378:
To-date, occlusion-capable volumetric displays require two conditions: (1) the imagery is rendered and projected as a series of "views", rather than "slices", and (2) the time-varying image surface is not a uniform diffuser. For example, researchers have demonstrated spinning-screen volumetric displays with reflective and/or vertically diffuse screens whose imagery exhibits occlusion and opacity. One system created HPO 3D imagery with a 360-degree field of view by oblique projection onto a vertical diffuser; another projects 24 views onto a rotating controlled-diffusion surface; and another provides 12-view images utilizing a vertically oriented louver.
25:
299:
high-powered lasers and the generation of plasma, which alleviates concerns for safety and dramatically improves the accessibility of the three-dimensional displays. UV-light and green-light patterns are aimed at the dye solution, which initiates photoactivation and thus creates the "on" voxel. The device is capable of displaying a minimal voxel size of 0.68 mm, with 200 μm resolution, and good stability over hundreds of on–off cycles.
331:
208:
405:) to the display hardware to sustain 60 volumes per second. As with regular 2D video, one could reduce the bandwidth needed by simply sending fewer volumes per second and letting the display hardware repeat frames in the interim, or by sending only enough data to affect those areas of the display that need to be updated, as is the case in modern lossy-compression video formats such as
143:, volumetric displays are not widely used in everyday life. There are numerous potential markets for volumetric displays with use cases including medical imaging, mining, education, advertising, simulation, video games, communication and geophysical visualisation. When compared to other 3D visualisation tools such as
93:, as opposed to the planar image of traditional screens that simulate depth through a number of different visual effects. One definition offered by pioneers in the field is that volumetric displays create 3D imagery via the emission, scattering, or relaying of illumination from well-defined regions in (x,y,z) space.
417:
power beyond that necessary for 2D imagery of equivalent quality, due at least in part to the sheer amount of data that must be created and sent to the display hardware. However, if only the outer surface of the volume is visible, the number of voxels required would be of the same order as the number
187:
An example of a commercially available Swept-volume display is the Voxon VX1 from Voxon
Photonics. This display has a volume area that is 18 cm × 18 cm × 8 cm (7.1 in × 7.1 in × 3.1 in) deep and can render up to 500 million voxels per second. Content
96:
A true volumetric display produces in the observer a visual experience of a material object in three-dimensional space, even though no such object is present. The perceived object displays characteristics similar to an actual material object by allowing the observer to view it from any direction, to
179:
For example, the 3D scene is computationally decomposed into a series of "slices", which can be rectangular, disc-shaped, or helically cross-sectioned, whereupon they are projected onto or from a display surface undergoing motion. The image on the 2D surface (created by projection onto the surface,
183:
Another type of 3D display that is a candidate member of the class of swept-volume 3D displays is the varifocal mirror architecture. One of the first references to this type of system is from 1966, in which a vibrating mirrored drumhead reflects a series of patterns from a high-frame-rate 2D image
298:
In 2017, a new display known as the "3D Light PAD" was published. The display's medium consists of a class of photoactivatable molecules (known as spirhodamines) and digital light-processing (DLP) technology to generate structured light in three dimensions. The technique bypasses the need to use
294:
Later modifications such as the use of a neon/argon/xenon/helium gas mix similar to a plasma globe and a rapid gas recycling system employing a hood and vacuum pumps could allow this technology to achieve two-colour (R/W) and possibly RGB imagery by changing the pulse width and intensity of each
163:
of their characteristics. For example, illumination within a volumetric display can either reach the eye directly from the source or via an intermediate surface such as a mirror or glass; likewise, this surface, which need not be tangible, can undergo motion such as oscillation or rotation. One
377:
It is often claimed that volumetric displays are incapable of reconstructing scenes with viewer-position-dependent effects, such as occlusion and opacity. This is a misconception; a display whose voxels have non-isotropic radiation profiles are indeed able to depict position-dependent effects.
291:, allowing it to draw shapes in the air. Each pulse creates a popping sound, so the device crackles as it runs. Currently it can generate dots anywhere within a cubic metre. It is thought that the device could be scaled up to any size, allowing 3D images to be generated in the sky.
655:
108:
display, in that they provide a different view to each eye, thus creating three-dimensional imagery that can be viewed by unaided eyes. However, they have the advantage over most flat-screen autostereoscopic displays, that they are able to provide realistic
381:
So far, the ability to reconstruct scenes with occlusion and other position-dependent effects have been at the expense of vertical parallax, in that the 3D scene appears distorted if viewed from locations other than those the scene was generated for.
180:
LEDs embedded in the surface, or other techniques) changes as the surface moves or rotates. Due to the persistence of vision, humans perceive a continuous volume of light. The display surface can be reflective, transmissive, or a combination of both.
220:
So-called "static-volume" volumetric 3D displays create imagery without any macroscopic moving parts in the image volume. It is unclear whether the rest of the system must remain stationary for membership in this display class to be viable.
147:, volumetric displays offer an inherently different mode of interaction, providing the opportunity for a group of people to gather around the display and interact in a natural manner without having to don 3D glasses or other head gear.
1005:
Tanaka, Kenji; Aoki, Soko (2 February 2006). "A method for the real-time construction of a full parallax light field". In Woods, Andrew J.; Dodgson, Neil A.; Merritt, John O.; Bolas, Mark T.; McDowall, Ian E. (eds.).
1047:
Blundell, B.G., (2011). "3D Displays and
Spatial Interaction: Exploring the Science, Art, Evolution, and Use of 3D Technologies,Volume I: From Perception to Technologies", Walker & Wood Ltd.
933:, ed. Andrew J. Woods, Mark T. Bolas, John O. Merritt, and Ian E. McDowall, Proc. SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imaging, SPIE Vol. 5664, (pp. 302–312). San Jose, California: SPIE-IS&T.
254:
Recent advances have focused on non-tangible (free-space) implementations of the static-volume category, which might eventually allow direct interaction with the display. For instance, a
319:. There is recent work investigating the speed and accuracy benefits of volumetric displays, new graphical user interfaces, and medical applications enhanced by volumetric displays.
224:
This is probably the most "direct" form of volumetric display. In the simplest case, an addressable volume of space is created out of active elements that are transparent in the
893:
Wang, A.S.; Girish
Narayan; Kao, D.; Liang, D. (2005). "An evaluation of using real-time volumetric display of 3D ultrasound data for intracardiac catheter manipulation tasks".
1204:
239:
Several static-volume volumetric 3D displays use laser light to encourage visible radiation in a solid, liquid, or gas. For example, some researchers have relied on two-step
1219:- a commercially available Interactive Volumetric LED Display composed of 50cmx50cmx3m plugin modules. Positioned for audiovisual interactive experiences and installations
1290:
Esna Ashari, Zhila; Kavehvash, Zahra; Mehrany, Khashayar (July 2014). "Diffraction
Influence on the Field of View and Resolution of Three-Dimensional Integral Imaging".
1119:
847:
van Orden, K. F. and
Broyles, J. W. (2000, March). Visuospatial task performance as a function of two- and three-dimensional display presentation techniques,
97:
focus a camera on a specific detail, and to see perspective – meaning that the parts of the image closer to the viewer appear larger than those further away.
1614:
1907:
925:
Chun, W.-S., Napoli, J., Cossairt, O. S., Dorval, R. K., Hall, D. M., Purtell II, T. J., Schooler, J. F., Banker, Y., and
Favalora, G. E. (2005).
719:
Downing, Elizabeth; Hesselink, Lambertus; Ralston, John; Macfarlane, Roger (1996). "A Three-Color, Solid-State, Three-Dimensional
Display".
501:
Holliman, N. S., Dodgson, N. A., Favalora, G. E., & Pockett, L. (2011). Three-dimensional displays: a review and applications analysis.
374:
Known volumetric display technologies also have several drawbacks that are exhibited depending on trade-offs chosen by the system designer.
1350:
572:
Habib, Maged S; Lowell, James A; Holliman, Nick S; Hunter, Andrew; Vaideanu, Daniella; Hildreth, Anthony; Steel, David HW (December 2008).
527:
1561:
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Otsuka, Rieko; Hoshino, Takeshi; Horry, Youichi (10 November 2004). "Transpost: all-around display system for 3D solid image": 187–194.
385:
One other consideration is the very large amount of bandwidth required to feed imagery to a volumetric display. For example, a standard
776:
1200:
1277:
1157:
Honda, T. (2000). Three-Dimensional
Display Technology Satisfying 'Super Multiview Condition.' In B. Javidi and F. Okano (Eds.),
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Spatial 3-D Infrastructure: Display-Independent
Software Framework, High-Speed Rendering Electronics, and Several New Displays
1534:
955:
Favalora, G. E. (2005, 4 Aug.). "The
Ultimate Display: What Will It Be?", presented at ACM SIGGRAPH, Los Angeles, California.
640:
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1608:
694:
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of pixels on a conventional display. This would only be the case if the voxels do not have "alpha" or transparency values.
1549:
176:
to fuse a series of slices of the 3D object into a single 3D image. A variety of swept-volume displays have been created.
1682:
946:, U.S. Pat. App. 2005/0180007 A1. Provisional (Jan. 16, 2004). Nonprovisional (Jan. 14, 2005). Published (Aug. 18, 2005)
863:
Grossman, T., Wigdor, D., and Balakrishnan, R. (2004). "Multi-finger gestural interaction with 3D volumetric displays",
797:
1881:
1267:
362:. Whilst this type of display may render visual data in a volume, it is not an addressable display and capable of only
258:
using multiple projectors can render a 3D image in a volume of space, resulting in a static-volume volumetric display.
943:
1596:
1555:
1243:— a commercially available swept-volume based volumetric display positioned for gaming and entertainment applications
1166:
1101:
1082:
1067:
1062:
Blundell, B.G. and Schwarz, A J (2007). "Enhanced Visualization: Making Space for 3D Images", John Wiley & Sons.
1052:
1037:
910:
68:
46:
926:
39:
1918:
1601:
1343:
1255:— A comprehensive article on Actuality Systems' Volumetric technology including an interview, pictures and a movie
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A thoughtful and concise overview of the field of 3-D display technologies, particularly non-volumetric displays.
852:
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122:
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Many different attempts have been made to produce volumetric imaging devices. There is no officially accepted "
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1493:
879:"Exploring Cutting-Edge 3D Imaging System for Cancer Treatment Planning, Rush University Medical Center",
1937:
1336:
322:
Also, software platforms exist that deliver native and legacy 2D and 3D content to volumetric displays.
1676:
1406:
1400:
681:
The classification of volumetric display systems: characteristics and predictability of the image space
667:
1171:
Langhans, K., Bezecny, D., Homann, D., Bahr, D., Vogt, C., Blohm, C., and Scharschmidt, K.-H.(1998). "
397:, 1024×768×1024 (1024 "pixel layers" in the Z axis) volumetric display would need to send about three
1812:
1523:
777:"3D fog projection display brings purple bunnies to life, just in time to lay chocolate eggs (video)"
432:
316:
991:
868:
574:"Assessment of stereoscopic optic disc images using an autostereoscopic screen – experimental study"
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33:
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The unique properties of volumetric displays, which may include 360-degree viewing, agreement of
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material when illuminated by intersecting infrared laser beams of the appropriate frequencies.
248:
50:
1704:
1698:
1661:
1367:
1128:, vol. 6803, SPIE — Int'l Soc. for Optical Eng., Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XIX.
978:
173:
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A technique presented in 2006 does away with the display medium altogether, using a focused
1709:
1583:
1309:
730:
409:. Furthermore, a 3D volumetric display would require two to three orders of magnitude more
1149:
Vorrichtung zur Dreidimensionalen Abbildung in Einem Zylindersymmetrischen Abbildungstraum
393:
to be sent to the display hardware to sustain 60 frames per second, whereas a 24 bits per
8:
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Academic Press Library in signal Processing - Image and Video Compression and Multimedia
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Favalora, G. E. (2005, Aug.). "Volumetric 3D Displays and Application Infrastructure",
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Cossairt, Oliver; Moller, Christian; Benton, Steve; Travis, Adrian (January 2004).
437:
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An artform called Hologlyphics has been explored since 1994, combining elements of
276:
159:" of the variety of volumetric displays, an issue which is complicated by the many
132:, view-sequential displays, electro-holographic displays, "two view" displays, and
105:
1117:
Illustrated technical survey of contemporary and historic volumetric 3-D displays.
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467:
363:
351:
335:
144:
140:
114:
1249:— Summary of history, practical issues, and state of the art up until March 1996
1124:
Funk, W. (2008). "Hologlyphics: Volumetric image synthesis performance system",
705:
1411:
1359:
1032:
Blundell, B.G., (2011). "About 3D Volumetric Displays", Walker & Wood Ltd.
452:
280:
86:
1280:— Press Release from 2004, perhaps discontinued as no further references found
1075:
Creative 3-D Displays and Interaction Interfaces: A Transdisciplinary Approach
835:
763:
683:." IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 8.1 (2002): 66-75.
1931:
1321:
867:, ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, (pp. 61–70).
802:
462:
359:
288:
128:
Volumetric displays are one of several kinds of 3D displays. Other types are
1264:
970:
236:) are activated, they show a solid pattern within the space of the display.
184:
source, such as a vector display, to a corresponding set of depth surfaces.
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902:
609:
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386:
366:, such at those generated by bouncing a laser off a galvo or speaker cone.
172:
Swept-surface (or "swept-volume") volumetric 3D displays rely on the human
133:
1776:
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1153:
One of the earliest patent references for the rotating helix 3-D display.
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Hologlyphics: artistic use of volumetric displays, involving lasers and
1754:
1749:
1731:
1671:
1283:
SPIE / IS&T Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Applications
623:
Pickering, Mark R. (2014). "Stereoscopic and Multi-View Video Coding".
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272:
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101:
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1802:
1792:
1498:
1395:
1328:
1179:, vol. 3296, SPIE — Int'l Soc. for Optical Eng., (pp. 204–216).
1134:
Halle, M. (1997). "Autostereoscopic displays and computer graphics",
355:
330:
1573:
1544:
1384:
1304:
818:"Japanese Device Uses Laser Plasma to Display 3D Images in the Air"
781:
308:
265:
118:
699:
Lecture notes for the Applied Vision and Imaging Systems class at
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Roth, E. (2006). Volumetric Display based on Inkjet-Technology,
1105:
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pulse to tune the emission spectra of the luminous plasma body.
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An early investigation into so-called solid-state 3-D displays.
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Proc. Three-Dimensional Video and Display: Devices and Systems
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Includes a thorough literature review of volumetric displays.
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A three-dimensional swept volume display based on LED arrays
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cues, and their inherent "three-dimensionality", enable new
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390:
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517:
389:, 1024×768 resolution, flat/2D display requires about 135
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in normal air. The focal point is directed by two moving
211:
A Voxon VX1 volumetric display showing DICOM medical data
1185:
Lewis, J. D., Verber, C. M., and McGhee, R. B. (1971).
1151:, German patent DE2622802C2, filed 1976, issued 1983.
1008:
Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems XIII
895:
Fourth International Workshop on Volume Graphics, 2005
931:
Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems XII
670:." Journal of Display Technology 7.9 (2011): 503-514.
1615:
Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology
1223:
Volumetric Motion Picture and 3D Digital Film Forum
139:Although first postulated in 1912, and a staple of
89:that forms a visual representation of an object in
1240:
1138:, ACM SIGGRAPH, vol. 31, no. 2, (pp. 58–62).
964:
1908:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays
1929:
692:
1230:— a small volumetric display composed of 6x6x6
228:state but are either opaque or luminous in the
836:"A Volumetric 3D Photoactivatable Dye Display"
795:
1344:
1161:, vol. CR76, SPIE Press, (pp. 218–249).
271:(about 100 pulses per second; each lasting a
1274:— by USC Institute for Creative Technologies
1094:Volumetric Three-Dimensional Display Systems
949:
936:
857:
841:
302:
1562:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display
1092:Blundell, B. G. and Schwarz, A. J. (2000).
944:Radial multiview three-dimensional displays
774:
712:
1473:Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode
1351:
1337:
1004:
998:
958:
679:Blundell, Barry G., and Adam J. Schwarz. "
1303:
764:3D Multi-Viewpoint Fog Projection Display
622:
599:
589:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1073:Blundell, B.G. and Schwarz, A J (2006).
919:
886:
329:
206:
192:or using standard 3D file types such as
32:This article includes a list of general
1261:— Some examples for volumetric displays
942:Cossairt, O. S. and Napoli, J. (2004),
873:
540:
520:"Cambridge-MIT View Sequential Display"
369:
167:
1930:
1358:
834:Patel, S. K.; Cao, J.; Lippert, A. R.
798:"3D plasma shapes created in thin air"
553:from the original on 19 September 2006
1332:
547:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1609:Ferroelectric liquid crystal display
1265:Interactive 360° Light Field Display
18:
1683:Light-emitting electrochemical cell
796:David Hambling (27 February 2006).
543:"Electronic Holography: The Newest"
530:from the original on 2 August 2022.
13:
1882:Large-screen television technology
1278:QinetiQ Autostereo 3D Display Wall
1026:
1010:. Vol. 6055. p. 605516.
693:Joseph A. Matteo (16 March 2001).
633:10.1016/B978-0-12-420149-1.00004-1
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1954:
1556:Organic light-emitting transistor
1253:The Return of the 3D Crystal Ball
1210:
1191:IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, 18,
627:. Vol. 5. pp. 119–153.
503:IEEE transactions on Broadcasting
232:state. When the elements (called
188:for the VX1 can be created using
1919:Comparison of display technology
1234:, each represented by a 2-color
1187:A True Three-Dimensional Display
838:. Nature Commun. 2017, in press.
215:
23:
1550:Electroluminescent Quantum Dots
828:
810:
789:
768:
757:
541:Lucente, Mark (November 1994).
478:Vergence-Accommodation Conflict
325:
123:vergence-accommodation conflict
1621:Laser-powered phosphor display
686:
673:
660:
649:
616:
565:
534:
511:
495:
164:categorization is as follows:
1:
1887:Optimum HDTV viewing distance
1877:History of display technology
1765:Computer-generated holography
1292:Journal of Display Technology
1173:New Portable FELIX 3D Display
1106:http://www.barrygblundell.com
1087:http://www.barrygblundell.com
1057:http://www.barrygblundell.com
1042:http://www.barrygblundell.com
775:Tim Stevens (17 March 2011).
743:10.1126/science.273.5279.1185
483:
275:) to create balls of glowing
1467:Organic light-emitting diode
1461:Light-emitting diode display
853:PDF: Mirror, with permission
488:
7:
421:
10:
1959:
1677:Vacuum fluorescent display
1401:Electroluminescent display
1916:
1864:
1826:
1785:
1730:
1634:
1533:
1524:Liquid crystal on silicon
1428:
1375:
1366:
1096:, John Wiley & Sons.
1077:, John Wiley & Sons.
666:Gately, Matthew, et al. "
433:Volumetric Haptic Display
317:user interface techniques
303:Human–computer interfaces
113:in addition to providing
91:three physical dimensions
83:volumetric display device
16:3D graphic display device
1715:Fourteen-segment display
1518:Digital Light Processing
1322:10.1109/JDT.2014.2307959
1285:annual global conference
150:
1721:Sixteen-segment display
1407:Rear-projection display
971:10.1145/1077534.1077576
524:Northwestern University
448:Virtual retinal display
53:more precise citations.
1568:Field-emission display
1483:Liquid-crystal display
1203:(Archived 03-14-2012:
986:Cite journal requires
903:10.1109/VG.2005.194095
591:10.1186/1471-2415-8-13
339:
212:
1705:Eight-segment display
1699:Seven-segment display
1120:IEEE citation via ACM
333:
210:
204:for medical imaging.
174:persistence of vision
1827:Display capabilities
1710:Nine-segment display
1412:Plasma display panel
1147:Hartwig, R. (1976).
695:"Volumetric Display"
370:Technical challenges
168:Swept-volume display
1856:See-through display
1760:Holographic display
1438:Quantum dot display
1314:2014JDisT..10..553A
1247:Volumetric Displays
881:Medical News Today,
865:Proceedings of UIST
824:. 27 February 2006.
735:1996Sci...273.1185D
729:(5279): 1185–1189.
701:Stanford University
443:Volumetric printing
399:orders of magnitude
1938:Display technology
1898:Color Light Output
1892:High Dynamic Range
1694:Dot-matrix display
1689:Lightguide display
1360:Display technology
1270:2009-10-27 at the
1130:PDF at author site
897:. pp. 41–45.
869:PDF at author site
354:, visionary film,
340:
213:
1925:
1924:
1851:Always-on display
1642:Electromechanical
1630:
1629:
1136:Computer Graphics
1016:10.1117/12.643597
642:978-0-12-420149-1
578:BMC Ophthalmology
387:24 bits per pixel
364:lissajous figures
79:
78:
71:
1950:
1903:Flexible display
1865:Related articles
1745:Autostereoscopic
1444:Electronic paper
1390:Cathode-ray tube
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438:Volumetric video
336:lissajous curves
121:, thus avoiding
106:autostereoscopic
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49:this article by
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1241:Voxon Photonics
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1777:Fog display
1750:Multiscopic
1667:Fiber-optic
1579:Quantum dot
822:Physorg.com
281:focal point
256:fog display
111:focal depth
102:3D displays
100:Volumetric
51:introducing
1943:3D imaging
1932:Categories
1818:Laser beam
1772:Volumetric
1732:3D display
1672:Nixie tube
1652:Split-flap
1537:generation
1511:Blue Phase
1431:generation
1378:generation
1305:1711.01033
1228:VisualCube
1177:Proc. SPIE
1126:Proc. SPIE
484:References
473:Multiscopy
458:3D display
428:Holography
401:more (135
344:holography
273:nanosecond
245:rare-earth
34:references
1872:Scan line
1846:DisplayID
1803:Neon sign
1793:Monoscope
1635:Non-video
1396:Jumbotron
1193:724–732.
751:136426473
584:(1): 13.
489:Footnotes
356:sculpture
243:within a
59:June 2011
1755:Hologram
1662:Eggcrate
1647:Flip-dot
1593:display
1574:Laser TV
1545:microLED
1475:(AMOLED)
1429:Current
1385:Eidophor
1268:Archived
1217:Dragon O
782:Engadget
610:18651983
557:1 August
551:Archived
528:Archived
422:See also
309:vergence
266:infrared
157:taxonomy
119:vergence
1839:CEA-861
1469:(OLED)
1454:Gyricon
1310:Bibcode
731:Bibcode
722:Science
601:2496897
413:and/or
285:mirrors
279:at the
47:improve
1723:(SISD)
1617:(TDEL)
1611:(FLCD)
1558:(OLET)
1526:(LCoS)
1485:(LCD)
1463:(LED)
1440:(QLED)
1414:(PDP)
1232:voxels
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277:plasma
263:pulsed
234:voxels
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1685:(LEC)
1679:(VFD)
1623:(LPD)
1570:(FED)
1564:(SED)
1535:Next
1520:(DLP)
1449:E Ink
1403:(ELD)
1392:(CRT)
1300:arXiv
929:. In
747:S2CID
395:voxel
348:music
269:laser
249:doped
202:DICOM
190:Unity
151:Types
85:is a
1834:EDID
1656:Vane
1602:TMOS
1597:IMoD
1591:MEMS
1418:ALiS
1376:Past
1163:ISBN
1098:ISBN
1079:ISBN
1064:ISBN
1049:ISBN
1034:ISBN
992:help
907:ISBN
637:ISBN
606:PMID
559:2022
407:MPEG
403:GB/s
391:MB/s
358:and
311:and
289:lens
200:and
117:and
1506:LED
1499:IPS
1489:TFT
1318:doi
1236:LED
1201:PDF
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415:GPU
411:CPU
226:off
198:STL
194:OBJ
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