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formed and articulated. (It is this latter aspect of the sound of the voice that can be mimicked by skilled performers.) Humans have vocal folds that can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of chest and neck, the position of the tongue, and the tightness of otherwise unrelated muscles can be altered. Any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body, and an individual's size and bone structure can affect somewhat the sound produced by an individual.
379:
action are among the fastest in the body. Children can learn to use this action consistently during speech at an early age, as they learn to speak the difference between utterances such as "apa" (having an abductory-adductory gesture for the p) as "aba" (having no abductory-adductory gesture). They can learn to do this well before the age of two by listening only to the voices of adults around them who have voices much different from their own, and even though the laryngeal movements causing these phonetic differentiations are deep in the throat and not visible to them.
387:. However, voiceless speech sounds are sometimes better identified as containing an abductory gesture, even if the gesture was not strong enough to stop the vocal folds from vibrating. This anomalous feature of voiceless speech sounds is better understood if it is realized that it is the change in the spectral qualities of the voice as abduction proceeds that is the primary acoustic attribute that the listener attends to when identifying a voiceless speech sound, and not simply the presence or absence of voice (periodic energy).
561:
and prolongation; although in strictly scientific usage acoustic authorities would question most of them. The main point to be drawn from these terms by a singer or speaker is that the result of resonation is, or should be, to make a better sound. There are seven areas that may be listed as possible vocal resonators. In sequence from the lowest within the body to the highest, these areas are the chest, the tracheal tree, the larynx itself, the pharynx, the oral cavity, the nasal cavity, and the sinuses.
44:
653:
may be called by other names, such as polypoid degeneration or Reinke's edema. Polyps are caused by a single occurrence and may require surgical removal. Irritation after the removal may then lead to nodules if additional irritation persists. Speech-language therapy teaches the patient how to eliminate the irritations permanently through habit changes and vocal hygiene.
560:
is the process by which the basic product of phonation is enhanced in timbre and/or intensity by the air-filled cavities through which it passes on its way to the outside air. Various terms related to the resonation process include amplification, enrichment, enlargement, improvement, intensification,
403:
The sound of each individual's voice is thought to be entirely unique not only because of the actual shape and size of an individual's vocal cords but also due to the size and shape of the rest of that person's body, especially the vocal tract, and the manner in which the speech sounds are habitually
652:
are caused over time by repeated abuse of the vocal cords which results in soft, swollen spots on each vocal cord. These spots develop into harder, callous-like growths called nodules. The longer the abuse occurs the larger and stiffer the nodules will become. Most polyps are larger than nodules and
374:
Human spoken language makes use of the ability of almost all people in a given society to dynamically modulate certain parameters of the laryngeal voice source in a consistent manner. The most important communicative, or phonetic, parameters are the voice pitch (determined by the vibratory frequency
448:
and produces certain characteristic sounds. The occurrence of registers has also been attributed to effects of the acoustic interaction between the vocal fold oscillation and the vocal tract. The term register can be somewhat confusing as it encompasses several aspects of the human voice. The term
255:
Adult men and women typically have different sizes of vocal fold; reflecting the male-female differences in larynx size. Adult male voices are usually lower-pitched and have larger folds. The male vocal folds (which would be measured vertically in the opposite diagram), are between 17 mm and
378:
The ability to vary the ab/adduction of the vocal folds quickly has a strong genetic component, since vocal fold adduction has a life-preserving function in keeping food from passing into the lungs, in addition to the covering action of the epiglottis. Consequently, the muscles that control this
1176:"Rothenberg, M. The glottal volume velocity waveform during loose and tight voiced glottal adjustments, Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 22–28 August 1971 ed. by A. Rigault and R. Charbonneau, published in 1972 by Mouton, The Hague – Paris"
244:
145:
and air pressure to vibrate vocal folds. The vocal folds (vocal cords) then vibrate to use airflow from the lungs to create audible pulses that form the laryngeal sound source. The muscles of the larynx adjust the length and tension of the vocal folds to 'fine-tune'
527:, the term vocal register has three constituent elements: a certain vibratory pattern of the vocal folds, a certain series of pitches, and a certain type of sound. Speech pathologists identify four vocal registers based on the physiology of laryngeal function: the
394:
Other aspects of the voice, such as variations in the regularity of vibration, are also used for communication, and are important for the trained voice user to master, but are more rarely used in the formal phonetic code of a spoken language.
411:. Another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx, which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of laryngeal function are described as different kinds of
390:
An adductory gesture is also identified by the change in voice spectral energy it produces. Thus, a speech sound having an adductory gesture may be referred to as a "glottal stop" even if the vocal fold vibrations do not entirely stop.
419:, which has been shown to be a resonance added to the normal resonances of the vocal tract above the frequency range of most instruments and so enables the singer's voice to carry better over musical accompaniment.
382:
If an abductory movement or adductory movement is strong enough, the vibrations of the vocal folds will stop (or not start). If the gesture is abductory and is part of a speech sound, the sound will be called
275:(the illustration is out of date and does not show this well) while their inner edges or "margins" are free to vibrate (the hole). They have a three layer construction of an
430:
refers to the system of vocal registers within the human voice. A register in the human voice is a particular series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the
1125:
Thurman, Leon & Welch, ed., Graham (2000), Body mind & voice: Foundations of voice education (revised ed.), Collegeville, Minnesota: The Voice Care
Network et al.,
440:
functioning. They occur because the vocal folds are capable of producing several different vibratory patterns. Each of these vibratory patterns appears within a particular
1584:
Thurman, Leon & Welch, ed., Graham (2000), Bodymind & voice: Foundations of voice education (revised ed.), Collegeville, Minnesota: The VoiceCare
Network et al.,
657:
or breathiness that lasts for more than two weeks is a common symptom of an underlying voice disorder such as nodes or polyps and should be investigated medically.
1262:
E. J. Hunter, J. G. Svec, and I. R. Titze. Comparison of the
Produced and Perceived Voice Range Profiles in Untrained and Trained Classical Singers. J. Voice 2005.
583:, upon which a large portion of all music (western popular music in particular) is based, may have its roots in the sound of the human voice during the course of
637:
specialist may be able to help, but the best treatment is the prevention of injuries through good vocal production. Voice therapy is generally delivered by a
1627:
114:(vocal cords) are the primary sound source. (Other sound production mechanisms produced from the same general area of the body involve the production of
375:
of the vocal folds) and the degree of separation of the vocal folds, referred to as vocal fold adduction (coming together) or abduction (separating).
283:), which can shorten and bulge the folds. They are flat triangular bands and are pearly white in color. Above both sides of the vocal cord is the
178:
the sound emanating from the larynx and to some degree can interact with the laryngeal airflow to strengthen or weaken it as a sound source.
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133:
Generally speaking, the mechanism for generating the human voice can be subdivided into three parts; the lungs, the vocal folds within the
980:
591:. Analysis of recorded speech samples found peaks in acoustic energy that mirrored the distances between notes in the twelve-tone scale.
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Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as
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1534:
907:
Titze, I. R. (2006). The
Myoelatic Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation, Iowa City:National Center for Voice and Speech, 2006.
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The difference in vocal folds size between men and women means that they have differently pitched voices. Additionally,
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358:. This is not the only source of difference between male and female voice. Men, generally speaking, have a larger
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1315:
Large, John (February–March 1972). "Towards an
Integrated Physiologic-Acoustic Theory of Vocal Registers".
682:
218:
185:, are capable of producing highly intricate arrays of sound. The tone of voice may be modulated to suggest
997:
Smith, BL; Brown, BL; Strong, WJ; Rencher, AC (1975). "Effects of speech rate on personality perception".
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1335:
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Lucero, Jorge C. (1996). "Chest- and falsetto-like oscillations in a two-mass model of the vocal folds".
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Lucero, Jorge C.; Lourenço, Kélem G.; Hermant, Nicolas; Hirtum, Annemie Van; Pelorson, Xavier (2012).
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890:
Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice
Production, Prentice Hall (currently published by NCVS.org),
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25 mm in length. The female vocal folds are between 12.5 mm and 17.5 mm in length.
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110:. The human voice frequency is specifically a part of human sound production in which the
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1336:"Effect of source–tract acoustical coupling on the oscillation onset of the vocal folds"
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Williams, CE; Stevens, KN (1972). "Emotions and speech: some acoustical correlates".
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Sundberg, Johan, The
Acoustics of the Singing Voice, Scientific American Mar 77, p82
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Emotion, Affect and
Personality in Speech: The Bias of Language and Paralanguage
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154:. The articulators (the parts of the vocal tract above the larynx consisting of
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415:. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the
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Titze, IR; Mapes, S; Story, B (1994). "Acoustics of the tenor high voice".
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350:(ranging from F3 to C6 and higher). There are additional categories for
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voices being categorized into types. For example, among men, there are
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cartilage. They have no outer edge as they blend into the side of the
263:. They are attached at the back (side nearest the spinal cord) to the
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Titze, I. R. (2008). The human instrument. Sci. Am. 298 (1):94–101.
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David Harper, vocal coach: A passion for the voice that never wanes
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A region of the voice that is defined or delimited by vocal breaks.
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also causes variances amongst the same sex, with men's and women's
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99:
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52:
30:"Vocal" and "Voice" redirect here. For the Pet Shop Boys song, see
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1654:
1504:"The Voice - Casting, Contestants, Auditions, Voting and Winners"
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used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting.
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Voice science acoustics and recording, San Diego: Plural Press.
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362:, which essentially gives the resultant voice a lower-sounding
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1535:"Evaluating Hoarseness: Keeping Your Patient's Voice Healthy"
323:
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366:. This is mostly independent of the vocal folds themselves.
1602:
Free Voice analyzer and
Biometrics displaying software from
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339:
243:
198:
1533:
Clark A. Rosen-Deborah
Anderson-Thomas Murry (June 1998).
434:, and possessing the same quality. Registers originate in
167:
996:
543:. This view is also adopted by many vocal pedagogists.
449:
register can be used to refer to any of the following:
1429:
369:
213:, and can also reveal the age and sex of the speaker.
1212:"Is Every Human Voice and Fingerprint Really Unique?"
625:. Talking improperly for long periods of time causes
873:
Stevens, K.N.(2000), Acoustic Phonetics, MIT Press,
1142:
1140:
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27:Sound made by a human being using the vocal tract
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1343:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1274:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
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1085:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1042:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
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267:, and at the front (side under the chin) to the
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1135:
457:such as the upper, middle, or lower registers.
398:
1688:
1165:
950:"Vocal Expression and Perception of Emotions"
1639:– Opera article (archived 11 September 2009)
1407:The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults
229:Voice types and the folds (cords) themselves
1430:Greene, Margaret; Lesley Mathieson (2001).
1400:
1398:
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957:Current Directions in Psychological Science
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613:that affect the human voice; these include
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801:: a property of speech sounds (especially
1702:
1571:Howard, D.M., and Murphy, D.T.M. (2009).
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181:The vocal folds, in combination with the
1404:
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587:, according to a study published by the
242:
42:
1663:from the University of New South Wales.
1620:The Voice Foundation's official website
1573:Voice Science, Acoustics, and Recording
1228:
1222:
923:. SpringerBriefs in Speech Technology.
137:(voice box), and the articulators. The
14:
1905:
1457:"Musical roots may lie in human voice"
1434:. John Wiley & Sons; 6th Edition.
1423:
1271:
1231:singing: The Mechanism and the Technic
633:. When vocal injury is done, often an
1676:
1643:Irish Voice festival official website
1314:
1308:
916:
422:
986:from the original on 9 October 2022.
247:A labeled anatomical diagram of the
51:of the human voice reveals its rich
1192:from the original on 9 October 2022
629:, which is stress inflicted on the
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370:Voice modulation in spoken language
141:, the "pump" must produce adequate
24:
1613:, 1917, by D. A. Clippinger, from
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1939:
1611:The Head Voice and Other Problems
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917:Johar, Swati (22 December 2015).
1661:Voice acoustics: an introduction
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688:Intelligibility (communication)
279:, vocal ligament, then muscle (
1872:part relation with additional
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1:
1756:Dynamic intonation adjustment
948:Bachorowski, Jo-Anne (1999).
835:
790:, a representation of a chord
645:Vocal cord nodules and polyps
565:Influences of the human voice
1870:Physical just-intoned string
1607:(archived 24 September 2006)
683:Histology of the Vocal Folds
508:is a language that combines
219:human voice as an instrument
7:
1432:The Voice and its Disorders
660:
639:speech-language pathologist
399:Physiology and vocal timbre
10:
1944:
1782:Just intonation in one key
1722:Fretless string instrument
1650:The Voice Works Like a Car
1545:(11): 2775. Archived from
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1768:Fretted string instrument
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1605:University College London
1229:Vennard, William (1967).
581:twelve-tone musical scale
453:A particular part of the
259:The folds are within the
1508:The Voice 2020 Season 18
1482:"Fine Tuning Your Voice"
1405:McKinney, James (1994).
1148:"Breath-Stream Dynamics"
854:Lionsvoiceclinic.umn.edu
1818:Retunable to a just key
1409:. Genovex Music Group.
969:10.1111/1467-8721.00013
295:between its two folds.
211:used to express emotion
1804:Long-string instrument
1648:How the voice works –
1625:The Anatomy of Singing
703:Manner of articulation
252:
56:
36:Voice (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
265:arytenoids cartilages
246:
209:. The human voice is
46:
1825:Keyboard instruments
1630:16 July 2011 at the
1580:The Human Instrument
768:Voice change in boys
738:Speaker verification
712:nonverbal voice cues
693:List of voice actors
334:), and among women,
332:E2 to C♯7 and higher
291:, which has a small
1514:on 27 November 2021
1355:2012ASAJ..132..403L
1286:1996ASAJ..100.3355L
1097:1994ASAJ...95.1133T
1054:1972ASAJ...52.1238W
999:Language and Speech
927:. pp. 10, 12.
881:, 978-0-262-69250-2
809:Voice risk analysis
733:Speaker recognition
116:unvoiced consonants
1727:Pedal steel guitar
673:Acoustic phonetics
617:, and growths and
615:speech impediments
529:vocal fry register
428:Vocal registration
423:Vocal registration
253:
57:
1900:
1899:
1667:Speak and Choke 1
1615:Project Gutenberg
1486:stayhealthymn.com
1441:978-1-86156-196-1
1416:978-1-56593-940-0
1363:10.1121/1.4728170
1317:The NATS Bulletin
1240:978-0-8258-0055-9
1218:. 11 August 2016.
1062:10.1121/1.1913238
934:978-3-319-28047-9
896:978-0-13-717893-3
850:"About the voice"
799:Voice (phonetics)
537:falsetto register
506:register language
16:(Redirected from
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743:Speech synthesis
714:in communication
668:Accent (dialect)
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558:Vocal resonation
553:Vocal resonation
547:Vocal resonation
541:whistle register
525:speech pathology
482:A certain vocal
417:Singer's Formant
409:vocal resonation
289:false vocal cord
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1632:Wayback Machine
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1566:Further reading
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281:vocalis muscle
273:breathing tube
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631:speech organs
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627:vocal loading
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601:Vocal loading
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344:mezzo-soprano
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312:bass-baritone
309:
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1794:Natural horn
1741:
1649:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:the original
1542:
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1512:the original
1507:
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1485:
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1464:. Retrieved
1460:
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857:. Retrieved
853:
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708:Paralanguage
678:Belt (music)
648:
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518:phonological
505:
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328:countertenor
297:
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183:articulators
180:
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78:, including
63:consists of
60:
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32:Vocal (song)
1928:Vocal music
1913:Human voice
1892:Moodswinger
1830:Split sharp
1747:Synthesizer
1742:Human voice
1703:Instrument
783:Voice organ
728:Puberphonia
623:vocal folds
502:linguistics
466:chest voice
455:vocal range
442:Vocal range
432:vocal folds
360:vocal tract
249:vocal folds
239:Voice types
235:Vocal folds
112:vocal folds
76:vocal tract
72:human being
61:human voice
49:spectrogram
1907:Categories
1874:3rd bridge
1715:in any key
1705:intonation
1653:(video on
859:8 February
836:References
824:Voice vote
803:consonants
748:Vocal rest
655:Hoarseness
539:, and the
512:and vowel
470:head voice
356:voice type
277:epithelium
172:articulate
128:whispering
74:using the
1918:Phonetics
1887:Pencilina
1882:Monochord
1809:Harmonica
1371:0001-4966
1302:0001-4966
723:Phonetics
718:Phonation
611:disorders
585:evolution
575:Evolution
514:phonation
477:phonatory
462:resonance
437:laryngeal
385:voiceless
336:contralto
320:baritenor
251:or cords.
203:happiness
124:whistling
96:screaming
1846:natural
1789:Bagpipes
1732:Trombone
1628:Archived
1539:aafp.org
1518:25 April
1466:18 April
1387:29954321
1379:22779487
1323:: 30–35.
1196:18 April
1187:Archived
1157:18 April
1027:23498388
981:Archived
977:18785659
925:Springer
758:Vocology
661:See also
520:system.
494:language
479:process.
316:baritone
300:genetics
217:use the
195:surprise
189:such as
187:emotions
170:, etc.)
100:shouting
88:laughing
55:content.
53:harmonic
1861:Đàn bầu
1737:Timpani
1655:YouTube
1553:30 July
1351:Bibcode
1282:Bibcode
1113:8132903
1093:Bibcode
1070:4638039
1050:Bibcode
1019:1195957
621:on the
619:lesions
523:Within
446:pitches
348:soprano
304:singing
269:thyroid
215:Singers
207:sadness
143:airflow
108:yelling
104:humming
84:singing
80:talking
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484:timbre
364:timbre
354:, see
261:larynx
176:filter
160:palate
156:tongue
135:larynx
120:clicks
92:crying
1856:Guqin
1763:Crook
1383:S2CID
1339:(PDF)
1190:(PDF)
1179:(PDF)
1023:S2CID
984:(PDF)
973:S2CID
953:(PDF)
324:tenor
223:music
191:anger
164:cheek
148:pitch
139:lungs
70:by a
65:sound
18:Voice
1586:ISBN
1555:2010
1520:2020
1468:2021
1436:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1375:PMID
1367:ISSN
1298:ISSN
1235:ISBN
1198:2021
1159:2021
1127:ISBN
1109:PMID
1066:PMID
1015:PMID
929:ISBN
892:ISBN
875:ISBN
861:2018
603:and
579:The
573:and
510:tone
504:, a
346:and
340:alto
326:and
308:bass
237:and
199:fear
174:and
168:lips
152:tone
150:and
126:and
68:made
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1359:doi
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