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some who have disparities in the areas of the brain that allow for this to happen from different types of brain damage. There can also be a misunderstanding here in the differences between transient memories such as the visual sensory memory. A transient memory is merely a fleeting type of sensory memory; therefore, as the visual sensory memory is a type of sensory memory, there is a store for the information, but the store lasts for only a second or so. A common effect of the visual sensory memory is that individuals may remember seeing things that weren't really there or not remembering particular things that were in their line of sight. The memory is only momentary, and if it isn't attended to within a matter of seconds, it is gone.
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1987 to discover that this suffix effect has a larger impact on lists learned auditorally as opposed to visually. The culmination of all of these findings results in strong support of the theory that there is a short-term store that phonologically stores recently learned items. In addition, Bloom and
Watkins found that the suffix effect is greatly diminished when the suffix is not interpreted as linguistic sound, which agrees with the phonological short term store theory as it would be largely unaffected by non-linguistic distractors.
175:
100:
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323:"where" they are in comparative representation to other objects. The object memory of the visuo-spatial sketchpad is essential in learning and remembering "what" an object is. The differences between these two differing visual abilities is due in large part because of different pathways of each of the abilities in the brain. The visual pathway in the brain that detects spatial representation of a person to and within their environment is the
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control process. The phonological store acts as an "inner ear", remembering speech sounds in their temporal order, whilst the articulatory process acts as an "inner voice" and repeats the series of words (or other speech elements) on a loop to prevent them from decaying. The phonological loop may play a key role in the acquisition of vocabulary, particularly in the early childhood years. It may also be vital for learning a second language.
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intense tasks seem to activate in the occipital lobe, whereas more complex tasks appear in the parietal lobe. The central executive is still a mystery, although it would seem to be more or less located in the frontal lobes of the brain. The episodic buffer seems to be in both hemispheres (bilateral) with activations in both the frontal and temporal lobes, and even the left portion of the hippocampus. In terms of genetics, the gene
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381:, who presumably have no ability to encode new information in long-term memory, nevertheless have good short-term recall of stories, recalling much more information than could be held in the phonological loop. "The episodic buffer appears...capable of storing bound features and making them available to conscious awareness but not itself responsible for the process of binding".
89:. Performance of two simultaneous tasks requiring the use of two separate perceptual domains (i.e. a visual and a verbal task) is nearly as efficient as performance of the tasks individually. In contrast, when a person tries to carry out two tasks simultaneously that use the same perceptual domain, performance is less efficient than when performing the tasks individually.
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matter of seconds. The digit-span test is a perfect example of a measurement for classically defined short-term memory. Essentially, if one is not able to encode the 7 plus or minus two items within a few minutes by finding an existing association for the information to be transferred into long-term memory, then the information is lost and never encoded.
331:. Each of these two streams runs independent of one another so that the visual system may process one without the other (like in brain damage for instance) or both simultaneously. The two streams do not depend on one another, so if one is functioning manipulatively, the other can still send its information through.
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The episodic buffer "acts as a buffer store, not only between the components of
Working Memory, but also linking Working Memory to perception and Long-Term Memory". Baddeley assumes that "retrieval from the buffer occurred through conscious awareness". It allows individuals to use integrated units of
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has yet another aspect to which memory can be stored short term. The visuo-spatial sketchpad is the store that holds visual information for manipulation. The visuo-spatial sketchpad is thought to be its own storage of working memory in that it does not interfere with the short term processes of the
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is seen during forward serial recall when people are presented a list auditorally as opposed to visually. (A smaller effect is seen in backwards serial recall.) In his study, auditory presentation led to greater recall of the most recently studied items. Catherine Penney expanded on this discovery to
125:
The central executive is a flexible system responsible for the control and regulation of cognitive processes. It directs focus and targets information, making working memory and long-term memory work together. It can be thought of as a supervisory system that controls cognitive processes, making sure
406:
The strength of
Baddeley's model is its ability to integrate a large number of findings from work on short-term and working memory. Additionally, the mechanisms of the slave systems, especially the phonological loop, has inspired a wealth of research in experimental psychology, neuropsychology, and
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However, visuo-spatial short-term memory can retain visual and/or spatial information over brief periods of time. When this memory is in use, individuals are able to momentarily create and revisit a mental image that can be manipulated in complex or difficult tasks of spatial orientation. There are
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as a working memory to explain this phenomenon. In the original theory of short-term memory, it is understood that a person only has one store of immediate information processing which could only hold a total of 7 items plus or minus two items to be stored in a very short period of time, sometimes a
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can also be found in the case of free recall tasks. In 1965, Dallett had discovered that this observed modality effect is greatly reduced by the addition of a "suffix" item to the presented list; this suffix is a distractor item that is not to be recalled. Robert Greene utilized this observation in
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With visually presented items, adults usually name and sub-vocally rehearse them, so the information is transferred from a visual to an auditory encoding. Articulatory suppression prevents this transfer, and in that case the above-mentioned effect of phonological similarity is erased for visually
165:
Recent research on executive functions suggests that the 'central' executive is not as central as conceived in the
Baddeley & Hitch model. Rather, there seem to be separate executive functions that can vary largely independently between individuals and can be selectively impaired or spared by
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There is much evidence for a brief memory buffer, as distinct from the long term store. The phonological loop seems to be connected to activation in the left hemisphere, more specifically the temporal lobe. The visuo-spatial sketchpad activates different areas depending on task difficulty; less
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There are two different pathways in the brain that control different functions of what is known inclusively as the visuo-spatial sketchpad. The sketchpad consists of the spatial short-term memory and the object memory. The spatial short-term memory is how one is able to learn and thus remember
384:
It is assumed that "conscious access to the phonological loop or sketchpad may operate via the buffer". This is based on the assumption that both the visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop act as minor buffers, combining information within their sensory area. The episodic buffer may also
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Any auditory verbal information is assumed to enter automatically into the phonological store. Visually presented language can be transformed into phonological code by silent articulation and thereby be encoded into the phonological store. This transformation is facilitated by the articulatory
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dementia are impaired when performing multiple tasks simultaneously, even when the difficulty of the individual tasks is adapted to their abilities. Two tasks include a memory tasks and a tracking task. Individual actions are completed well, but as the
Alzheimer's becomes more prominent in a
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In 2000 Baddeley added a fourth component to the model, the episodic buffer. This component is a limited capacity passive system, dedicated to linking information across domains to form integrated units of visual, spatial, and verbal information with time sequencing (or episodic chronological
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phonological loop. In research, it has been found that the visuo-spatial sketchpad can work simultaneously with the phonological loop to process both auditory and visual stimuli without either of the processes affecting the efficacy of the other. Baddeley re-defined the theory of
60:(1968). This model is later expanded upon by Baddeley and other co-workers to add a fourth component, and has become the dominant view in the field of working memory. However, alternative models are developing, providing a different perspective on the working memory system.
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Miyake, A.; Friedman, N. P.; Emerson, M. J.; Witzki, A. H.; Howerter, A.; Wager, T. D. (2000). "The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "frontal lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis".
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However, criticisms have been raised, for instance of the phonological-loop component, because some details of the findings are not easily explained by the original
Baddeley and Hitch model, including the controversy regarding
96:. It is considered a limited-capacity system that provides temporary storage of information by conjoining information from the subsidiary systems, and long-term memory, into a single episodic representation.
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Results from brain-imaging show that working memory tasks with visual objects activate mostly areas in the left hemisphere, whereas tasks with spatial information activate more areas in the right hemisphere.
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Memory for verbal material is impaired when people are asked to say something irrelevant aloud. This is assumed to block the articulatory rehearsal process, leading memory traces in the phonological loop to
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Rudner, Mary; Fransson, Peter; Ingvar, Martin; Nyberg, Lars; Rönnberg, Jerker (2007-01-01). "Neural representation of binding lexical signs and words in the episodic buffer of working memory".
573:
Wongupparaj, P.; Kumari, V. & Morris, R.G. (2015). "The relation between a multicomponent working memory and intelligence: The roles of central executive and short-term storage functions".
82:. The phonological loop stores verbal content, whereas the visuo-spatial sketchpad caters to visuo-spatial data. Both the slave systems only function as short-term storage centers.
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patient, performing two or more actions becomes more and more difficult. This research has shown the deteriorating of the central executive in individuals with
Alzheimer's.
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The inner scribe, which deals with spatial and movement information. It also rehearses information in the visual cache and transfers information to the central executive.
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information they already have to imagine new concepts. Since this is likely "an attention-demanding process...the buffer would depend heavily on the
Central Executive".
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similarity (similarity of meaning) has comparatively little effect, supporting the assumption that verbal information is coded largely phonologically in working memory.
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An accumulation of literature across decades has lent strong support to the theory of phonological STS. In a 1971 study, Stephen
Madigan demonstrated that a larger
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The episodic buffer is seen as a helpful addition to the model of working memory, but it has not been investigated extensively and its functions remain unclear.
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Denis, Michel; Logie, Robert; Cornoldo, Cesare (2012). "The processing of visuo-spatial information: Neuropsychological and neuroimaging investigations".
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ordering), such as the memory of a story or a movie scene. The episodic buffer is also assumed to have links to long-term memory and semantic meaning.
85:
Baddeley and Hitch's argument for the distinction of two domain-specific slave systems in the older model was derived from experimental findings with
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The central executive has two main systems: the visuo-spatial sketchpad, for visual information, and the phonological loop, for verbal information.
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275:, whose speech problems are secondary, show a normal capacity for rehearsal. This suggests that it is the subvocal rehearsing that is crucial.
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Jones, D. M.; Macken, W. J.; Nicholls, A. P. (2004). "The phonological store of working memory: is it phonological and is it a store?".
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Waters, G.F.; et al. (1992). "The role of high-level speech planning in rehearsal: Evidence from patients with apraxia of speech".
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1685:"Genetic Variance in a Component of the Language Acquisition Device: ROBO1 Polymorphisms Associated with Phonological Buffer Deficits"
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1578:
Baddeley, Alan D.; Allen, Richard J.; Hitch, Graham J. (2011). "Binding in visual working memory: The role of the episodic buffer".
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The main motivation for introducing this component was the observation that some (in particular, highly intelligent) patients with
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A fourth component of
Baddeley's model was added 25 years later to complement the central executive system. It was designated as
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17:
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A defective phonological store explains the behavior of patients with a specific deficit in phonological short-term memory.
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Three main findings provide evidence for the distinction between visual and spatial parts of the visuospatial sketchpad:
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57:
327:. The visual pathway that determines objects shapes, sizes, colors and other definitive characteristics is called the
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Baddeley, A.D.; Wilson, B. A. (2002). "Prose recall and amnesia: implications for the structure of working memory".
1991:
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There is less interference between visual and spatial tasks than between two visual tasks or two spatial tasks.
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Baddeley and Hitch proposed their three-part working memory model as an alternative to the short-term store in
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splits primary memory into multiple components, rather than considering it to be a single, unified construct.
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Baddeley, A.D.; Della Sala, S.; Robbins, T. W.; Baddeley, A. (1996). "Working memory and executive control".
1684:
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Baddeley A, Wilson BA (2002). "Prose recall and amnesia: implications for the structure of working memory".
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Baddeley, A.D.; Wilson, B.A. (1985). "Phonological coding and shortterm memory in patients without speech".
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Lance C. Bloom; Michael J. Watkins (1999). "Two-Component Theory of the Suffix Effect: Contrary Findings".
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Baddeley A, Gathercole S, Papagno C (January 1998). "The phonological loop as a language learning device".
432:
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Stephen Madigan (1971). "Modality and Recall Order Interactions in Short-Term Memory for Serial Order".
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the short-term store is actively working, and intervenes when they go astray and prevents distractions.
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Baddeley, A.D.; Thomson, N; Buchanan, M (1975). "Word length and the structure of short-term memory".
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Logie has proposed that the visuo-spatial sketchpad can be further subdivided into two components:
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Lists of words that sound similar are more difficult to remember than words that sound different.
190:) as a whole deals with sound or phonological information. It consists of two parts: a short-term
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Klauer, K. C.; Zhao, Z. (2004). "Double dissociations in visual and spatial short-term memory".
924:"Short-term memory for word sequences as a function of acoustic, semantic and formal similarity"
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in 1974, in an attempt to present a more accurate model of primary memory (often referred to as
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Nairne, J. S. (2002). "Remembering over the short-term: The case against the standard model".
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Using the dual-task paradigm, Baddeley and Erses have found, for instance, that patients with
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which acts as a supervisory system and controls the flow of information from and to its
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The original model of Baddeley & Hitch was composed of three main components: the
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Murray, D.J. (1968). "Articulation and acoustic confusability in short term memory".
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1683:; Montgomery, Grant W.; Wright, Margaret J.; Martin, Nicholas G. (January 2011).
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1814:"Cognitive Psychology: A Student's Handbook :: 5th Edition: Chapter Topic"
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Brain damage can influence one of the components without influencing the other.
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The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory
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Catherine Penney (1975). "Modality Effects in Short-Term Verbal Memory".
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Updating and coding incoming information and replacing old information
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Baddeley's first model of working memory (without the episodic buffer)
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467:"Baddeley & Hitch (1974) - Working Memory - Psychology Unlocked"
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Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
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Binding information from a number of sources into coherent episodes
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Baddeley, Alan; Eysenck, Michael W.; Anderson, Michael C. (2009).
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has been associated with phonological buffer integrity or length.
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1928:
1136:"Primary Memory: The effects of redundancy upon digit repetition"
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103:
The Working Memory Model (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974, revised 2000)
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Baddeley, Alan; Allen, Richard J; Hitch, Graham J (2010-10-01).
1207:
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The visual cache, which stores information about form and color.
1969:
493:"Working Memory - Outline and Discussion - Psychology Unlocked"
268:, caused by a deficiency of the articulatory rehearsal process.
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Five main findings provide evidence for the phonological loop:
34:
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Gluck, Mark A.; Mercado, Eduardo; Myers, Catherine E. (2008).
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are unable to set up the speech motor codes necessary for
1881:"The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory?"
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http://www.psypress.com/ek5/resources/demo_ch06-sc-02.asp
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523:"The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory?"
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Inhibition, suppressing dominant or automatic responses
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Evidence in support of a phonological short-term store
1442:"Working Memory: Theories, Models, and Controversies"
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memory traces that are subject to rapid decay and an
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1965:(Vol. 8, pp. 47–89). New York: Academic Press.
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1577:
1533:
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648:
58:Atkinson and Shiffrin's 'multi-store' memory model
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874:"Information, acoustic confusion and memory span"
658:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
335:Logie's elaboration of the visuospatial sketchpad
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1931:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
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1280:. Hove, US: Psychology Press. pp. 81–102.
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974:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
142:Shifting between tasks or retrieval strategies
1985:
872:Conrad. R. & Hull, A.J. (November 1964).
433:Prefrontal cortex § Attention and memory
1387:
1278:Imagery, Language and Visuo-Spatial Thinking
1166:
931:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
607:
511:
217:Baddeley and Hitch's model of working memory
2116:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
1336:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
1169:"Stimulus suffixes and visual presentation"
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438:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
1992:
1978:
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1248:Leaning and Memory: From Brain to Behavior
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649:Baddeley A, Della Sala S (October 1996).
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178:Baddeley's model of the phonological loop
1957:Baddeley, A.D., & Hitch, G. (1974).
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1324:, Hove, UK: Lawrence Eribaum Associates.
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1792:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135131
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1679:Bates, Timothy C.; Luciano, Michelle;
1635:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.02.017
1592:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.042
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651:"Working memory and executive control"
248:Transfer of information between codes:
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206:) that can revive the memory traces.
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1923:Working memory, thought and action.
1536:"Investigating the episodic buffer"
1461:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100422
24:
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1424:
1300:. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
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1250:. New York, NY: Worth Publishers.
1236:
1210:Journal of Experimental Psychology
1082:Journal of Experimental Psychology
1001:Journal of Experimental Psychology
893:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1964.tb00928.x
521:Baddeley, Alan (1 November 2000).
364:
31:Baddeley's model of working memory
25:
2981:
2397:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
469:. 10 January 2017. Archived from
271:On the other hand, patients with
139:Coordination of the slave systems
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1999:
1925:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
495:. 7 January 2017. Archived from
200:articulatory rehearsal component
129:It has the following functions:
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385:interact with smell and taste.
2607:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
2480:Memory and social interactions
1668:. WADSWORTH. pp. 205–206.
1055:Journal of Memory and Language
1028:Journal of Memory and Language
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601:
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262:developmental verbal dyspraxia
13:
1:
1898:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2
1856:10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00146-4
1664:Sternberg, Robert J. (2007).
1505:10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00146-4
1440:Baddeley, Alan (2011-11-30).
986:10.1016/S0022-5371(75)80045-4
922:Baddeley AD (November 1966).
881:British Journal of Psychology
540:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2
448:
107:
2316:Retrieval-induced forgetting
1885:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
1322:Visuo-spatial working memory
1067:10.1016/0749-596X(85)90041-5
1040:10.1016/0749-596X(92)90005-I
587:10.1016/j.intell.2015.10.007
527:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
298:Visuo-spatial working memory
254:Neuropsychological evidence:
7:
1779:Annual Review of Psychology
1447:Annual Review of Psychology
1348:10.1037/0096-3445.133.3.355
1222:10.1037/0278-7393.25.6.1452
842:10.1037/0033-295X.105.1.158
421:
10:
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2654:Levels of Processing model
2579:World Memory Championships
2412:Lost in the mall technique
2259:dissociative (psychogenic)
1747:10.1037/0278-7393.30.3.656
706:Baddeley, A (1992-01-31).
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1704:10.1007/s10519-010-9402-9
943:10.1080/14640746608400055
635:10.1016/j.cub.2009.12.014
2692:The Seven Sins of Memory
2637:Intermediate-term memory
2442:Indirect tests of memory
2419:Recovered-memory therapy
2369:Misattribution of memory
1134:Kent M. Dallett (1965).
453:
407:cognitive neuroscience.
240:articulatory suppression
2379:Source-monitoring error
1921:Baddeley, A.D. (2007).
1879:Baddeley, A.D. (2000).
735:10.1126/science.1736359
80:visuo-spatial sketchpad
2786:George Armitage Miller
2746:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
1943:10.1098/rstb.1996.0123
1402:10.1006/cogp.1997.0658
1109:Psychological Bulletin
789:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
670:10.1098/rstb.1996.0123
218:
202:(sometimes called the
179:
117:
104:
18:Visuospatial sketchpad
2949:Philosophy portal
2937:Psychology portal
2801:Henry L. Roediger III
2402:False memory syndrome
2374:Misinformation effect
2354:Imagination inflation
1961:In G.H. Bower (Ed.),
1553:10.5334/pb-50-3-4-223
1167:Robert Green (1987).
608:Baddeley, A. (2010).
402:Validity of the model
216:
177:
115:
102:
27:Model of human memory
2306:Motivated forgetting
1666:Cognitive Psychology
1540:Psychologica Belgica
1320:Logie, R.H. (1995).
1173:Memory and Cognition
1007:(4, Pt.1): 679–684.
767:Cognitive Psychology
389:Biology/neuroscience
33:is a model of human
2816:Arthur P. Shimamura
2716:Richard C. Atkinson
2533:Effects of exercise
2407:Memory implantation
2291:Interference theory
2207:Selective retention
2187:Meaningful learning
1937:(1346): 1397–1404.
1140:Psychonomic Science
727:1992Sci...255..556B
626:2010CBio...20.R136B
149:Selective attention
87:dual-task paradigms
2913:Andriy Slyusarchuk
2736:Hermann Ebbinghaus
2642:Involuntary memory
2543:Memory improvement
2528:Effects of alcohol
2490:Transactive memory
2468:Politics of memory
2437:Exceptional memory
1375:2007-09-28 at the
1186:10.3758/bf03198383
1153:10.3758/bf03343114
664:(1346): 1397–403.
219:
192:phonological store
180:
118:
105:
2957:
2956:
2921:
2920:
2908:Cosmos Rossellius
2756:Marcia K. Johnson
2627:Exosomatic memory
2612:Context-dependent
2602:Absent-mindedness
2485:Memory conformity
2463:Collective memory
2364:Memory conformity
2301:Memory inhibition
2220:
2219:
2212:Tip of the tongue
1850:(10): 1737–1743.
1681:Medland, Sarah E.
1629:(10): 2258–2276.
1307:978-1-84872-000-8
1257:978-0-7167-8654-2
499:on 15 August 2019
473:on 6 January 2020
312:short-term memory
204:articulatory loop
188:articulatory loop
184:phonological loop
170:Phonological loop
121:Central executive
76:phonological loop
47:short-term memory
16:(Redirected from
2977:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2888:Jonathan Hancock
2841:Robert Stickgold
2811:Richard Shiffrin
2766:Elizabeth Loftus
2706:
2705:
2622:Childhood memory
2429:Research methods
2311:Repressed memory
2286:Forgetting curve
2274:transient global
2145:Autobiographical
2055:
2054:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1954:
1918:
1900:
1875:
1844:Neuropsychologia
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1816:. Archived from
1810:
1804:
1803:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1689:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1623:Neuropsychologia
1618:
1612:
1611:
1586:(6): 1393–1400.
1580:Neuropsychologia
1575:
1566:
1565:
1555:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1493:Neuropsychologia
1488:
1482:
1481:
1463:
1437:
1422:
1421:
1385:
1379:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1331:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1293:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1262:
1261:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1216:(6): 1452–1474.
1205:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1121:10.1037/h0076166
1104:
1098:
1097:
1094:10.1037/h0030549
1077:
1071:
1070:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1013:10.1037/h0026641
996:
990:
989:
969:
963:
962:
928:
918:
916:
915:
909:
903:. Archived from
878:
868:
862:
861:
835:
815:
809:
808:
782:
761:
755:
754:
712:
708:"Working memory"
703:
697:
696:
694:
688:. Archived from
655:
646:
640:
639:
637:
620:(4): R136–R140.
610:"Working memory"
605:
599:
598:
570:
561:
560:
542:
518:
509:
508:
506:
504:
489:
483:
482:
480:
478:
463:
291:modality effects
251:presented items.
21:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2917:
2898:Dominic O'Brien
2876:
2845:
2826:Susumu Tonegawa
2806:Daniel Schacter
2781:Eleanor Maguire
2771:Geoffrey Loftus
2726:Stephen J. Ceci
2721:Robert A. Bjork
2697:
2616:state-dependent
2590:
2562:
2494:
2475:Cultural memory
2451:
2447:Memory disorder
2423:
2383:
2325:
2216:
2126:
2101:
2046:
2003:
1998:
1968:
1959:Working memory.
1891:(11): 417–423.
1837:
1832:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1774:
1770:
1731:
1727:
1687:
1677:
1673:
1662:
1658:
1619:
1615:
1576:
1569:
1532:
1528:
1499:(10): 1737–43.
1489:
1485:
1438:
1425:
1386:
1382:
1377:Wayback Machine
1367:
1363:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1294:
1285:
1274:
1265:
1258:
1244:
1237:
1206:
1202:
1165:
1161:
1132:
1128:
1105:
1101:
1078:
1074:
1051:
1047:
1024:
1020:
997:
993:
970:
966:
926:
919:
913:
911:
907:
876:
869:
865:
833:10.1.1.464.9511
816:
812:
780:10.1.1.485.1953
762:
758:
710:
704:
700:
692:
653:
647:
643:
614:Current Biology
606:
602:
571:
564:
533:(11): 417–423.
519:
512:
502:
500:
491:
490:
486:
476:
474:
465:
464:
460:
456:
451:
424:
404:
391:
367:
365:Episodic buffer
337:
300:
282:
255:
249:
243:
230:
172:
123:
110:
94:episodic buffer
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2983:
2973:
2972:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2939:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2893:Paul R. McHugh
2890:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2751:Ivan Izquierdo
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2349:Hindsight bias
2346:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2296:Memory erasure
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2254:post-traumatic
2251:
2246:
2241:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2192:Personal-event
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2122:Working memory
2119:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2092:Motor learning
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2008:Basic concepts
2005:
2004:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1967:
1966:
1955:
1926:
1919:
1876:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1805:
1768:
1741:(3): 656–674.
1725:
1671:
1656:
1613:
1567:
1526:
1483:
1423:
1380:
1368:mentioned in:
1361:
1342:(3): 355–381.
1326:
1313:
1306:
1283:
1263:
1256:
1235:
1200:
1179:(6): 497–503.
1159:
1146:(6): 237–238.
1126:
1099:
1088:(2): 294–296.
1072:
1061:(4): 490–502.
1045:
1018:
991:
980:(6): 575–589.
964:
863:
810:
756:
698:
695:on 2011-07-20.
641:
600:
562:
510:
484:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
445:
443:Working memory
440:
435:
430:
423:
420:
403:
400:
390:
387:
366:
363:
362:
361:
358:
355:
348:
347:
344:
336:
333:
329:ventral stream
307:working memory
299:
296:
286:recency effect
281:
278:
277:
276:
269:
260:patients with
252:
246:
238:The effect of
236:
225:The effect of
171:
168:
166:brain damage.
152:
151:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
122:
119:
109:
106:
51:Working memory
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2982:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2872:Clive Wearing
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2836:Endel Tulving
2834:
2832:
2831:Anne Treisman
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:Brenda Milner
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:James McGaugh
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:Sigmund Freud
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2685:retrospective
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:Muscle memory
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2511:Art of memory
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Memory biases
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:Confabulation
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2331:Memory errors
2328:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2249:post-hypnotic
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2202:Rote learning
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:Hyperthymesia
2175:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2140:Active recall
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:Consolidation
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1820:on 2007-09-28
1819:
1815:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1317:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
987:
983:
979:
975:
968:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
925:
910:on 2012-10-20
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:(4): 429–32.
886:
882:
875:
867:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
829:
826:(1): 158–73.
825:
821:
814:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
776:
773:(1): 49–100.
772:
768:
760:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
709:
702:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
652:
645:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
604:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
569:
567:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
517:
515:
498:
494:
488:
472:
468:
462:
458:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
428:Echoic memory
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305:'s theory of
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303:Alan Baddeley
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289:observe that
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40:
39:Alan Baddeley
36:
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19:
2903:Ben Pridmore
2821:Larry Squire
2731:Susan Clancy
2690:
2574:Memory sport
2499:Other topics
2389:False memory
2344:Cryptomnesia
2321:Weapon focus
2281:Decay theory
2042:Neuroanatomy
2001:Human memory
1962:
1958:
1934:
1930:
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1835:Bibliography
1822:. Retrieved
1818:the original
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1692:Behav. Genet
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1546:(3–4): 223.
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1390:Cogn Psychol
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905:the original
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227:phonological
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37:proposed by
30:
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2761:Eric Kandel
2709:Researchers
2681:Prospective
2632:Free recall
2586:Shas Pollak
2239:anterograde
2155:Declarative
1698:(1): 50–7.
1454:(1): 1–29.
1396:(1): 5–42.
820:Psychol Rev
581:: 166–180.
229:similarity:
159:Alzheimer's
2796:Lynn Nadel
2674:intertrial
2659:Metamemory
2647:flashbacks
2567:In society
2264:retrograde
2226:Forgetting
2197:Procedural
2107:Short-term
2077:Eyewitness
1824:2007-05-06
914:2011-02-22
503:14 January
477:11 January
449:References
273:dysarthria
108:Components
2548:Nutrition
2456:In groups
2269:selective
2244:childhood
2172:Flashbulb
2132:Long-term
2032:Attention
1786:: 53–81.
1562:2054-670X
1470:0066-4308
1034:: 54–73.
828:CiteSeerX
775:CiteSeerX
743:0036-8075
595:146523621
67:executive
2964:Category
2850:Patients
2521:mnemonic
2516:chunking
2182:Implicit
2165:Semantic
2160:Episodic
2150:Explicit
2015:Encoding
1915:14333234
1907:11058819
1872:22404837
1864:11992661
1800:11752479
1763:17454765
1755:15099134
1720:13129473
1712:20949370
1643:17403529
1608:28063175
1600:21256143
1521:22404837
1513:11992661
1478:21961947
1373:Archived
1356:15355144
1230:10605831
959:32498516
901:14237884
858:15650449
805:10096387
797:10945922
557:14333234
549:11058819
422:See also
233:Semantic
196:auditory
78:and the
65:central
2669:Priming
2595:Related
2538:Emotion
2234:Amnesia
2072:Eidetic
2059:Sensory
2020:Storage
1951:8941951
1651:6090818
1418:1051679
1410:9212720
1195:3695943
951:5956080
850:9450375
751:1736359
723:Bibcode
715:Science
686:8941951
678:3069185
622:Bibcode
379:amnesia
258:Aphasic
2970:Memory
2702:People
2687:memory
2618:memory
2558:Trauma
2097:Visual
2087:Iconic
2082:Haptic
2067:Echoic
2025:Recall
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1298:Memory
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547:
245:decay.
74:: the
35:memory
2881:Other
2553:Sleep
2506:Aging
2051:Types
1911:S2CID
1868:S2CID
1759:S2CID
1716:S2CID
1688:(PDF)
1647:S2CID
1604:S2CID
1517:S2CID
1414:S2CID
955:S2CID
927:(PDF)
908:(PDF)
877:(PDF)
854:S2CID
801:S2CID
711:(PDF)
693:(PDF)
674:JSTOR
654:(PDF)
591:S2CID
553:S2CID
454:Notes
396:ROBO1
194:with
2683:and
2614:and
1947:PMID
1903:PMID
1860:PMID
1796:PMID
1751:PMID
1708:PMID
1639:PMID
1596:PMID
1558:ISSN
1509:PMID
1474:PMID
1466:ISSN
1406:PMID
1352:PMID
1302:ISBN
1252:ISBN
1226:PMID
1191:PMID
947:PMID
897:PMID
846:PMID
793:PMID
747:PMID
739:ISSN
682:PMID
545:PMID
505:2017
479:2017
186:(or
182:The
41:and
1939:doi
1935:351
1893:doi
1852:doi
1788:doi
1743:doi
1700:doi
1631:doi
1588:doi
1548:doi
1501:doi
1456:doi
1398:doi
1344:doi
1340:133
1218:doi
1181:doi
1148:doi
1117:doi
1090:doi
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1036:doi
1009:doi
982:doi
939:doi
920:b)
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870:a)
838:doi
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785:doi
731:doi
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630:doi
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535:doi
49:).
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