2033:
and", which is ill-formed. In a logically constructed languageâsays Carnapâa distinction between the various kinds of predicate is specified, and pseudo-statements as "Caesar is a prime number" are ill-formed. Now, and this is the main point of Carnap's argument, metaphysical statements in which meaningless words do not occur, are indeed meaningless because they are formed in a way which is admissible in natural languages, but not in logically constructed languages. Carnap attempts to indicate the most frequent sources of errors from which metaphysical pseudo-statements can arise. One source of mistakes is the ambiguity of the verb "to be", which is sometimes used as a
20:
2009:", because there is something that cannot be grasped by means of the experience, something for which no empirical criterion can be specified. It is the lacking of any empirical criterionâsays Carnapâthat deprives of meaning the word 'principle' when it occurs in metaphysics. Therefore, metaphysical pseudo-statements such as "water is the principle of the world" or "the spirit is the principle of the world" are void of meaning because a meaningless word occurs in them.
4630:
5704:
5714:
2016:"; every word has a definite meaning, but the sequence has no meaning. The problem is that "prime number" is a predicate of numbers, not a predicate of human beings. In the example the nonsense is evident; however, in natural language the rules of grammar do not prohibit the formation of analogous meaningless word sequences that are not so easily detectable. In the grammar of natural languages, every sequence of the kind "
1850:, i.e., a set of rules governing the formation of sentences from the words of the vocabulary. Pseudo-statements, i.e., sequences of words that at first sight resemble statements but in reality have no meaning, are formed in two ways: either meaningless words occur in them, or they are formed in an invalid syntactical way. According to Carnap, pseudo-statements of both kinds occur in metaphysics.
4618:
1680:
Many historians of the Vienna Circle see in the latter sentence an implicit reference to a contrast between the so-called 'left wing' of the Vienna Circle, mainly represented by
Neurath and Carnap, and Moritz Schlick. The aim of the left wing was to facilitate the penetration of the scientific world-conception in "the forms of personal and public life, in
1757:. "The endeavour is to link and harmonise the achievements of individual investigators in their various fields of science". From this aim follows the search for clarity, neatness, and for a symbolic language that eliminates the problems arising from the ambiguity of natural language. The Vienna Circle published a collection, called
1568:
single philosophy. First, there existed a plurality of philosophical positions within the Circle, and second, members often changed their views fundamentally in the course of time and in reaction to discussions in the Circle. It thus seems more convenient to speak of "the philosophies (in the plural)
827:
Apart from the central figures of the
Schlick Circle the question of membership in the Vienna Circle is in many cases unsettled. The partition into "members" and "those sympathetic to the Vienna Circle" produced in the manifesto from 1929 is representative only of a specific moment in the development
2032:
is a predicate, is acceptable. In fact, in the grammar there is no distinction between predicate which can be affirmed of human beings and predicate which can be affirmed of numbers. So "Caesar is a general" and "Caesar is a prime number" are both well-formed, in contrast for example with "Caesar is
2173:
According to Carnap, although metaphysics has no theoretical content, it does have content: metaphysical pseudo-statements express the attitude of a person towards life, and this is the role of metaphysics. He compares it to an art like lyrical poetry; the metaphysician works with the medium of the
1679:
is not only a struggle between different kinds of philosophies, but it is alsoâand perhaps primarilyâa struggle between different political, social, and economical attitudes. Of course, as the manifesto itself acknowledged, "not every adherent of the scientific world-conception will be a fighter".
2097:
Another source of mistakes is type confusions, in which a predicate of a kind is used as a predicate of another kind. For example, the pseudo-statements "we know the
Nothing" is analogous to "we know the rain", but while the latter is well-formed, the former is ill-formed, at least in a logically
1803:
was in origin the idea of Otto
Neurath. It was meant as a manifestation of the unity of science movement Original plans for the Encyclopedia were ambitious. In addition to the two introductory volumes, there was to be a section on the methodology of the sciences, one on the existing state of the
831:
In the following list (in alphabetical order), the "inner circle" is defined using the criterion of regular attendance. The "periphery" comprises occasional visitors, foreign visitors and leading intellectual figures who stood in regular contact with the Circle (such as
Wittgenstein and Popper).
2190:
as a subunit of the
Faculty of Philosophy and Education. Since 2016 the former society continues its activities in close cooperation with the IVC under the changed name Vienna Circle Society (VCS). In 2015 the institute co-organized an exhibition on the Vienna Circle in the main building of the
1688:, and the shaping of economic and social life". In contrast, Schlick was primarily interested in the theoretical study of science and philosophy. Perhaps the sentence "Some, glad of solitude, will lead a withdrawn existence on the icy slopes of logic" is an ironic reference to Schlick.
1607:
statements belong to this second kind and therefore they are meaningless. Hence many philosophical problems are rejected as pseudo-problems which arise from logical mistakes, while others are re-interpreted as empirical statements and thus become the subject of scientific inquiries.
544:
suggested to their teacher a sort of regular "evening circle". From winter term 1924 on regular meetings were held at the
Institute of Mathematics in Vienna's Boltzmanngasse 5 on personal invitation by Schlick. These discussions can be seen as the beginning of the Vienna Circle.
2037:("I am hungry"), and sometimes to designate existence ("I am"). The latter statement incorrectly suggests a predicative form, and thus it suggests that existence is a predicate. Only modern logic, with the introduction of an explicit sign to designate existence (the sign
1598:
Logical analysis shows that there are two different kinds of statements; one kind includes statements reducible to simpler statements about the empirically given; the other kind includes statements which cannot be reduced to statements about
376:
philosophy of science as having great importance for general intellectual life An attempt was made by a group of young men to retain the most essential points of Mach's positivism, especially his stand against the misuse of
1944:
According to Carnap, many words of metaphysics do not fulfill these requirements and thus they are meaningless. As an example, Carnap considers the word 'principle'. This word has a definite meaning, if the sentence
1674:
are allied to traditional social forms, while the group of people who "faces modern times, rejects these views and takes its stand on the ground of empirical sciences". Thus the struggle between metaphysics and
603:) was founded, with Schlick as its chairman. The aim of the society was the spreading of a "scientific world conception" through public lectures that were in large part held by members of the Vienna Circle.
1010:. The definite diffusion of logical positivism in the United States was due to Carl Hempel, Hans Reichenbach, Rudolf Carnap, Philipp Frank, and Herbert Feigl, who emigrated and taught in the United States.
37:
2174:
theoretical; he confuses art with science, attitude towards life with knowledge, and thus produces an unsatisfactory and inadequate work. "Metaphysicians are musicians without musical ability".
1063:
815:, promoted mainly by Neurath, Carnap, and Morris, is symptomatic of the internationalization of logical empiricism, organizing numerous international conferences and the publication of the
1595:
and distinguishes the Vienna Circle empiricism from earlier versions. The task of philosophy lies in the clarificationâthrough the method of logical analysisâof problems and assertions.
2012:
However, there are pseudo-statements in which occur only meaningful words; these pseudo-statements are formed in a counter-syntactical way. An example is the word sequence "Caesar is a
1804:
unification of sciences, and possibly a section on the application of the sciences. It was planned that the work in its entirety would comprise about twenty-six volumes (260 monographs)
2168:
1993:
is empirically verifiable. Butâsays Carnapâmetaphysicians are not satisfied with this interpretation of the meaning of 'principle'. They assert that no empirical relation between
2128:
2094:, never as a predicate, has shown that existence is not a predicate, and thus has revealed the logical error from which pseudo-statements such as "cogito, ergo sum" has arisen.
828:
of the Circle. Depending on the criteria used (regular attendance, philosophical affinities etc.) there are different possible distributions in "inner circle" and "periphery".
2092:
2056:
1097:
642:
672:
While primarily known for its views on the natural sciences and metaphysics, the public phase of the Vienna Circle was explicitly political. Neurath and Hahn were both
1753:, that is the construction of a "constitutive system" in which every legitimate statement is reduced to the concepts of lower level which refer directly to the given
2435:
For a chronology of the emigration of the Vienna Circle see Hans-Joachim Dahms, "The
Emigration of the Vienna Circle", in: Friedrich Stadler, Peter Weibel (ed.),
1834:
The attitude of Vienna Circle towards metaphysics is well expressed by Carnap in the article 'Ăberwindung der
Metaphysik durch Logische Analyse der Sprache' in
381:
in science. To this group belonged the mathematician H. Hahn, the political economist Otto
Neurath, and the author of this book , at the time an instructor in
2457:
Cp. Stadler 2001, 573. This list follows the presentation in Stadler 2001, 571ff., including further bio-bibliographical information on all the persons listed.
2422:
in Vienna, a successor to the Vienna Circle, under the leadership of Viktor Kraft, a former member of the Vienna Circle. Among the members of this circle was
1791:
was published; it contains two volumes for a total of twenty monographs published from 1938 to 1969. As remembered by Rudolf Carnap and Charles Morris in the
1643:
a priori is rejected by the Vienna Circle. Mathematics, which at a first sight seems an example of necessarily valid synthetic knowledge derived from pure
1584:
and positivist: there is knowledge only from experience. Second, the scientific world-conception is marked by the application of a certain method, namely
6254:
1670:
However, the persistence of metaphysics is connected not only with logical mistakes but also with "social and economical struggles". Metaphysics and
684:
to their political and anti-metaphysical views, indicating a blur between what are now considered two separate schools of contemporary philosophy â
553:
The group that met from 1924 on was quite diverse and included not only recognized scientists such as Schlick, Hahn, Kraft, Philipp Frank, Neurath,
3003:
Logic, Language, and the Structure of Scientific Theories: Proceedings of the Carnap-Reichenbach Centennial, University of Konstanz, 21â24 May 1991
2186:
was established as a society in Vienna. It is dedicated to studying the work and influence of the Vienna Circle. In 2011 it was integrated in the
3791:
1655:, thus very different from Kantian synthetic statements. The only two kinds of statements accepted by the Vienna Circle are synthetic statements
4666:
3748:
1783:
1359:
723:
583:
was read out loud and discussed. From 1927 on personal meetings were arranged between Wittgenstein and Schlick, Waismann, Carnap and Feigl.
228:) through which members of the Vienna Circle sought to popularize their ideas in the context of programmes for popular education in Vienna.
1873:, it is necessary to give an answer to the following questions (that areâaccording to Carnapâequivalent formulation of the same question):
1054:
was also important for the reception and critique of their work, even though he never participated in the meetings of the Vienna Circle.
606:
In 1929 the Vienna Circle made its first public appearance under this name â invented by Neurath â with the publication of its manifesto
536:
Immediately after Schlick's arrival in Vienna, he organized discussions with the mathematicians around Hahn. In 1924 Schlick's students
1627:('hardness'), relations ('friendship'), and processes ('sleep'); therefore it misleads one into a thing-like conception of functional
6157:
4410:
1635:
can either lead to knowledge out of its own resources without using any empirical material, or at least arrive at new contents by an
509:
was appointed to the chair of philosophy of the inductive sciences at the University of Vienna in 1922 â the chair formerly held by
3847:
2709:, vol. 2, 1932 (English translation "The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language" in Sarkar, Sahotra, ed.,
2215:
1838:, vol. 2, 1932 (English translation 'The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language' in Sarkar, Sahotra, ed.,
1580:
This states the scientific world-conception of the Vienna Circle, which is characterized "essentially by two features. First it is
3087:, ed. Paolo Parrini, Wesley C. Salmon, Merrilee H. Salmon, Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003, pp. 76â93.
6711:
6478:
4076:
1822:
3143:
5717:
4873:
4247:
3758:
2944:
2781:
2379:
5750:
1109:
676:
and believed the rejection of magic was a necessary component for liberation of the working classes. The manifesto linked
4069:
3784:
1155:, which was published between 1930 and 1940 (from 1939 the editors were Otto Neurath, Rudolf Carnap and Charles Morris).
155:. Main topics were foundational debates in the natural and social sciences, logic and mathematics; the modernization of
4914:
4833:
3819:
3567:
2829:
1002:
in the United States occurred throughout the 1920s and 1930s. In 1929 and in 1932, Schlick was a visiting professor at
780:
Some members of the circle such as Kraft, Waismann, Zilsel, Menger and Gomperz continued to meet occasionally. But the
1101:
6438:
6422:
6278:
4659:
4430:
4425:
4378:
4059:
3538:
3415:
2899:
2753:
1914:(Carnap, "The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language" in Sarkar, Sahotra 1996, p. 12)
402:
6706:
2509:, "Vienna Circle", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <
2261:
Cp. Frank 1949, Stadler 2001, Uebel 2000. The expression goes back to Rudolf Haller, "Der erste Wiener Kreis", in:
2741:
Reprint of the first edition. With translations into English, French, Spanish and Italian. Vienna: Springer, 2012.
6430:
5818:
4440:
6696:
6686:
6294:
5644:
4610:
3777:
3678:
2853:
1006:, while Feigl, who immigrated to the United States in 1930, became lecturer (1931) and professor (1933) at the
492:
2407:
For documents concerning the murder of Moritz Schlick and the trial against Nelböck see Stadler 2001, 869â909.
1777:
of seven monographs from 1933 to 1939, the collection was dismissed, because of the problems arising from the
1037:
helped many German and Austrian philosophers emigrate to the United States, including Rudolf Carnap, in 1936.
357:
at Göttingen and Vienna with Ludwig Boltzmann, David Hilbert and Felix Klein. From 1912, he held the chair of
6502:
5838:
5338:
4818:
2133:
6286:
6172:
5884:
5707:
5219:
5141:
4858:
4652:
4300:
4293:
3617:
2918:
2865:
Rationality and Science: A Memorial Volume for Moritz Schlick in Celebration of the Centennial of his Birth
243:
most members of the Vienna Circle were forced to emigrate. The murder of Schlick in 1936 by former student
2674:
754:
1934 marks an important break: Hahn died after surgery, Neurath fled to Holland because of the victory of
6681:
6486:
6318:
6135:
4152:
4127:
4112:
3612:
3518:
3428:
2105:
362:
344:
1591:
Logical analysis is the method of clarification of philosophical problems; it makes an extensive use of
6446:
6342:
6326:
6310:
6110:
4919:
4813:
3136:
1046:
1611:
One source of the logical mistakes that are at the origins of metaphysics is the ambiguity of natural
1068:
The Vienna Circle was very active in advertising their new philosophical ideas. Several congresses on
1064:
International Encyclopedia of Unified Science § International Congresses for the Unity of Science
705:, edited by Carnap and Reichenbach. In addition, the Vienna Circle published a number of book series:
561:, but also younger students and doctoral candidates. In addition, the group invited foreign visitors.
310:
6526:
6078:
6063:
5521:
5298:
4711:
4325:
4305:
4213:
4209:
4132:
3824:
3753:
3554:
3546:
3443:
3288:
3113:
2914:
Exact Thinking in Demented Times: The Vienna Circle and the Epic Quest for the Foundations of Science
2061:
1663:
858:
286:
276:
2510:
6691:
6615:
6462:
6179:
6073:
6068:
5743:
5091:
4330:
3970:
3955:
3944:
3921:
3715:
3627:
3523:
3488:
3248:
1093:
217:
1116:. Another very interesting congress was the one held in Copenhagen (1936), which was dedicated to
6589:
6302:
6105:
6083:
5828:
5373:
4568:
4315:
4310:
4283:
4218:
4172:
4167:
4102:
3995:
3695:
3528:
3404:
3338:
3160:
2987:
Richardson, Alan W. "The Scientific World Conception. Logical Positivism", in: T. Baldwin (Hg.),
2200:
2183:
1696:
1474:
1158:
The following is the list of works published in the two collections edited by the Vienna Circle.
1014:
963:
927:
85:
2040:
618:) The pamphlet is dedicated to Schlick, and its preface was signed by Hahn, Neurath and Carnap.
385:
in Vienna. We tried to supplement Mach's ideas by those of the French philosophy of science of
6676:
6013:
5979:
4957:
4929:
4904:
4706:
4523:
4513:
3931:
3857:
3814:
3642:
3562:
2905:
1878:
800:
689:
444:
2930:
The Vienna Circle: The Origin of Neo-positivism, a Chapter in the History of Recent Philosophy
2470:, 26, 1929, in which Nagel discussed Reichenbach's interpretation of the theory of relativity;
6701:
6510:
6130:
6115:
6019:
5600:
5556:
5055:
4868:
4716:
4373:
4368:
4320:
4288:
4278:
4237:
4017:
3894:
3800:
3743:
3720:
3700:
3582:
3453:
3393:
3129:
2492:
A. E. Blumberg and H. Feigl, "Logical Positivism: A New Movement in European Philosophy" in:
1766:
1640:
1484:
1436:
931:
804:
781:
777:
for political and personal reasons in 1936 set an end to the meetings of the Schlick Circle.
548:
498:
424:
264:
236:
89:
3061:
The Vienna Circle. Studies in the Origins, Development, and Influence of Logical Empiricism.
1842:, New York : Garland Pub., 1996, pp. 10â31). A languageâsays Carnapâconsists of a
1773:(from 1938), whose aim was to present a unified vision of science. After the publication in
6518:
6189:
6152:
6053:
6048:
5984:
5843:
4778:
4353:
4348:
4223:
4107:
4012:
3985:
3867:
3652:
3637:
2956:. Trans. by Joachim Schulte and Brian McGuinness. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1979.
2187:
2034:
1652:
1624:
1143:
was published in this collection. Seven works were published in another collection, called
482:
Vienna Circle began with Hahn returning to Vienna in 1921. Together with the mathematician
148:
77:
24:
3268:
1787:, an ambitious project never completed devoted to unified science. Only the first section
8:
6657:
6494:
5942:
5925:
5879:
5869:
5736:
5422:
5353:
5131:
4962:
4944:
4908:
4828:
4783:
4773:
4675:
4415:
4097:
3990:
3965:
3950:
3879:
3730:
3725:
3705:
3607:
3592:
3587:
3388:
2314:
Trans. by Joachim Schulte and Brian McGuinness. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1979.
2205:
1732:
1620:
1136:
1003:
987:
959:
739:
From the beginning of the 1930s first signs of disintegration appeared for political and
685:
681:
487:
382:
358:
140:
93:
2356:
Wittgenstein's Poker: The Story of a Ten-Minute Argument Between Two Great Philosophers,
6579:
6569:
6370:
6246:
6120:
6041:
6005:
5813:
5595:
5313:
5270:
5239:
5229:
5189:
5047:
5027:
4888:
4848:
4843:
4768:
4563:
4518:
4405:
4228:
4049:
3884:
3874:
3383:
3173:
2739:
Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. Der Wiener Kreis. Hrsg. vom Verein Ernst Mach (1929).
1657:
1406:
1007:
999:
939:
902:
792:
759:
634:
537:
104:
99:
The philosophical position of the Vienna Circle was called logical empiricism (German:
49:
5680:
1826:, was published in this Encyclopedia in 1962, as the number two in the second volume.
1251:
1151:). In 1930 Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach undertook the editorship of the journal
894:
586:
368:
Their meetings were held in Viennese coffeehouses from 1907 onward. Frank remembered:
289:, the oldest of the three (1879â1934), was a mathematician. He received his degree in
6544:
6360:
6236:
5409:
5399:
5333:
5214:
5149:
4883:
4788:
4622:
4395:
4252:
4042:
4007:
3901:
3840:
3632:
3056:
2940:
2895:
2870:
2777:
2769:
2749:
2375:
1770:
1716:
1648:
1457:
1352:
Unified Science: The Vienna Circle Monograph Series Originally Edited by Otto Neurath
1172:
1105:
1044:
who acquainted the British academia with the work of the Vienna Circle with his book
1041:
1034:
983:
975:
951:
915:
882:
862:
748:
728:
554:
483:
336:
306:
6385:
5432:
4493:
3213:
2972:
How the Cold War Transformed Philosophy of Science : To the Icy Slopes of Logic
1857:
has a meaning if two conditions are satisfied. First, the mode of the occurrence of
386:
244:
159:
by modern logic; the search for an empiricist criterion of meaning; the critique of
151:. It was unified by the aim of making philosophy scientific with the help of modern
124:
19:
6549:
6470:
6454:
6334:
5899:
5808:
5485:
5462:
5452:
5275:
5224:
5121:
4977:
4593:
4548:
4528:
4064:
4054:
4037:
3710:
3662:
3597:
3348:
3323:
3283:
3198:
2977:
2960:
2949:
2705:
Carnap, Rudolf. "Ăberwindung der Metaphysik durch Logische Analyse der Sprache" in
1744:
1728:
1712:
1372:
1127:
Between 1928 and 1937, the Vienna Circle published ten books in a collection named
1080:(1930), Prague (1934) and then the first congress on scientific philosophy held in
971:
935:
808:
662:
558:
440:
294:
170:
The Vienna Circle appeared in public with the publication of various book series â
164:
136:
6380:
3483:
2892:
Neopositivismus. Eine historische EinfĂŒhrung in die Philosophie des Wiener Kreises
788:
in 1938 meant the definite end of the activities of the Vienna Circle in Austria.
6564:
6559:
6140:
6095:
5930:
5904:
5848:
5636:
5616:
5590:
5564:
5457:
5447:
5427:
5159:
5126:
5017:
5002:
4853:
4838:
4758:
4737:
4583:
4543:
4465:
4420:
4257:
4162:
4147:
4122:
3936:
3916:
3602:
3468:
3463:
3358:
3313:
3193:
3103:
3051:
Erkenntnis Orientated: A Centennial Volume for Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach
2810:
2652:
2423:
2371:
The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences
2369:
2312:
Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle: Conversations Recorded by Friedrich Waismann.
1750:
1724:
1692:
1541:
1117:
967:
838:
463:
420:
144:
120:
65:
61:
41:
3068:
The Vienna Circle and Logical Empiricism. Re-evaluation and Future Perspectives.
3034:
Decline and Obsolescence of Logical Empiricism: Carnap vs. Quine and the Critics
2954:
Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle: Conversations Recorded by Friedrich Waismann
2774:
Der Wiener Kreis â AktualitĂ€t in Wissenschaft, Literatur, Architektur und Kunst.
1781:. In 1938 a new series of publications started in the United States. It was the
774:
6226:
6167:
6000:
5935:
5920:
5823:
5664:
5546:
5417:
5348:
5343:
5308:
5209:
5106:
5075:
5060:
5022:
5012:
4967:
4742:
4634:
4503:
4363:
4002:
3911:
3378:
3373:
3363:
3273:
3238:
3228:
3203:
3178:
3168:
3046:
3008:
1616:
1592:
1531:
898:
870:
734:
506:
428:
416:
398:
81:
923:
6670:
6400:
6375:
6184:
6125:
6036:
5964:
5889:
5685:
5654:
5541:
5536:
5506:
5472:
5442:
5437:
5368:
5363:
5293:
5262:
5169:
5116:
5007:
4972:
4934:
4863:
4763:
4732:
4553:
4488:
4460:
4388:
4117:
4032:
3493:
3433:
3333:
3308:
3303:
3263:
3233:
2843:
2483:, 27, 1930, in which Hook presented a favorable report on logical positivism;
1937:
has jointed legs". Conversely, these sentences are derivable from "the thing
1700:
1494:
1389:
1328:
1073:
979:
919:
850:
846:
842:
796:
755:
744:
630:
565:
541:
452:
436:
350:
347:(Viennese Commercial Academy). Neurath married Olga, Hahn's sister, in 1911.
298:
272:
232:
132:
116:
108:
5649:
5516:
1077:
866:
854:
638:
197:
6260:
6058:
5989:
5949:
5777:
5574:
5490:
5358:
5303:
5252:
5199:
5194:
5154:
5101:
5070:
5065:
5037:
4997:
4924:
4808:
4701:
4598:
4578:
4533:
4508:
4498:
4470:
4400:
4358:
4232:
4186:
4157:
4137:
3577:
3508:
3353:
3223:
3208:
3152:
3073:
2925:
2909:
2880:
2506:
2418:
2013:
1861:
in its elementary sentence form (i.e., the simplest sentence form in which
1778:
1720:
1708:
1685:
1521:
1440:
1416:
1100:(1930) was very important, for Kurt Gödel announced that he had proven the
1069:
906:
886:
874:
785:
390:
328:
314:
280:
268:
240:
128:
3027:
Logical Empiricism and the Special Sciences: Reichenbach, Feigl, and Nagel
1941:
is an arthropod". Thus the meaning of the word 'arthropod' is determined.
1795:
to the 1969 edition of the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science:
1285:
955:
549:
The non-public phase of the Vienna Circle â The Schlick Circle (1924â1928)
6584:
6574:
6554:
5974:
5954:
5864:
5787:
5659:
5626:
5621:
5569:
5531:
5526:
5511:
5480:
5394:
5204:
5174:
5164:
5111:
5096:
5032:
4696:
4588:
4573:
4558:
4538:
4455:
4383:
4200:
4190:
4177:
4142:
4092:
4022:
3975:
3862:
3852:
3657:
3513:
3503:
3448:
3423:
3368:
3343:
3328:
3298:
3278:
3253:
3183:
3078:
Vernunftkritik und Wissenschaft: Otto Neurath und der erste Wiener Kreis.
1817:
1604:
1504:
1332:
1051:
1030:
947:
878:
767:
467:
378:
332:
302:
290:
201:
160:
73:
53:
3769:
2620:
Carnap, 'The Elimination of Metaphysics', in Sarkar, Sahotra 1996, p. 30
2522:
On the historical background of the manifesto see Stadler 2001, 334â339.
1925:
is an arthropod" is an elementary sentence form that is derivable from "
993:
6395:
6390:
6365:
6145:
5969:
5833:
5782:
5759:
5378:
5247:
5184:
5179:
4878:
4475:
4204:
4195:
4182:
3926:
3889:
3667:
3647:
3498:
3473:
3438:
3293:
3258:
3243:
3218:
3188:
1843:
1754:
1704:
1600:
1581:
1426:
1368:
1113:
1085:
943:
701:
695:
In 1930 the Vienna Circle and the Berlin Society took over the journal
654:
510:
373:
255:
The history and development of the Vienna Circle shows various stages:
209:
188:
156:
147:. The Vienna Circle was pluralistic and committed to the ideals of the
112:
4644:
4629:
6636:
6622:
6620:
6610:
6594:
6162:
6100:
5959:
5792:
4952:
4823:
4242:
3835:
3622:
2479:
S. Hook, "Personal Impression of Contemporary German Philosophy" in:
1918:
1681:
1636:
1121:
1089:
890:
677:
673:
658:
514:
318:
213:
57:
3108:
3098:
2263:
Fragen zu Wittgenstein und AufsĂ€tze zur Ăsterreichischen Philosophie
1765:), edited by Rudolf Carnap, Philipp Frank, Hans Hahn, Otto Neurath,
5874:
4262:
3980:
3478:
3063:
New York: Springer, 2001. â 2nd Edition: Dordrecht: Springer, 2015.
3013:
The Emergence of Logical Empiricism: From 1900 to the Vienna Circle
2732:
The Emergence of Logical Empiricism: from 1900 to the Vienna Circle
2630:
2210:
1671:
1612:
699:
and made it the main journal of logical empiricism under the title
629:) in autumn 1929, organized by the Vienna Circle together with the
415:
A number of further authors were discussed in the meetings such as
343:
in Vienna and Berlin. From 1907 to 1914 he taught in Vienna at the
2177:
1735:
as "leading representatives of the scientific world-conception".
372:
After 1910 there began in Vienna a movement which regarded Mach's
258:
3960:
3458:
2511:
http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2014/entries/vienna-circle/
2098:
constructed language, because "Nothing" is incorrectly used as a
1676:
1628:
1017:, who traveled in 1932 and 1933 as a Sheldon Traveling Fellow to
666:
432:
354:
340:
3083:
Uebel, Thomas, "On the Austrian Roots of Logical Empiricism" in
263:
The pre-history of the Vienna Circle began with meetings on the
6090:
4027:
3572:
3121:
2790:
2720:, vol. 1, Chicago : The University of Chicago Press, 1969.
2170:, and thus "Nothing" never occurs as a noun or as a predicate.
1847:
1774:
1644:
1072:
and philosophy of science were organized, with the help of the
1026:
1022:
1018:
822:
740:
646:
459:
322:
193:
1357:
Monographs, arranged in chronological order, published in the
6629:
5728:
3672:
3318:
3085:
Logical Empiricism â Historical and contemporary Perspectives
2965:
Logical Empiricism â Historical and Contemporary Perspectives
2252:
Wittgenstein's Vienna, New Edition, Elephant Paperback, 1996.
1585:
1081:
650:
448:
394:
205:
152:
69:
3020:
Logical Empiricism at its Peak: Schlick, Carnap, and Neurath
2734:, New York : Garland Publishing, 1996, pp. 321â340
2711:
Logical empiricism at its peak: Schlick, Carnap, and Neurath
2243:
Cp. the phases in Stadler 2001. See 579â580 for an overview.
1840:
Logical empiricism at its peak: Schlick, Carnap, and Neurath
1572:
However, some central topics and debates can be identified.
735:
Disintegration, emigration, internationalization (1934â1938)
633:. This conference was the first international appearance of
458:
Presumably the meetings stopped in 1912, when Frank went to
3906:
2822:
Carnap and the Vienna Circle: Empiricism and Logical Syntax
2099:
791:
With the emigration went along the internationalization of
2310:
For the recording of these meetings see Brian McGuinness,
803:
where they had an immense influence on the development of
462:, to hold the chair of theoretical physics left vacant by
2746:
Wiener Kreis. Texte zur wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung
2728:
The Scientific Conception of the World. The Vienna Circle
2532:
The Scientific Conception of the World. The Vienna Circle
2348:
1076:. There were some preparatory congresses: Prague (1929),
747:
left Austria in 1930. Carnap was appointed to a chair at
612:
The Scientific Conception of the World. The Vienna Circle
2716:
Neurath, Otto and Carnap, Rudolf and Morris, Charles W.
2374:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 246â7.
1812:, vol. 1, The University of Chicago Press, 1969, p. vii.
2937:
The Vienna Circle. Texts and Pictures of an Exhibition.
2922:, vol. LXIV, no. 20 (21 December 2017), pp. 74â76.
2894:. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1993,
1344:
Ernst Mach und die empiristische Wissenschaftauffassung
192:â and the organization of international conferences in
27:, Boltzmanngasse 5. Meeting place of the Vienna Circle.
2675:"The Vienna Circle â Exact Thinking in Demented Times"
1885:
deducible from, and what sentences are deducible from
1661:(i.e., scientific statements) and analytic statements
1546:
Methodology of mathematical economics and econometrics
1509:
Fundamentals of concept formation in empirical science
393:, and also to connect them with the investigations in
293:
in 1902. Afterwards he studied under the direction of
2713:, New York : Garland Pub., 1996, pp. 10â31)
2136:
2108:
2064:
2043:
1896:
supposed to be true, and under what conditions false?
1865:
is capable of occurring) must be fixed. Secondly, if
994:
Reception in the United States and the United Kingdom
623:
Tagung fĂŒr Erkenntnislehre der exakten Wissenschaften
3041:
The Legacy of the Vienna Circle: Modern Reappraisals
2130:, such as "there is nothing which is outside"âi.e.,
627:
Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences
517:. Schlick had already published two important works
3005:, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1994.
2967:, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003.
2887:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.
795:. Many former members of the Vienna Circle and the
773:The murder of Moritz Schlick by the former student
616:
Viewing the World Scientifically: The Vienna Circle
2935:Limbeck, Christoph and Stadler, Friedrich (eds.).
2860:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
2827:
2724:Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. Der Wiener Kreis
2162:
2122:
2086:
2050:
1631:". Another source of mistakes is "the notion that
608:Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. Der Wiener Kreis
473:
2839:(in German). Stuttgart: Reclam. pp. 227â244.
1723:as people "sympathetic to the Vienna Circle" and
353:, the youngest of the group (1884â1966), studied
6668:
1953:" is supposed to be equivalent to the sentence "
1917:An example offered by Carnap concerns the word '
1749:The final goal pursued by the Vienna Circle was
1615:. "Ordinary language for instance uses the same
1267:Die Grundlagen einer wissenschaftliche Wertlehre
84:. The Vienna Circle had a profound influence on
2367:
2178:Institute Vienna Circle / Vienna Circle Society
1162:Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung
1129:Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung
721:, edited by Neurath, 1933â1939), and later the
707:Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung
250:
172:Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung
6255:Fourth Great Debate in international relations
1273:, Dordrecht; Boston: D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1981)
1271:Foundations for a Scientific Analysis of Value
1262:, Dordrecht; Boston: D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1973)
1057:
16:1924â1936 group of philosophers and scientists
6207:
5744:
4660:
3785:
3137:
2996:The Cambridge Companion to Logical Empiricism
2994:Richardson, Alan W. and Uebel, Thomas (ed.).
2974:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
2744:Stöltzner, Michael and Uebel, Thomas (eds.).
2737:Stadler, Friedrich and Uebel, Thomas (eds.):
2534:in Sarkar, Sahotra, 1996, p. 331âhereinafter
2102:. In a formal language, "Nothing" only means
1784:International Encyclopedia of Unified Science
1667:(i.e., logical and mathematical statements).
1445:The development of rationalism and empiricism
1360:International Encyclopedia of Unified Science
1322:Was bedeutet rationale Wirtschaftsbetrachtung
1166:Monographs on the Scientific World-Conception
1133:Monographs on the Scientific World-Conception
817:International Encyclopedia of Unified Science
813:International Encyclopedia of Unified Science
724:International Encyclopedia of Unified Science
711:Monographs on the Scientific World-Conception
176:Monographs on the Scientific World-Conception
6634:
6244:
6234:
6224:
5940:
5894:
823:Overview of the members of the Vienna Circle
247:put an end to the Vienna Circle in Austria.
23:Entrance to the Mathematical Seminar at the
3053:, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.
2875:La nuova filosofia della natura in Germania
2058:), which occurs only in statements such as
1969:". The latter sentence is perfectly clear:
1284:), edited by Carnap, Frank, Hahn, Neurath,
766:was dissolved for political reasons by the
564:In 1926 Schlick and Hahn arranged to bring
163:and the unification of the sciences in the
76:who met regularly from 1924 to 1936 at the
5751:
5737:
4667:
4653:
3792:
3778:
3144:
3130:
3001:Salmon, Wesley and Wolters, Gereon (ed.),
2144:
2140:
2116:
2112:
2068:
2047:
1829:
1288:(after Hahn's death), Morris (from 1938):
1177:Wahrscheinlichkeit, Statistik und Wahrheit
637:and the first of a number of conferences:
6158:Relationship between religion and science
4448:
4411:Relationship between religion and science
3799:
2623:
1985:, and the invariable association between
1846:, i.e., a set of meaningful words, and a
1337:Zur EnzyklopÀdie der Einheitswissenschaft
1256:Prolegomena zu einer kritischen Grammatik
519:Raum und Zeit in die gegenwÀrtigen Physik
220:. Its public profile was provided by the
3070:Dordrecht â Boston London, Kluwer, 2003.
2216:List of Austrian intellectual traditions
713:, ed. by Schlick und Frank, 1928â1937),
18:
6479:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
4943:
4674:
3116:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2761:
2332:For an overview of the lectures of the
2163:{\displaystyle \lnot \;\exists \;xO(x)}
2001:can completely explain the meaning of "
1823:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1575:
1536:The structure of scientific revolutions
1421:Principles of the theory of probability
576:was intensely discussed in the Circle.
6669:
5834:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)
2466:E. Nagel, "Nature and Convention" in:
1651:character, that is its statements are
1499:The conceptual framework of psychology
751:in 1931 and left for Chicago in 1935.
587:The public phase â Schlick Circle and
523:Space and Time in contemporary Physics
6206:
5732:
4648:
3773:
3125:
3015:. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996.
2815:The Metaphysics of Logical Positivism
2698:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2416:Only after the war in 1949 arose the
1603:and thus they are devoid of meaning.
1564:The Vienna Circle cannot be assigned
1559:
1489:The development of logical empiricism
1013:Another link to the United States is
259:The "First Vienna Circle" (1907â1912)
2984:. University Press of America, 1985.
2837:Der Wiener Kreis â AusgewĂ€hlte Texte
2718:Foundations of the Unity of Sciences
2336:1929â1932 see Stadler 2001, 342â344.
2234:Cp. Stöltzner/Uebel 2006, LII-LXXIX.
1810:Foundations of the Unity of Sciences
1789:Foundations of the Unity of Sciences
1462:The technique of theory construction
1401:Foundations of logic and mathematics
1301:Einheitswissenschaft und Psychologie
1183:, New York: Macmillan company, 1939)
811:movement for the construction of an
2989:The Cambridge History of Philosophy
2123:{\displaystyle \lnot \;\exists \;x}
1526:Science and the structure of ethics
1315:Das Ende der mechanistischen Physik
1294:Logik, Mathematik und Naturerkennen
1217:The Law of Causality and its Limits
621:The manifesto was presented at the
13:
6111:Nomotheticâidiographic distinction
3109:Vienna Circle Foundation Amsterdam
2982:The Heritage of Logical Positivism
2932:. New York: Greenwood Press, 1953.
2564:
2141:
2137:
2113:
2109:
2065:
2044:
1738:
1551:Herbert Feigl and Charles Morris,
1384:Foundations of the theory of signs
1219:, Dordrecth; Boston: Kluwer, 1997)
1213:Das Kausalgesetz und seine Grenzen
1181:Probability, Statistics, and Truth
1084:(1935), followed by congresses in
14:
6723:
6439:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
6423:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
6279:The Course in Positive Philosophy
4431:Sociology of scientific knowledge
4426:Sociology of scientific ignorance
4379:History and philosophy of science
3092:
2908:. "Positive Thinking" (review of
2848:Modern Science and its Philosophy
2817:. New York: Longmans Green, 1954.
2800:. Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, 1959.
1869:occurs in an elementary sentence
1375:, Rudolf Carnap, Charles Morris,
1308:Die Aufgabe der Wissenschaftlogik
1260:Prolegomena to a Critical Grammar
1246:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
568:to the University of Vienna as a
5712:
5703:
5702:
4628:
4616:
3151:
2858:Reconsidering Logical Positivism
2437:The Cultural Exodus from Austria
1921:'. The sentence form "the thing
1394:Procedures of empirical sciences
1377:Encyclopedia and unified science
1201:, New York: Prentice-Hall, 1939)
1168:), edited by Schlick and Frank:
1135:), edited by Schlick and Frank.
6431:History and Class Consciousness
3114:Thomas Uebel, "Vienna Circle",
3043:. New York: Garland Pub., 1996.
3036:. New York: Garland Pub., 1996.
3029:. New York: Garland Pub., 1996.
3022:. New York: Garland Pub., 1996.
2835:. In Damböck, Christian (ed.).
2693:
2667:
2645:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2581:
2552:
2540:
2525:
2516:
2499:
2486:
2473:
2460:
2451:
2442:
2429:
2410:
2401:
2388:
2368:Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017).
2361:
2339:
2326:
2317:
2087:{\displaystyle \exists \;xP(x)}
727:(edited by Neurath, Carnap and
496:and on Whitehead and Russell's
474:The formative years (1918â1924)
6712:1924 establishments in Austria
6295:Critical History of Philosophy
5758:
4915:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
3820:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
3568:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
2304:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2157:
2151:
2081:
2075:
1639:from given states of affair".
1452:Foundations of social sciences
1350:These works are translated in
1248:, New York: Basic Books, 1959)
1235:The Logical Syntax of Language
581:Tractatus logico-philosophicus
574:Logical Structure of the World
493:Tractatus logico-philosophicus
1:
6503:Knowledge and Human Interests
5839:Rankean historical positivism
2885:Origins of Logical Empiricism
2448:Stöltzner and Uebel 2006, XX.
2398:was published in this series.
2396:Logic of Scientific Discovery
2184:Institute Vienna Circle (IVC)
1411:Linguistic aspects of science
1237:, New York: Humanities, 1937)
1040:In the United Kingdom it was
572:(private lecturer). Carnap's
317:in mathematics. He taught at
6621:
6287:A General View of Positivism
3080:Wien-New York 2000. (German)
2963:; Salmon, Merrilee H. (ed.)
2939:MĂŒnster-Berlin-London 2015.
2919:The New York Review of Books
2824:. Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, 1994.
2726:, 1929. English translation
2354:Edmunds, D. and Eidenow, J.
251:History of the Vienna Circle
7:
6487:Conjectures and Refutations
6319:The Logic of Modern Physics
6136:Deductive-nomological model
4153:Hypothetico-deductive model
4128:Deductive-nomological model
4113:Constructivist epistemology
3613:Internalism and externalism
2991:, 1870â1945, 2003, 391â400.
2828:Damböck, Christian (2013).
2807:. Roma Bari: Laterza, 1986.
2194:
1933:has a segmented body" and "
1677:scientific world-conception
1231:Logische Syntax der Sprache
1058:Congresses and publications
531:General Theory of Knowledge
410:Uebel, Thomas, 2003, p. 70.
363:German University in Prague
345:Neue Wiener Handelsakademie
10:
6728:
6447:The Poverty of Historicism
6343:The Universe in a Nutshell
6327:Language, Truth, and Logic
6311:The Analysis of Sensations
4814:Causal theory of reference
3066:Stadler, Friedrich (ed.).
2883:. and Richardson, Alan W.
2788:Language, Truth and Logic.
2274:Cp. Stadler 2001, 143â161.
2051:{\displaystyle \exists \;}
1981:is invariably followed by
1742:
1367:Otto Neurath, Niels Bohr,
1061:
1047:Language, Truth, and Logic
527:Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre
505:With the support of Hahn,
466:. Hahn left Vienna during
313:. In 1905 he received the
271:from 1908 on, promoted by
6655:
6603:
6537:
6527:The Rhetoric of Economics
6414:
6353:
6270:
6217:
6213:
6208:Positivist-related debate
6202:
6029:
5998:
5913:
5857:
5801:
5770:
5766:
5698:
5673:
5635:
5609:
5583:
5555:
5499:
5471:
5408:
5387:
5326:
5284:
5261:
5238:
5140:
5084:
5046:
4990:
4897:
4801:
4751:
4725:
4689:
4682:
4607:
4439:
4341:
4271:
4214:Semantic view of theories
4133:Epistemological anarchism
4085:
4070:dependent and independent
3807:
3739:
3688:
3537:
3444:Evolutionary epistemology
3414:
3159:
2916:, Basic Books, 449 pp.),
2772:and Weibel, Peter (ed.):
2748:. Meiner, Hamburg, 2006,
2730:in Sarkar, Sahotra, ed.,
2631:"Institute Vienna Circle"
2494:The Journal of Philosophy
2481:The Journal of Philosophy
2468:The Journal of Philosophy
1892:Under what conditions is
1769:(after Hahn's death) and
1623:('apple') as well as for
486:he organized seminars on
6463:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
6180:Structural functionalism
6106:Naturalism in literature
4874:Scientific structuralism
3956:Intertheoretic reduction
3945:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
3922:Functional contextualism
3716:Philosophy of perception
3519:Representational realism
3489:Naturalized epistemology
2805:Il neopositivismo logico
2793:, Victor Gollancz, 1936.
2221:
1094:Cambridge, Massachusetts
218:Cambridge, Massachusetts
6707:Epistemology of science
6590:Willard Van Orman Quine
6303:Idealism and Positivism
5895:Critique of metaphysics
5829:Sociological positivism
4441:Philosophers of science
4219:Scientific essentialism
4168:Model-dependent realism
4103:Constructive empiricism
3996:Evidence-based practice
3696:Outline of epistemology
3529:Transcendental idealism
3099:Institute Vienna Circle
2867:. Wien: Springer, 1982.
2776:Wien: LIT Verlag 2019.
2756:. (Anthology in German)
2655:. Vienna Circle Society
2653:"Vienna Circle Society"
2201:Formalism (mathematics)
1906:What is the meaning of
1830:Critique of metaphysics
1619:, the substantive, for
1569:of the Vienna Circle".
1475:Erwin Finlay-Freundlich
1015:Willard Van Orman Quine
964:Willard Van Orman Quine
697:Annalen der Philosophie
111:. It was influenced by
86:20th-century philosophy
6635:
6604:Concepts in contention
6245:
6235:
6225:
6116:Objectivity in science
6014:Non-Euclidean geometry
5980:Methodological dualism
5941:
4930:Reflective equilibrium
4524:Alfred North Whitehead
4514:Charles Sanders Peirce
3643:Problem of other minds
2677:. University of Vienna
2633:. University of Vienna
2394:In 1934 Karl Popper's
2323:Stadler 2001, 219â290.
2301:Stadler 2001, 199â218.
2283:Stadler 2001, 195â218.
2191:University of Vienna.
2164:
2124:
2088:
2052:
1815:
1553:Bibliography and index
1516:Foundations of biology
1469:Foundations of physics
1224:Zur Biologie der Ethik
1088:(1936), Paris (1937),
801:English-speaking world
690:continental philosophy
470:and returned in 1921.
413:
45:
28:
6697:Philosophy of science
6687:Austrian philosophers
6511:The Poverty of Theory
6131:Philosophy of science
6020:Uncertainty principle
5601:Nicholas Wolterstorff
5056:David Malet Armstrong
4623:Philosophy portal
4374:Hard and soft science
4369:Faith and rationality
4238:Scientific skepticism
4018:Scientific Revolution
3801:Philosophy of science
3721:Philosophy of science
3701:Faith and rationality
3583:Descriptive knowledge
3454:Feminist epistemology
3394:Nicholas Wolterstorff
3104:Vienna Circle Society
2165:
2125:
2089:
2053:
1797:
1653:analytical statements
1647:alone, has instead a
1437:Giorgio de Santillana
1240:Karl Raimund Popper,
1206:Empirische Soziologie
1029:. Moreover, American
932:Else Frenkel-Brunswik
805:philosophy of science
782:annexation of Austria
499:Principia Mathematica
370:
265:philosophy of science
237:annexation of Austria
90:philosophy of science
52:was a group of elite
22:
6519:The Scientific Image
6190:Structuration theory
6153:Qualitative research
6054:Criticism of science
6049:Critical rationalism
5985:Problem of induction
4349:Criticism of science
4224:Scientific formalism
4108:Constructive realism
4013:Scientific pluralism
3986:Problem of induction
3653:Procedural knowledge
3638:Problem of induction
2796:Ayer, Alfred Jules.
2786:Ayer, Alfred Jules.
2762:Secondary literature
2188:University of Vienna
2134:
2106:
2062:
2041:
2005:is the principle of
1957:exists by virtue of
1949:is the principle of
1820:'s well known work,
1759:Einheitswissenschaft
1691:The manifesto lists
1576:The Manifesto (1929)
1278:Einheitswissenschaft
1145:Einheitswissenschaft
762:following which the
715:Einheitswissenschaft
579:Also Wittgenstein's
331:(1882â1945) studied
180:Einheitswissenschaft
101:logischer Empirismus
78:University of Vienna
25:University of Vienna
6495:One-Dimensional Man
5943:Geisteswissenschaft
5926:Confirmation holism
5423:Patricia Churchland
5354:Christine Korsgaard
5240:Logical positivists
5132:Ludwig Wittgenstein
4909:paradox of analysis
4676:Analytic philosophy
4416:Rhetoric of science
4354:Descriptive science
4098:Confirmation holism
3991:Scientific evidence
3951:Inductive reasoning
3880:Demarcation problem
3731:Virtue epistemology
3726:Social epistemology
3706:Formal epistemology
3593:Epistemic injustice
3588:Exploratory thought
3389:Ludwig Wittgenstein
2803:Barone, Francesco.
2206:Logical behaviorism
1733:Ludwig Wittgenstein
1641:Synthetic knowledge
1431:Theory of valuation
1342:Richard von Mises,
1242:Logik der Forschung
1188:Abriss der Logistik
1141:Logik der Forschung
1137:Karl Raimund Popper
1098:Königsberg congress
988:Ludwig Wittgenstein
960:Karl Raimund Popper
686:analytic philosophy
682:Friedrich Nietzsche
488:Ludwig Wittgenstein
397:of such authors as
383:theoretical physics
359:theoretical physics
141:Ludwig Wittgenstein
94:analytic philosophy
6682:Logical positivism
6570:Hans-Georg Gadamer
6371:Alexander Bogdanov
6247:Positivismusstreit
6042:Post-behavioralism
6006:history of science
5858:Principal concepts
5814:Logical positivism
5596:William Lane Craig
5314:Friedrich Waismann
5271:Carl Gustav Hempel
5230:Timothy Williamson
5190:Alasdair MacIntyre
5048:Australian realism
5028:Russ Shafer-Landau
4889:Analytical Thomism
4844:Logical positivism
4635:Science portal
4564:Carl Gustav Hempel
4519:Wilhelm Windelband
4406:Questionable cause
4229:Scientific realism
4050:Underdetermination
3885:Empirical evidence
3875:Creative synthesis
3384:Timothy Williamson
3174:Augustine of Hippo
3057:Stadler, Friedrich
2998:. Cambridge, 2007.
2871:Geymonat, Ludovico
2850:. Cambridge, 1949.
2798:Logical Positivism
2770:Stadler, Friedrich
2768:Arnswald, Ulrich,
2699:Primary literature
2334:Ernst Mach Society
2292:Stadler 2001, 199.
2160:
2120:
2084:
2048:
1707:, Heinrich Loewy,
1560:Topics and debates
1555:, 1969, vol.2 n.10
1501:, 1952, vol.1 n.10
1407:Leonard Bloomfield
1199:Problems of Ethics
1008:University of Iowa
1000:logical positivism
940:Carl Gustav Hempel
903:Friedrich Waismann
793:logical empiricism
764:Ernst Mach Society
760:Austrian Civil War
635:logical empiricism
601:Ernst Mach Society
538:Friedrich Waismann
231:During the era of
222:Ernst Mach Society
186:) and the journal
105:logical positivism
50:logical empiricism
29:
6664:
6663:
6651:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6545:Theodor W. Adorno
6361:Richard Avenarius
6237:Werturteilsstreit
6198:
6197:
6146:Sense-data theory
5844:Polish positivism
5819:Positivist school
5726:
5725:
5694:
5693:
5410:Pittsburgh School
5400:Peter van Inwagen
5334:Roderick Chisholm
5322:
5321:
5215:Richard Swinburne
5150:G. E. M. Anscombe
4986:
4985:
4884:Analytic theology
4859:Ordinary language
4797:
4796:
4642:
4641:
4484:
4483:
4396:Normative science
4253:Uniformitarianism
4008:Scientific method
3902:Explanatory power
3767:
3766:
3633:Privileged access
3269:SĂžren Kierkegaard
3039:Sarkar, Sahotra.
3032:Sarkar, Sahotra.
3025:Sarkar, Sahotra.
3018:Sarkar, Sahotra.
2978:Rescher, Nicholas
2961:Salmon, Wesley C.
2950:McGuinness, Brian
2945:978-3-643-90649-6
2863:Gadol, Eugene T.
2854:Friedman, Michael
2782:978-3-643-50937-6
2381:978-0-226-40336-6
2265:, Amsterdam 1986.
1771:Charles W. Morris
1717:Kurt Reidemeister
1548:, 1968, vol.2 n.6
1538:, 1962, vol.2 n.2
1528:, 1961, vol.2 n.3
1518:, 1955, vol.1 n.9
1511:, 1952, vol.2 n.7
1491:, 1951, vol.2 n.9
1481:, 1951, vol.1 n.8
1471:, 1946, vol.1 n.7
1464:, 1949, vol.2 n.5
1458:Joseph H. Woodger
1454:, 1944, vol.2 n.1
1447:, 1941, vol.2 n.8
1433:, 1939, vol.2 n.4
1423:, 1939, vol.1 n.6
1413:, 1939, vol.1 n.4
1403:, 1939, vol.1 n.3
1396:, 1938, vol.1 n.5
1386:, 1938, vol.1 n.2
1379:, 1938, vol.1 n.1
1173:Richard von Mises
1106:first-order logic
1042:Alfred Jules Ayer
1035:Charles W. Morris
984:Olga Taussky-Todd
976:Kurt Reidemeister
952:Charles W. Morris
916:Alfred Jules Ayer
883:Richard von Mises
863:Olga Hahn-Neurath
799:emigrated to the
749:Prague University
729:Charles W. Morris
597:Verein Ernst Mach
589:Verein Ernst Mach
555:Olga Hahn-Neurath
484:Kurt Reidemeister
478:The formation of
337:political economy
307:Hermann Minkowski
226:Verein Ernst Mach
6719:
6640:
6626:
6550:Gaston Bachelard
6471:Truth and Method
6455:World Hypotheses
6335:The Two Cultures
6250:
6240:
6230:
6215:
6214:
6204:
6203:
5946:
5900:Unity of science
5809:Legal positivism
5768:
5767:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5730:
5729:
5716:
5715:
5706:
5705:
5645:Nancy Cartwright
5486:Nicholas Rescher
5463:Bas van Fraassen
5453:Nicholas Rescher
5276:Hans Reichenbach
5259:
5258:
5225:Bernard Williams
5122:Bertrand Russell
5044:
5043:
4978:Rigid designator
4941:
4940:
4687:
4686:
4683:Related articles
4669:
4662:
4655:
4646:
4645:
4633:
4632:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4594:Bas van Fraassen
4549:Hans Reichenbach
4529:Bertrand Russell
4446:
4445:
4272:Philosophy of...
4055:Unity of science
3848:Commensurability
3794:
3787:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3711:Metaepistemology
3689:Related articles
3663:Regress argument
3598:Epistemic virtue
3349:Bertrand Russell
3324:Duncan Pritchard
3284:Hilary Kornblith
3199:Laurence BonJour
3146:
3139:
3132:
3123:
3122:
2970:Reisch, George.
2959:Parrini, Paolo;
2890:Haller, Rudolf.
2840:
2834:
2811:Bergmann, Gustav
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2514:
2503:
2497:
2490:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2440:
2433:
2427:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2399:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2365:
2359:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2315:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
1929:is an animal", "
1813:
1767:JĂžrgen JĂžrgensen
1745:Unity of science
1729:Bertrand Russell
1713:Hans Reichenbach
1703:, Hasso HĂ€rlen,
1586:logical analysis
1485:JĂžrgen JĂžrgensen
1382:Charles Morris,
1373:Bertrand Russell
1354:, Kluwer, 1987.
1339:. VortrÀge, 1938
1195:Fragen der Ethik
1193:Moritz Schlick,
1033:and philosopher
972:Hans Reichenbach
936:Heinrich Gomperz
809:unity of science
663:Cambridge, Mass.
559:Heinrich Gomperz
411:
321:(1905â1906) and
295:Ludwig Boltzmann
200:(today known as
165:unity of science
137:Bertrand Russell
40:
6727:
6726:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6716:
6692:Science studies
6667:
6666:
6665:
6660:
6643:
6599:
6565:Paul Feyerabend
6560:Wilhelm Dilthey
6533:
6410:
6349:
6266:
6209:
6194:
6141:Ramsey sentence
6096:Instrumentalism
6025:
6003:
6001:paradigm shifts
5994:
5931:Critical theory
5909:
5905:Verificationism
5853:
5849:Russian Machism
5797:
5762:
5757:
5727:
5722:
5713:
5690:
5681:Jan Ćukasiewicz
5669:
5637:Stanford School
5631:
5617:Paul Feyerabend
5605:
5591:Alvin Plantinga
5579:
5565:James F. Conant
5551:
5495:
5467:
5458:Wilfrid Sellars
5448:Alexander Pruss
5428:Paul Churchland
5404:
5383:
5339:Donald Davidson
5318:
5280:
5257:
5234:
5160:Michael Dummett
5136:
5127:Frank P. Ramsey
5080:
5042:
5018:Jaakko Hintikka
5003:Keith Donnellan
4982:
4939:
4893:
4854:Neurophilosophy
4839:Logical atomism
4793:
4747:
4721:
4678:
4673:
4643:
4638:
4627:
4617:
4615:
4603:
4584:Paul Feyerabend
4544:Michael Polanyi
4480:
4466:Galileo Galilei
4435:
4421:Science studies
4337:
4267:
4258:Verificationism
4163:Instrumentalism
4148:Foundationalism
4123:Conventionalism
4081:
3917:Feminist method
3803:
3798:
3768:
3763:
3735:
3684:
3603:Gettier problem
3533:
3464:Foundationalism
3410:
3359:Wilfrid Sellars
3314:Alvin Plantinga
3194:George Berkeley
3161:Epistemologists
3155:
3150:
3095:
3090:
3047:Spohn, Wolfgang
3009:Sarkar, Sahotra
2881:Giere, Ronald N
2877:. Torino, 1934.
2832:
2820:Cirera, Ramon.
2764:
2759:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2504:
2500:
2491:
2487:
2478:
2474:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2434:
2430:
2424:Paul Feyerabend
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2366:
2362:
2358:2001, page 151.
2353:
2349:
2345:Frank 1949, 38.
2344:
2340:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2197:
2180:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2042:
2039:
2038:
1832:
1814:
1808:
1763:Unified Science
1751:unified science
1747:
1741:
1739:Unified science
1725:Albert Einstein
1693:Walter Dubislav
1578:
1562:
1542:Gerhard Tintner
1467:Philipp Frank,
1399:Rudolf Carnap,
1313:Philipp Frank,
1306:Rudolf Carnap,
1282:Unified Science
1252:Josef SchÀchter
1229:Rudolf Carnap,
1211:Philipp Frank,
1186:Rudolf Carnap,
1149:Unified Science
1118:quantum physics
1066:
1060:
996:
968:Frank P. Ramsey
895:Josef SchÀchter
839:Gustav Bergmann
825:
737:
719:Unified Science
593:
551:
476:
464:Albert Einstein
412:
409:
405:, Hilbert, etc.
261:
253:
184:Unified Science
145:Albert Einstein
121:conventionalism
66:social sciences
60:drawn from the
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6725:
6715:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6632:
6627:
6618:
6613:
6607:
6605:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6541:
6539:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6523:
6515:
6507:
6499:
6491:
6483:
6475:
6467:
6459:
6451:
6443:
6435:
6427:
6418:
6416:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6386:Ămile Durkheim
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6339:
6331:
6323:
6315:
6307:
6299:
6291:
6283:
6274:
6272:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6258:
6252:
6242:
6232:
6227:Methodenstreit
6221:
6219:
6211:
6210:
6200:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6168:Social science
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6128:
6123:
6121:Operationalism
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6033:
6031:
6030:Related topics
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6017:
6010:
6008:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5938:
5936:Falsifiability
5933:
5928:
5923:
5921:Antipositivism
5917:
5915:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5824:Postpositivism
5821:
5816:
5811:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5774:
5772:
5764:
5763:
5756:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5733:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5710:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5665:Patrick Suppes
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5641:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5561:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5547:Michael Walzer
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5503:
5501:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5477:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5433:Adolf GrĂŒnbaum
5430:
5425:
5420:
5418:Robert Brandom
5414:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5374:W. V. O. Quine
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5349:Nelson Goodman
5346:
5344:Daniel Dennett
5341:
5336:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5309:Moritz Schlick
5306:
5301:
5296:
5290:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5267:
5265:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5244:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5220:Charles Taylor
5217:
5212:
5210:P. F. Strawson
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5146:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5107:Norman Malcolm
5104:
5099:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5076:J. J. C. Smart
5073:
5068:
5063:
5061:David Chalmers
5058:
5052:
5050:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5023:Giuseppe Peano
5020:
5015:
5013:Edmund Gettier
5010:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4968:Possible world
4965:
4960:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4920:Counterfactual
4917:
4912:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4779:Paraconsistent
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4690:Areas of focus
4684:
4680:
4679:
4672:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4649:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4625:
4613:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4569:W. V. O. Quine
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4504:Rudolf Steiner
4501:
4496:
4494:Henri Poincaré
4491:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4450:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4364:Exact sciences
4361:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4342:Related topics
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4301:Social science
4298:
4297:
4296:
4294:Space and time
4286:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
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4216:
4207:
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4057:
4052:
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4035:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4003:Scientific law
4000:
3999:
3998:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3912:Falsifiability
3909:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3860:
3855:
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3841:Mill's Methods
3833:
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3809:
3805:
3804:
3797:
3796:
3789:
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3774:
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3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3429:Constructivism
3426:
3420:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3379:Baruch Spinoza
3376:
3374:P. F. Strawson
3371:
3366:
3364:Susanna Siegel
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3339:W. V. O. Quine
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3239:Nelson Goodman
3236:
3231:
3229:Edmund Gettier
3226:
3221:
3216:
3214:René Descartes
3211:
3206:
3204:Gilles Deleuze
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3179:William Alston
3176:
3171:
3169:Thomas Aquinas
3165:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3093:External links
3091:
3089:
3088:
3081:
3071:
3064:
3054:
3044:
3037:
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3023:
3016:
3006:
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2844:Frank, Philipp
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2111:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2046:
2028:is a noun and
1973:arises out of
1965:arises out of
1912:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1831:
1828:
1806:
1740:
1737:
1684:, upbringing,
1617:part of speech
1593:symbolic logic
1577:
1574:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1539:
1532:Thomas S. Kuhn
1529:
1519:
1512:
1502:
1492:
1482:
1472:
1465:
1455:
1450:Otto Neurath,
1448:
1434:
1424:
1414:
1404:
1397:
1387:
1380:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1335:, J. Woodger,
1327:Otto Neurath,
1325:
1320:Otto Neurath,
1318:
1311:
1304:
1299:Otto Neurath,
1297:
1275:
1274:
1265:Victor Kraft,
1263:
1249:
1238:
1227:
1220:
1209:
1204:Otto Neurath,
1202:
1191:
1184:
1110:incompleteness
1096:. (1939). The
1059:
1056:
998:The spread of
995:
992:
899:Moritz Schlick
871:Felix Kaufmann
824:
821:
736:
733:
731:, 1938â1970).
614:also known as
592:
585:
550:
547:
525:) in 1917 and
513:and partly by
507:Moritz Schlick
475:
472:
407:
387:Henri Poincaré
297:in Vienna and
260:
257:
252:
249:
245:Johann Nelböck
235:and after the
125:Henri Poincaré
82:Moritz Schlick
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6724:
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6708:
6705:
6703:
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6690:
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6678:
6677:Vienna Circle
6675:
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6609:
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6586:
6583:
6581:
6580:György Lukåcs
6578:
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6417:
6413:
6407:
6406:Vienna Circle
6404:
6402:
6401:Berlin Circle
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6381:Eugen DĂŒhring
6379:
6377:
6376:Auguste Comte
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6358:
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6297:
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6292:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6271:Contributions
6269:
6262:
6259:
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6253:
6249:
6248:
6243:
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6229:
6228:
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6216:
6212:
6205:
6201:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6185:Structuralism
6183:
6181:
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6174:
6171:
6170:
6169:
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6164:
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6156:
6154:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6126:Phenomenalism
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
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6061:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6037:Behavioralism
6035:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6021:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5965:Human science
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
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5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5890:Pseudoscience
5888:
5886:
5885:Justification
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5850:
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5842:
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5779:
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5731:
5719:
5711:
5709:
5701:
5700:
5697:
5687:
5686:Alfred Tarski
5684:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5655:Peter Galison
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5625:
5623:
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5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5542:Nathan Salmon
5540:
5538:
5537:Richard Rorty
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5507:Alonzo Church
5505:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
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5476:
5474:
5470:
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5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5443:Ruth Millikan
5441:
5439:
5438:John McDowell
5436:
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5429:
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5421:
5419:
5416:
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5413:
5411:
5407:
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5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5369:Hilary Putnam
5367:
5365:
5364:Robert Nozick
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5294:Rudolf Carnap
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5286:Vienna Circle
5283:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5263:Berlin Circle
5260:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
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5196:
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5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5170:Philippa Foot
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5117:Graham Priest
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5097:Charlie Broad
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5008:Gottlob Frege
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4935:Supervenience
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4834:Functionalism
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4819:Descriptivism
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4784:Philosophical
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4774:Non-classical
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4665:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4624:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4554:Rudolf Carnap
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4489:Auguste Comte
4487:
4486:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4461:Francis Bacon
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4389:Pseudoscience
4387:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:Structuralism
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4210:Received view
4208:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4118:Contextualism
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
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4048:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3790:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:Justification
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:Phenomenalism
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3484:NaĂŻve realism
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3434:Contextualism
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3399:Vienna Circle
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:Hilary Putnam
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3309:Robert Nozick
3307:
3305:
3304:John McDowell
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:Immanuel Kant
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:Alvin Goldman
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3074:Uebel, Thomas
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2926:Kraft, Victor
2924:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2900:3-534-06677-4
2897:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2755:
2754:3-7873-1811-9
2751:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2676:
2670:
2654:
2648:
2632:
2626:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2584:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2519:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2495:
2489:
2482:
2476:
2469:
2463:
2454:
2445:
2438:
2432:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2404:
2397:
2391:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2357:
2351:
2342:
2335:
2329:
2320:
2313:
2307:
2298:
2289:
2280:
2271:
2264:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2171:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2117:
2101:
2095:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:Kurt Grelling
1698:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:Felix Mainx,
1513:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1495:Egon Brunswik
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1390:Victor Lenzen
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1092:, UK (1938),
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:Berlin Circle
1071:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
991:
989:
985:
981:
980:Alfred Tarski
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:Egon Brunswik
917:
914:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:Philipp Frank
848:
847:Herbert Feigl
844:
843:Rudolf Carnap
840:
837:
836:Inner Circle:
833:
829:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:Berlin Circle
794:
789:
787:
783:
778:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:Austrofascism
752:
750:
746:
745:Herbert Feigl
742:
732:
730:
726:
725:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
661:, UK (1938),
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:Berlin Circle
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
590:
584:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
566:Rudolf Carnap
562:
560:
556:
546:
543:
542:Herbert Feigl
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
500:
495:
494:
489:
485:
481:
471:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
369:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:Philipp Frank
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:(from 1909).
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:David Hilbert
296:
292:
288:
284:
282:
278:
274:
273:Philipp Frank
270:
266:
256:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:Austrofascism
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:Enlightenment
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:Gottlob Frege
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:David Hilbert
114:
110:
109:neopositivism
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
88:, especially
87:
83:
80:, chaired by
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
33:Vienna Circle
26:
21:
6702:Epistemology
6525:
6517:
6509:
6501:
6493:
6485:
6477:
6469:
6461:
6453:
6445:
6437:
6429:
6421:
6405:
6341:
6333:
6325:
6317:
6309:
6301:
6293:
6285:
6277:
6261:Science wars
6059:Epistemology
5990:Reflectivism
5950:Hermeneutics
5802:Declinations
5778:Antihumanism
5771:Perspectives
5575:Cora Diamond
5491:Morton White
5359:Thomas Nagel
5304:Otto Neurath
5285:
5253:Ernest Nagel
5200:Gilbert Ryle
5195:Derek Parfit
5155:J. L. Austin
5102:Casimir Lewy
5071:Peter Singer
5066:J. L. Mackie
5038:Barry Stroud
4998:Noam Chomsky
4991:Philosophers
4925:Natural kind
4809:Anti-realism
4769:Mathematical
4743:Performative
4702:Epistemology
4599:Larry Laudan
4579:Imre Lakatos
4534:Otto Neurath
4509:Karl Pearson
4499:Pierre Duhem
4471:Isaac Newton
4401:Protoscience
4359:Epistemology
4233:Anti-realism
4231: /
4212: /
4203: /
4189: /
4187:Reductionism
4185: /
4158:Inductionism
4138:Evolutionism
3943:
3830:a posteriori
3829:
3825:
3677:
3578:Common sense
3556:A posteriori
3555:
3547:
3509:Reductionism
3403:
3398:
3354:Gilbert Ryle
3224:Fred Dretske
3209:Keith DeRose
3153:Epistemology
3115:
3084:
3077:
3067:
3060:
3050:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2971:
2964:
2953:
2936:
2929:
2917:
2913:
2910:Karl Sigmund
2891:
2884:
2874:
2864:
2857:
2847:
2836:
2821:
2814:
2804:
2797:
2787:
2773:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2710:
2706:
2694:Bibliography
2679:. Retrieved
2669:
2657:. Retrieved
2647:
2635:. Retrieved
2625:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2583:
2575:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2518:
2507:Thomas Uebel
2501:
2493:
2488:
2480:
2475:
2467:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2436:
2431:
2419:Kraft Circle
2417:
2412:
2403:
2395:
2390:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2350:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2319:
2311:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2262:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2182:In 1991 the
2181:
2172:
2096:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2014:prime number
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1882:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1801:Encyclopedia
1800:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:World War II
1762:
1758:
1748:
1721:Edgar Zilsel
1709:F. P. Ramsey
1690:
1686:architecture
1669:
1662:
1658:a posteriori
1656:
1649:tautological
1632:
1610:
1605:Metaphysical
1597:
1590:
1579:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1552:
1545:
1535:
1525:
1522:Abraham Edel
1515:
1508:
1498:
1488:
1478:
1468:
1461:
1451:
1444:
1441:Edgar Zilsel
1430:
1420:
1417:Ernest Nagel
1410:
1400:
1393:
1383:
1376:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1336:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1176:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1102:completeness
1070:epistemology
1067:
1045:
1039:
1012:
997:
912:
911:
907:Edgar Zilsel
887:Otto Neurath
875:Victor Kraft
835:
834:
830:
826:
816:
812:
790:
786:Nazi Germany
779:
775:Hans Nelböck
772:
763:
753:
738:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
700:
696:
694:
671:
665:(1939), and
626:
622:
620:
615:
611:
607:
605:
600:
596:
595:In 1928 the
594:
588:
580:
578:
573:
570:Privatdozent
569:
563:
552:
535:
530:
526:
522:
518:
504:
497:
491:
479:
477:
457:
414:
391:Pierre Duhem
371:
367:
349:
329:Otto Neurath
327:
315:Habilitation
285:
281:Otto Neurath
269:epistemology
262:
254:
241:Nazi Germany
230:
225:
221:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
169:
129:Pierre Duhem
100:
98:
54:philosophers
46:Wiener Kreis
32:
30:
6616:Objectivity
6585:Karl Popper
6575:Thomas Kuhn
6555:Mario Bunge
6306:(1879â1884)
6241:(1909â1959)
5975:Metaphysics
5955:Historicism
5870:Demarcation
5865:Consilience
5788:Rationalism
5674:Lwow-Warsaw
5660:Ian Hacking
5627:Karl Popper
5622:Thomas Kuhn
5570:Alice Crary
5532:Saul Kripke
5527:Jaegwon Kim
5522:David Lewis
5512:Jerry Fodor
5481:Susan Haack
5395:Robert Audi
5205:John Searle
5175:Peter Geach
5165:Antony Flew
5112:G. E. Moore
5033:Ernest Sosa
4963:Possibility
4712:Mathematics
4697:Metaphysics
4589:Ian Hacking
4574:Thomas Kuhn
4559:Karl Popper
4539:C. D. Broad
4456:Roger Bacon
4384:Non-science
4326:Linguistics
4306:Archaeology
4201:Rationalism
4191:Determinism
4178:Physicalism
4143:Fallibilism
4093:Coherentism
4023:Testability
3976:Observation
3971:Objectivity
3932:alternative
3863:Correlation
3853:Consilience
3658:Proposition
3628:Objectivity
3514:Reliabilism
3504:Rationalism
3449:Fallibilism
3424:Coherentism
3369:Ernest Sosa
3344:Thomas Reid
3329:James Pryor
3299:G. E. Moore
3289:David Lewis
3279:Saul Kripke
3274:Peter Klein
3254:Susan Haack
3184:Robert Audi
2496:, 28, 1931.
1818:Thomas Kuhn
1697:Josef Frank
1505:Carl Hempel
1333:G. Mannoury
1331:, C. Hull,
1329:E. Brunswik
1292:Hans Hahn,
1222:Otto Kant,
1052:Karl Popper
1031:semiotician
948:Hans Kelsen
928:Josef Frank
924:Karl BĂŒhler
879:Karl Menger
768:Schuschnigg
591:(1928â1934)
533:) in 1918.
468:World War I
379:metaphysics
333:mathematics
303:Felix Klein
291:mathematics
202:Kaliningrad
161:metaphysics
74:mathematics
6671:Categories
6396:Ernst Mach
6391:Ernst Laas
6366:A. J. Ayer
6354:Proponents
6173:Philosophy
5970:Humanities
5914:Antitheses
5783:Empiricism
5760:Positivism
5650:John Dupré
5517:Kurt Gödel
5473:Pragmatism
5388:Notre Dame
5379:John Rawls
5248:A. J. Ayer
5185:R. M. Hare
5180:Paul Grice
5092:Arif Ahmed
4879:Sense data
4864:Pragmatism
4738:Linguistic
4476:David Hume
4449:Precursors
4331:Psychology
4311:Economicsâ
4205:Empiricism
4196:Pragmatism
4183:Positivism
4173:Naturalism
4043:scientific
3927:Hypothesis
3890:Experiment
3759:Discussion
3749:Task Force
3668:Simplicity
3648:Perception
3524:Skepticism
3499:Positivism
3474:Infinitism
3439:Empiricism
3294:John Locke
3259:David Hume
3249:Anil Gupta
3244:Paul Grice
3219:John Dewey
3189:A. J. Ayer
2902:. (German)
2830:"Nachwort"
2707:Erkenntnis
2599:p. 339â340
1844:vocabulary
1836:Erkenntnis
1755:experience
1743:See also:
1705:Eino Kaila
1601:experience
1582:empiricist
1427:John Dewey
1369:John Dewey
1153:Erkenntnis
1114:arithmetic
1112:of formal
1086:Copenhagen
1078:Königsberg
1062:See also:
956:Arne Naess
944:Eino Kaila
913:Periphery:
867:BĂ©la Juhos
855:Kurt Gödel
702:Erkenntnis
674:socialists
655:Copenhague
639:Königsberg
511:Ernst Mach
374:positivist
216:, UK, and
210:Copenhagen
198:Königsberg
189:Erkenntnis
157:empiricism
113:Ernst Mach
58:scientists
6637:Verstehen
6623:Phronesis
6611:Knowledge
6595:Max Weber
6415:Criticism
6163:Sociology
6101:Modernism
6079:pluralism
6064:anarchism
5960:Historism
5880:Induction
5793:Scientism
5500:Princeton
5299:Hans Hahn
5085:Cambridge
4958:Necessity
4953:Actualism
4824:Emotivism
4789:Predicate
4759:Classical
4316:Geography
4284:Chemistry
4243:Scientism
4038:ladenness
3858:Construct
3836:Causality
3623:Knowledge
3608:Induction
3558:knowledge
3550:knowledge
2906:Holt, Jim
2587:VC p. 339
2142:∃
2138:¬
2114:∃
2110:¬
2066:∃
2045:∃
2024:", where
1919:arthropod
1903:verified?
1879:sentences
1682:education
1637:inference
1625:qualities
1479:Cosmology
1286:JĂžrgensen
1122:causality
1090:Cambridge
891:Rose Rand
859:Hans Hahn
743:reasons:
678:Karl Marx
659:Cambridge
515:Boltzmann
445:Whitehead
425:Helmholtz
319:Innsbruck
311:Göttingen
287:Hans Hahn
277:Hans Hahn
224:(German:
214:Cambridge
119:, French
38:âčSee Tfdâș
6658:Category
6074:nihilism
6069:idealism
5999:Related
5875:Evidence
5708:Category
5584:Reformed
5557:Quietism
4945:Modality
4905:Analysis
4898:Concepts
4869:Quietism
4829:Feminism
4802:Theories
4707:Language
4611:Category
4263:Vitalism
4086:Theories
4060:Variable
3981:Paradigm
3868:function
3826:A priori
3815:Analysis
3808:Concepts
3744:Category
3563:Analysis
3548:A priori
3539:Concepts
3479:Innatism
3416:Theories
2681:19 March
2659:19 March
2637:19 March
2211:Logicism
2195:See also
1807:â
1672:theology
1664:a priori
1633:thinking
1629:concepts
1613:language
1269:, 1937 (
1258:, 1935 (
1244:, 1934 (
1233:, 1934 (
1215:, 1932 (
1197:, 1930 (
1179:, 1928 (
1139:'s book
1108:and the
1050:(1936).
1004:Stanford
770:regime.
669:(1941).
657:(1936),
653:(1935),
649:(1934),
417:Brentano
408:â
403:Schröder
399:Couturat
6538:Critics
6263:(1990s)
6257:(1980s)
6251:(1960s)
6231:(1890s)
6084:realism
6016:(1830s)
6004:in the
5610:Science
5327:Harvard
4973:Realism
4849:Marxism
4764:Deviant
4733:Aretaic
4717:Science
4321:History
4289:Physics
4279:Biology
4077:more...
4065:control
3961:Inquiry
3679:more...
3459:Fideism
3405:more...
3049:(ed.),
2980:(ed.).
1899:How is
1853:A word
1793:Preface
758:in the
667:Chicago
441:Russell
433:Husserl
421:Meinong
361:in the
355:physics
341:history
62:natural
6530:(1986)
6522:(1980)
6514:(1978)
6506:(1968)
6498:(1964)
6490:(1963)
6482:(1962)
6474:(1960)
6466:(1951)
6458:(1942)
6450:(1936)
6442:(1934)
6434:(1923)
6426:(1909)
6346:(2001)
6338:(1959)
6330:(1936)
6322:(1927)
6314:(1886)
6298:(1869)
6290:(1848)
6282:(1830)
6218:Method
6091:Holism
6022:(1927)
5142:Oxford
4033:choice
4028:Theory
3966:Nature
3895:design
3573:Belief
3469:Holism
2943:
2898:
2791:London
2780:
2752:
2611:p. 328
2578:p. 339
2561:p. 330
2549:p. 329
2378:
2035:copula
1961:" or "
1848:syntax
1775:Europe
1731:, and
1719:, and
1645:reason
1621:things
1346:, 1939
1324:, 1935
1317:, 1935
1310:, 1934
1303:, 1933
1296:, 1933
1226:, 1932
1208:, 1931
1190:, 1929
1027:Warsaw
1025:, and
1023:Prague
1019:Vienna
807:. The
741:racist
647:Prague
557:, and
460:Prague
339:, and
323:Vienna
194:Prague
42:German
6630:Truth
5718:Index
4752:Logic
4726:Turns
3754:Stubs
3673:Truth
3319:Plato
2833:(PDF)
2513:>.
2222:Notes
1977:when
1877:What
1082:Paris
651:Paris
453:Frege
449:Lenin
437:Freud
429:Hertz
395:logic
206:Paris
153:logic
70:logic
48:) of
3937:null
3907:Fact
3828:and
2941:ISBN
2896:ISBN
2778:ISBN
2750:ISBN
2683:2020
2661:2020
2639:2020
2505:Cp.
2376:ISBN
2100:noun
1997:and
1989:and
1799:The
1439:and
1120:and
688:and
680:and
643:1930
540:and
451:and
389:and
305:and
279:and
267:and
143:and
127:and
92:and
72:and
64:and
56:and
31:The
2020:is
1881:is
1588:."
1566:one
1104:of
784:to
645:),
490:'s
480:the
309:in
239:by
204:);
178:),
131:),
107:or
103:),
6673::
3076:.
3059:.
3011:.
2952:.
2928:.
2912:,
2873:.
2856:,
2846::
2813:.
2609:VC
2597:VC
2576:VC
2566:^
2559:VC
2547:VC
2536:VC
1727:,
1715:,
1711:,
1699:,
1695:,
1544:,
1534:,
1524:,
1507:,
1497:,
1487:,
1477:,
1460:,
1443:,
1429:,
1419:,
1409:,
1392:,
1371:,
1363::
1254:,
1175:,
1124:.
1021:,
990:.
986:,
982:,
978:,
974:,
970:,
966:,
962:,
958:,
954:,
950:,
946:,
942:,
938:,
934:,
930:,
926:,
922:,
918:,
909:.
905:,
901:,
897:,
893:,
889:,
885:,
881:,
877:,
873:,
869:,
865:,
861:,
857:,
853:,
849:,
845:,
841:,
819:.
692:.
502:.
455:.
447:,
443:,
439:,
435:,
431:,
427:,
423:,
419:,
401:,
365:.
335:,
301:,
283:.
275:,
212:;
208:;
196:;
167:.
139:,
135:,
115:,
96:.
68:,
44::
5752:e
5745:t
5738:v
4911:)
4907:(
4668:e
4661:t
4654:v
3793:e
3786:t
3779:v
3145:e
3138:t
3131:v
2685:.
2663:.
2641:.
2426:.
2384:.
2158:)
2155:x
2152:(
2149:O
2146:x
2118:x
2082:)
2079:x
2076:(
2073:P
2070:x
2030:y
2026:x
2022:y
2018:x
2007:y
2003:x
1999:y
1995:x
1991:y
1987:x
1983:y
1979:x
1975:x
1971:y
1967:x
1963:y
1959:x
1955:y
1951:y
1947:x
1945:"
1939:x
1935:x
1931:x
1927:x
1923:x
1910:?
1908:S
1901:S
1894:S
1889:?
1887:S
1883:S
1871:S
1867:W
1863:W
1859:W
1855:W
1761:(
1280:(
1164:(
1147:(
1131:(
717:(
709:(
641:(
625:(
610:(
599:(
529:(
521:(
182:(
174:(
123:(
35:(
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