165:
42:
245:
448:
equals the subsistence of the laborer and their family. The idea he presented is that a surplus will arise on the earlier units of an investment of either capital or labor, but as time goes on the diminishing return of newer investments will mean that if wages vary with the level of productivity
248:
Thünen's model: the black dot represents a city; 1 (white) dairy and market gardening; 2 (green) forest for fuel; 3 (yellow) grains and field crops; 4 (red) ranching; the outer, dark green area represents wilderness where agriculture is not
372:
Timber and firewood would be produced for fuel and building materials in the second ring. Wood was a very important fuel for heating and cooking and is very heavy and difficult to transport so it is located close to the city.
213:
Von Thunen was born on June 24, 1783 on his father's estate
Canarienhausen. His father was from an old feudal family. Von Thunen lost his father at the age of two. His mother remarried a merchant and the family moved to
376:
The third zone consists of extensive fields crops such as grain. Since grains last longer than dairy products and are much lighter than fuel, reducing transport costs, they can be located further from the city.
332:
where R = land rent; Y = yield per unit of land; c = production expenses per unit of commodity; p=market price per unit of commodity; F = freight rate (per agricultural unit, per mile); m=distance to market.
164:
362:
The use which a piece of land is put to is a function of the cost of transport to market and the land rent a farmer can afford to pay (determined by yield, which is held constant here).
380:
Ranching is located in the final ring. Animals can be raised far from the city because they are self-transporting. Animals can walk to the central city for sale or for butchering.
449:
those that are early will receive a greater reward for their labor and capital. But if wage rates were determined using his formula, thus giving labor a share that will vary as a
327:
221:
Von Thunen expected to take over his father's estate, which led him to study practical farming. In 1803, von Thunen published his first economic ideas.
369:
lies closest to the city. Since vegetables, fruit, milk and other dairy products must get to market quickly, they would be produced close to the city.
197:
Even though he never held a professorial position, von Thunen had substantial influence on economics. He has been described as one of the founders of
429:, Thunen developed some of the mathematical foundations of marginal productivity theory and wrote about the Natural Wage indicated by the formula
912:
355:
Farmers in the
Isolated State transport their own goods to market via oxcart, across land, directly to the central city. There are no roads.
383:
Beyond the fourth ring lies the wilderness, which is too great a distance from the central city for any type of agricultural product.
1068:
481:
992:
1113:
885:
169:
Untersuchungen über den Einfluß, den die
Getreidepreise, der Reichthum des Bodens und die Abgaben auf den Ackerbau ausüben
870:
1002:
905:
17:
336:
Thünen's model of agricultural land, created before industrialization, made the following simplifying assumptions:
932:
851:
1093:
1088:
898:
187:
1103:
1098:
1108:
881:
464:
This formula was so important to him that it was a dying wish of his that it be placed on his tombstone.
1083:
1078:
1037:
982:
278:
1073:
1022:
265:. The importance lies less in the pattern of land use predicted than in its analytical approach.
41:
857:
198:
1027:
1017:
987:
962:
395:
142:
1063:
1058:
70:
8:
921:
813:
132:
413:
created by spatial variation or location of a resource. It is "that which can be earned
937:
850:
778:
716:
669:
622:
580:
258:
202:
92:
272:
productivity in a mathematically rigorous way, summarizing it in the formula in which
205:. He made substantial contributions to economic debates on rent, land use, and wages.
957:
866:
770:
708:
661:
614:
572:
366:
269:
1012:
952:
817:
762:
700:
653:
564:
877:
833:
797:
533:
509:
476:
387:
365:
The model generated four concentric rings of agricultural activity. Dairying and
262:
120:
997:
499:
494:
450:
244:
225:
152:
394:
untangling the economic history of Europe and
European colonialism before the
1052:
977:
972:
774:
712:
665:
618:
576:
410:
253:
Thünen was a
Mecklenburg landowner, who in the first volume of his treatise
1032:
504:
349:
88:
967:
947:
942:
890:
835:
Der isolirte Staat in
Beziehung auf Landwirtschaft und Nationalökonomie
799:
Der isolirte Staat in
Beziehung auf Landwirtschaft und Nationalökonomie
782:
750:
720:
688:
673:
641:
626:
602:
584:
552:
257:(1826), developed the first serious treatment of spatial economics and
215:
66:
529:
402:
386:
Thünen's rings proved especially useful to economic history, such as
183:
766:
704:
657:
568:
191:
532:
as the greatest German economist of the nineteenth century" (
453:: the square root of the joint product of the two factors,
346:
The land is completely flat and has no rivers or mountains.
795:
444:
equals the value of the product of labor and capital, and
340:
The city is located centrally within an "Isolated State."
417:
that which can be earned at the margin of production".
831:
178:(24 June 1783 – 22 September 1850), sometimes spelled
281:
878:
Newspaper clippings about Johann
Heinrich von Thünen
475:(marginal cost) which would later be popularized by
812:
321:
239:
1050:
343:The Isolated State is surrounded by wilderness.
358:Farmers behave rationally to maximize profits.
906:
268:Thünen developed the basics of the theory of
913:
899:
40:
748:
600:
550:
318:
920:
243:
163:
425:In the second volume of his great work
14:
1051:
993:James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale
689:"Von Thünen's Theory of Natural Wages"
642:"Von Thünen's Theory of Natural Wages"
894:
686:
639:
182:, was a prominent nineteenth-century
832:H. Schumacher-Zarchlin, ed. (1875).
819:Von Thünen's Theory of Natural Wages
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
596:
594:
546:
544:
542:
398:blurred the patterns on the ground.
871:Institute for New Economic Thinking
852:"Thünen, Johann Heinrich von"
796:Johann Heinrich von Thünen (1826).
24:
693:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
646:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
46:Johann Heinrich von Thünen, age 57
25:
1125:
843:
727:
591:
539:
1069:People from Friesland (district)
1003:Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi
420:
838:. Wiegant, Hempel & Parey.
806:
789:
680:
633:
607:Journal of Economic Literature
522:
322:{\displaystyle R=Y(p-c)-YFm\,}
303:
291:
240:Model of agricultural land use
65:Canarienhausen in present-day
13:
1:
515:
224:Von Thunen was influenced by
208:
1114:University of Rostock alumni
867:"Johann Heinrich von Thünen"
751:"Johann Heinrich Von Thünen"
392:Civilization and Capitalism,
231:Von Thunen married in 1806.
27:German economist (1783–1850)
7:
882:20th Century Press Archives
601:Samuelson, Paul A. (1983).
488:
352:and climate are consistent.
10:
1130:
1008:Johann Heinrich von Thünen
471:, he also coined the term
176:Johann Heinrich von Thünen
34:Johann Heinrich von Thünen
928:
802:. Wirtschaft & Finan.
749:Schneider, Erich (1934).
551:Dickinson, H. D. (1969).
261:, connecting it with the
158:
148:
138:
126:
116:
111:
107:
99:
77:
51:
39:
32:
553:"Von Thünen's Economics"
1023:Edward Gibbon Wakefield
603:"Thünen at Two Hundred"
482:Principles of Economics
234:
858:Encyclopedia Americana
323:
250:
199:agricultural economics
172:
1018:Nassau William Senior
988:John Ramsay McCulloch
687:Moore, H. L. (1895).
640:Moore, H. L. (1895).
396:Industrial Revolution
324:
247:
167:
143:University of Rostock
1094:Economic geographers
1089:Classical economists
922:Classical economists
557:The Economic Journal
528:He "ranks alongside
279:
188:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
1104:Regional economists
1099:Regional scientists
814:Henry Ludwell Moore
133:Classical economics
1109:German geographers
938:Bernard Mandeville
469:The Isolated State
427:The Isolated State
319:
259:economic geography
255:The Isolated State
251:
203:economic geography
190:, now in northern
173:
1084:German economists
1079:German landowners
1046:
1045:
958:Jean-Baptiste Say
933:Francis Hutcheson
367:intensive farming
162:
161:
81:22 September 1850
16:(Redirected from
1121:
1028:Frédéric Bastiat
1013:John Stuart Mill
953:Anders Chydenius
915:
908:
901:
892:
891:
874:
862:
854:
839:
824:
823:
810:
804:
803:
793:
787:
786:
746:
725:
724:
684:
678:
677:
637:
631:
630:
613:(4): 1468–1488.
598:
589:
588:
563:(316): 894–902.
548:
537:
526:
460:
456:
447:
443:
439:
438:
437:
328:
326:
325:
320:
186:and a native of
84:
61:
59:
44:
30:
29:
21:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1042:
924:
919:
865:
849:
846:
828:
827:
811:
807:
794:
790:
767:10.2307/1907947
747:
728:
705:10.2307/1886011
685:
681:
658:10.2307/1883581
638:
634:
599:
592:
569:10.2307/2229798
549:
540:
534:Fernand Braudel
527:
523:
518:
510:Bid rent theory
491:
477:Alfred Marshall
458:
454:
445:
441:
433:
431:
430:
423:
388:Fernand Braudel
280:
277:
276:
242:
237:
211:
139:Alma mater
128:
121:Economic theory
112:Academic career
95:
91:in present-day
86:
82:
73:
63:
57:
55:
47:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Von Thünen rent
15:
12:
11:
5:
1127:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1074:German farmers
1071:
1066:
1061:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1038:Robert Torrens
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
998:Jeremy Bentham
995:
990:
985:
983:Henry Thornton
980:
975:
970:
965:
963:Thomas Malthus
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
929:
926:
925:
918:
917:
910:
903:
895:
889:
888:
875:
869:. HET, at the
863:
845:
844:External links
842:
841:
840:
826:
825:
822:. G. H. Ellis.
805:
788:
726:
699:(4): 388–408.
679:
652:(3): 291–304.
632:
590:
538:
520:
519:
517:
514:
513:
512:
507:
502:
500:Hotelling rent
497:
495:Ricardian rent
490:
487:
451:geometric mean
422:
419:
360:
359:
356:
353:
347:
344:
341:
330:
329:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
263:theory of rent
241:
238:
236:
233:
226:Albrecht Thaer
210:
207:
160:
159:
156:
155:
153:Albrecht Thaer
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
127:School or
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
87:
85:(aged 67)
79:
75:
74:
64:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1126:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
978:David Ricardo
976:
974:
973:Francis Place
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
927:
923:
916:
911:
909:
904:
902:
897:
896:
893:
887:
883:
879:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:
853:
848:
847:
837:
836:
830:
829:
821:
820:
815:
809:
801:
800:
792:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
683:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
636:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
597:
595:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
547:
545:
543:
535:
531:
525:
521:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
486:
484:
483:
478:
474:
470:
465:
462:
452:
436:
428:
418:
416:
412:
411:economic rent
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
384:
381:
378:
374:
370:
368:
363:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
338:
337:
334:
315:
312:
309:
306:
300:
297:
294:
288:
285:
282:
275:
274:
273:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
246:
232:
229:
227:
222:
219:
217:
206:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
170:
166:
157:
154:
151:
147:
144:
141:
137:
134:
131:
125:
122:
119:
115:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
80:
76:
72:
68:
54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
1033:Thomas Tooke
1007:
856:
834:
818:
808:
798:
791:
758:
755:Econometrica
754:
696:
692:
682:
649:
645:
635:
610:
606:
560:
556:
524:
505:Alfred Weber
480:
472:
468:
466:
463:
434:
426:
424:
421:Natural wage
414:
406:
400:
391:
385:
382:
379:
375:
371:
364:
361:
350:Soil quality
335:
331:
267:
254:
252:
230:
223:
220:
212:
196:
179:
175:
174:
168:
83:(1850-09-22)
62:24 June 1783
1064:1850 deaths
1059:1783 births
761:(1): 1–12.
473:Grenzkosten
440:, in which
407:Thünen rent
100:Nationality
1053:Categories
968:James Mill
948:Adam Smith
943:David Hume
516:References
249:profitable
209:Early life
149:Influences
67:Wangerland
58:1783-06-24
775:0012-9682
713:0033-5533
666:0033-5533
619:0022-0515
577:0013-0133
403:economics
307:−
298:−
184:economist
129:tradition
71:Friesland
816:(1895).
489:See also
270:marginal
216:Hooksiel
884:of the
880:in the
861:. 1920.
783:1907947
721:1886011
674:1883581
627:2725147
585:2229798
479:in his
432:√
192:Germany
180:Thuenen
93:Rostock
781:
773:
719:
711:
672:
664:
625:
617:
583:
575:
409:is an
171:, 1842
103:German
89:Tellow
779:JSTOR
717:JSTOR
670:JSTOR
623:JSTOR
581:JSTOR
415:above
117:Field
771:ISSN
709:ISSN
662:ISSN
615:ISSN
573:ISSN
530:Marx
457:and
235:Work
201:and
78:Died
52:Born
886:ZBW
763:doi
701:doi
654:doi
565:doi
467:In
401:In
390:'s
1055::
855:.
777:.
769:.
757:.
753:.
729:^
715:.
707:.
695:.
691:.
668:.
660:.
648:.
644:.
621:.
611:21
609:.
605:.
593:^
579:.
571:.
561:79
559:.
555:.
541:^
536:).
485:.
461:.
435:AP
405:,
228:.
218:.
194:.
69:,
914:e
907:t
900:v
873:.
785:.
765::
759:2
723:.
703::
697:9
676:.
656::
650:9
629:.
587:.
567::
459:P
455:A
446:P
442:A
316:m
313:F
310:Y
304:)
301:c
295:p
292:(
289:Y
286:=
283:R
60:)
56:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
