Vithoba - Knowledge

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promulgated the sect in Maratha country. Stevenson (1843) goes further, suggesting he might have been a Jain or a Buddhist, since Varkari tradition is a combination of Jain and Buddhist morals, and Vithoba is viewed as Vishnu in his form as Buddha. Frazer, Edwards and P.R. Bhandarkar (1922) all suggest that Pundalik tried to unify Shiva and Vishnu, and that this sect originated in Karnataka. Ranade (1933) thinks that Pundalik, a Kannada saint, was not only the founder of the Varkari sect but also the first great devotee or first high priest of the Pandharpur temple. Upadhyaya supports the priest theory but declines the Kannada origin theory. According to M. S. Mate, Pundalik was instrumental in coaxing the Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana to build the Pandharpur temple to Vishnu, placing him in the early 12th century. Other scholars like Raeside (1965), Dhanpalvar (1972), and Vaudeville (1974) have questioned the historicity of Pundalik altogether, and dismissed him as a mythical figure.

2095: 1842: 3011:, the kingdom of Krishna, and sat on his lap. Radha did not honour Rukmini, the chief queen of Krishna, nor did Krishna hold Radha accountable for the offence. Offended, Rukmini left Krishna and went to the forest of Dandivana near Pandharpur. Saddened by Rukmini's departure, Krishna searched for his queen and finally found her resting in Dandivana, near Pundalik's house. After some coaxing, Rukmini was pacified. Then Krishna visited Pundalik and found him serving his parents. Pundalik threw a brick outside for Krishna to rest on. Krishna stood on the brick and waited for Pundalik. After completing his services, Pundalik asked that Krishna, in the Vithoba form, remain on the brick with Rukmini, in her Rakhumai form, and bless his devotees forever. 284: 36: 1442: 617: 1967: 2053: 5737: 718: 3007:(infant Krishna). This version is found in manuscripts of both Puranas, Prahlada Maharaj, and the poet-saints, notably Tukaram. The remaining version of the Pundalik legend appears in Sridhara and as a variant in the Padma Purana. Pundalik, a Brahmin madly in love with his wife, neglected his aged parents as a result. Later, on meeting sage Kukkuta, Pundalik underwent a transformation and devoted his life to the service of his aged parents. Meanwhile, Radha, the milkmaid-lover of Krishna, came to 730:

believed to have been built in the 17th century, though addition to the temple has never ceased. The date the temple was first established is unclear to Bhandarkar, but he insists there is clear evidence to suggest it existed by the 13th century. According to S. G. Tulpule, the temple stood as early as 1189. In fact, a monument dated 1189 records establishment of a small Vithoba shrine at the present location of the temple; thus, Tulpule concludes, the worship of Vithoba predates 1189.

1478:. 888). It is a distinct branch within Vaishnavism, centered on Vitthala (the Haridasa–Kannada name for Vithoba). Where Varkari are normally associated with Maharashtra, Haridasa are normally associated with Karnataka. The scholar Sharma considers Vithoba worship first emerged in Karnataka, only later moving to Maharashtra. He argues this on the basis of the reference by Dnyaneshwar, mentioned in section "Varkari sect" above. Lutgendorf credits the movement to 1089: 1633:(the cosmic serpent). His sleep begins on Shayani Ekadashi (literally the 'sleeping 11th') and he finally awakens from his slumber, four months later, on Prabodhini Ekadashi. The celebrations in Ashadha and Kartik continue until the full-moon in those months, concluding with torchlight processions. Inscriptions dating to the 11th century mention the Ekadashi pilgrimages to Pandharpur. On Shayani Ekadashi and Prabodini Ekadashi, the 770: 2094: 1561: 6375: 534:-Shiva. Even though Vithoba is depicted with dark complexion, he is called a "white god". Bhandarkar explains this paradox, proposing that Panduranga may be an epithet for the form of Shiva worshipped in Pandharpur, and whose temple still stands. Later, with the increasing popularity of Vithoba's cult, this was also transferred to Vithoba. Another theory suggests that Vithoba may initially have been a 1285: 1151: 992: 656:, which had cowherd ancestry, could have led to the glorification of Vithoba as Krishna, who is often depicted as a cowherd. This Vaishnavization of Vithoba also led to conversion of the Shaiva Pundarika shrine to the Vaishnava shrine of the devotee Pundalik, who—according to legend—brought Vithoba to Pandharpur. There may have been an attempt to assimilate Vithoba into 1679: 1542:(1479–1531) is believed to have visited Pandharpur at least twice and was ordered to marry by Vithoba (called Vitthalnath or Vitthalnathji in the sect) and have children so that he could be born as Vallabhacharya's son. Later, Vallabhacharya married. His second son and successor was recognized as a manifestation of Vithoba and named Vitthalnath, also known as 1039:(discus) or lotus flower in his right, all of which are symbols traditionally associated with Vishnu. Some images depict Vithoba's right hand making a gesture that has been traditionally misunderstood as a blessing; no gesture of blessing is present in the Pandharpur image. Though usually depicted two-armed, four-armed representations of the deity also exist. 1269:. The sect, according to Vaudeville, is a "Shaiva-Vaishnava synthesis" and "nominal Vaishnavism, containing a free mix of other religions". It is believed to have originated in Karnataka and migrated to Maharashtra. This last theory is based on a reference to Vithoba as "Kānaḍā" (belonging to Karnataka) in the work of the first of the poet-saints, 1368:, the maidservant of Namdev, wrote poetry dedicated to Vithoba. This Marathi poetry advocates pure devotion, referring to Vithoba mostly as a father, or in the case of the female saint Janabai's poetry, as a mother (Vithabai). Not only women, like Janabai, but also a wide variety of people from different castes and backgrounds wrote 3035:, the keeper of the royal grain store, who distributed grain to the people in famine. Vithoba came as an outcaste with a bag of gold to pay for the grain. Yet another story narrates how Vithoba resurrected the child of Gora Kumbhar (potter), who had been trampled into the clay by Gora while singing the name of Vithoba. 590:. Vithoba was probably later assimilated into the Shaiva pantheon and identified with the god Shiva, like most other pastoral gods. This is backed by because of the facts that the temple at Pandharpur is surrounded by Shaiva temples (most notably of the devotee Pundalik himself), and that Vithoba is crowned with the 1983:

invaders. It was later returned to Pandharpur by Bhanudas (1448–1513), the great-grandfather of poet-saint Eknath. Today, the temple stands without a central image, though between 1516 and 1565, most important transactions, which would have been carried out previously in the presence of the original

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There are many Vithoba temples in Maharashtra, and some in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Goa and Andhra Pradesh. However, the main centre of worship is Vithoba's temple in Pandharpur. The temple's date of establishment is disputed, though it is clear that it was standing at the time of Dnyaneshwar

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worship—"interiorized adoration prescinding caste distinction and institutional priesthood .." Indologist Dr. Tilak suggests that Vithoba emerged as "an alternative to the existing pantheon" of brahminical deities (related to classical, ritualistic Hinduism). The emergence of Vithoba was concurrent

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Devotional works dedicated to Vithoba can be categorised into the Varkari tradition, the Brahmin tradition and what Raeside calls a "third tradition", that includes both Varkari and Brahmin elements. The Varkari texts are written in Marathi, the Brahmin texts in Sanskrit, and the "third tradition"

1277:—which means "O Hari Vitthala (Vithoba), who has given a boon to Pundalik!" However, according to Zelliot, the sect was founded by Dnyaneshwar (also spelled Jnaneshwar), who was a Brahmin poet and philosopher and flourished during the period 1275–1296. Varkaris also give him credit with the saying— 538:

god (related to Shiva), only later identified with Vishnu, thus explaining the usage of Panduranga for Vithoba. Crooke, however, proposed that Panduranga is a Sanskritised form of Pandaraga (belonging to Pandarga), referring to the old name of Pandharpur. Another name, Pandharinath, also refers to

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Sand (1990), p. 33 "According to Raeside the Varkari tradition is essentially monotheistic and without ritual, and, for this tradition, Vithoba represents Hari Krsna, while for the badavas or hereditary priests "Vithoba is neither Visnu nor Siva. Vithoba is Vithoba (...)"; p. 34 "the more or less

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region of Maharashtra—was elevated to the status of the main consort, because of her affiliation with the region. According to Dhangar tradition, Rakhumai is worshipped by the community as Padmavati or Padubai, a protector of the community and cattle in particular. Dhangar folklore explains the

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below), is a major character in the legends of Vithoba. He is commonly perceived to be a historical figure, connected with the establishment and propagation of the Vithoba-centric Varkari sect. Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar considers Pundalik to be the founder of the Varkari sect and the one who

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of Pundarik), on the river Bhimarathi, in the presence of the god Vishnu. Another stone inscription in Pandharpur narrates a sacrifice at Pandurangapura due to which "people and Vitthal along with the gods were gratified". Thus from the 13th century, the city is known as the city of Panduranga.

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Scholastic investigation of Vithoba's history often begins with consideration of the dating of the chief temple at Pandharpur, which is believed to be the earliest Vithoba temple. The oldest part of the temple dates to the Yadava period of the 12th and 13th centuries. Most of the temple is

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and the most important of Vitthala's temples outside Maharashtra. Constructed in the 15th century, the temple is believed to have housed the central image from Pandharpur, which the Vijayanagara king Krishnadevaraya took "to enhance his own status" or to save the image from plunder by

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This bronze image from a home shrine inherits the traditional attributes of Vithoba's Pandharpur image like the conical headgear, the fish shaped earrings, the gem stubbed necklace, and the brick. This image shows Vithoba's right hand making a blessing gesture and his left hand holding a

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There are three versions of the Pundalik legend, two of which are attested as textual variants of the Skanda Purana (1.34–67). According to the first, the ascetic Pundarika (Pundalik) is described as a devotee of god Vishnu and dedicated to the service of his parents. The god

1785:, although this attribution is questioned. A text called "Tirthavali-Gatha", attributed to Namdev or Dnyaneshwar but possibly a collection of writings of many poet-saints, also centers on the propagation of Varkari faith and Vithoba worship. Other devotional works include 2989:

mark (described above), a head-dress of peacock feathers, resting his hands on his waist and keeping his cow-stick between his thighs. Pundarika asks Krishna to remain in this form on the banks of the river Bhima. He believes that Krishna's presence will make the site a

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Primarily, there are three Hindu deities associated with Vithoba: Vishnu, Krishna and Shiva. Gautama Buddha is also associated with Vithoba, consistent with Hindu deification of the Buddha as the ninth incarnation of Vishnu. However, Varkari consider Vithoba to be the

703:(priestly) control, Vithoba, "the God of the subaltern, became increasingly human." Vithoba is often praised as the protector of the poor and needy. Stevenson (1843) suggests that Vithoba could have been a Jain saint, as the Vithoba images were similar to Jain images. 562:

Reconstruction of the historical development of Vithoba worship has been much debated. In particular, several alternative theories have been proposed regarding the earliest stages as well as the point at which he came to be recognised as a distinct deity. The

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All Vithoba images are generally modelled on his central image in Pandharpur. The Pandharpur image is a black basalt sculpture that is 3 feet 9 inches (1.14 m) tall. Vithoba is depicted as dark young boy. The poet-saints have called him

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had ordered Sena to be arrested for not coming to the palace despite royal orders. As Sena was engrossed in his prayers to Vithoba, Vithoba went to the palace in the form of Sena to serve the king, and Sena was saved. Another tale deals with a saint,

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The historiography of Vithoba and his sect is an area of continuing debate, even regarding his name. Though the origins of both his sect and his main temple are likewise debated, there is clear evidence that they already existed by the 13th century.

1273:. However, this word can also be interpreted as "difficult to understand". Varkaris and scholars who believe Pundalik to have been a historical figure also consider him to be founder of the cult of Vithoba. This is evidenced by the liturgical call— 1042:

The Pandharpur image, when not clothed by its attendant priest to receive devotees, provides Vithoba with the detailed features distinctive of a male body, visible in full relief. However, close inspection of the stonework reveals the outline of a

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style architecture, the statue of Vithoba is of an earlier style so may have been carved for an earlier, smaller shrine that existed in Pandharpur. The workmanship of the image is earlier than the style of the Yadava (1175–1318), the Anhivad

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Haridasas consider the temple of Pandharpur to be sacred, as well that of Hampi, and worship Vitthala along with forms of Krishna. Haridasa literature generally deals with praise dedicated to Vitthala and Krishna. Haridasa poets like

420:(meaning 'father' in Marathi) were appended for reverence, producing the names Vitthala and Vithoba. This corruption of Vishnu to Vitthu could have been due to the tendency of Marathi and Kannada people to pronounce the Sanskrit 386:, supported this explanation. The prescribed iconography of Vithoba stipulates that he be shown standing arms-akimbo upon a brick, which is associated with the legend of the devotee Pundalik. However, the Varkari poet-saint 1111:, on his left side. Rakhumai (or Rakhamai) literally means 'mother Rukmini'. Rukmini is traditionally viewed as the wife of Krishna. Hindus generally consider Krishna to be a form of Vishnu, hence his consort as a form of 1180:" (the place of residence of Vishnu on earth) by devotees. Devotees, from across Maharashtra, Karnataka and Telangana, have visited Vithoba's central temple at Pandharpur, since the times of Dnyaneshwar (13th century). 238:

who is credited for bringing the deity to Pandharpur, and around Vithoba's role as a saviour to the poet-saints of the Varkari faith. The Varkari poet-saints are known for their unique genre of devotional lyric, the

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with a dark complexion". He wears high, conical headgear or a crown, interpreted as Shiva's symbol—the Linga. Thus, according to Zelliot, Vithoba represents Shiva as well as Vishnu. The first Varkari poet-saint,

843:(685–1193) eras. Although no other existing Vishnu temple has iconography like Pandharpur's Vithoba, Deleury finds similarities between the Pandharpur image and the third-century, arms-akimbo Vishnu images at 1670:, Krishna's birthday, when devotees dance and sing in front of Vithoba for nine days. Other sacred days include Wednesdays, Saturdays and all other Ekadashis, all of which are considered holy in Vaishnavism. 643:

or pre-Vedic", hence pre-dating the worship of Krishna. According to this theory, Vithoba is an amalgam of various local heroes, who gave their lives to save their cattle. He was first worshipped by the

3026:, narrates how Vithoba helped female saints like Janabai in their daily chores, such as sweeping the house and pounding the rice. He narrates how Vithoba came to the aid of Sena the barber. The king of 1325:(literally 'repeating') form of singing to praise the glory of his Lord. Public performance of this musical devotion led to the spread of the Vithoba faith, which accepted women, Shudras and outcaste " 1176:(family deity). The main temple of Vithoba, which includes a distinct, additional shrine for his consort Rakhumai, is located at Pandharpur. In this context, Pandharpur is affectionately called "Bhu- 3000:. The location is identified with modern-day Pandharpur, which is situated on the banks of the Bhima. The description of Krishna resembles the characteristics of the Pandharpur image of Vithoba. 459:

alias Bittidev to build the Pandharpur temple dedicated to Vishnu. The deity was subsequently named as Vitthala, a derivative of Bittidev, by the builder-king. Other variants of the name include

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suggests that Vithoba's worship migrated from Karnataka to the formerly Shaiva city of Pandharpur some time before 1000 CE; but under the possible influence of a Krishna-worshipping

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Stevenson (1843) pp. 5–6 "The want of suitable costume in the images (of Vithoba and Rakhumai) as originally carved, in this agreeing exactly with images the Jains at present worship."

783:(image) of Vithoba at Pandharpur, and various textual references to it, have inspired theories relating to Vithoba worship. Sand concludes, from a version of Pundalik's legend in the 4013:—such as Ashadha, Chaitra, Magha, and Kartik—is divided into two fortnights of 15 days each. The moon waxes over the bright fortnight (Shukla Paksha), from day 1 to day 15 ( 1920:, which host fairs on Shayani Ekadashi and Prabodini Ekadashi; Madhe — a refuge of the Pandharpur image when it was moved to protect from Muslim invaders and finally at the 827:), in this case facing east, on the hill where the current temple has stood since about 1189. Thus, Sand proposes that the worship of Vithoba may predate the temple itself. 741:(food offering) for "Vitthala". An inscription on a copper plate, dated 1249, records the Yadava king Krishna granting to one of his generals the village Paundrikakshetra ( 5184: 1974:

Vithoba was introduced to South India during the Vijayanagara and Maratha rule. In South India he is generally known as Vitthala. The Hampi temple (mentioned above) is a

910:, and view Vithoba as a Shaiva god rather than a Vaishnava one. Underhill proposes that the shrine of Pandharpur is a combined form of Vishnu-Shiva established by the 1594:(visual adoration) of the deity. The ritual worship by the priests is restricted to five days each around the Ashadha (June–July) and Kartik (October–November) 1471: 671:(devotees) that can be compared to the love of the mother for her children pining for the presence of his devotees the way a cow pines for her far-away calf." 2945:

Legends regarding Vithoba usually focus on his devotee Pundalik or on Vithoba's role as a savior to the poet-saints of the Varkari faith. As discussed in the

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Inside the temple, a stone inscription records gifts to the temple between 1272 and 1277 from various donors, notably the Yadava king Ramachandra's minister

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sect, the town was transformed into a Vaishnava center of pilgrimage. This proposal is consistent with contemporary remnants of Shaiva worship in the town.

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for putting the god to sleep. In addition to the rites at the main temple in Pandharpur, Haridasa traditions dedicated to Vitthala flourish in Karnataka.

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original). Despite this, some priests of the temple point to marks on the Vithoba image's chest as proof of Vithoba being Vishnu, in his form as Krishna.

903:, who rose in the 13th century as a Krishna-worshipping sect, not only dismissed the notion that Vithoba is Krishna but also frequently vilified Vithoba. 3549: 3461: 1900:, are in and around the temple. Other significant temples in Maharashtra are located: at Dehu, the birthplace of Tukaram, which attracts visitors at all 5603: 3165: 2064:, the central panel depicts Vithoba (standing dark figure, left) waiting on the brick as Pundalik (centre) serves his parents, the right panel depicts 1329:", something forbidden in classical brahminical Hinduism. In the times of Muslim rulers, the faith faced stagnation. However, after the decline of the 1068:—said to be a curl of white hair, usually found on the breast of Vishnu and Krishna images. The image is also dignified with a ring-shaped mark called 1010:(13th century), states that Vithoba (Vishnu) carries Shiva, who according to Vaishnavism is Vishnu's first and foremost devotee, on his own head. 949: 172: 160: 148: 6221: 4158: 4979: 1758:

by the Brahmin Sridhara (consisting of 750 verses), and another work of the same name written by Prahlada Maharaj (consisting of 181 verses).

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priests of the Badva family; and spiritual worship by the Varkaris. The ritual worship includes five daily rites. First, at about 3 am, is an

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in the 13th century. Along with Vithoba and his consorts—Rukmini, Satyabhama and Rahi—other Vaishnava deities are worshipped. These include:

1781:(hymns), some of them originating from the Haridasa tradition. The best known of these is "Pandurangastaka" or "Pandurangastrotra", attributed to 526:), also spelt as Pandurang and Pandaranga, is another popular epithet for Vithoba, which means 'the white god' in Sanskrit. The Jain author-saint 5629: 4933: 2872: 3988: 3671: 1564:

Dnyaneshwar's palkhi (palanquin), holding the footwear of the saint, is carried with honour in a silver bullock cart from Alandi to Pandharpur.

4887: 4663: 983:, an Indian political leader and Buddhist convert, suggested that the image of Vithoba at Pandharpur was in reality the image of the Buddha. 1124:

reason behind separate shrines for Vithoba and Padubai as the outcome of Vithoba invoking a curse on his consort, and his non-attachment to

979:), since they consider Vithoba to be the ninth—namely Buddha—avatar of Vishnu. Some of the poet-saints praised Vithoba as a form of Buddha. 872: 757:

and referring to Vitthala and Rakhumai, is the oldest related to Vithoba, and dates it to 1209. However, the name Pandaranga is found on a

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In some traditions though, Vithoba is also worshipped as a form of Shiva. The Dhangars still consider Vithoba to be a brother of the god

578:, Vithoba was first worshiped as the pastoral god Krishna as early as the 6th century. Vithoba's arms-akimbo iconography is similar to 4822: 2820: 967:

artists sculpted an image of Pandharpur's Vithoba in the Buddha's place on a panel showing Vishnu's avatars. This can be found in the

1259:(Pilgrim Tradition) is one of the most important Vaishnava sects in India. According to Raeside, it is an essentially monotheistic, 2825: 1337:

region, the Muslim rulers had to accept the faiths of Maharashtra in order to gather the support of its people. In this period,

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with the rise of a "new type of lay devotee", the Varkari. While Vishnu and Shiva were bound in rigid ritualistic worship and

6214: 5547:(Pune: Deccan College, Postgraduate and Research Institute (Original from the University of Michigan) ed.). Magis Books. 5444: 5423: 5300: 5221: 5167: 4783: 4729: 4625: 4596: 4513: 4192: 3938: 2932: 1518:, Venugopala Vitthala and Mohana Vitthala assumed pen-names ending with "Vitthala", as an act of devotion. The Haridasa poet 4073:, which narrates the legend of Pundalik and also tells stories of reported interactions between the saints and Vithoba, see 761:

copper plate inscription, dated 516. Citing this, Pande infers that Vithoba's cult was well established by the 6th century.

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by assuming a subtle body for the sake of devotees, fulfilling their wishes, the deity Panduranga resides in that temple."

1115:. Just like her consort, Rakhumai is also depicted in the arms-akimbo posture, standing on a brick. She has an independent 4526: 5726: 5509: 4469: 1494:

of the Vijayanagara empire. Vitthala enjoyed royal patronage in this era. Krishnadevaraya is also credited with building

1361:. 1568–1650), a Vaishya grocer, further propagated the Vithoba-centric tradition throughout the Maharashtra region. 686:), which was later identified with Vishnu in his form as Krishna, and that Pundalik transformed the Puranic, ritualistic 4586: 733:

A stone inscription dated 1237, found on an overhead beam of the present Vithoba temple, mentions that the Hoysala king

5896: 5611: 203:. Vithoba is often depicted as a dark young boy, standing arms akimbo on a brick, sometimes accompanied by his consort 4406: 1183:

Two distinct traditions revolve around the worship of Vithoba in Maharashtra: ritual worship inside the temple by the

1027:(fish-shaped earrings) that the poet-saint Tukaram relates to the iconography of Vishnu. Pandharpur's Vithoba holds a 5661: 5519: 5492: 5471: 5211: 5200: 5064: 5037: 4876: 4832: 4811: 4756: 4692: 4572: 4536: 4478: 4446: 4416: 4389: 4773: 6207: 2033: 1634: 899:(manifestation) of Vishnu like Krishna, despite legends and consorts linking Vithoba to Krishna. However, even the 255:

songs associated with rituals of offering light to the deity. The most important festivals of Vithoba are held on

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are worshipped too.The three consorts are considered the consorts of Krishna and incarnations of the goddess

1051:(waist belt), traced by thin, light carvings. Other images and pictures depict Vithoba clothed, usually with 5434: 5157: 5054: 4746: 4682: 4613: 4460: 4436: 1170:

but not in the same numbers. Vithoba is worshipped and revered by most Marathis, but he is not popular as a

6737: 5362: 5311: 4432: 1578:, towns closely associated with poet-saints Dnyaneshwar and Tukaram respectively. Along the way, they sing 403: 4162: 3014:

Other legends describe Vithoba coming to the rescue of his devotees in the form of a commoner, an outcast

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Vithoba is shown standing arms-akimbo on the brick thrown by the devotee Pundalik. He wears a necklace of

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by a Brahmin called Sridhara; another work of the same name written by Prahlada Maharaj; and also in the

402:(one who accepts), thus meaning 'one who accepts innocent people who are devoid of knowledge'. Historian 20: 1908:), in memory of Ghadge Bova, which has a fair on the fifth day of the bright fortnight (waxing moon) in 1625:(in the waxing half of Kartik), are associated with Vishnu. Hindus believe that Vishnu falls asleep in 6188: 6134: 6038: 5812: 5798: 5290: 5271: 2191: 1602:. In smaller numbers, the Varkaris also visit the temple on two other Ekadashis—in the Hindu months of 956: 712: 661: 231: 4960: 6727: 6088: 5678: 2925: 2585: 2009: 1638: 653: 3483: 6732: 6678: 6514: 5870: 5239:"The Vithoba Faith of Maharashtra: The Vithoba Temple of Pandharpur and Its Mythological Structure" 4914: 4272: 2523: 1985: 918:

means. However, for the chief priests of the Pandharpur temple—Brahmins of the Badva family —"

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tradition suggests that the name Vitthala (also spelled as Vitthal, Viththal, Vittala and Vithal;

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The chief gate of Vithoba's Pandharpur temple. The first step of the temple is regarded as saint

1419:(maternal house of a bride) is accepted as a Varkari by the sect irrespective of the barriers of 4564: 3003:

The second version of the legend depicts Vithoba appearing before Pundalik as the five-year-old

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and various gold ornaments—the manner in which he is attired by the priests in the daily rites.

6060: 6043: 5983: 5972: 5591: 1080:) embedded in the ground between the legs, and double ring and pearl bracelets on the elbows. 3902: 1726:. All these texts describe the legend of Pundalik. The Brahmin texts include: two versions of 6078: 5654: 5374: 5323: 5312:"On the Intermixture of Buddhism with Brahmanism in the religion of the Hindus of the Dekhan" 4849: 2977:

as a cowherd, accompanied by his grazing cows, to meet Pundarika. Krishna is described as in

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Deleury suggests that although the temple may have been built in the 13th century, given the

632: 448: 1588:(palanquins) of the poet-saints. Varkaris do not engage in ritual worship but only practice 1574:(pilgrimages) of the Varkaris. The pilgrims travel to the Pandharpur temple from Alandi and 6685: 6493: 6048: 5093: 3976: 2918: 2570: 2076: 2025: 1921: 1917: 1154:

A modern painting of Vithoba, adorned with fine clothes and jewelry, with a Varkari (left).

311:) is known by many names, including: Vitthala, Panduranga, Pandharinath, Hari and Narayan. 5466:(Originally published: Calcutta: Association Press ed.). Asian Educational Services. 2471: 1866:; Garuda and Hanuman (see previous section). Shaiva deities are also worshipped, such as: 1637:

or a minister of Maharashtra state performs ritual components of worship on behalf of the

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sing of Vithoba, who wears yellow garments (a characteristic of Vishnu) and is served by

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like "Yuge atthavisa vitevari ubha" by Namdev and "Yei O Vitthala majhe mauli re". These

1667: 1622: 1330: 571:

of the 8th century, indicates that Vithoba worship had already existed at an early date.

264: 256: 5716: 5134: 4161:. The Gazetteers Dept, Government of Maharashtra (first published: 1963). Archived from 3552:. The Gazetteers Dept, Government of Maharashtra (first published: 1885). Archived from 3168:. The Gazetteers Dept, Government of Maharashtra (first published: 1977). Archived from 2052: 1966: 1441: 479:(Lord) to Vitthala, which yields the name Vitthal-nath. The additional honorific suffix 283: 5778: 5736: 5412:

Tilak, Dr. Shrinivas (2006). "Emergence of Vitthala:divine advocate of the subaltern".

5394: 5343: 5121: 5113: 4557: 3471: 2991: 2850: 2715: 2710: 2670: 2620: 2543: 1814: 1766: 1312: 798: 616: 451:, Pundalik—who is assumed to be a historical figure—was instrumental in persuading the 5258: 1988:(a form of Shiva), were issued in presence of the central image of Vitthala. Three of 877: 717: 6752: 6546: 6073: 5515: 5488: 5467: 5440: 5419: 5398: 5386: 5347: 5335: 5296: 5263: 5217: 5196: 5163: 5125: 5105: 5060: 5033: 4998: 4952: 4906: 4872: 4828: 4807: 4779: 4752: 4725: 4688: 4621: 4592: 4568: 4532: 4509: 4474: 4442: 4412: 4385: 4188: 3934: 2904: 2705: 2695: 2675: 2665: 2655: 2650: 2518: 2481: 1683: 1035: 667:

Vithoba is associated more with "compassion, an infinite love and tenderness for his

343: 1217:. The image is then dressed to receive morning devotions. The third rite is another 6747: 6478: 6107: 6028: 5860: 5647: 5584: 5378: 5327: 5253: 5192: 5097: 4843: 4804:

Stories of Indian Saints: An English Translation of Mahipati's Marathi Bhaktavijaya

2575: 2508: 2461: 2411: 2332: 836: 499: 491: 383: 327: 319: 292: 244: 78: 4824:

Palkhi: a pilgrimage to Pandharpur — translated from the Marathi book Pālakhī

6704: 6433: 6418: 6242: 6166: 5960: 5615: 5598: 5413: 5025: 4721: 4381: 2780: 2645: 2455: 2416: 2387: 2272: 2060:

of a Pandharpur temple near Vithoba's central temple. The leftmost panel depicts

1905: 1810: 1696: 1555: 1491: 1450: 1408: 1373: 1119:

in the Pandharpur temple complex. According to Ghurye, Rukmini—a princess of the

840: 734: 688: 507: 335: 180: 1526:", often ended his Kannada language compositions with a salutation to Vitthala. 1158:

Vithoba is a popular deity in Maharashtra and Karnataka; devotees also exist in

483:

may be added, giving the name Vitthalnathji. This name is generally used in the

6332: 6142: 5993: 5691: 4464: 4456: 2974: 2970: 2755: 2720: 2660: 2451: 2319: 2213: 1546:. One of the sect's Nidhi Swaroops is Vitthalnathji with his consort Yamunaji. 1539: 1523: 1519: 1381: 1346: 1334: 1131: 980: 968: 964: 848: 844: 456: 412:) is a Kannada corruption of the name Vishnu adopted in Marathi. The suffixes - 379: 268: 227: 132: 41: 5382: 5331: 5101: 4820: 819:

riverbed, near the Pundalik shrine. The later murti, according to Sand, was a

287:

A statue of the Vithoba icon of Pandharpur adorned with jewellery and clothes.

6721: 6669: 6230: 6128: 5938: 5706: 5390: 5339: 5267: 5109: 5002: 4956: 4910: 4650: 2950: 2770: 2465: 2421: 2406: 2362: 2248: 2233: 1859: 1751: 1731: 1227:. Afternoon devotions are followed by a fourth rite for dinner at sunset—the 959:, when depicted as the ninth avatar of Vishnu, in some temple sculptures and 784: 5608: 5189:

The History of Sacred Places in India as Reflected in Traditional Literature

4408:

The History of Sacred Places in India as Reflected in Traditional Literature

4017:

day); and it wanes over the following dark fortnight (Krishna Paksha) until

1841: 1746:, also from the Padma Purana; and a third devotional work, yet again called 1568:

The festivals associated with Vithoba primarily correspond to the bi-annual

6149: 6114: 6003: 5686: 5436:

Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu

3008: 3004: 2954: 2785: 2730: 2615: 2595: 2475: 2426: 2392: 1989: 1940: 1931:

Several temples are found in Goa, the well-known ones being the temples at

1782: 1739: 1702: 1499: 1389: 1263:

sect, focused on the worship of Vithoba and based on traditional Bhagavata

1093: 1062:

The Pandharpur image also bears, on the left breast, the mark known as the

1002: 640: 568: 378:, meaning 'standing'. Thus, Vitthala would mean 'one standing on a brick'. 6374: 6199: 5592:

Video of the Pandharpur Vithoba's "Maha-puja" (worship), Maharashtra Times

5415:

Understanding Karma: In Light of Paul Ricoeur's Philosophical Anthropology

4827:. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 34–50 and 263–278. 1582:(devotional songs) dedicated to Vithoba and repeat his name, carrying the 1345:. 1533–99) revived the Varkari tradition. With the foundation of the 1234: 1228: 1222: 1198: 1192: 943: 937: 931: 925: 919: 520: 466: 460: 434: 422: 407: 364: 356: 314:

There are several theories about the origins and meanings of these names.

305: 66: 6662: 6637: 6578: 6352: 6234: 6176: 6121: 6098: 6008: 5923: 5758: 5552: 4994: 4948: 4902: 4869:

Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity

4552: 3954: 2894: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2775: 2765: 2735: 2600: 2513: 2431: 2369: 2356: 2208: 2139: 2084: 2065: 1626: 1618: 1511: 1507: 1479: 1385: 1270: 1213: 1029: 1007: 900: 831: 816: 758: 610: 551: 527: 184: 4865:"A Family Affair: Krishna comes to Pandharpur and makes Himself at Home" 4614:"The Pandharpur Stone inscription of the Yadava king Mahadeva Sake 1192" 594:, symbol of Shiva. However since the 13th century, the poet-saints like 6644: 6573: 6287: 5918: 5788: 5768: 5711: 5579: 3064:

anti-ritualistic and anti-brahmanical attitudes of Varkari sampradaya."

2899: 2862: 2835: 2590: 2580: 2485: 2351: 2346: 2243: 2171: 2037: 2029: 1948: 1897: 1889: 1850: 1535: 1411:(1560–1650). Anyone born Shaiva or Vaishnava who considers Vithoba his 1397: 1393: 1377: 1256: 1167: 1135: 683: 628: 621: 484: 211: 136: 88: 50: 5117: 2949:

section above, the Pundalik legend appears in the Sanskrit scriptures

1590: 539:

Vithoba as the lord of Pandhari (yet another variant for Pandharpur).

390:

proposed a different etymology—that Vitthala is composed of the words

6632: 6563: 6453: 6396: 6312: 6033: 5998: 5865: 5830: 5783: 5773: 5701: 5481:

Vaudeville, Charlotte (1987). Schomer, Karine; McLeod, W. H. (eds.).

5367:

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

5316:

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

5159:

Living Traditions in Contemporary Contexts: The Madhva Matha of Udupi

4616:. In Deo, Shantaram Bhalchandra; Dhavalikar, Madhukar Keshav (eds.). 4014: 2889: 2879: 2840: 2760: 2725: 2680: 2635: 2630: 2610: 2382: 2223: 2218: 2161: 2021: 1960: 1956: 1932: 1830: 1715: 1177: 1163: 1088: 1044: 1019: 960: 911: 188: 106: 3050:

Zelliot and Berntsen (1988) p. xviii "Varkari cult is rural and non-

1849:'s memorial and the small blue temple in front of the gate is saint 1429:(meditative repetition of a divine name), and observe a fast on the 769: 6699: 6655: 6627: 6597: 6583: 6503: 6463: 6448: 6307: 6250: 6083: 6013: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5840: 4862: 4799: 4018: 3019: 2845: 2750: 2745: 2685: 2640: 2533: 2528: 2376: 2181: 2017: 2005: 1913: 1901: 1871: 1826: 1707: 1595: 1543: 1457: 1172: 1120: 1108: 1064: 876:

Vithoba (left, 4th from top) replaces Buddha in a depiction of the

657: 579: 547: 535: 235: 223: 204: 128: 60: 35: 5080:

Raeside, I. M. P. (1965). "The "Pāṇḍuranga-Māhātmya" of Śrīdhar".

1560: 1130:(the householder's life). Apart from Rakhumai, two other consorts 6649: 6622: 6483: 6458: 6438: 6406: 6401: 6391: 6317: 6297: 6292: 6282: 6277: 5890: 5763: 5696: 5670: 4077:(1988) by Mahīpati, Justin Edwards Abbott, and Narhar R. Godbole. 3984: 3240:

For Bir Kuar, Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1988) p. xxxiv

3051: 2740: 2690: 2561: 2548: 2399: 2309: 2292: 2287: 2267: 2186: 2115: 2061: 2057: 2001: 1936: 1893: 1884: 1879: 1867: 1863: 1822: 1802: 1686:, Tamil Nadu. Here, Vithoba is depicted as an arms-akimbo Vishnu. 1649: 1607: 1365: 1354: 1350: 1293: 1289: 1252: 1184: 1139: 1126: 1112: 747: 722: 700: 645: 472: 452: 387: 315: 260: 248: 219: 200: 5507: 851:

but declares that they are from different schools of sculpture.

247:. Other devotional literature dedicated to Vithoba includes the 6593: 6588: 6553: 6541: 6531: 6498: 6488: 6423: 6342: 6322: 6260: 6255: 6181: 6171: 6018: 5845: 5835: 5142:. History of Indian Philosophy. Vol. 7. Aryabhushan Press. 3032: 2884: 2625: 2489: 2314: 2304: 2260: 2238: 2228: 2166: 2156: 2146: 2111: 2041: 1980: 1944: 1943:. Similarly temple festivals celebrated in Vitthala temples in 1925: 1909: 1846: 1798: 1794: 1777: 1723: 1630: 1603: 1584: 1405: 1338: 1321: 1308: 1300: 1265: 1101: 1097: 907: 895: 754: 694: 599: 595: 542:

Finally, Vithoba is also addressed by the names of Vishnu like

530:(1089–1172 AD) notes it is also used as an epithet for the god 240: 234:

is his main temple. Vithoba legends revolve around his devotee

215: 196: 192: 118: 113: 5363:"An Account of Bauddho-Vaishnavas of Vithal-Bhaktas of Dakhan" 5288: 4993:(10). Advaita Ashrama: the Ramakrishna Order started by Swami 1284: 251:

hymns of the Haridasa and the Marathi versions of the generic

6617: 6536: 6468: 6428: 6413: 6337: 6302: 6265: 5988: 5950: 5855: 5850: 5753: 5511:

The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra

5132: 4947:(9). Advaita Ashrama: the Ramakrishna Order started by Swami 4901:(8). Advaita Ashrama: the Ramakrishna Order started by Swami 4528:

A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives

4431: 4010: 3027: 3015: 2605: 2341: 2282: 2196: 2151: 1825:), accepting the services of Pundarika and Kshetrapala (Kala- 1817:(16th century) refers to Vithoba, as Panduranga, in his poem 1771: 1678: 1662: 1570: 1446: 1420: 1401: 1326: 1116: 1056: 1014: 779: 649: 591: 587: 583: 531: 252: 5566:

Classical Marathi Literature: A History of Indian Literature

4748:

Songs on Yoga: Texts and Teachings of the Mahārāṣṭrian Nāths

1862:, a form of Vishnu; Mahalakshmi, a form of Vishnu's consort 880:—ten avatars (of Vishnu)—on the door of Sree Balaji Temple, 6568: 6508: 6473: 6443: 6383: 6357: 6347: 6327: 6272: 5943: 5252:(2–3). Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture: 183–197. 5146: 2855: 2277: 2176: 2119: 1806: 1657: 1575: 1483: 1466:) of Vishnu (Hari). According to Haridasa tradition, their 1462: 1425: 1288:

A Varkari journeys from Alandi to Pandharpur. He carries a

955:

Vithoba's image replaces the traditional representation of

543: 515: 351: 300: 5639: 5439:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 92, 108, 121–22, fig 87. 5213:

History of the Dvaita School of Vedanta and Its Literature

3975: 3538:

Raeside, I. M. P. (1965) p. 82. Cited in Sand (1990) p. 33

2020:, Karnataka. In Tamil Nadu, Vitthala shrines are found in 1652:

night at Pandharpur, when devotees dance on a large slab (

1221:

involving re-dressing and lunch at noon. This is known as

1150: 991: 4821:

Mokashi, Digambar Balkrishna; Engblom, Philip C. (1987).

4620:(238 pages ed.). Popular Prakashan. pp. 42–52. 3981:"Devotees pour in to temple town Pandharpur, Maharashtra" 1621:

in the lunar month of Ashadha. Both Shayani Ekadashi and

1159: 881: 480: 5580:

Official site of Shri Vitthal Rukmini Temple, Pandharpur

3642:

Shri Viththal ek mahasamanvaya (official site of author)

1951:

attract a lot a pilgrims. Vitthal is also worshipped as

1613:

More than 800,000 Varkaris travel to Pandharpur for the

1100:, decorated with jewellery during the Hindu festival of 971:. Stevenson goes so far as to call devotees of Vithoba ( 914:

sect that worships Vishnu-Shiva—the Lord, which is what

4841: 4098:

For a complete Marathi text and English translation of

3817:

see Pawar pp. 350–62 for a review of Varkari literature

3638:"Chapter 6: In search of the original idol of Viththal" 1319:(literally 'unbroken'), and used the call-and-response 5082:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

4524: 4473:. Vol. 18. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 607–8. 4156: 3547: 3163: 1281:—which means "Dnyaneshwar laid the foundation stone". 811:, an image purposely sited near a holy body of water ( 5484:

The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India

5480: 4802:; Abbott, Justin Edwards; Godbole, Narhar R. (1988). 4798: 1629:(a cosmic ocean of milk), while lying on the back of 1598:, when a large number of Varkaris participate in the 706: 5185:"The Legend of Puṇḍarīka: The Founder of Pandharpur" 5182: 3826:

Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1988) p. xxxvii

3227: 3225: 3223: 1870:, the elephant-headed god of wisdom and beginnings; 1376:(who was an orthodox Shaiva and teacher of Namdev), 4778:. Oxford University Press US. pp. 69, 70, 72. 3582:

Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1988) p. xxxiv

3407: 3405: 3123:

Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1988) p. xxxvi

1682:A four-armed Vithoba, a 19th-century painting from 1453:, whose guru Vyasatirtha was a key Haridasa figure. 1107:Vithoba is usually depicted with his main consort, 16:

Hindu deity considered as a manifestation of Vishnu

5585:Images of the central image of Vithoba and Rukmini 5295:. Anthropological Survey of India. pp. 11–3. 5052: 4771: 4744: 4653:(1968). "Ch.7: Religion and Gods of Maharashtra". 4556: 4371: 4182: 3718:Tagare in Mahipati: Abbott, Godbole (1987) p. xxxv 5360: 5309: 5079: 4358:For the complete legend, see Mahipati pp. 286–289 3730:Engblom, Philip C. in Mokashi (1987) pp. 7–10, 15 3220: 3131: 3129: 1666:(red powder) is sprinkled on the god's feet; and 1648:Apart from the four Ekadashis, a fair is held on 639:, opines that Vithoba worship may be even older—" 582:, associated with Krishna, the cattle-god of the 19:"Panduranga" redirects here. For other uses, see 6719: 4707: 4611: 4438:Vaiṣṇavism, Śaivism, and Minor Religious Systems 3402: 3188: 3186: 1092:Vithoba (left) with his consort Rakhumai at the 859:The devotee Pundalik, thrower of the brick (see 447:According to research scholar M. S. Mate of the 183:predominantly worshipped in the Indian state of 5628:. University of New South Wales. Archived from 5459: 4775:Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey 4584: 4551: 4531:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–40. 4441:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 124–27. 3669: 3110: 3108: 3106: 1754:. The "third tradition" is found in two works: 5563: 5542: 5209: 4977: 4931: 4885: 4863:Novetzke, Christian Lee; Beck, Guy L. (2005). 4680: 4649: 4503: 3897: 3895: 3248: 3246: 3126: 1522:or Purandara Vitthala (1484–1564), "father of 1470:, also known as Haridasa-kuta, was founded by 753:Ranade believes that an inscription, found in 574:According to Richard Maxwell Eaton, author of 397: 391: 374:, which may have originated from the Sanskrit 6215: 5655: 5620: 5487:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 223–24. 5418:. International Centre for Cultural Studies. 5155: 5088:(1). Cambridge University Press on behalf of 5056:Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary 4662:. Maharashtra State Gazetteer. Archived from 4270: 4210:T. Padmaja (2002) pp. 92, 108, 121–22, fig 87 3290: 3288: 3183: 2926: 1076:(a three-stringed waist-belt), a long stick ( 362:) is composed of two Sanskrit-Marathi words: 5568:. Vol. 9. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. 5551: 5023: 4404: 4230: 4228: 4218: 4216: 3614:Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1987) pp. 35–36 3103: 797:must have existed at Pandharpur—one each of 777:The physical characteristics of the central 602:and Tukaram identified Vithoba with Vishnu. 406:offers yet another possibility—that Vitthu ( 278: 6229: 5508:Zelliot, Eleanor; Berntsen, Maxine (1988). 4493: 3892: 3738: 3736: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3243: 2012:—have Vitthala as their presiding deity. A 1769:devotional poems of the Varkaris, and many 725:of the Vithoba's chief temple at Pandharpur 6222: 6208: 5662: 5648: 5432: 5236: 5136:Indian Mysticism: Mysticism in Maharashtra 4455: 4349:For complete story, see Mahipati pp. 85–99 4291: 4289: 4206: 4204: 4183:Robert W. Bradnock, Roma Bradnock (2000). 4094: 4092: 3759: 3757: 3726: 3724: 3534: 3532: 3341: 3339: 3285: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 2957:. It is also documented in Marathi texts: 2933: 2919: 2093: 773:An arms-akimbo Vishnu from Udaygiri Caves. 678:, proposes that the image of Vithoba is a 557: 34: 5289:Singh, Kumar Suresh; Mehta, B.V. (2004). 5257: 5216:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 514–16. 4591:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 252–53. 4506:Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur 4340:For complete tale, see Mahipati pp. 22–27 4225: 4213: 4102:by Sridhara see Raeside (1965) pp. 81–100 4047: 4045: 4030:Engblom, Philip C. in Mokashi (1987) p. 2 3947: 3687: 3685: 3665: 3663: 3428: 3426: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 1761:In addition to the above, there are many 1617:on Shayani Ekadashi, the 11th day of the 737:donated a village for the expense of the 5030:Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology 4498:(in Marathi). Pune: Shrividya Prakashan. 4374:"Devolutional Literature — Marathi" 4069:For the complete English translation of 3903:"The Artists of Nathadwar — Part 4" 3808:Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1987) p. 40 3772:Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1990) p. 38 3733: 3631: 3629: 3594: 3496:Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1987) p. 37 3345:Zelliot, Eleanor in Mokashi (1987) p. 35 3329: 3327: 3278: 3276: 2051: 1965: 1840: 1677: 1559: 1440: 1283: 1149: 1087: 990: 871: 768: 716: 615: 444:), attested since the 8th century. 282: 4563:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4322:Eleanor Zelliot in Mokashi (1987) p. 35 4286: 4222:Eleanor Zelliot in Mokashi (1987) p. 42 4201: 4089: 3754: 3721: 3529: 3522: 3520: 3336: 3195: 3076: 1896:, and of devotees such as Pundalik and 1691:are Marathi texts written by Brahmins. 1364:All these poet-saints, and others like 1292:(lute) with saffron flag attached, and 243:, dedicated to Vithoba and composed in 210:Vithoba is the focus of an essentially 6720: 5623:"The 'Palkhi' of Alandi to Pandharpur" 5133:Ranade, Ramchandra Dattatraya (1933). 5090:School of Oriental and African Studies 4712:Sri-Vitthal: Ek Mahasamanvay (Marathi) 4656:Maharashtra – Land and Its People 4042: 3874: 3682: 3660: 3423: 3303:Deleury as quoted in Sand (1990) p. 38 3138: 2024:, Vittalapuram near thiruporur and in 6203: 5643: 5411: 5377:of Great Britain and Ireland: 64–73. 5246:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 5059:. Popular Prakashan. pp. 366–7. 3926: 3829: 3635: 3626: 3324: 3273: 2946: 963:in Maharashtra. In the 17th century, 5147:Rao, Mysore Venkata Krishna (1966). 4806:. Vol. 2. Motilal Banarsidass. 4751:. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 17. 4640: 3517: 3459: 1809:—an avatar of Vishnu). Finally, the 1017:-beads, embedded with the legendary 823:, located at a place of holy power ( 815:), in this case facing west, on the 5326:of Great Britain and Ireland: 1–8. 5149:Purandara and the Haridasa Movement 4588:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism 4470:Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics 4176: 3018:"untouchable" or a Brahmin beggar. 1888:(memorials) of saints like Namdev, 1742:(consisting of 1,200 verses); 1673: 1641:. This form of worship is known as 1415:(mother-father) and Pandharpur his 13: 5735: 5536: 5237:Shima Iwao (June–September 1988). 4718:Encyclopaedia of Indian literature 4687:. Popular Prakashan. p. 482. 4378:Encyclopaedia of Indian literature 1529: 1423:. Varkaris often practice Vithoba 893:(original) Vishnu himself, not an 867: 707:Pandharpur temple and inscriptions 191:. He is a form of the Hindu deity 14: 6764: 5573: 5259:10.18874/jjrs.15.2-3.1988.183-197 5162:. Orient Longman. pp. 54–5. 4932:Pande, Suruchi (September 2008). 4641:Iyer, Panchapakesa A.S. (2006) . 4141: 2040:and sculptures are also found in 1734:(consisting of 900 verses); 471:(Mother Vitthala). The people of 6373: 5807:Other 16000 - 16100 Junior wives 5604:Article on the Pandharpur temple 5559:(in Marathi). Rajhans Prakashan. 5032:. Vol. 1. Sahitya Akademi. 5028:. In Panicker K. Ayyappa (ed.). 4871:. SUNY Press. pp. 113–138. 4842:Monier-Williams, Monier (2008). 4352: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4298: 4147:Underhill (1991) pp. 165–66, 172 3853:Lutgendorf (2007) pp. 69, 70, 72 1436: 1255:Panth (Pilgrim Path) or Varkari 1207:that includes a bath with five ( 764: 652:of Maharashtra. The rise of the 5980:Associated with Krishna's life 5956:48 Kos Parikrama of Kurukshetra 4978:Pande, Suruchi (October 2008). 4525:Eaton, Richard Maxwell (2005). 4264: 4255: 4246: 4237: 4157:Pathak, Arunchandra S. (2006). 4150: 4132: 4123: 4114: 4105: 4080: 4063: 4054: 4033: 4024: 4003: 3969: 3920: 3883: 3865: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3820: 3811: 3802: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3745: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3617: 3608: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3548:Pathak, Arunchandra S. (2006). 3541: 3508: 3499: 3490: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3414: 3393: 3384: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3348: 3315: 3306: 3297: 3264: 3255: 3234: 3211: 3164:Pathak, Arunchandra S. (2006). 2973:, a form of Vishnu, comes from 1246: 1033:(conch) in his left hand and a 4886:Pande, Suruchi (August 2008). 4684:Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission 4271:M R Venkatesh (10 July 2011). 3466:(2008 ed.). p. 1276. 3117: 3094: 3067: 3057: 3044: 1534:The founder of the Hindu sect 1275:Pundalikavarada Hari Vitthala! 986: 839:(943–1210) and even the Ajmer 605:Christian Lee Novetzke of the 576:A Social History of the Deccan 1: 5183:Sand, Erick Reenberg (1990). 5026:"Medieval Marathi Literature" 4618:Studies in Indian Archaeology 4496:Sri Vitthal: Ek Mahasamanvaya 4433:Bhandarkar, Ramakrishna Gopal 4364: 4273:"New abode for Vittala in TN" 3676:sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de 1970:Thennangur temple, Tamil Nadu 1296:tied to strings in his hands. 637:Sri Vitthal: Ek Mahasamanvaya 222:faith in Maharashtra and the 5621:Sane, Prajkta (March 2007). 5292:People of India: Maharashtra 4579:An Introduction to Hinduism. 3411:Bhandarkar (1995) pp. 125–26 3294:Vaudeville (1987) pp. 223–24 1878:, a form of Shiva's consort 1805:(the monkey god, devotee of 1549: 1315:in praise of Vithoba called 807:type. The earlier one was a 692:worship into more idealised 660:; today, both are viewed as 404:Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar 7: 6743:Titles and names of Krishna 5669: 5514:. SUNY Press. p. 170. 5053:Pillai, S. Devadas (1997). 4980:"The Vithoba of Pandharpur" 4934:"The Vithoba of Pandharpur" 4888:"The Vithoba of Pandharpur" 4845:Sanskrit-English Dictionary 4772:Lutgendorf, Philip (2007). 4745:Kiehnle, Catharina (1997). 4559:An Introduction to Hinduism 4508:. Oxford University Press. 4372:anonymous cited in (1987). 4185:Goa handbook 2, illustrated 1333:, when wars erupted in the 1235: 1229: 1223: 1199: 1193: 1083: 961:Hindu astrological almanacs 944: 938: 932: 926: 920: 860: 854: 789: 521: 467: 461: 435: 423: 408: 370:, which means 'brick'; and 365: 357: 306: 67: 21:Panduranga (disambiguation) 10: 6769: 5361:Stevenson, Rev. J (1843). 5310:Stevenson, Rev. J (1843). 4708:Kelkar, Ashok R. (2001) . 3073:Novetzke (2005) pp. 115–16 2965:s of various poet-saints. 1836: 1553: 1449:, Karnataka, was built by 1211:) sweet substances called 1191:to awaken the god, called 1145: 793:below), that two distinct 713:Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur 710: 232:Vithoba Temple, Pandharpur 18: 6695: 6606: 6524: 6382: 6371: 6241: 6159: 6097: 6059: 5971: 5906: 5823: 5746: 5733: 5677: 5557:Aisa vitevara deva kothe! 5460:Underhill, M.M. (1991) . 5383:10.1017/s0035869x00155674 5373:(13). London: periodical 5332:10.1017/s0035869x00155625 5322:(13). London: periodical 5187:. In Bakker, Hans (ed.). 5102:10.1017/S0041977X00056779 4645:. Chennai: Zion Printers. 4643:Karnataka Sangeeta Sastra 4612:Gokhale, Shobana (1985). 4502:Translated into English: 3933:. Routledge. p. 23. 3381:Pande (2008) pp. 449, 508 2047: 1639:Government of Maharashtra 1498:at the then capital city 674:G. A. Deleury, author of 511: 503: 495: 347: 339: 331: 323: 296: 279:Etymology and other names 124: 112: 102: 94: 84: 74: 59: 49: 33: 28: 6679:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 5463:The Hindu Religious Year 4681:Keer, Dhanajay (2005) . 4585:Flood, Gavin D. (2003). 4075:Stories of Indian Saints 3957:. Nathdwara Temple Board 3844:Sharma (2000) pp. 514–16 3691:Pillai (1997) pp. 366–67 3670:Monier-Williams (2008). 3441:Ranade (1933) pp. 183–84 3363:Gokhale (1985) pp. 42–52 3192:Bhandarkar (1995) p. 125 3114:Bhandarkar (1995) p. 124 3091:Crooke (2003) pp. 607–08 3038: 1831:the wish fulfilling tree 1750:, which is found in the 1313:Marathi devotional poems 627:The religious historian 607:University of Washington 565:Pandurangashtakam stotra 5564:Tulpule, S. G. (1979). 5543:Deleury, G. A. (1960). 5210:Sharma, B.N.K. (2000). 4504:Feldhaus, Anne (2011). 4187:. Footprint Handbooks. 4138:Pande (2008) pp. 445–48 4129:Shima (1988) pp. 189–96 3979:(PTI) (July 11, 2011). 3930:The poetics of devotion 3835:Flood (2003) pp. 252–53 3799:Flood (1996) pp. 142–44 3790:Shima (1988) pp. 184–86 3763:anon. (1987) pp. 966–68 3526:Underhill (1991) p. 171 3333:Karve (1968) pp. 188–89 3312:Tilak (2006) pp. 243–46 3208:Eaton (2005) pp. 139–40 1874:, a form of Shiva; and 1694:The Varkari texts are: 1482:(1478–1539), the royal 1445:The Vitthala temple in 975:) Buddhist Vaishnavas ( 567:, a hymn attributed to 558:Origins and development 6189:Guru–shishya tradition 5740: 5156:Rao, Vasudeva (2002). 5151:. Karnatak University. 4111:Novetzke (2005) p. 120 3927:Dwyer, Rachel (2001). 3573:Stevenson (1843) p. 64 3420:Stevenson (1843) p. 66 3390:Sand (1990) pp. 43, 58 3252:Novetzke (2005) p. 116 2069: 1971: 1904:of the year; at Kole ( 1854: 1775:(songs of praise) and 1687: 1565: 1454: 1372:in praise of Vithoba: 1297: 1279:Dnyanadev rachila paya 1155: 1104: 997: 885: 774: 726: 624: 398: 392: 288: 5739: 5609:The Haridasa movement 5375:Royal Asiatic Society 5324:Royal Asiatic Society 5024:Pawar, G. M. (1997). 4405:Bakker, Hans (1990). 4295:Sand (1990) pp. 41–42 3514:Zelliot (1988) p. 114 3450:Sand (1990) pp. 39–40 3282:Kelkar (2001) p. 4179 3217:Zelliot (1988) p. 170 2055: 2014:Vitthaleshwara temple 1969: 1844: 1819:Panduranga-Mahatmyamu 1681: 1563: 1444: 1382:Narhari the goldsmith 1307:. 1270–1350), a 1287: 1153: 1091: 1072:on the right breast, 994: 875: 772: 720: 633:Sahitya Akademi Award 620:Pundalik's temple at 619: 465:(King Vitthala), and 286: 40:The central image at 5094:University of London 4494:Dhere, R.C. (1984). 4261:Rao (2002) pp. 54–55 4252:Sharma (2000) p. 612 4234:Ranade (1933) p. 213 3977:Press Trust of India 3889:Kiehnle (1997) p. 39 3372:Ranade (1933) p. 183 2026:Tirunelveli district 1472:Achalananda Vitthala 1311:tailor, wrote short 1233:. The final rite is 648:, the cattle-owning 226:sect established in 6738:Regional Hindu gods 5951:Pilgrimage circuits 5934:Krishna Janmashtami 5545:The cult of Vithoba 5433:T. Padmaja (2002). 4850:Universität zu Köln 4331:Tilak (2006) p. 247 4304:Bakker (1990) p. 78 4100:Panduranga-Mahatmya 4039:Shima (1988) p. 189 3991:on October 16, 2012 3751:Flood (1996) p. 135 3742:Shima (1988) p. 188 3709:Karve (1968) p. 183 3700:Pande (2008) p. 447 3648:on 14 February 2011 3636:Dhere, R C (2009). 3623:Ranade (1933) p. 41 3605:Pande (2008) p. 448 3354:Shima (1988) p. 184 3231:Pande (2008) p. 508 3100:Pande (2008) p. 449 2959:Panduranga-Mahatmya 2701:Satyabhinava Tirtha 1976:World Heritage Site 1756:Panduranga-Mahatmya 1748:Panduranga-Mahatmya 1736:Panduranga-Mahatmya 1728:Panduranga-Mahatmya 1668:Krishna Janmashtami 1623:Prabodhini Ekadashi 1516:Jagannatha Vitthala 1386:Savata the gardener 1331:Vijayanagara empire 676:The cult of Vithoba 265:Prabodhini Ekadashi 6069:Hathibada Ghosundi 5741: 5614:2009-02-18 at the 5597:2009-06-28 at the 5195:. pp. 33–61. 4243:Eaton (2005) p. 83 4120:Singh (2004) p. 13 3907:The Sampradaya Sun 3862:Rao (1966) pp. 7–8 3591:Keer (2005) p. 482 3556:on 16 October 2009 3460:Williams, Monier. 2799:Related traditions 2716:Satyadhyana Tirtha 2711:Satyadharma Tirtha 2671:Raghavendra Tirtha 2621:Manavala Mamunigal 2544:Vaishnava-Sahajiya 2070: 1972: 1855: 1815:Tenali Ramakrishna 1712:Pundalika-Mahatmya 1688: 1566: 1455: 1400:the "untouchable" 1396:the dancing girl, 1298: 1156: 1105: 998: 977:Bauddho-Vaishnavas 886: 775: 727: 625: 289: 214:, non-ritualistic 6713: 6712: 6197: 6196: 6074:Heliodorus pillar 5446:978-81-7017-398-4 5425:978-81-87420-20-0 5302:978-81-7991-100-6 5223:978-81-208-1575-9 5169:978-81-250-2297-8 4987:Prabuddha Bharata 4941:Prabuddha Bharata 4895:Prabuddha Bharata 4785:978-0-19-530921-8 4731:978-81-260-1221-3 4627:978-0-86132-088-2 4598:978-0-631-21535-6 4515:978-0-19-977759-4 4313:Sand (1990) p. 50 4194:978-1-900949-45-3 4086:Sand (1990) p. 34 4060:Sand (1990) p. 33 4051:Sand (1990) p. 56 3940:978-0-7007-1233-5 3880:Iyer (2006) p. 93 3463:mw1276-svadharman 3432:Sand (1990) p. 37 3399:Sand (1990) p. 35 3270:Sand (1990) p. 40 3172:on March 30, 2010 3135:Sand (1990) p. 38 3024:Pandurangastrotra 2943: 2942: 2706:Satyabodha Tirtha 2696:Satyanatha Tirtha 2666:Raghuttama Tirtha 2656:Pillai Lokacharya 2651:Padmanabha Tirtha 2563:Teachers—acharyas 2494:Acintyabhedabheda 2133:Important deities 1684:Tiruchchirappalli 1496:Vitthala's temple 1197:. Next comes the 1065:srivatsalanchhana 1047:, supported by a 155:), also known as 142: 141: 79:Sadh Vaishnavism 6760: 6728:Forms of Krishna 6377: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6201: 6200: 6108:Bhagavata Purana 5717:Vāsudeva-Krishna 5664: 5657: 5650: 5641: 5640: 5636: 5634: 5627: 5569: 5560: 5548: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5477: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5429: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5306: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5276: 5270:. Archived from 5261: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5206: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5152: 5143: 5141: 5129: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5011: 5005:. Archived from 4984: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4965: 4959:. Archived from 4938: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4919: 4913:. Archived from 4892: 4882: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4838: 4817: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4724:. p. 4179. 4704: 4702: 4701: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4668: 4661: 4646: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4608: 4606: 4605: 4581: 4562: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4519: 4499: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4452: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4359: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4314: 4311: 4305: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4244: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4223: 4220: 4211: 4208: 4199: 4198: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4154: 4148: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4103: 4096: 4087: 4084: 4078: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4040: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4022: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3987:. Archived from 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3899: 3890: 3887: 3881: 3878: 3872: 3871:Rao (1966) p. 28 3869: 3863: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3752: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3731: 3728: 3719: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3680: 3679: 3667: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3644:. Archived from 3633: 3624: 3621: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3592: 3589: 3583: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3527: 3524: 3515: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3481: 3477: 3475: 3467: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3421: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3364: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3334: 3331: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3283: 3280: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3241: 3238: 3232: 3229: 3218: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3193: 3190: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3161: 3136: 3133: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3101: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3074: 3071: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3048: 2947:devotional works 2935: 2928: 2921: 2800: 2564: 2509:Ekasarana Dharma 2446: 2335: 2134: 2106: 2097: 2087: 2072: 2071: 1674:Devotional works 1643:sarkari-mahapuja 1502:(modern Hampi). 1238: 1232: 1226: 1202: 1196: 1096:Vitthal temple, 947: 941: 935: 929: 923: 662:a form of Vishnu 631:, winner of the 524: 513: 505: 497: 475:add the suffix - 470: 464: 443: 438: 431: 426: 411: 401: 396:(ignorance) and 395: 368: 360: 349: 341: 333: 325: 309: 298: 267:in the month of 259:in the month of 257:Shayani Ekadashi 70: 38: 26: 25: 6768: 6767: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6733:Forms of Vishnu 6718: 6717: 6714: 6709: 6705:Hindu mythology 6691: 6602: 6520: 6378: 6369: 6237: 6228: 6198: 6193: 6167:Svayam Bhagavan 6155: 6093: 6055: 5967: 5961:Vraja Parikrama 5902: 5824:Other relatives 5819: 5742: 5731: 5673: 5668: 5632: 5625: 5616:Wayback Machine 5599:Wayback Machine 5576: 5539: 5537:Further reading 5534: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5474: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5426: 5403: 5401: 5352: 5350: 5303: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5241: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5203: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5139: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5015: 5013: 5009: 4982: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4936: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4890: 4879: 4854: 4852: 4835: 4814: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4722:Sahitya Akademi 4720:. Vol. 5. 4699: 4697: 4695: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4575: 4553:Flood, Gavin D. 4543: 4541: 4539: 4516: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4465:Hastings, James 4449: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4382:Sahitya Akademi 4380:. Vol. 1. 4367: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4226: 4221: 4214: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4181: 4177: 4168: 4166: 4165:on 20 June 2008 4155: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4097: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4011:12 Hindu months 4008: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3925: 3921: 3912: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3734: 3729: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3683: 3678:. p. 1110. 3668: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3634: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3559: 3557: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3530: 3525: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3505:Novetzke p. 117 3504: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3479: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3337: 3332: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3286: 3281: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3196: 3191: 3184: 3175: 3173: 3162: 3139: 3134: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3058: 3049: 3045: 3041: 2939: 2910: 2909: 2801: 2798: 2791: 2790: 2781:Vadiraja Tirtha 2646:Srinivasacharya 2566: 2562: 2554: 2553: 2456:Vishishtadvaita 2447: 2444: 2437: 2436: 2388:Divya Prabandha 2337: 2334:Holy scriptures 2333: 2325: 2324: 2135: 2132: 2125: 2124: 2107: 2104: 2085: 2050: 1998:s (monasteries) 1906:Satara district 1839: 1801:of Vishnu) and 1697:Bhaktalilamrita 1676: 1558: 1556:Pandharpur Vari 1552: 1532: 1530:Pushtimarg sect 1512:Gopala Vitthala 1508:Vijaya Vitthala 1492:Krishnadevaraya 1460:means servant ( 1451:Krishnadevaraya 1439: 1433:of each month. 1409:Sheikh Muhammad 1404:, and even the 1390:Gora the potter 1378:Sena the barber 1374:Visoba Khechara 1249: 1148: 1086: 989: 870: 868:Identifications 857: 767: 715: 709: 560: 281: 98:Chakra, Shankha 63:transliteration 45: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6766: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6707: 6702: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6659: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6614: 6612: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6534: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6388: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6247: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6227: 6226: 6219: 6212: 6204: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6146: 6143:Brahma Samhita 6139: 6138: 6137: 6135:Krishna's role 6132: 6118: 6111: 6103: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5994:Govardhan Hill 5991: 5986: 5977: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5912: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5756: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5692:Gopala-Krishna 5689: 5683: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5667: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5635:on 2009-03-27. 5618: 5606: 5601: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5575: 5574:External links 5572: 5571: 5570: 5561: 5549: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5520: 5505: 5493: 5478: 5472: 5457: 5445: 5430: 5424: 5409: 5358: 5307: 5301: 5286: 5234: 5222: 5207: 5201: 5180: 5168: 5153: 5144: 5130: 5077: 5065: 5050: 5038: 5021: 4975: 4929: 4883: 4877: 4860: 4839: 4833: 4818: 4812: 4796: 4784: 4769: 4757: 4742: 4730: 4714:by R.C. Dhere" 4705: 4693: 4678: 4651:Karve, Irawati 4647: 4638: 4626: 4609: 4597: 4582: 4573: 4549: 4537: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4514: 4491: 4479: 4453: 4447: 4429: 4417: 4402: 4390: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4351: 4342: 4333: 4324: 4315: 4306: 4297: 4285: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4224: 4212: 4200: 4193: 4175: 4149: 4140: 4131: 4122: 4113: 4104: 4088: 4079: 4062: 4053: 4041: 4032: 4023: 4002: 3968: 3946: 3939: 3919: 3909:. May 29, 2005 3891: 3882: 3873: 3864: 3855: 3846: 3837: 3828: 3819: 3810: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3774: 3765: 3753: 3744: 3732: 3720: 3711: 3702: 3693: 3681: 3672:"Cologne Scan" 3659: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3566: 3540: 3528: 3516: 3507: 3498: 3489: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3422: 3413: 3401: 3392: 3383: 3374: 3365: 3356: 3347: 3335: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3284: 3272: 3263: 3254: 3242: 3233: 3219: 3210: 3194: 3182: 3137: 3125: 3116: 3102: 3093: 3075: 3066: 3056: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3022:, in his work 2983:makara-kundala 2981:form, wearing 2971:Gopala-Krishna 2941: 2940: 2938: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2865: 2860: 2859: 2858: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2802: 2797: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2756:Vedanta Desika 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2721:Samarth Ramdas 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2661:Purandara Dasa 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2567: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2524:Radha Vallabha 2521: 2516: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2479: 2469: 2459: 2448: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2373: 2366: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2338: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2214:Guruvayurappan 2211: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2136: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2108: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2090: 2089: 2081: 2080: 2049: 2046: 1838: 1835: 1744:Bhima-Mahatmya 1675: 1672: 1658:Ranga-Panchami 1635:chief minister 1554:Main article: 1551: 1548: 1540:Vallabhacharya 1531: 1528: 1524:Carnatic music 1520:Purandara Dasa 1438: 1435: 1347:Maratha empire 1248: 1245: 1147: 1144: 1085: 1082: 1025:makara-kundala 988: 985: 981:B. R. Ambedkar 973:Vithal-bhaktas 969:Shivneri Caves 869: 866: 856: 853: 849:Madhya Pradesh 845:Udaygiri Caves 766: 763: 711:Main article: 708: 705: 654:Yadava dynasty 559: 556: 552:Vaishnava sect 457:Vishnuvardhana 449:Deccan College 380:William Crooke 280: 277: 230:in Karnataka. 228:Dvaita Vedanta 140: 139: 126: 122: 121: 116: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 96: 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 64: 57: 56: 53: 47: 46: 42:Vithoba Temple 39: 31: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6765: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6716: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6670:Bhagavad Gita 6667: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6605: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6525:Other deities 6523: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6231:Hindu deities 6225: 6220: 6218: 6213: 6211: 6206: 6205: 6202: 6190: 6187: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6145: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6129:Bhagavad Gita 6126: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6089:Vasu Doorjamb 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6025:Other sites: 6024: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5939:Gita Mahotsav 5937: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5738: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5707:Radha Krishna 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5665: 5660: 5658: 5653: 5651: 5646: 5645: 5642: 5631: 5624: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5541: 5540: 5523: 5521:0-88706-662-3 5517: 5513: 5512: 5506: 5496: 5494:81-208-0277-2 5490: 5486: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5473:81-206-0523-3 5469: 5465: 5464: 5458: 5448: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5431: 5427: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5410: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5287: 5277:on 2009-03-26 5273: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5235: 5225: 5219: 5215: 5214: 5208: 5204: 5202:90-04-09318-4 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5171: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5138: 5137: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5068: 5066:81-7154-807-5 5062: 5058: 5057: 5051: 5041: 5039:81-260-0365-0 5035: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5012:on 2008-11-21 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4966:on 2008-12-21 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4930: 4920:on 2008-12-21 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4878:0-7914-6415-6 4874: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4840: 4836: 4834:0-88706-461-2 4830: 4826: 4825: 4819: 4815: 4813:81-208-0469-4 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4770: 4760: 4758:3-515-06922-4 4754: 4750: 4749: 4743: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4713: 4706: 4696: 4694:81-7154-237-9 4690: 4686: 4685: 4679: 4669:on 2009-03-03 4665: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4629: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4600: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4574:0-521-43878-0 4570: 4566: 4561: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4540: 4538:0-521-25484-1 4534: 4530: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4492: 4482: 4480:0-7661-3695-7 4476: 4472: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4448:81-206-0122-X 4444: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418:90-04-09318-4 4414: 4410: 4409: 4403: 4393: 4391:81-260-1803-8 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4369: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4328: 4319: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4290: 4274: 4267: 4258: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4207: 4205: 4196: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4144: 4135: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4101: 4095: 4093: 4083: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4057: 4048: 4046: 4036: 4027: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4006: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3956: 3950: 3942: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3923: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3896: 3886: 3877: 3868: 3859: 3850: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3769: 3760: 3758: 3748: 3739: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3688: 3686: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3664: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3630: 3620: 3611: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3588: 3579: 3570: 3555: 3551: 3544: 3535: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3511: 3502: 3493: 3485: 3473: 3465: 3464: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3427: 3417: 3408: 3406: 3396: 3387: 3378: 3369: 3360: 3351: 3342: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3318: 3309: 3300: 3291: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3247: 3237: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3214: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3120: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3097: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3070: 3060: 3054:in character" 3053: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2951:Skanda Purana 2948: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2795: 2794: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2771:Viṭṭhalanātha 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2565: 2558: 2557: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2441: 2440: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2364: 2363:Bhagavad Gita 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2329: 2328: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2249:Venkateshvara 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2234:Nara-Narayana 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2129: 2128: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2105:Supreme deity 2101: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 2000:in Karnataka— 1999: 1997: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1968: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860:Venkateshwara 1852: 1848: 1843: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1752:Vishnu Purana 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1732:Skanda Purana 1729: 1725: 1721: 1718:, and a long 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1698: 1692: 1685: 1680: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1562: 1557: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1437:Haridasa sect 1434: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1244: 1242: 1237: 1231: 1225: 1224:madhyāhṇapūjā 1220: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1200:pañcāmṛtapūjā 1195: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1152: 1143: 1142:in Hinduism. 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1122: 1118: 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Retrieved 3170:the original 3166:"Pandharpur" 3119: 3096: 3069: 3059: 3046: 3023: 3013: 3005:Bala Krishna 3002: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2955:Padma Purana 2944: 2841:Jagannathism 2786:Yamunacharya 2731:Swaminarayan 2616:Madhvacharya 2596:Jiva Goswami 2539:Swaminarayan 2501: 2476:Dvaitadvaita 2466:Śuddhādvaita 2393:Gita Govinda 2375: 2368: 2361: 2253: 2034:Govindapuram 2013: 1995: 1990:Madhvacharya 1984:state deity 1973: 1952: 1941:Gokarna Math 1930: 1922:Birla Mandir 1883: 1856: 1853:'s memorial. 1829:), becoming 1818: 1790: 1786: 1783:Adi Shankara 1776: 1770: 1765:, the short 1762: 1760: 1755: 1747: 1743: 1740:Padma Purana 1735: 1727: 1719: 1711: 1703:Bhaktavijaya 1701: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1661: 1653: 1647: 1642: 1614: 1612: 1599: 1589: 1583: 1579: 1569: 1567: 1533: 1504: 1500:Vijayanagara 1487: 1475: 1467: 1461: 1456: 1430: 1424: 1416: 1412: 1369: 1363: 1358: 1342: 1327:untouchables 1320: 1316: 1304: 1299: 1278: 1274: 1264: 1260: 1250: 1247:Varkari sect 1240: 1230:aparāhṇapūjā 1218: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1188: 1182: 1171: 1157: 1125: 1106: 1077: 1073: 1070:shriniketana 1069: 1063: 1061: 1052: 1048: 1041: 1034: 1028: 1024: 1018: 1012: 1003:Para-brahman 999: 976: 972: 954: 915: 905: 901:Mahanubhavas 894: 890: 887: 858: 829: 824: 820: 812: 809:tirtha murti 808: 803: 799: 794: 788: 778: 776: 752: 742: 738: 732: 728: 693: 687: 679: 675: 673: 668: 666: 636: 626: 604: 575: 573: 569:Adi Shankara 564: 561: 541: 519: 490:Panduranga ( 489: 476: 446: 433: 421: 417: 413: 375: 371: 363: 355: 313: 304: 290: 273: 212:monotheistic 209: 176: 168: 164: 156: 152: 144: 143: 6663:Mahabharata 6574:Kuladevatas 6353:Vishvakarma 6177:Dashavatara 6122:Mahabharata 6009:Kurukshetra 5924:Vaishnavism 5759:Ashtabharya 5727:Other names 5193:E. J. Brill 4995:Vivekananda 4949:Vivekananda 4903:Vivekananda 3480:|work= 3261:Dhere p. 62 2895:Kabir panth 2816:Pancharatra 2811:Vaikhanasas 2806:Bhagavatism 2776:Vyasatirtha 2766:Vishnuswami 2736:Sripadaraja 2576:Chakradhara 2514:Mahanubhava 2445:Sampradayas 2370:Mahabharata 2357:Pancharatra 2209:Dhanvantari 2203:Other forms 2140:Dashavatara 2086:Vaishnavism 2066:Dnyaneshwar 2056:Image of a 1953:Vitthalnath 1654:ranga-shila 1631:Shesha-nāga 1627:Ksheersagar 1619:waxing moon 1480:Vyasatirtha 1271:Dnyaneshwar 1214:panchamrita 1055:– a yellow 1008:Dnyaneshwar 987:Iconography 924:is neither 878:Dashavatara 832:Hemadpanthi 759:Rashtrakuta 611:Mahanubhava 528:Hemachandra 384:orientalist 185:Maharashtra 181:Hindu deity 75:Affiliation 6722:Categories 6645:Upanishads 6564:Gandharvas 6288:Dattatreya 6039:Pandharpur 5973:Holy sites 5930:Festivals 5919:Krishnaism 5789:Mitravinda 5769:Satyabhama 5712:Shrinathji 5527:2008-09-20 5500:2008-09-20 5452:2008-09-20 5404:2008-11-04 5353:2008-11-04 5281:2008-09-21 5229:2008-09-20 5191:. Leiden: 5175:2008-09-20 5096:: 81–100. 5072:2008-09-20 5045:2008-12-17 5016:2008-10-29 4970:2008-10-29 4924:2008-10-29 4855:2008-09-20 4791:2008-09-20 4764:2008-09-20 4737:2008-09-20 4700:2008-09-20 4673:2008-09-20 4633:2008-09-20 4604:2008-09-20 4544:2008-09-20 4486:2008-09-20 4457:Crooke, W. 4424:2008-09-20 4397:2008-09-20 4365:References 4169:2008-10-02 3961:27 October 3913:2009-07-03 3560:2008-11-03 3176:2008-07-14 2975:Govardhana 2900:Dadu panth 2863:Pushtimarg 2836:Krishnaism 2676:Ram Charan 2601:Jñāneśvara 2591:Jayatirtha 2581:Dadu Dayal 2486:Tattvavada 2352:Vaikhanasa 2347:Upanishads 2244:Shrinathji 2172:Parasurama 2038:Kumbakonam 2030:Thennangur 2016:stands at 1986:Virupaksha 1912:month; at 1898:Kanhopatra 1890:Chokhamela 1851:Chokhamela 1536:Pushtimarg 1490:) to king 1468:sampradaya 1398:Chokhamela 1394:Kanhopatra 1257:Sampradaya 1194:kākaḍāratī 1173:kuladevata 1168:Tamil Nadu 1136:Satyabhama 1049:kambarband 735:Someshvara 684:hero stone 629:R.C. Dhere 622:Pandharpur 522:Pāṇḍuraṅga 485:Pushtimarg 177:Pāṇḍuraṅga 169:Panduranga 137:Satyabhama 89:Pandharpur 51:Devanagari 6584:Rakshasas 6454:Mahavidya 6397:Saraswati 6384:Goddesses 6313:Kartikeya 6079:Mora Well 6061:Epigraphy 6034:Nathdwara 6029:Guruvayur 5999:Vrindavan 5866:Pradyumna 5831:Aniruddha 5794:Lakshmana 5784:Nagnajiti 5774:Jambavati 5702:Jagannath 5399:164045611 5391:1356-1863 5348:170083155 5340:1356-1863 5268:0304-1042 5126:163780933 5110:0041-977X 5003:0032-6178 4997:: 553–8. 4957:0032-6178 4951:: 504–8. 4911:0032-6178 4905:: 444–9. 4567:, 142–4. 4459:(2003) . 4435:(1995) . 4411:. 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