682:
disapproval. A notable exception applies to immigrants who cannot speak
English upon arrival. For example, people from the Dominican Republic and Haiti, lacking fluency in English upon arrival, often learn Virgin Islands Creole before they master standard English. In nearby French St. Martin, some people from France and the French West Indies who lack fluency in English upon arrival in St. Martin learn the variety of St. Martin English the native population speaks.
624:, and Spanish is the second most dominant language there after English and creole, Puerto Ricans and other Hispanics also speak Spanglish-like code switching of Puerto Rican and other Spanish dialects and local dialect of the island, along with Dutch and standard English. The same situation obtains in Saba and St. Eustatius; in the British Virgin Islands, a Spanglish-like code switching of Spanish and creole with British English is spoken.
287:
461:, as well as a tendency for wealthy planters to own plantations in both the Virgin Islands and SSS islands, the "ancestral" inhabitants (descendants of the original African slaves and European colonists) of the SSS islands share common bloodlines and a common culture with those of the U.S. and British Virgin Islands.
746:(the "th" sound) are often omitted from speech, and replaced by dental plosives ("t" or "d" sounds). The vowel pronunciation of Virgin Islands Creole can widely differ from American English. For example, in Virgin Islands Creole (as well as most other Anglophone Caribbean creoles), the suffix "er" in English,
456:
Like those in the Virgin
Islands, African slaves were brought to the SSS islands of Saba, Sint Eustatius and Saint Martin. The prevalence of Europeans from the British Isles on these islands, as well as the SSS islands' proximity and trade with nearby English-speaking islands, resulted in an English
677:
Like other
Caribbean creoles, Virgin Islands Creole is generally unwritten. But local authors often write in the creole in colloquial literature, and young Virgin Islanders tend to write in it when communicating online. Because no standard spelling system exists in Virgin Islands Creole, those who
425:
was mostly of
English, Irish and Scottish origin, which led to African slaves developing an English-based creole throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. By the 19th century, Virgin Islands Creole was spoken on St. Thomas and St. John, as Negerhollands faded away. By the end of the 19th
661:
The majority of Virgin
Islanders speak Virgin Islands Creole, but due to immigration from the rest of the Caribbean and the U.S., some Virgin Islands residents do not speak it. Most non-native longtime residents can understand spoken Virgin Islands Creole, whether or not they speak it. In local
567:
In recent decades, the basilect form of the creole has typically only been spoken by older islanders. Although no longer in common use among the younger population, it has been preserved in historical plays, folk songs and local literature. The variety spoken by middle-aged and younger Virgin
681:
The prevailing sentiment is that Virgin
Islands Creole cannot be learned like a standard language, but only acquired through having spent one's formative years in the Virgin Islands. Attempts by Virgin Islands non-native residents to speak the dialect, even out of respect, are often met with
653:
In the U.S. Virgin
Islands, there has been an underlying pressure on Virgin Islanders to discard their dialect due to Americanization since the 1960s. The U.S. acquired the islands from Denmark in 1917, but American influence did not arrive until the early 1960s. Standard American English is
851:. Such usage is also found on many Caribbean islands outside the Virgin Islands. There are many instances where words and phrases (especially slang) that exist on one island do not exist on another. In addition, the Virgin Islands Creole spoken on St. Croix is often described as being more
571:
Virgin
Islands Creole has different forms that vary by the speaker's age, as many words and expressions are known only by older islanders, while some relatively newer words and expressions are known only to younger islanders. The creole continues to undergo changes in a
414:. Negerhollands was in mainstream usage on St. Thomas and St. John until the 19th century, when the British occupied the Danish West Indies from 1801 to 1802 and 1807 to 1815. As English became preferred as a trade and business language in the busy port of
792:
Local speech varies among the U.S. and
British Virgin Islands. It is commonplace for such differences to be pointed out in jest when Virgin Islanders of different islands congregate. For example, the pronunciation of the standard English phrase "come here" would be
500:. The speech of the SSS islands is slightly closer to that of the British Virgin Islands than that of the U.S. Virgin Islands. The speech of St. Thomas and St. John shares distinct similarities with both the Crucian and British Virgin Islands variants.
658:, as it is widely used in business and professional circles. Virgin Islands Creole, while appreciated for its cultural value and widely used informally, is often seen as an impediment to economic and educational progress.
631:’s Rio Piedras campus found that many old proverbs in the Crucian dialect, common among older generations, have faded away and are not widely known by young Crucians. Many Virgin Islanders who migrate to the
1018:
700:
in Virgin
Islands Creole. Another common pattern in Virgin Islands Creole is the absence of the letter "s" in the plural, possessive and third person present tense. For example, "my eyes" would translate to
262:, as many locals perceive the creole as a dialect of English, not an English creole language. But academic sociohistorical and linguistic research suggests that it is in fact an English creole language.
646:
Like most Caribbean creoles, the use of Virgin Islands Creole can vary depending on socioeconomic class. The middle and upper classes tend to speak it informally among friends and at home, but
449:
where they, like those enslaved on St. Croix, developed an English-based creole. Although the U.S. and British Virgin Islands are politically separate, they share a common
776:
Virgin Islands Creole also displays similarities to the English-based pidgin and creole languages of West Africa, due to their common descent from the blending of African
576:
environment. Its most modern mesolectal form mainly derives from traditional Virgin Islands Creole terms, idioms, proverbs and sentence structure, with influences from
568:
Islanders today is of a mesolectal form that still retains numerous creole features but is slightly closer to standard English than the basilect older islanders speak.
1183:
258:
The term "Virgin Islands Creole" is formal terminology used by scholars and academics, and rarely used in everyday speech. Informally, the creole is known as a
1358:
674:
immigrants. Instead, Virgin Islanders tend to refer to the dialect by their native island (i.e. "Crucian dialect", "Thomian dialect", "Tolian dialect", etc.)
558:
Due to the constant contact between standard English and Virgin Islands Creole in local society, there are many in-between speech varieties as well (known as
662:
vernacular, Virgin Islands Creole is rarely called a creole, as locally, "creole" (as well as "patois") usually refers to the French-based creoles spoken by
418:, Virgin Islands Creole became established in preference to Negerhollands. Some of the population continued to use Negerhollands well into the 20th century.
391:
The creole was formed when enslaved Africans, unable to communicate with each other and their European owners due to being taken from different regions of
1104:
Assorted information on Virgin Islands Creole, as well as Negerhollands. Includes section on surviving Africanisms in traditional Virgin Islands Creole.
612:
and the local Crucian dialect. In addition, due to long-standing historical and family ties between St. Croix and the nearby Puerto Rican islands of
399:
with West African–derived words and grammatical structure. This was creolized as it was passed on to subsequent generations as their native tongue.
1353:
639:) that influence their peer groups' speech. These changes, as well as the perception of many older Virgin Islanders that the dialect is undergoing
1140:
Includes, on page 6, an excerpt in which a teacher accounts her experiences teaching standard English to Crucian dialect speakers on St. Croix.
650:
to Standard English in the professional sphere. The lower socioeconomic classes tend to use the dialect in almost every aspect of daily life.
627:
As in other Caribbean creoles, proverbs are prevalent in Virgin Islands Creole. But in 2004, a linguistic study group in cooperation with the
1176:
265:
Because there are several varieties of Virgin Islands Creole, it is also colloquially known by the specific island on which it is spoken:
1363:
1373:
1368:
1348:
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creole being spoken in the SSS islands. Due to the heavy importation of workers from Saint Martin after the 1848 emancipation in the
433:. The British took over the islands from the Dutch in 1672. Enslaved Africans were brought to work on plantations on the islands of
359:
1169:
331:
410:
had a European population of mainly Dutch origin, which led to enslaved Africans first creating a Dutch-based creole, known as
308:
719:
in various ways. Virgin Islands and SSS island accents are somewhat similar to those of other Caribbean countries, especially
481:. Though not called by the same name, the Virgin Islands and SSS varieties are considered by linguists to be the same creole.
1383:
415:
338:
1116:
Cruciandictionary.com – an online dictionary on the Crucian dialect – the form of Virgin Islands Creole spoken on St. Croix.
1297:
564:). Most native Virgin Islanders can easily maneuver this continuum depending on their mood, subject matter, or addressee.
1131:
1120:
Domino 60 Traditional Children's Songs, Games, Proverbs, and Culture From the United States Virgin Islands by Karen Ellis
577:
193:
773:. Such anomalies have their roots in 17th- and 18th-century England, where such vowel sounds were pronounced similarly.
643:, have inspired debates about whether the dialect young Virgin Islanders speak today is in fact Virgin Islands Creole.
345:
426:
century, English creole completely replaced Negerhollands as the native dialect of St. Thomas and St. John.
1378:
378:
620:, many Vieques and Culebra locals of Crucian descent also speak Crucian dialect. As the English creole is spoken in
316:
1080:
983:
Wiltshire, Shari (January 28–29, 2007). "Crucian: Dialect or a language? Professor at UVI to publish dictionary".
327:
403:
183:
1192:
312:
218:
173:
100:
450:
407:
396:
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820:
Vowel sounds can also widely differ between islands. For example, the word "special" is usually pronounced
536:
781:
766:
751:
747:
1134:
A multi-chapter series on YouTube on the English creole spoken on the French-Dutch island of St. Martin.
777:
1030:
839:
Another commonly cited example of linguistic differences between the islands is the usage of the term
174:
to -ape and 52-AAB-apg to api (SSS varieties) 52-AAB-apa to -ape and 52-AAB-apg to api (SSS varieties)
1042:
628:
1054:
828:
on St. Thomas, St. John, the British Virgin Islands, and St. Martin. "Island" is usually pronounced
690:
Like other Caribbean creoles, Virgin Islands Creole has a smaller set of pronouns than English, and
1247:
632:
352:
297:
167:
1161:
1137:
1119:
588:
in the Leeward Islands region. The variant of Virgin Islands Creole spoken on St. Croix, known as
1322:
925:
691:
301:
1006:
765:
As on many other Caribbean islands, the "oi" sound in Standard English is replaced with long I (
469:
Today the creole is native to the U.S. and British Virgin Islands and the nearby SSS islands of
1242:
1196:
843:, the Virgin Islands Creole form of the standard English adverb "there". On St. Croix, another
430:
50:
42:
1237:
474:
234:
58:
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Unlike the continental European population of the other Danish West Indian islands, that of
1267:
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739:
617:
613:
609:
532:
8:
1282:
46:
801:
on St. Thomas, St. John and the British Virgin Islands. On St. Martin, it is pronounced
762:
is pronounced ("nevah")), though not all words ending in "er" are pronounced this way.
694:
occur less often. For example, the English phrase "I gave it to her" would translate to
1317:
1287:
965:
813:
on St. Thomas, St. John and the British Virgin Islands. These two anomalies are due to
496:. This is perhaps due to migration from St. Croix to Panama during the building of the
458:
1155:
1143:
159:
1312:
1302:
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1232:
1207:
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Zoop Zoop Zoop: Traditional Music and Folklore of St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John
1122:©1990 plus 45 minute Live Sound Field Recording ©1979 Registration Number TXu 822-111
995:
509:
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There are slight variations from island to island. The speech of St. Croix (known as
1292:
189:
743:
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593:
513:
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92:
453:, similar history based on colonialism and slavery, and some common bloodlines.
724:
647:
640:
605:
521:
478:
238:
222:
66:
62:
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944:
488:) is the most distinct, sharing many similarities with the English creoles of
1342:
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635:
often return with American-influenced speech patterns (colloquially known as
470:
446:
411:
243:
230:
54:
20:
1152:
A documentary on YouTube on the English creole spoken in the Virgin Islands.
1019:"My People … Reflections of the Hispanic Contribution to the Virgin Islands"
855:, or distant from standard English, than those of the other Virgin Islands.
524:
and English on Saba, Sint Eustatius and the Dutch side of Saint Martin, and
1307:
1222:
621:
497:
493:
438:
584:
idioms, due to the prevalence of African-American and Jamaican mainstream
143:
597:
585:
392:
226:
70:
1084:
949:
539:
exists, in which there are two extremes—standard English (known as the
1007:"What can you find on YouTube that’s Sociolinguistically Interesting?"
19:
For the Dutch-based creole once spoken in the Danish West Indies, see
836:
on St. Thomas, St. John, the British Virgin Islands, and St. Martin.
663:
601:
422:
152:
136:
16:
English-based creole spoken in the Virgin Islands and the SSS islands
286:
1191:
1113:
906:
899:
892:
885:
878:
871:
864:
805:. In addition, the Virgin Islands Creole form of the word "car" is
702:
695:
667:
560:
551:
541:
271:
Tolan dialect, Saban dialect, Saint Martin dialect, Statian dialect
201:
73:
814:
787:
442:
434:
197:
732:
728:
720:
671:
1009:, Society for Caribbean Linguistics – Abstracts and Profiles
769:). For example, the English word "join" would be pronounced
817:
influence on St. Croix during the Danish colonial period.
685:
600:
population. Many Crucians of Puerto Rican descent speak a
512:. The language of government, education, and the media is
200:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1146:
Wiwords.com – a cross-referencing West Indian dictionary.
1110:
Wiwords.com – a cross-referencing West Indian dictionary
429:
The creole had also been developing in the present-day
508:
Virgin Islands Creole does not have the status of an
267:
Crucian dialect, Thomian dialect, Tortolian dialect
858:
1340:
1128:Kraal Cultural Manual and Virgin Islands English
596:-derived words due to St. Croix's large ethnic
503:
979:
977:
788:Variations in grammar and speech among islands
221:consisting of several varieties spoken in the
1359:Languages of the United States Virgin Islands
1177:
1158:Includes many songs in Virgin Islands Creole.
1078:
1043:"Culture of the United States Virgin Islands"
678:attempt to write it use English orthography.
1126:Linguistics, American Virgin Islands Creole
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1055:English Creole – The Spoken Word on St. John
1031:"University of the Virgin Islands Magazine"
974:
710:
315:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1184:
1170:
1138:The Indigenous Folksong Reading Curriculum
873:What yoh do in de dark does come to light.
545:) and the creole in its most distinct, or
1063:
379:Learn how and when to remove this message
966:Ethnologue Report for language code: vic
1354:Languages of the British Virgin Islands
1081:"Child Rearing: A Virgin Islands Model"
908:When the wind blow foul batty does show
686:Grammatical structure and pronunciation
194:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1341:
1165:
395:with different languages, created an
742:dialects, in Virgin Islands Creole,
735:, but are also unique in many ways.
528:on the French side of Saint Martin.
520:in the British Virgin Islands, both
313:adding citations to reliable sources
280:
847:is often added, forming the phrase
750:in American English, is pronounced
34:Netherlands Antilles Creole English
13:
1364:Languages of Saint Martin (island)
1079:Bennerson, Denise; Richards, Gia.
938:
477:(both French and Dutch sides) and
14:
1395:
1374:English language in the Caribbean
1369:Languages of the African diaspora
1349:English-based pidgins and creoles
1108:British Virgin Islands Dictionary
1095:
758:is pronounced ("computah"), and
285:
894:Monkey know wha' tree to clime.
1193:English-based creole languages
1102:American Virgin Islands Creole
1048:
1045:, Countries and Their Cultures
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
989:
959:
859:Virgin Islands Creole proverbs
780:languages with English as the
1:
931:
887:Every skin teeth ain' a grin.
215:Virgin Islands Creole English
1384:Afro-Virgin Islander culture
1144:US Virgin Islands Dictionary
537:post-creole speech continuum
516:in the U.S. Virgin Islands,
504:Language use and perceptions
464:
7:
1059:St. John Historical Society
1021:, Virgin Islands Humanities
914:
715:Pronunciation differs from
10:
1400:
276:
18:
1203:
866:Who don't hear does feel.
629:University of Puerto Rico
180:
166:
150:
134:
129:
89:
79:
38:
33:
28:
1379:Creoles of the Caribbean
1323:Turks and Caicos Islands
996:"Virgin Islands Creoles"
711:Differences from English
85:(76,000 cited 1980–2011)
1132:St. Maarten Talk Series
955:(subscription required)
926:Nigerian Pidgin English
907:
901:Do for do ain' no obeah
900:
893:
886:
879:
872:
865:
703:
696:
328:"Virgin Islands Creole"
241:, where it is known as
880:Time longer dan twine.
451:Virgin Islands culture
431:British Virgin Islands
182:This article contains
51:Spanish Virgin Islands
43:British Virgin Islands
945:Virgin Islands Creole
549:, form (known as the
211:Virgin Islands Creole
115:Virgin Islands Creole
29:Virgin Islands Creole
740:Anglophone Caribbean
610:Puerto Rican Spanish
533:Anglophone Caribbean
402:The Danish colonies
397:English-based pidgin
309:improve this section
249:Saint Martin English
219:English-based creole
1213:Antigua and Barbuda
47:U.S. Virgin Islands
1114:Crucian Dictionary
697:Ah gi'e it toh she
459:Danish West Indies
1336:
1335:
953:(18th ed., 2015)
832:on St. Croix and
824:on St. Croix and
809:on St. Croix and
797:on St. Croix and
744:dental fricatives
510:official language
389:
388:
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190:rendering support
186:phonetic symbols.
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1083:. Archived from
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717:Standard English
706:
699:
654:associated with
622:Dutch St. Martin
592:, contains many
578:African-American
514:American English
416:Charlotte Amalie
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377:
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364:
362:
321:
289:
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255:, respectively.
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26:
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670:(Dominica) and
656:social mobility
518:British English
506:
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404:St. Thomas
385:
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306:
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279:
253:Statian English
225:and the nearby
188:Without proper
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93:Language family
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81:Native speakers
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17:
12:
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5:
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393:West Africa
227:SSS islands
196:instead of
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1343:Categories
1298:San Andrés
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704:ma eye dem
664:St. Lucian
531:Like most
339:newspapers
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137:ISO 639-3
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1195:of the
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277:History
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767:/aÉŞ/
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