:their viewing of films and other
2252:HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc)
1290:Goldwasser, Sam (January 2000).
851:and its high-definition cousin,
758:Consumer and prosumer camcorders
429:
311:UCLA Film and Television Archive
305:(1958), is the oldest surviving
109:
1617:History of Recording Technology
1568:
1540:
1404:
1390:
1365:
1339:
1312:
1262:
1237:
1215:
1198:
1185:
1165:
1128:
1119:
1101:
921:
912:
1079:
1061:
1045:Stewart Wolpin (Autumn 1994).
1038:
1021:
1008:
995:
982:
962:
945:
416:(first telecast in 1967), and
398:as Peter, several episodes of
394:(first telecast in 1960) with
254:(Quad) machines introduced by
1:
2242:
2146:
1519:Curtis, Sophie (2015-11-10).
1075:. February 1960. p. 238.
938:
614:
450:Professional cassette formats
1353:. Vision International. 2011
1246:Retrieved September 19, 2015
972:, IEEE Press, 1998, p. 141.
522:series in 1992. Panasonic's
359:An Evening With Fred Astaire
302:An Evening With Fred Astaire
275:Douglas Edwards and the News
59:. Videotape is used in both
32:An assortment of video tapes
7:
1437:Jones, Ralph (2023-06-27).
560:being a direct descendant.
286:. On January 22, 1957, the
63:(VTRs) and, more commonly,
10:
2519:
2461:Electronic Video Recording
1633: (archived 2004-06-03)
1623: (archived 2004-06-03)
1613: (archived 1999-10-01)
1051:Invention & Technology
862:
809:. Some later formats like
426:(first telecast in 1977).
400:The Dinah Shore Chevy Show
324:by its inventor, director
258:on April 14, 1956, at the
19:For Radiohead's song, see
18:
2441:
2406:
2338:
2297:
2290:
2277:UHD-BD (Ultra HD Blu-ray)
2267:
2195:
2174:PVD (Personal Video Disc)
2117:
2052:
2043:
1972:
1893:
1688:
1679:
1335:– via Google Books.
170:The Jonathan Winters Show
1710:Ampex 2 inch helical VTR
1627:History of Magnetic Tape
905:
706:, though its follow-ups
564:developed the competing
202:introduced the superior
2209:Professional Disc (PFD)
1716:Sony 2 inch helical VTR
1195:, Jan. 18, 1957, p. 31.
1016:The Wall Street Journal
992:, Dec. 31, 1952, p. 10.
959:, Nov. 12, 1951, p. 21.
748:digital video recorders
645:videocassette recorders
639:Videocassette recorders
482:Broadcast Video U-matic
225:
65:videocassette recorders
2455:Electronicam kinescope
2442:Video recorded to film
1212:, Oct. 28, 1957, p. 3.
1125:Daniel et al., p. 148.
767:
635:
502:The next step was the
462:
239:
206:. BCE was acquired by
192:longitudinal recording
33:
2493:History of television
2269:Ultra-High Definition
1673:Video storage formats
1035:, April 1954, p. 157.
1018:, Dec. 2, 1953, p. 1.
1005:, May 1, 1953, p. 30.
765:
622:
593:high-definition video
457:
316:On December 7, 1963,
293:Truth or Consequences
233:
187:video tape recorder.
31:
1259:". BFI Screenonline.
704:videotape format war
669:videotape format war
584:The introduction of
252:quadruplex videotape
144:quadruplex videotape
61:video tape recorders
2488:American inventions
1398:"DVC Product Probe"
1171:Ampex Corporation,
1156:Charles P. Ginsburg
1047:"The Race to Video"
865:Tapeless production
847:In the late 2000s,
689:television programs
643:The first consumer
506:revolution. Sony's
418:Mikhail Baryshnikov
1582:. 10 November 2015
1255:Elen, Richard G. "
1233:, January 20, 2015
1193:The New York Times
1178:2007-07-03 at the
1003:The New York Times
990:The New York Times
957:The New York Times
768:
636:
463:
413:Mark Twain Tonight
307:television network
250:were the two-inch
240:
162:television program
34:
2470:
2469:
2437:
2436:
2286:
2285:
2233:BD (Blu-ray Disc)
2203:MUSE Hi-Vision LD
2039:
2038:
1069:"TV Goes to Tape"
1033:Popular Mechanics
815:broadcast-quality
736:closed captioning
732:sequential access
663:(1975) and JVC's
647:(VCRs) used Sony
574:azimuth recording
514:(Sony, 1988) and
344:erased and reused
284:Pacific Time Zone
244:broadcast quality
210:Company in 1956.
204:Quadruplex system
168:first used it on
73:electrocardiogram
43:used for storing
2510:
2295:
2294:
2247:
2244:
2151:
2148:
2050:
2049:
1686:
1685:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1400:. November 1995.
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1266:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1219:
1213:
1202:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1173:Ampex Chronology
1169:
1163:
1152:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1092:, archived from
1083:
1077:
1076:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1053:. Archived from
1042:
1036:
1029:Color TV on Tape
1025:
1019:
1012:
1006:
999:
993:
986:
980:
966:
960:
954:
949:
932:
925:
919:
916:
589:video production
444:Type B videotape
436:Type C videotape
410:'s one-man show
404:Howdy Doody Show
378:Washington, D.C.
365:Kraft Music Hall
156:programs at its
154:color television
84:stationary heads
2518:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2433:
2402:
2334:
2282:
2263:
2245:
2196:High Definition
2191:
2149:
2113:
2035:
1974:High Definition
1968:
1927:Digital Betacam
1889:
1675:
1670:
1631:Wayback Machine
1621:Wayback Machine
1611:Wayback Machine
1603:
1598:
1597:
1585:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1529:
1527:
1517:
1513:
1501:
1499:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1470:ThePlaylist.net
1462:
1458:
1449:
1447:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1382:
1380:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1317:
1313:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1227:Morning Edition
1221:
1220:
1216:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1186:
1180:Wayback Machine
1170:
1166:
1153:
1144:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1106:
1102:
1084:
1080:
1073:Popular Science
1067:
1066:
1062:
1043:
1039:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1009:
1000:
996:
987:
983:
967:
963:
952:
950:
946:
941:
936:
935:
926:
922:
917:
913:
908:
867:
861:
801:to reflect the
770:Early consumer
760:
641:
617:
582:
580:High definition
542:Digital Betacam
486:component video
452:
432:
386:Donald O'Connor
228:
223:
221:Broadcast video
178:live television
174:Dorothy Collins
112:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2516:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2298:Media agnostic
2292:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1939:Digital-S (D9)
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:Tape Servicing
1634:
1624:
1614:
1602:
1601:External links
1599:
1596:
1595:
1567:
1539:
1511:
1496:derStandard.at
1482:
1456:
1429:
1403:
1389:
1364:
1338:
1331:
1311:
1282:
1261:
1248:
1236:
1214:
1197:
1184:
1164:
1142:
1127:
1118:
1100:
1078:
1060:
1057:on 2011-04-04.
1037:
1020:
1007:
994:
981:
961:
943:
942:
940:
937:
934:
933:
920:
910:
909:
907:
904:
860:
859:Future of tape
857:
759:
756:
640:
637:
616:
613:
581:
578:
451:
448:
431:
428:
423:The Nutcracker
353:The Edsel Show
322:Army–Navy Game
318:instant replay
288:NBC Television
270:CBS Television
262:convention in
227:
224:
222:
219:
120:John T. Mullin
111:
108:
57:digital signal
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2515:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1592:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1564:
1554:on 2015-11-10
1553:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1526:
1525:The Telegraph
1522:
1515:
1508:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1393:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1352:
1351:Rewind Museum
1348:
1342:
1334:
1332:9781136024184
1328:
1325:. CRC Press.
1324:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1257:TV Technology
1252:
1245:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1194:
1188:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1096:on 2008-12-19
1095:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1017:
1011:
1004:
998:
991:
985:
979:
978:0-07-041275-8
975:
971:
965:
958:
948:
944:
930:
924:
915:
911:
903:
899:
897:
893:
889:
883:
880:
876:
871:
866:
856:
854:
850:
845:
842:
837:
835:
831:
826:
824:
823:Inland Empire
820:
819:28 Days Later
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
764:
755:
753:
749:
745:
744:DVD recorders
739:
737:
733:
729:
728:random access
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
685:time shifting
682:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
633:
629:
625:
621:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
587:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
548:and the 2000
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
487:
483:
479:
476:
472:
468:
467:videocassette
460:
456:
447:
445:
440:
437:
430:Types C and B
427:
425:
424:
419:
415:
414:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:
361:
360:
355:
354:
348:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
303:
297:
295:
294:
289:
285:
281:
280:New York City
277:
276:
271:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
237:
232:
218:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
125:
121:
117:
110:Early formats
107:
105:
101:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:magnetic tape
38:
30:
26:
22:
1752:Cartrivision
1680:
1590:
1584:. Retrieved
1579:
1570:
1562:
1556:. Retrieved
1552:the original
1542:
1534:
1528:. Retrieved
1524:
1514:
1506:
1500:. Retrieved
1495:
1485:
1473:. Retrieved
1469:
1459:
1448:. Retrieved
1442:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1416:
1406:
1392:
1381:. Retrieved
1377:
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1350:
1341:
1321:
1314:
1295:
1285:
1275:, retrieved
1270:
1264:
1251:
1239:
1226:
1217:
1209:
1200:
1192:
1187:
1167:
1159:
1130:
1121:
1113:, page 256,
1108:
1103:
1094:the original
1088:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1055:the original
1050:
1040:
1032:
1023:
1015:
1010:
1002:
997:
989:
984:
969:
964:
956:
947:
923:
914:
900:
884:
872:
868:
846:
838:
834:analog video
827:
811:DVC Pro
806:
792:
769:
740:
697:
677:
642:
630:(right) and
583:
566:D9/Digital-S
539:
528:
501:
481:
466:
464:
441:
433:
421:
411:
408:Hal Holbrook
389:
380:). In 1976,
370:Milton Berle
363:
357:
351:
349:
334:
330:
315:
300:
298:
291:
273:
268:
241:
212:
189:
185:helical scan
182:
169:
148:
133:
113:
104:flash memory
92:
88:helical-scan
77:
47:and usually
36:
35:
25:
2408:Solid state
2246: 2006
2150: 1996
2060:Phonovision
2018:D6 HDTV VTR
1758:Philips VCR
1498:(in German)
1357:January 19,
1086:Ed Reitan,
929:delay lines
700:home movies
681:Blockbuster
396:Mary Martin
376:studios in
116:Bing Crosby
67:(VCRs) and
21:In Rainbows
2498:Home video
2477:Categories
1945:Betacam SX
1854:Betacam SP
1818:Video 2000
1698:Quadruplex
1586:2015-11-10
1558:2015-11-15
1530:2015-11-15
1502:2017-08-03
1450:2023-07-24
1417:TheASC.com
1383:2018-01-22
1297:Poptronics
1277:2023-05-22
939:References
863:See also:
772:camcorders
724:degaussing
702:after the
693:cult films
673:Video 2000
615:Home video
546:Betacam SX
368:hosted by
326:Tony Verna
290:game show
248:kinescopes
100:hard disks
93:Tape is a
69:camcorders
2483:Videotape
2449:Kinescope
2379:AVC-Intra
2346:CamCutter
2329:DVCPRO HD
2096:Laserfilm
2078:LaserDisc
2045:Videodisc
1982:Sony HDVS
1681:Videotape
1306:1526-3681
1210:Billboard
659:. Sony's
605:DVCPRO HD
493:Panasonic
475:composite
391:Peter Pan
213:In 1959,
180:program.
158:Princeton
129:kinescope
80:bandwidth
37:Videotape
2339:Tapeless
2323:DVCPRO50
2102:CD Video
2066:Ampex-HS
2030:HDCAM SR
1994:BCH 1000
1957:MPEG IMX
1951:Digital8
1580:Engadget
1475:April 1,
1378:CNNMoney
1176:Archived
879:SD cards
875:tapeless
830:Digital8
795:prosumer
634:(bottom)
626:(left),
601:HDCAM SR
558:DVCPRO50
550:MPEG IMX
2457:(1950s)
2428:MicroP2
2349:Editcam
2291:Virtual
2143:MiniDVD
2131:MovieCD
2118:Digital
1963:MicroMV
1895:Digital
1872:S-VHS-C
1842:Betacam
1776:Betamax
1746:U-matic
1728:CV-2000
1629:at the
1619:at the
1609:at the
1444:Inverse
1139:Toshiba
841:MicroMV
836:tapes.
661:Betamax
653:Philips
649:U-matic
624:Video 8
504:digital
489:Betacam
478:U-matic
459:U-matic
282:to the
264:Chicago
215:Toshiba
2463:(1967)
2451:(1947)
2430:(2012)
2424:(2007)
2418:(2004)
2399:(2012)
2393:(2009)
2391:iFrame
2387:(2007)
2381:(2006)
2375:(2006)
2369:(2005)
2363:(2004)
2361:GBA-TV
2357:(2003)
2351:(1995)
2331:(2000)
2325:(1997)
2319:(1996)
2313:(1995)
2311:DVCPRO
2307:(1995)
2279:(2016)
2260:(2008)
2254:(2007)
2239:MiniBD
2235:(2006)
2229:(2006)
2227:HD DVD
2223:(2006)
2217:(2004)
2211:(2003)
2205:(1994)
2188:(2005)
2182:(2004)
2176:(2003)
2170:(2003)
2164:(1998)
2158:(1998)
2139:(1996)
2133:(1996)
2127:(1993)
2110:(1990)
2104:(1987)
2098:(1984)
2092:(1983)
2086:(1981)
2080:(1978)
2074:(1975)
2068:(1967)
2062:(1927)
2053:Analog
2032:(2003)
2026:(2003)
2020:(2000)
2014:(1998)
2008:(1997)
2002:(1994)
1996:(1992)
1990:(1984)
1984:(1984)
1965:(2001)
1959:(2000)
1953:(1999)
1947:(1996)
1941:(1995)
1935:(1994)
1929:(1993)
1923:(1992)
1917:(1991)
1911:(1988)
1905:(1986)
1886:(1998)
1880:(1989)
1874:(1987)
1868:(1987)
1862:(1986)
1856:(1986)
1850:(1985)
1848:Video8
1844:(1982)
1838:(1982)
1832:(1982)
1826:(1980)
1820:(1980)
1814:(1979)
1808:(1977)
1802:(1976)
1796:(1976)
1794:Type C
1790:(1976)
1788:Type B
1784:(1975)
1778:(1975)
1772:(1974)
1766:(1974)
1764:V-Cord
1760:(1972)
1754:(1972)
1748:(1971)
1742:(1969)
1740:EIAJ-1
1736:(1967)
1730:(1965)
1724:(1965)
1722:Type A
1718:(1961)
1712:(1961)
1706:(1958)
1700:(1956)
1690:Analog
1329:
1304:
1292:"VCRs"
976:
849:MiniDV
799:MiniDV
780:Video8
632:MiniDV
609:D-5 HD
535:MiniDV
374:WRC-TV
236:MiniDV
95:linear
82:, and
53:analog
2373:AVCHD
2355:XDCAM
2317:DVCAM
2012:D-VHS
2006:HDCAM
2000:W-VHS
1988:UniHi
1866:S-VHS
1830:VHS-C
1422:1 May
906:Notes
896:AVCHD
892:XDCAM
784:S-VHS
776:VHS-C
752:Funai
716:D-VHS
712:W-VHS
708:S-VHS
657:N1500
597:HDCAM
570:S-VHS
554:DVCAM
278:from
256:Ampex
200:Ampex
124:Ampex
49:sound
45:video
2397:XAVC
2162:SVCD
1884:Ruvi
1734:Akai
1704:VERA
1477:2022
1424:2007
1359:2015
1327:ISBN
1302:ISSN
974:ISBN
894:and
778:and
746:and
714:and
586:HDTV
529:The
471:Sony
461:tape
226:Quad
134:The
102:and
2422:SxS
2385:TOD
2367:MOD
2221:VMD
2186:FVD
2180:UMD
2168:EVD
2156:CVD
2137:DVD
2125:VCD
2108:VSD
2090:VHD
2084:CED
2072:TeD
2024:HDV
1921:DCT
1878:Hi8
1860:MII
1824:CVC
1812:SVR
1800:VHS
1782:IVC
1231:NPR
1208:",
1158:".
1031:",
853:HDV
807:DVC
788:Hi8
720:DVD
695:).
665:VHS
628:VHS
562:JVC
524:D-5
520:DCT
516:D-3
512:D-2
508:D-1
497:MII
382:NBC
196:CBS
166:NBC
150:RCA
136:BBC
55:or
39:is
2479::
2416:P2
2305:DV
2243:c.
2147:c.
1933:D5
1915:D3
1909:D2
1903:D1
1806:VK
1770:VX
1589:.
1578:.
1561:.
1533:.
1523:.
1505:.
1494:.
1468:.
1441:.
1415:.
1376:.
1349:.
1294:.
1229:,
1225:,
1145:^
1137:,
1071:.
1049:.
955:,
890:,
888:P2
803:DV
710:,
611:.
531:DV
465:A
340:3M
328:.
313:.
208:3M
75:.
2248:)
2241:(
2152:)
2145:(
1836:M
1665:e
1658:t
1651:v
1479:.
1453:.
1426:.
1386:.
1361:.
1308:.
1204:"
1182:.
1154:"
1098:.
1027:"
953:"
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
