Vowel - Knowledge

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types of plots and concludes that plotting of F1 against F2 – F1 "is not very satisfactory because of its effect on the placing of the central vowels", so she also recommends use of a simple plot of F1 against F2. In fact, this kind of plot of F1 against F2 has been used by analysts to show the quality of the vowels in a wide range of languages, including RP, the Queen's English, American English, Singapore English, Brunei English, North Frisian, Turkish Kabardian, and various indigenous Australian languages.

1045: 2750:. After printing was introduced to England, and therefore after spelling was more or less standardized, a series of dramatic changes in the pronunciation of the vowel phonemes occurred, and continued into recent centuries, but were not reflected in the spelling system. This has led to numerous inconsistencies in the spelling of English vowel sounds and the pronunciation of English vowel letters (and to the mispronunciation of foreign words and names by speakers of English). 2802: 8757: 136: 1024:" for a phonetic vowel and "vowel" for a phonological vowel, so using this terminology, and are classified as vocoids but not vowels. However, Maddieson and Emmory (1985) demonstrated from a range of languages that semivowels are produced with a narrower constriction of the vocal tract than vowels, and so may be considered consonants on that basis. Nonetheless, the phonetic and phonemic definitions would still conflict for the syllabic /l/ in 1522: 9282: 9262: 9233: 9191: 9155: 9126: 9097: 9061: 9019: 8983: 8954: 8925: 8889: 8867: 8831: 8802: 8773: 661: 641: 612: 570: 534: 505: 476: 440: 398: 362: 333: 304: 268: 246: 210: 181: 152: 2106: 5633: 9314: 8326: 7485: 694: 1530:

position: front (forward), raised (upward and back), and retracted (downward and back). Front vowels ( and, to a lesser extent , etc.), can be secondarily qualified as close or open, as in the traditional conception, but this refers to jaw rather than tongue position. In addition, rather than there being a unitary category of back vowels, the regrouping posits

2295:, though other factors are usually involved in this. Lehiste (ibid) argues that stress, or loudness, could not be associated with a single segment in a syllable independently of the rest of the syllable (p. 147). This means that vowel loudness is a concomitant of the loudness of the syllable in which it occurs. 1425:

In most languages, roundedness is a reinforcing feature of mid to high back vowels rather than a distinctive feature. Usually, the higher a back vowel, the more intense is the rounding. However, in some languages, roundedness is independent from backness, such as French and German (with front rounded

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The original vowel quadrilateral, from Jones' articulation. The vowel trapezoid of the modern IPA, and at the top of this article, is a simplified rendition of this diagram. The bullets are the cardinal vowel points. (A parallel diagram covers the front and central rounded and back unrounded vowels.)

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recommended using plots of F1 against F2 – F1 to represent vowel quality. However, in the fourth edition, he changed to adopt a simple plot of F1 against F2, and this simple plot of F1 against F2 was maintained for the fifth (and final) edition of the book. Katrina Hayward compares the two

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pronouncing the cardinal vowels of the IPA. The scale is logarithmic. The grey range is where F2 would be less than F1, which by definition is impossible. is an extra-low central vowel. Phonemically it may be front or back, depending on the language. Rounded vowels that are front in tongue position

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Some languages, such as English and Russian, have what are called 'reduced', 'weak' or 'obscure' vowels in some unstressed positions. These do not correspond one-to-one with the vowel sounds that occur in stressed position (so-called 'full' vowels), and they tend to be mid-centralized in comparison,

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by a formant of the voice, in this case the second, F2, not by the position of the tongue. In front vowels, such as , the frequency of F2 is relatively high, which generally corresponds to a position of the tongue forward in the mouth, whereas in back vowels, such as , F2 is low, consistent with the

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The same chart, with a few intermediate vowels. Low front is intermediate between and , while is intermediate between and . The back vowels change gradually in rounding, from unrounded and slightly rounded to tightly rounded ; similarly slightly rounded to tightly rounded . With seen as an

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and illustrate this: both are without much of a constriction in the vocal tract (so phonetically they seem to be vowel-like), but they occur at the onset of syllables (e.g. in "yet" and "wet") which suggests that phonologically they are consonants. A similar debate arises over whether a word like

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represents these same sounds. There is not necessarily a direct one-to-one correspondence between the vowel sounds of a language and the vowel letters. Many languages that use a form of the Latin alphabet have more vowel sounds than can be represented by the standard set of five vowel letters. In

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Rounding is generally realized by a decrease of F2 that tends to reinforce vowel backness. One effect of this is that back vowels are most commonly rounded while front vowels are most commonly unrounded; another is that rounded vowels tend to plot to the right of unrounded vowels in vowel charts.

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The conception of the tongue moving in two directions, high–low and front–back, is not supported by articulatory evidence and does not clarify how articulation affects vowel quality. Vowels may instead be characterized by the three directions of movement of the tongue from its neutral

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has letters for six degrees of vowel height for full vowels (plus the reduced mid vowel ), but it is extremely unusual for a language to distinguish this many degrees without other attributes. The IPA letters distinguish (sorted according to height, with the top-most one being the highest and the

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may or may not be counted separately; indeed, it may sometimes be unclear if phonation belongs to the vowels or the consonants of a language. If such things are ignored and only vowels with dedicated IPA letters ('vowel qualities') are considered, then very few languages have more than ten. The

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Nonetheless, even in those languages there is usually some phonetic correlation between rounding and backness: front rounded vowels tend to be more front-central than front, and back unrounded vowels tend to be more back-central than back. Thus, the placement of unrounded vowels to the left of

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is named after the rounding of the lips in some vowels. Because lip rounding is easily visible, vowels may be commonly identified as rounded based on the articulation of the lips. Acoustically, rounded vowels are identified chiefly by a decrease in F2, although F1 is also slightly decreased.

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This conception of vowel articulation has been known to be inaccurate since 1928. Peter Ladefoged has said that "early phoneticians... thought they were describing the highest point of the tongue, but they were not. They were actually describing formant frequencies." (See below.) The IPA

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have high F2 frequencies. This is very clear in the spectrogram, where the front vowel has a much higher F2 frequency than the other two vowels. However, in open vowels, the high F1 frequency forces a rise in the F2 frequency as well, so an alternative measure of frontness is the

2171:, and the position of the jaw, lips, and tongue affect the parameters of the resonant cavity, resulting in different formant values. The acoustics of vowels can be visualized using spectrograms, which display the acoustic energy at each frequency, and how this changes with time. 2133:

are front-central in formant space, while unrounded vowels that are back in articulation are back-central in formant space. Thus have perhaps similar F1 and F2 values to the high central vowels , being distinguished by rounding (F3); similarly vs central and vs central .

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portion of the syllable is the vowel, so the vowel carries the pitch information. This may relate to the syllable in which it occurs, or to a larger stretch of speech to which an intonation contour belongs. In a word such as 'man', all the segments in the syllable are

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has a three-way contrast among short, half-long, and long vowels. The other type of length variation in vowels is non-distinctive, and is the result of prosodic variation in speech: vowels tend to be lengthened when in a stressed syllable, or when utterance rate is

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consists of a single consonant. Only prepositions do this in Czech, and they normally link phonetically to the following word, so not really behave as vowelless words.) In Russian, there are also prepositions that consist of a single consonant letter, like

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between the first and second formants. For this reason, some people prefer to plot as F1 vs. F2 – F1. (This dimension is usually called 'backness' rather than 'frontness', but the term 'backness' can be counterintuitive when discussing formants.)

4600:, traditional articulatory descriptions such as height and backness "are not entirely satisfactory", and when phoneticians describe a vowel as high or low, they are in fact describing an acoustic quality rather than the actual position of the tongue. 2951: 3291: 2648:

Other languages cope with the limitation in the number of Latin vowel letters in similar ways. Many languages make extensive use of combinations of letters to represent various sounds. Other languages use vowel letters with modifications, such as

1513:(neither rounded nor spread). Others distinguish compressed rounded vowels, in which the corners of the mouth are drawn together, from compressed unrounded vowels, in which the lips are compressed but the corners remain apart as in spread vowels. 2970: 2995: 3428: 3356: 3067: 3314: 5023:

Harrington, Jonathan, Sallyanne Palethorpe and Catherine Watson (2005) Deepening or lessening the divide between diphthongs: an analysis of the Queen's annual Christmas broadcasts. In William J. Hardcastle and Janet Mackenzie Beck (eds.)

3405: 3086: 3025: 1173:, such as , F1 is consistent with the jaw being open and the tongue being positioned low in the mouth. Height is defined by the inverse of the F1 value: the higher the frequency of the first formant, the lower (more open) the vowel. In 3375: 3333: 3272: 3109: 3460: 3044: 2860: 3502: 3128: 2879: 2818: 1057:

The cells indicate the ranges of articulation that could reasonably be transcribed with those cardinal vowel letters, , and non-cardinal . If a language distinguishes fewer than these vowel qualities, could be merged to ⟨

3544: 2902: 3525: 3158: 2837: 2504:. Moreover, a vowel might be represented by a letter usually reserved for consonants, or a combination of letters, particularly where one letter represents several sounds at once, or vice versa; examples from English include 1303:

has thirteen long vowels, which have been analyzed as four vowel heights (close, close-mid, mid, open-mid) each among the front unrounded, front rounded, and back rounded vowels, along with an open vowel for a fifth height:

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All languages have monophthongs and many languages have diphthongs, but triphthongs or vowel sounds with even more target qualities are relatively rare cross-linguistically. English has all three types: the vowel sound in

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and sometimes others can all be used to represent vowels. However, not all of these letters represent the vowels in all languages that use this writing, or even consistently within one language. Some of them, especially

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because the insides of the lips are visible, whereas in mid to high rounded front vowels the lips are generally "compressed" with the margins of the lips pulled in and drawn towards each other, a phenomenon known as

1497:, respectively. In many phonetic treatments, both are considered types of rounding, but some phoneticians do not believe that these are subsets of a single phenomenon and posit instead three independent features of 1140:

Nonetheless, the concept that vowel qualities are determined primarily by tongue position and lip rounding continues to be used in pedagogy, as it provides an intuitive explanation of how vowels are distinguished.

1283:, spoken in Malaysia and Thailand, is highly unusual in contrasting true mid vowels with both close-mid and open-mid vowels, without any additional parameters such as length, roundness or ATR. The front vowels, 3200: 3744:

One of the most common vowels is ; it is nearly universal for a language to have at least one open vowel, though most dialects of English have an and a —and often an , all open vowels—but no central . Some

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Spectrogram of vowels . is a low vowel, so its F1 value is higher than that of and , which are high vowels. is a front vowel, so its F2 is substantially higher than that of and , which are back vowels.

1836:. The contrast between advanced and retracted tongue root resembles the tense-lax contrast acoustically, but they are articulated differently. Those vowels involve noticeable tension in the vocal tract. 991:

The phonetic definition of "vowel" (i.e. a sound produced with no constriction in the vocal tract) does not always match the phonological definition (i.e. a sound that forms the peak of a syllable). The

1693:, vowels pronounced in the high tone are also produced with creaky voice. In such cases, it can be unclear whether it is the tone, the voicing type, or the pairing of the two that is being used for 1404:

Although some English dialects have vowels at five degrees of backness, there is no known language that distinguishes five degrees of backness without additional differences in height or rounding.

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quality similar to vowels. (They can carry tone, for example.) However, there are languages with lexical words that not only contain no vowels, but contain no sonorants at all, like (non-lexical)

4013: 5827: 5863: 2665:, to vowels to represent the variety of possible vowel sounds. Some languages have also constructed additional vowel letters by modifying the standard Latin vowels in other ways, such as 1157:(lowest resonance of the voice), abbreviated F1, which is associated with the height of the tongue. There are two terms commonly applied to refer to two degrees of vowel height: in 1149:

Theoretically, vowel height refers to the vertical position of either the tongue or the jaw (depending on the model) relative to either the roof of the mouth or the aperture of the

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are distinguished in height by the position of the jaw rather than the tongue, only the terms 'open' and 'close' are used, as 'high' and 'low' refer to the position of the tongue.

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that have been researched till now use height as a contrastive feature. No other parameter, even backness or rounding (see below), is used in all languages. Some languages have

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To them may be added front-central and back-central, corresponding to the vertical lines separating central from front and back vowel spaces in several IPA diagrams. However,

5837: 5621: 5693: 1401:. No language is known to contrast more than three degrees of backness nor is there a language that contrasts front with near-front vowels nor back with near-back ones. 5847: 5832: 3660:

It is not straightforward to say which language has the most vowels, since that depends on how they are counted. For example, long vowels, nasal vowels, and various

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The importance of vowels in distinguishing one word from another varies from language to language. Nearly all languages have at least three phonemic vowels, usually

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Vowel backness is named for the position of the tongue during the articulation of a vowel relative to the back of the mouth. As with vowel height, however, it is

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Fletcher, Janet (2006) Exploring the phonetics of spoken narratives in Australian indigenous languages. In William J. Hardcastle and Janet Mackenzie Beck (eds.)

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defines five degrees of vowel backness (sorted according to backness, with the top-most one being the front-most back and the bottom-most being the back-most):

1734:. This opposition has traditionally been thought to be a result of greater muscular tension, though phonetic experiments have repeatedly failed to show this. 5622: 2155:

The acoustics of vowels are fairly well understood. The different vowel qualities are realized in acoustic analyses of vowels by the relative values of the

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has a set of 28 symbols representing the range of essential vowel qualities, and a further set of diacritics to denote variations from the basic vowel.

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is lowered, and some air travels through the nasal cavity as well as the mouth. An oral vowel is a vowel in which all air escapes through the mouth.

5343: 2714:. (Abjads generally express some word-internal vowels and all word-initial and word-final vowels, whereby the ambiguity will be much reduced.) The 2182:

have low F1 frequencies, as can be seen in the accompanying spectrogram: The and have similar low first formants, whereas has a higher formant.

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of prosody is the syllable, not the segment (vowel or consonant). We can list briefly the effect of prosody on the vowel component of a syllable.

5779: 9380: 8686: 6732: 6478: 5589: 5316: 4093:, pronounced . Among careful speakers, however, the original vowel may be preserved, and the vowels are always preserved in the orthography. 3993:, a verb form meaning "you flipped (sth) down" (eg a marble). Whole sentences (usually tongue-twisters) can be made from such words, such as 5665: 6746: 6739: 6485: 4076:

respectively, and these forms are still used in modern Russian before words with certain consonant clusters for ease of pronunciation.

3796:, rather than different inflectional forms of the same lexeme as they commonly do in the Semitic languages. For example, while English 2409:, diphthongs and triphthongs are distinguished from sequences of monophthongs by whether the vowel sound may be analyzed into distinct 6960: 6718: 6464: 2692:, do not ordinarily mark all the vowels, since they are frequently unnecessary in identifying a word. Technically, these are called 1165:, such as and , the first formant is consistent with the tongue being positioned close to the palate, high in the mouth, whereas in 1794:. The two sets of terms are used interchangeably by some because the features are concomitant in some varieties of English. In most 1752:

One may distinguish the English tense vs. lax vowels roughly, with its spelling. Tense vowels usually occur in words with the final

916:; it is median (the air escapes along the middle of the tongue), oral (at least some of the airflow must escape through the mouth), 5729: 4843: 1659:, have both voiced and devoiced vowels in complementary distribution. Vowels are devoiced in whispered speech. In Japanese and in 1525:

Front, raised and retracted are the three articulatory dimensions of vowel space. Open and close refer to the jaw, not the tongue.

8475: 6753: 6450: 2366:. Monophthongs are sometimes called "pure" or "stable" vowels. A vowel sound that glides from one quality to another is called a 1581:

occurs when air escapes through the nose. Vowels are often nasalised under the influence of neighbouring nasal consonants, as in

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Unlike the other features of vowel quality, tenseness is only applicable to the few languages that have this opposition (mainly

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have been reported to have five contrastive vowel heights that are independent of length or other parameters. For example, the

9323: 8858: 8643: 8521: 8418: 8335: 7494: 7255: 7162: 5743: 5528: 5484: 5442: 5425: 5408: 5394: 5380: 4112:, such as Cantonese "no" and "five". Minnan also has words consisting of a consonant followed by a syllabic nasal, such as 3773:, is considerably less common. A large fraction of the languages of North America happen to have a four-vowel system without 3574: 2942: 2696:

rather than alphabets. Although it is possible to construct English sentences that can be understood without written vowels (

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are possible. In mid to high rounded back vowels the lips are generally protruded ("pursed") outward, a phenomenon known as

8598: 8535: 8340: 7345: 7237: 7144: 6457: 4171:) "he had had in his possession a bunchberry plant". (Follow the Nuxalk link for other examples.) Berber examples include 8874: 8691: 8542: 8488: 8444: 7874: 7829: 7332: 7269: 7176: 6627: 6383: 2961: 2421:) phonetically form a disyllabic triphthong but are phonologically a sequence of a diphthong (represented by the letters 253: 2746:

The differences in pronunciation of vowel letters between English and its related languages can be accounted for by the

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concedes that "the vowel quadrilateral must be regarded as an abstraction and not a direct mapping of tongue position."

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as well as having reduced rounding or spreading. The IPA has long provided two letters for obscure vowels, mid ⟨

1819: 275: 2059:⟩, neither of which are defined for rounding. Dialects of English may have up to four phonemic reduced vowels: 9373: 8945: 8620: 8605: 8385: 7854: 7372: 7283: 7244: 7190: 7151: 6908: 5466: 4989:

Hawkins, Sarah and Jonathan Midgley (2005). "Formant frequencies of RP monophthongs in four age groups of speakers".

4765: 4705: 4680: 4087:, words without vowel sounds may occur due to reduction of weak vowels. A common example is the Kazakh word for one: 3058: 324: 79: 57: 50: 9117: 8371: 7847: 7499: 7426: 7363: 7276: 7183: 6690: 6634: 6599: 6390: 6355: 4886: 3305: 2083:⟩ may be used for the latter to avoid confusion with the clearly defined values of IPA letters like ⟨ 496: 5299: 4954:

Deterding, David (1997). "The formants of monophthong vowels in Standard Southern British English Pronunciation".

10042: 9630: 9404: 9182: 8961: 8916: 8481: 8463: 7408: 6676: 6432: 5738: 3396: 3077: 3016: 2761: 2678: 1352: 1185: 1086: 737: 561: 340: 295: 95: 9603: 9133: 9088: 8974: 8391: 8330: 8325: 7757: 7685: 7489: 7484: 7290: 7197: 6843: 6802: 6538: 6205: 3324: 3263: 3100: 512: 467: 353: 1477:, for example, is an exolabial (compressed) back vowel, and sounds quite different from an English endolabial 1268:. If more precision is required, true mid vowels may be written with a lowering or raising diacritic: ⟨ 9598: 9146: 8932: 8793: 8399: 8281: 8141: 8109: 7433: 6697: 6613: 6606: 6369: 6362: 6191: 5679: 3638: 3347: 3035: 2851: 1869: 525: 311: 172: 9610: 9593: 9585: 9366: 9253: 9104: 8990: 8681: 8377: 8272: 8261: 8173: 7785: 7713: 7415: 6873: 6683: 6662: 6585: 6439: 6418: 6341: 5822: 5722: 4295:

in English. Lexical words are somewhat rarer in English and are generally restricted to a single syllable:

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The traditional view of vowel production, reflected for example in the terminology and presentation of the

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are the only two known languages in which the feature is contrastive; they have both exo- and endo-labial

1478: 1474: 1443: 1435: 1305: 1288: 1284: 1273: 1269: 1261: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1013: 1009: 751: 747: 9625: 9620: 9162: 8809: 8764: 8494: 8288: 7771: 7750: 7699: 7442: 6860: 6816: 6809: 6760: 6552: 6545: 6496: 6241: 6212: 6061: 5890: 3366: 2870: 2809: 1494: 541: 188: 143: 5190: 2267:). However, the features of prosody are usually considered to apply not to the vowel itself, but to the 2239:

In addition to variation in vowel quality as described above, vowels vary as a result of differences in

9890: 9615: 9318: 9313: 9224: 8822: 8405: 8302: 8224: 7102: 6995: 6882: 6788: 6704: 6620: 6524: 6376: 6223: 6198: 6177: 4478: 3451: 2893: 2125: 1544: 1315:

The parameter of vowel height appears to be the primary cross-linguistic feature of vowels in that all

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is disputed to have phonemic voiceless vowels but no language is confirmed to have them phonemically.

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are vibrating during the articulation of a vowel. Most languages have only voiced vowels, but several

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Membership in these categories is scalar, with the mid-central vowels being marginal to any category.

1505:(exolabial), and unrounded. The lip position of unrounded vowels may also be classified separately as 932:, such as the English "sh" , which have a constriction or closure at some point along the vocal tract. 9537: 9482: 9273: 9010: 8780: 8676: 8295: 8215: 8204: 7806: 7764: 7734: 7692: 7066: 6774: 6669: 6592: 6510: 6425: 6348: 6255: 6106: 6077: 5657: 3516: 3149: 2828: 2148:(extra-)low central vowel, the vowels can be redefined as front, central and back (near-)low vowels. 1648: 1490: 652: 389: 159: 5210: 5059: 9648: 9467: 9400: 9240: 9052: 8838: 8353: 8231: 7799: 7727: 7451: 7048: 7022: 6971: 6891: 6823: 6767: 6503: 6283: 6248: 6088: 6068: 6047: 4547: 3470: 3214: 2912: 2230: 1300: 800: 619: 431: 217: 44: 5320: 9851: 9846: 9757: 9289: 9202: 9026: 8245: 7641: 7109: 6942: 6933: 6916: 6795: 6711: 6531: 6269: 6230: 6184: 6120: 5715: 5090:

Deterding, David (2003). "An instrumental study of the monophthong vowels of Singapore English".

3916:. However, none of them are pronounced alone without vowels, so they are not phonological words. 3714: 3535: 3419: 3168: 2512:

in "x-ray". In addition, extensions of the Latin alphabet have such independent vowel letters as

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In rhotic dialects of English, as in Canada and the United States, there are many words such as

9868: 9678: 9477: 9452: 9396: 9068: 8238: 8002: 7940: 7632: 7621: 7566: 7088: 7073: 6953: 6781: 6517: 6262: 6148: 6113: 6004: 5989: 5973: 5685: 5536: 5205: 5054: 3233: 1090: 828:

is commonly used to refer both to vowel sounds and to the written symbols that represent them (

733: 447: 61: 4461:, and the Polynesian languages generally, have unusually large numbers of such words, such as 3862:, and (or , , and ), and even a few that are trisyllabic, at least in some accents, such as 1291:, make a six-way height distinction; this holds even for the nasal vowels. A few varieties of 9457: 9434: 9412: 8064: 7991: 7971: 7929: 7909: 7648: 7545: 7055: 7029: 7004: 6978: 6290: 6134: 6095: 6054: 5984: 5945: 5789: 5435: 4418: 3626: 2674: 2501: 2248: 2240: 2226: 1320: 792: 5675: 3996: 1117:(lip articulation). These three parameters are indicated in the schematic quadrilateral IPA 9895: 9858: 9570: 8527: 8053: 8033: 8011: 7949: 7662: 7601: 6924: 6276: 6127: 6029: 5653: 5551: 5373: 4572: 4378: 4370: 4097: 3678: 2451:

The name "vowel" is often used for the symbols that represent vowel sounds in a language's

2292: 804: 5707: 8: 9966: 9836: 9813: 9562: 9515: 9487: 9328: 8591: 8195: 8082: 8073: 7982: 7920: 7669: 7655: 7573: 7095: 6155: 6009: 5966: 5039: 3932:. As in other languages, onomatopoeiae stand outside the normal phonotactics of English. 3718: 3579: 2731: 2280: 1894: 1623: 1447: 708: 5555: 5537:"Toward a model for lexical access based on acoustic landmarks and distinctive features" 1454:

rounded vowels on the IPA vowel chart is reflective of their position in formant space.

10047: 9831: 9664: 9472: 9429: 8614: 8044: 7610: 7559: 7538: 6297: 6141: 5999: 5979: 5933: 5575: 5508: 5223: 5171: 5072: 5006: 4971: 3944: 3762: 3666: 3614: 2662: 2315: 2264: 1858: 1833: 1795: 1686: 1486: 1331: 964: 796: 5149:"How to organize a fairly large vowel inventory: the vowels of Fering (North Frisian)" 5117:

Salbrina, Sharbawi (2006). "The vowels of Brunei English: an acoustic investigation".

2141: 9953: 9910: 9787: 9752: 9575: 9542: 9510: 9444: 9039: 8570: 7965: 7816: 7580: 7507: 7121: 6034: 6014: 5956: 5842: 5567: 5524: 5480: 5462: 5438: 5421: 5404: 5390: 5376: 5148: 5076: 4975: 4761: 4701: 4676: 4567: 4537: 4532: 4458: 4382: 4140: 4128: 3746: 3698: 3634: 3191: 2747: 2702:), single words in English lacking written vowels can be indistinguishable; consider 2563:

in English. In the original Latin alphabet, there was no written distinction between

2556: 2307: 1873: 1850: 1845: 1829: 1738: 1694: 1652: 1471: 1431: 951:, phonetic vowels normally form the peak (nucleus) of many or all syllables, whereas 788: 418: 5175: 5010: 2091:⟩, which are also seen, since the IPA only provides for two reduced vowels.) 1596:. The latter refers to vowels that are distinct from their oral counterparts, as in 775:. Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the 9978: 9971: 9826: 9782: 9777: 9640: 9552: 9529: 9505: 9462: 9421: 8849: 7903: 7594: 7552: 6024: 5994: 5961: 5951: 5580: 5559: 5500: 5227: 5215: 5163: 5144: 5126: 5099: 5064: 4998: 4963: 4390: 4386: 4340: 4310: 4276: 4212: 4188: 4136: 4084: 3940: 3782: 3750: 3690: 3670: 3610: 2933: 2723: 2654: 2552: 2311: 2174:

The first formant, abbreviated "F1", corresponds to vowel openness (vowel height).

1995: 1968: 1799: 1772: 1746: 1742: 1656: 1582: 1482: 1439: 1427: 1364: 1203: 1002: 963:. Some languages allow other sounds to form the nucleus of a syllable, such as the 940: 901: 887: 881: 228: 4303:. Vowel-only words of more than one syllable are generally foreign loans, such as 4287:

It is not uncommon for short grammatical words to consist of only vowels, such as

4203:

are sometimes described as being syllabic fricatives and affricates phonemically,

1323:

in which at least at a phonemic level, only height is used to distinguish vowels.

10037: 9943: 9841: 9821: 9762: 9730: 9547: 9173: 8907: 8364: 7894: 7587: 7016: 6019: 5885: 5697: 5448: 5413: 5303: 4868: 4747: 4632: 4597: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4374: 4215: 4144: 4109: 4080: 3966: 3939:, for example, the consonants and (the difference is not written) can act as a 3886: 3786: 3717:

of Southeast Asia also have some large inventories, such as the eleven vowels of

3694: 3682: 3622: 3618: 3387: 3007: 2689: 2685: 2319: 2256: 2210: 2203: 2168: 2118: 2032: 1984: 1942: 1930: 1925: 1854: 1619: 1597: 1554: 1537: 1374: 1316: 1312:, no other language is known to contrast more than four degrees of vowel height. 1309: 1296: 1292: 1280: 1239: 1213: 1052: 1006: 552: 286: 4828:

John Esling (2005) "There Are No Back Vowels: The Laryngeal Articulator Model",

9915: 9079: 5638: 4653: 4577: 4542: 4389:. In such languages there tends to be a larger variety of vowel-only words. In 4006: 3962: 3936: 3730: 3254: 2572: 2460: 2452: 2446: 1885: 1861:. Pharyngealisation is similar in articulation to retracted tongue root but is 1685:

types that are used contrastively in some languages. Often, they co-occur with

1664: 1336: 1229: 1102: 980: 956: 458: 5219: 5167: 5068: 5002: 4967: 3829:

that some phoneticians analyze as having no vowels, only a syllabic consonant

3754: 2571:, and the letter represented the approximant and the vowels and . In Modern 1044: 10031: 10001: 9961: 9938: 9905: 9878: 8738: 8255: 8097: 7511: 5452: 4751: 4474: 4120: 3923: 3769:

with no close vowels. The third vowel of the Arabic-type three-vowel system,

3642: 2783: 2727: 2362:

A vowel sound whose quality does not change throughout the vowel is called a

2331: 2244: 2129: 1977: 1893:

is raised, and the pharynx constricted, so that either the epiglottis or the

1823: 1678: 1660: 1458: 1369: 1118: 960: 948: 117: 3920:

words that can be pronounced alone, and that have no vowels or ars, include

2413:. For example, the vowel sounds in a two-syllable pronunciation of the word 10011: 9930: 9920: 9900: 8584: 6306: 5571: 5130: 5103: 4105: 3935:

There are other languages that form lexical words without vowel sounds. In

3917: 3834: 2327: 2299: 2260: 2234: 1690: 1674: 1578: 1573: 1549: 1531: 1017: 784: 4657: 4373:

are more freely allowed in some other languages, most famously perhaps in

2539:

The phonetic values vary considerably by language, and some languages use

2370:, and a vowel sound that glides successively through three qualities is a 2291:

Loudness: this variable has been traditionally associated with linguistic

1933:

are the "R-colored vowels" of American English and a few other languages.

1828:

Advanced tongue root (ATR) is a feature common across much of Africa, the

1121:

on the right. There are additional features of vowel quality, such as the

924:. There is no significant build-up of air pressure at any point above the 10016: 10006: 9996: 9883: 9740: 9336: 8750: 8733: 8507: 8027: 6831: 5900: 5878: 5314:

Audio recordings of selected words without vowels can be downloaded from

5287:, there is neither a vowel letter nor, in rhotic dialects, a vowel sound. 4328: 4031: 3587: 2795: 2778: 2630: 2363: 2345: 2190: 2179: 2164: 1697:. The combination of phonetic cues (phonation, tone, stress) is known as 1670: 1644: 1615: 1611: 1569: 1418: 1413: 1359: 1193: 1178: 1174: 1122: 993: 913: 772: 716: 129: 112: 5641:

was created from a revision of this article dated 18 July 2005

3846: 2708:

dad, dada, dado, dead, deed, did, died, diode, dodo, dud, dude, odd, add

9799: 9215: 8743: 6041: 5895: 5296: 4888:

Towards a phonetic and phonological typology of post-velar articulation

4433:'open!' (both two syllables), although some dialects pronounce them as 3726: 3654: 3569: 3442: 2788: 2735: 2371: 2353: 2186: 2175: 1749:) cannot be described with respect to tenseness in any meaningful way. 1379: 1249: 1126: 921: 594: 122: 5563: 5512: 5037: 3733:

of Wu has also been reported to have eleven vowels: ten basic vowels,

3689:. The situation can be quite disparate within a same family language: 2738:

and still the basis for many bible translations—Jewish and Christian.

2638: 2217:

That is, there is a reason for plotting vowel pairs the way they are.

824:, meaning "vocal" (i.e. relating to the voice). In English, the word 9988: 9794: 9745: 9705: 9700: 9687: 9001: 8503: 7744: 7677: 6563: 6319: 5923: 4101: 3987:, meaning "quarter-handful", with two syllables (one for each R), or 3661: 3140: 2715: 2658: 2622: 2406: 2367: 2357: 2349: 2303: 2160: 2100: 2014: 1862: 1723: 1714: 1682: 1640: 1635: 1521: 1265: 1223: 952: 944: 929: 869: 865: 776: 380: 4413: 4211:, but these do have a voiced segment that carries the tone.) In the 4058:, 'with'. However, these forms are actually contractions of 2105: 9722: 9710: 9307: 8638: 8560: 8554: 8319: 7478: 6316: 5504: 4988: 4167: 4155: 4124: 3761:, without any peripheral vowels. is also extremely common, though 3564: 2456: 2410: 2285: 2268: 2252: 1753: 1663:, vowels that are between voiceless consonants are often devoiced. 975:(when not considered to have a weak vowel sound: ) or the syllabic 936: 877: 780: 768: 743: 687: 5188: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4179:"you gave it". Some words may contain one or two consonants only: 2634: 9695: 8411: 7615: 6171: 5873: 5477:

Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages

3850: 2156: 1264:⟩ are defined as close-mid but are commonly used for true 1154: 925: 4613: 2124:

An idealized schematic of vowel space, based on the formants of

1880:

since the primary constriction is at the tip of the epiglottis.

1540:, where the root of the tongue approaches the pharynx (, etc.): 1073:⟩ could be added where the ranges of intersect, ⟨ 9358: 5590:

A spectrographic analysis of vowel fronting in Bradford English

5523:. Current studies in linguistics (No. 30). Cambridge, MA: MIT. 5280: 3857: 3793: 3792:

In most languages, vowels serve mainly to distinguish separate

2719: 1890: 27:

Sound in spoken language, articulated with an open vocal tract

5868: 5284: 4316: 3825: 2693: 2402:, form a triphthong or disyllable, depending on the dialect. 2323: 1105:

system to describe vowels in terms of the features of tongue

890: 815: 5737: 4735:

A Dictionary of Linguistics & Phonetics (Fifth Edition)

4446: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4333: 4319: 904: 4119:

So far, all of these syllabic consonants, at least in the

3833:. However, others analyze these words instead as having a 2597:

can represent a variety of vowel sounds, while the letter

1839: 5669: 3956: 2684:

The writing systems used for some languages, such as the

2279:

Pitch: in the case of a syllable such as 'cat', the only

1883:

The greatest degree of pharyngealisation is found in the

1150: 1069:⟩, etc. If a language distinguishes more, ⟨ 2339: 2185:

The second formant, F2, corresponds to vowel frontness.

1775:, lax vowels do not appear in stressed open syllables. 943:. A phonetically equivalent but non-syllabic sound is a 4871:& Johnson, Keith. (2011). Tense and Lax Vowels. In 1348:

tongue being positioned towards the back of the mouth.

4198: 4192: 3729:

dialects have the largest inventories of Chinese; the

2298:

Length: it is important to distinguish two aspects of

935:

In the phonological definition, a vowel is defined as

864:

There are two complementary definitions of vowel, one

5420:, fifth edition, 2006. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth 3844:

There are a few such words that are disyllabic, like

1868:

A stronger degree of pharyngealisation occurs in the

1534:, where the body of the tongue approaches the velum ( 771:

speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the

7516:

Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

4523:'false mullet' (sp. fish, three or five syllables). 3954: 3948: 2163:

of the vocal tract which show up as dark bands on a

742:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see 5686:

Materials for measuring and plotting vowel formants

5534: 4841: 4343: 4313: 3981:"neck". A particularly long word without vowels is 1745:), whereas the vowels of the other languages (e.g. 5447: 5370:Handbook of the International Phonetic Association 5116: 5040:"Rosa's roses: reduced vowels in American English" 4746: 4619: 4282: 4108:, some monosyllabic words are made of exclusively 3841:. The difference may be partially one of dialect. 2306:difference in length exhibited by some languages. 1442:(with a rounding distinction for front vowels and 5198:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 5156:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 5143: 5047:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 4991:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 4956:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 4405:'to purify' (both three syllables); in Japanese, 4218:, there are words with no voiced sounds, such as 1129:vibration (phonation), and tongue root position. 10029: 5544:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 5242:A Figure of Speech: A Festschrift for John Laver 5089: 5026:A Figure of Speech: A Festschrift for John Laver 4953: 4905:, Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, p. 197. 4724:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 269. 4467:(a small green fish), which is three syllables: 3701:but Spanish has only five pure vowel qualities, 3685:has been reported to have thirteen long vowels: 2425:) and a monophthong (represented by the letters 2288:and all will participate in any pitch variation. 1470:However, not all languages follow that pattern. 756:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters 5344:"'Vocalogenesis' in (Central) Chadic languages" 5038:Flemming, Edward and Stephanie Johnson (2007). 2271:in which the vowel occurs. In other words, the 1832:, and scattered other languages such as Modern 1763:. Lax vowels occur in words without the silent 1153:. In practice, however, it refers to the first 4625: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4468: 4462: 4001:, meaning "stick a finger through your neck" ( 3741:; this does not count the seven nasal vowels. 1810:since they can occur in any kind of syllable. 1516: 9374: 8687:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop 5723: 5490: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 3633:. Very few languages have fewer, though some 5244:, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 201–226. 5028:, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 227-261. 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4148: 4088: 2601:frequently represents vowels (as in e.g., "g 2243:. The most important prosodic variables are 880:definition, a vowel is a sound, such as the 9498: 5189:Gordon, Matthew and Ayla Applebaum (2006). 4875:(6th ed., pp. 98–100). Boston, MA: Cengage. 4355: 4349: 4034: 4025: 4019: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 819: 9381: 9367: 5730: 5716: 5191:"Phonetic structures of Turkish Kabardian" 4700:(Eighth ed.). Routledge. p. 53. 4695: 4675:(Eighth ed.). Routledge. p. 27. 4670: 4454: 4450: 2726:that is still widely used, as well as the 2697: 1393:may also be used as terms synonymous with 5785:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) 5579: 5209: 5058: 4891:(Thesis). University of British Columbia. 2326:have a two-way phonemic contrast between 2220: 1339:front vowels with highest point indicated 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 5649:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 5632: 5491:Lindau, Mona. (1978). "Vowel features". 4810:, Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 189. 4737:, Maldern, MA/Oxford: Blackwell, p. 494. 4279:is reported to have no phonemic vowels. 3824:bird, learn, girl, church, worst, worm, 2213:are characterized by lowered F3 values. 2104: 1520: 1330: 1097:as distinguishing it from other vowels. 1051: 1043: 43:This article includes a list of general 4884: 3969:, either or can stand in for vowels: 3811: 2455:, particularly if the language uses an 1840:Secondary narrowings in the vocal tract 1813: 1592:, however, should not be confused with 1077:⟩ where intersect, and ⟨ 14: 10030: 5955: 4916:A Course in Phonetics (Fourth Edition) 4166: 4154: 4030:has two syllables based on L; and the 3947:; examples include the tongue-twister 3669:have some of the largest inventories: 2202:In the third edition of his textbook, 1806:, whereas the tense vowels are called 1726:is used to describe the opposition of 1246:near-low): æ (plus the reduced vowel ) 9362: 8712: 8194: 7893: 7609: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5965: 5960: 5950: 5921: 5756: 5711: 4929:A Course in Phonetics (Fifth Edition) 4903:A Course in Phonetics (Third Edition) 4808:A Course in Phonetics (Fifth Edition) 4005: 3705:, while classical French has eleven: 2340:Monophthongs, diphthongs, triphthongs 1626:also contrast nasal and oral vowels. 1253: 1243: 1233: 1217: 1207: 1197: 8723: 8664: 8357: 7567: 7528: 5937: 5588:Watt, D. and Tillotson, J. (2001). " 4931:, Boston: Thomson Wadsworth, p. 189. 2757: 1916:are sometimes used interchangeably. 1897:vibrate instead of the vocal cords. 1889:of the Khoisan languages, where the 1802:. Therefore, they are also known as 1786:are more commonly used, compared to 746:. For the distinction between , 91: 29: 8692:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant 7546: 7506:Symbols to the right in a cell are 5458:The Sounds of the World's Languages 5268:The Sounds of the World's Languages 4830:The Canadian Journal of Linguistics 4757:The Sounds of the World's Languages 4159:, as spelled), and a longer one is 4139:and some languages of the American 4127:, such as , , , and , which have a 3645:have been argued to have just two, 2580:English spelling, the five letters 24: 7602: 5775:International Phonetic Association 5619: 5389:, second edition, 2003. Blackwell 4760:. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 323. 2547:for the consonant , e.g., initial 2459:. In writing systems based on the 1820:Advanced and retracted tongue root 959:and (in languages that have them) 49:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 10059: 9288: 9272: 9252: 9239: 9223: 9201: 9181: 9161: 9145: 9132: 9116: 9103: 9087: 9067: 9051: 9038: 9025: 9009: 8989: 8973: 8960: 8944: 8931: 8915: 8895: 8873: 8857: 8837: 8821: 8808: 8792: 8779: 8763: 8619: 8604: 8597: 8577: 8553: 8541: 8534: 8520: 8513: 8487: 8474: 8462: 8455: 8443: 8436: 8424: 8417: 8398: 8384: 8370: 8301: 8294: 8287: 8280: 8271: 8260: 8244: 8237: 8230: 8223: 8214: 8203: 8172: 8140: 8108: 8081: 8072: 8063: 8052: 8043: 8032: 8010: 8001: 7990: 7981: 7970: 7948: 7939: 7928: 7919: 7908: 7873: 7853: 7846: 7839: 7828: 7805: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7749: 7733: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7705: 7698: 7691: 7684: 7668: 7661: 7654: 7647: 7640: 7631: 7620: 7574: 7450: 7441: 7432: 7425: 7414: 7407: 7371: 7362: 7353: 7344: 7331: 7289: 7282: 7275: 7268: 7261: 7254: 7243: 7236: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7175: 7168: 7161: 7150: 7143: 7108: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7072: 7065: 7054: 7047: 7028: 7021: 7003: 6994: 6977: 6970: 6959: 6952: 6941: 6932: 6923: 6907: 6890: 6881: 6872: 6859: 6842: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6801: 6794: 6787: 6780: 6773: 6766: 6759: 6752: 6745: 6738: 6731: 6724: 6717: 6710: 6703: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6502: 6495: 6484: 6477: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6305: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6247: 6240: 6229: 6222: 6211: 6204: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6094: 6087: 6076: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6030:Pharyngeal/epiglottal 5700:Online examples from Ladefoged's 5600: 5387:Acoustic & Auditory Phonetics 5341: 4698:Gimson's Pronunciation of English 4673:Gimson's Pronunciation of English 3885:frequently contracts to a simple 3753:speakers have rather than , and 3534: 3515: 3492: 3469: 3450: 3418: 3395: 3365: 3346: 3323: 3304: 3281: 3262: 3232: 3213: 3190: 3167: 3148: 3118: 3099: 3076: 3057: 3034: 3015: 2985: 2960: 2941: 2911: 2892: 2869: 2850: 2827: 2808: 2440: 1936: 667: 651: 631: 618: 602: 580: 560: 540: 524: 511: 495: 482: 466: 446: 430: 417: 404: 388: 368: 352: 339: 323: 310: 294: 274: 252: 236: 216: 200: 187: 171: 158: 142: 9388: 9312: 9280: 9260: 9231: 9189: 9153: 9124: 9095: 9059: 9017: 8981: 8952: 8923: 8887: 8865: 8829: 8800: 8771: 8755: 8324: 7560: 7539: 7483: 5828:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols 5631: 5266:Ladefoged, P. and Maddieson, I. 4339: 4309: 4168:[xɬpʼχʷɬtʰɬpʰɬːskʷʰt͡sʼ] 4147:. An example from the latter is 3808:is a completely different word. 2800: 2753: 2429:). Some linguists use the terms 2390:is in most dialects a diphthong 2178:have high F1 frequencies, while 2140: 2117: 1919: 1308:. Apart from the aforementioned 900: 886: 692: 659: 639: 610: 568: 532: 503: 474: 438: 396: 360: 331: 302: 266: 244: 208: 179: 150: 134: 34: 9405:International Phonetic Alphabet 7581: 5739:International Phonetic Alphabet 5363: 5335: 5308: 5290: 5273: 5260: 5247: 5234: 5182: 5137: 5110: 5083: 5031: 5017: 4982: 4947: 4934: 4921: 4918:, Fort Worth: Harcourt, p. 177. 4908: 4895: 4878: 4862: 4842:Botma, Bert (8 December 2020). 4835: 4822: 4813: 4800: 4787: 4590: 4505:'crying' (five syllables, from 4417:追々 'gradually' (three and four 4393:(Bantu), for example, there is 4283:Words consisting of only vowels 4135:in English. These include some 3675:/(a),ɑ,(ɐ),e,ə,ɛ,i,o,ɔ,u,ø,œ,y/ 2679:International Phonetic Alphabet 2189:have low F2 frequencies, while 2075:. (The non-IPA letters ⟨ 1798:, lax vowels can only occur in 1689:or stress distinctions; in the 1563: 1353:International Phonetic Alphabet 1335:Idealistic tongue positions of 1189:bottom-most being the lowest): 1186:International Phonetic Alphabet 1087:International Phonetic Alphabet 1039: 738:International Phonetic Alphabet 8672:Nasal labial–velar approximant 7595: 7553: 5922: 5848:IPA chart for English dialects 5757: 5432:Elements of Acoustic Phonetics 4944:, Harlow, UK: Pearson, p. 160. 4780:Ladefoged & Disner (2012) 4774: 4740: 4727: 4714: 4689: 4664: 4647: 4620:Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 4499:'tough' (all four syllables), 4191:, words and syllables such as 4007:[str̩tʃpr̩stskr̩skr̩k] 2673:that are found in some of the 1407: 13: 1: 7588: 5297:Values in open oral syllables 5257:, M.I.T 1970, pp. 42, 84, 147 4635:. Online Etymology Dictionary 4607: 3953:and geographic names such as 2621:is used in representing some 2500:, are also used to represent 2437:only in this phonemic sense. 1870:Northeast Caucasian languages 1853:occur in some languages like 1125:position (nasality), type of 1109:(vertical dimension), tongue 859: 779:. Vowels vary in quality, in 8682:Voiceless bidental fricative 5790:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) 5535:Stevens, Kenneth N. (2000). 5519:Stevens, Kenneth N. (1998). 4369:However, vowel sequences in 4299:, and in non-rhotic accents 3943:and carry rising or falling 3818:English words without vowels 2167:. The vocal tract acts as a 2094: 1708: 1629: 1450:with back unrounded vowels. 1434:has a rounding contrast for 1020:(1943) suggested the terms " 791:and are closely involved in 7: 5891:Phonetic symbols in Unicode 4885:Bessell, Nicola J. (1993). 4526: 4331:, or proper names, such as 3687:/i,y,e,ø,ɛ,œ,æ,ɶ,a,ɒ,ɔ,o,u/ 3673:has 11 to 13 short vowels ( 2609:", or the diphthongs in "cr 2055:⟩ and lower ⟨ 1951:(IPA provides only ⟨ 1517:Front, raised and retracted 1326: 1306:/ieɛ̝ɛ/,/yøœ̝œ/,/uoɔ̝ɔ/,/a/ 1113:(horizontal dimension) and 939:, the sound that forms the 10: 10064: 8713: 4473:. Most long words involve 4021:Smrž pln skvrn zvlhl z mlh 3815: 3600: 2444: 2394:, and the vowel sounds of 2343: 2224: 2098: 1940: 1923: 1843: 1817: 1712: 1633: 1567: 1411: 1081:⟩ where intersect. 1028:or the syllabic nasals in 9987: 9952: 9929: 9867: 9812: 9773: 9721: 9686: 9677: 9657: 9639: 9584: 9561: 9528: 9443: 9420: 9411: 9394: 9214: 9172: 9078: 9000: 8906: 8848: 8749: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8721: 8708: 8677:Nasal palatal approximant 8354:Co-articulated consonants 8254: 8199: 8162: 8130: 8095: 8026: 7964: 7902: 7863: 7815: 7743: 7676: 7614: 7600: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7572: 7565: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7537: 7535: 7387: 7309: 7216: 7120: 7015: 6915: 6830: 6657: 6561: 6413: 6315: 6170: 6040: 5972: 5944: 5930: 5917: 5856: 5810: 5767: 5763: 5752: 5270:, Blackwell (1996), p 320 5220:10.1017/S0025100306002532 5168:10.1017/S002510030400180X 5069:10.1017/S0025100306002817 5003:10.1017/S0025100305002124 4968:10.1017/S0025100300005417 4844:"Nasals and Nasalization" 4696:Cruttenden, Alan (2014). 4671:Cruttenden, Alan (2014). 4054: 4048: 4042: 3441: 3386: 3253: 3139: 3006: 2932: 2794: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2741: 2039: 2021: 2005: 2000: 1975: 1649:Native American languages 1144: 1093:that determine a vowel's 593: 551: 457: 379: 285: 227: 128: 121: 116: 111: 4940:Hayward, Katrina (2000) 4927:Ladefoged, Peter (2006) 4914:Ladefoged, Peter (2001) 4901:Ladefoged, Peter (1993) 4806:Ladefoged, Peter (2006) 4583: 4548:List of phonetics topics 3697:are two closely related 2706:, which could be any of 1778:In traditional grammar, 1048:X-rays of Daniel Jones' 1016:. The American linguist 1012:or a syllabic consonant 912:, produced with an open 7526:Non-pulmonic consonants 6658:Non-sibilant fricative 6414:Non-sibilant affricate 5780:History of the alphabet 4722:Principles of Phonetics 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4469: 4463: 4381:languages, but also in 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4199: 4193: 4153:"seal fat" (pronounced 4149: 3757:is described as having 3723:/i,e,ɛ,ɐ,a,ə,ɔ,ɤ,o,ɯ,u/ 3707:/a,ɑ,e,ɛ,i,o,ɔ,u,y,œ,ø/ 2633:in the borrowed words " 2067:, and higher unrounded 1876:. They might be called 1719:Checked and free vowels 734:phonetic transcriptions 64:more precise citations. 10043:Manner of articulation 9397:Articulatory phonetics 5838:Sinological extensions 5627: 5607:Listen to this article 5131:10.1075/eww.27.3.03sha 5104:10.1075/eww.24.1.02det 4942:Experimental Phonetics 4733:Crystal, David (2005) 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4175:"you took it off" and 4162:clhp'xwlhtlhplhhskwts' 4089: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4035: 4026: 4020: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3955: 3949: 3904:regularly contract to 3709:and four nasal vowels 2675:Scandinavian languages 2629:") and to represent a 2502:approximant consonants 2221:Prosody and intonation 2110: 1681:(murmured vowels) are 1643:describes whether the 1526: 1340: 1321:vertical vowel systems 1270:e̞, ɘ̞, ø̞, ɵ̞, ɤ̞, o̞ 1226:: (the reduced vowel ) 1220:high-mid): e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o 1082: 1065:⟩, to ⟨ 1061:⟩, to ⟨ 1049: 928:. This contrasts with 820: 731:This article contains 9571:Pharyngeal/epiglottal 5702:Vowels and Consonants 5691:Vowels and Consonants 5626: 5461:. Oxford: Blackwell. 5436:University of Chicago 5418:A Course in Phonetics 4873:A Course in Phonetics 4848:Oxford Bibliographies 4782:Vowels and Consonants 3950:na vrh brda vrba mrda 3735:/i,y,e,ø,ɛ,ɑ,ɔ,o,u,ɯ/ 3711:/ɑ̃/,/ɛ̃/,/ɔ̃/and/œ̃/ 3627:vertical vowel system 2730:symbols used for its 2720:vowel notation system 2386:, the vowel sound in 2328:short and long vowels 2249:fundamental frequency 2108: 2087:⟩ and ⟨ 2079:⟩ and ⟨ 1955:⟩ and ⟨ 1948:Common reduced vowels 1851:Pharyngealized vowels 1524: 1334: 1236:low-mid): ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ 1091:articulatory features 1055: 1047: 9896:Labio-palatalization 7310:Lateral approximant 5658:More spoken articles 5374:Cambridge University 5342:Wolff, H. Ekkehard. 4573:Words without vowels 4411:青い 'blue/green' and 4098:varieties of Chinese 4052:, 'in', and 3812:Words without vowels 3765:has just the vowels 1895:arytenoid cartilages 1814:Tongue root position 1495:close central vowels 1272:⟩ or ⟨ 1260:The letters ⟨ 971:in the English word 9586:Double articulation 5934:Pulmonic consonants 5704:, referenced above. 5556:2002ASAJ..111.1872S 5403:, 1973. Castreanum 4795:Handbook of the IPA 4720:Laver, John (1994) 4421:); and in Finnish, 3715:Mon–Khmer languages 2734:; both are part of 2506:⟨igh⟩ 1961: 1468:exolabial rounding. 1463:endolabial rounding 1457:Different kinds of 1438:and front vowels), 787:. They are usually 7864:Lateral fricative 7510:, to the left are 7217:Lateral fricative 6005:Postalveolar 5990:Linguolabial 5833:Naming conventions 5796:Journal of the IPA 5696:2005-07-03 at the 5628: 5594:English World-Wide 5521:Acoustic phonetics 5479:, 2000. Blackwell 5475:Ladefoged, Peter, 5430:Ladefoged, Peter, 5302:2011-07-26 at the 5119:English World-Wide 5092:English World-Wide 4819:IPA (1999), p. 13. 4784:, 3rd ed., p. 132. 4337:(in some accents: 4083:and certain other 3997:Strč prst skrz krk 3737:, plus restricted 3667:Germanic languages 2427:⟨er⟩ 2423:⟨ow⟩ 2111: 1947: 1859:Tungusic languages 1796:Germanic languages 1739:Germanic languages 1527: 1491:close front vowels 1341: 1287:, along with open 1200:high): i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u 1083: 1050: 941:peak of a syllable 795:variation such as 10025: 10024: 9911:Pharyngealization 9808: 9807: 9673: 9672: 9631:Uvular–epiglottal 9524: 9523: 9356: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9347: 9346: 9299: 9298: 8704: 8703: 8700: 8699: 8657: 8656: 8482:Uvular–epiglottal 8349: 8348: 8311: 8310: 7522: 7521: 7470: 7469: 7388:Lateral tap/flap 5985:Labiodental 5913: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5843:World Orthography 5624: 5564:10.1121/1.1458026 5529:978-0-262-19404-4 5485:978-0-631-21412-0 5443:978-0-226-46764-1 5426:978-1-4130-2079-3 5409:978-951-45-0189-0 5401:Koltansaamen opas 5399:Korhonen, Mikko. 5395:978-1-4051-0123-3 5381:978-0-521-63751-0 5145:Bohn, Ocke-Schwen 4568:Vowel coalescence 4538:Great Vowel Shift 4533:English phonology 4477:, which is quite 4275:Some analyses of 4141:Pacific Northwest 3922:hmm, pst!, shh!, 3699:Romance languages 3598: 3597: 3555: 3554: 2748:Great Vowel Shift 2671:⟨ø⟩ 2667:⟨æ⟩ 2651:⟨ä⟩ 2619:⟨w⟩ 2599:⟨y⟩ 2595:⟨u⟩ 2591:⟨o⟩ 2588:⟨i⟩ 2585:⟨e⟩ 2582:⟨a⟩ 2577:⟨w⟩ 2569:⟨u⟩ 2565:⟨v⟩ 2561:⟨y⟩ 2549:⟨i⟩ 2545:⟨y⟩ 2541:⟨i⟩ 2534:⟨ø⟩ 2530:⟨æ⟩ 2526:⟨å⟩ 2522:⟨ü⟩ 2518:⟨ö⟩ 2514:⟨ä⟩ 2510:⟨x⟩ 2498:⟨y⟩ 2494:⟨w⟩ 2489:⟨w⟩ 2485:⟨y⟩ 2481:⟨u⟩ 2477:⟨o⟩ 2473:⟨i⟩ 2469:⟨e⟩ 2465:⟨a⟩ 2382:is a monophthong 2099:Related article: 2048: 2047: 2035: 2017: 1998: 1989: 1980: 1973: 1960: 1874:Khoisan languages 1846:Pharyngealization 1830:Pacific Northwest 1765:⟨e⟩ 1756:⟨e⟩ 1695:phonemic contrast 1274:ɛ̝ œ̝ ɜ̝ ɞ̝ ʌ̝ ɔ̝ 1210:near-high): ɪ ʏ ʊ 854:⟨y⟩ 850:⟨w⟩ 846:⟨u⟩ 842:⟨o⟩ 838:⟨i⟩ 834:⟨e⟩ 830:⟨a⟩ 785:quantity (length) 727: 726: 678: 677: 90: 89: 82: 16:(Redirected from 10055: 9979:Voice onset time 9684: 9683: 9604:Labial–retroflex 9496: 9495: 9418: 9417: 9383: 9376: 9369: 9360: 9359: 9340: 9316: 9293: 9292: 9284: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9264: 9263: 9257: 9256: 9244: 9243: 9235: 9234: 9228: 9227: 9206: 9205: 9193: 9192: 9186: 9185: 9166: 9165: 9157: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9137: 9136: 9128: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9108: 9107: 9099: 9098: 9092: 9091: 9072: 9071: 9063: 9062: 9056: 9055: 9043: 9042: 9030: 9029: 9021: 9020: 9014: 9013: 8994: 8993: 8985: 8984: 8978: 8977: 8965: 8964: 8956: 8955: 8949: 8948: 8936: 8935: 8927: 8926: 8920: 8919: 8900: 8899: 8891: 8890: 8878: 8877: 8869: 8868: 8862: 8861: 8842: 8841: 8833: 8832: 8826: 8825: 8813: 8812: 8804: 8803: 8797: 8796: 8784: 8783: 8775: 8774: 8768: 8767: 8759: 8758: 8728: 8727: 8724: 8710: 8709: 8662: 8661: 8623: 8608: 8601: 8581: 8557: 8545: 8538: 8524: 8517: 8491: 8478: 8466: 8459: 8450:Labial–retroflex 8447: 8440: 8428: 8421: 8402: 8392:Labial–retroflex 8388: 8374: 8358: 8328: 8305: 8298: 8291: 8284: 8275: 8264: 8248: 8241: 8234: 8227: 8218: 8207: 8178: 8146: 8114: 8085: 8078: 8069: 8058: 8049: 8038: 8016: 8007: 7996: 7987: 7976: 7954: 7945: 7934: 7925: 7914: 7900:bottom: uvular) 7877: 7857: 7850: 7843: 7832: 7809: 7802: 7795: 7788: 7781: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7737: 7730: 7723: 7716: 7709: 7702: 7695: 7688: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7651: 7644: 7635: 7624: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7541: 7533: 7532: 7529: 7517: 7487: 7454: 7445: 7436: 7429: 7418: 7411: 7375: 7366: 7357: 7348: 7335: 7293: 7286: 7279: 7272: 7265: 7258: 7247: 7240: 7200: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7154: 7147: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7076: 7069: 7058: 7051: 7032: 7025: 7007: 6998: 6981: 6974: 6963: 6956: 6945: 6936: 6927: 6911: 6894: 6885: 6876: 6863: 6846: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6805: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6749: 6742: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6714: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6595: 6588: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6499: 6488: 6481: 6474: 6467: 6460: 6453: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6393: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6358: 6351: 6344: 6309: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6233: 6226: 6215: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6109: 6098: 6091: 6080: 6071: 6064: 6057: 6050: 5942: 5941: 5938: 5919: 5918: 5765: 5764: 5754: 5753: 5747: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5709: 5708: 5648: 5646: 5635: 5634: 5625: 5615: 5613: 5608: 5585: 5583: 5550:(4): 1872–1891. 5541: 5516: 5472: 5449:Ladefoged, Peter 5414:Ladefoged, Peter 5385:Johnson, Keith, 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5348: 5339: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5319:. Archived from 5312: 5306: 5294: 5288: 5277: 5271: 5264: 5258: 5251: 5245: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5213: 5195: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5153: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5062: 5044: 5035: 5029: 5021: 5015: 5014: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4951: 4945: 4938: 4932: 4925: 4919: 4912: 4906: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4882: 4876: 4869:Ladefoged, Peter 4866: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4839: 4833: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4811: 4804: 4798: 4791: 4785: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4748:Ladefoged, Peter 4744: 4738: 4731: 4725: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4668: 4662: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4601: 4594: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4472: 4466: 4457:'come' is used. 4456: 4452: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4427:'intention' and 4426: 4399:'to survey' and 4387:Finnic languages 4365: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4326: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4307:(two syllables: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4213:Japonic language 4210: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4189:Mandarin Chinese 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4158: 4152: 4137:Berber languages 4092: 4085:Turkic languages 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4050: 4046:, 'to', 4045: 4044: 4038: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3960: 3952: 3941:syllable nucleus 3896:. Words such as 3840: 3832: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3740: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3688: 3676: 3652: 3648: 3632: 3611:Classical Arabic 3608: 3591: 3548: 3547: 3546: 3538: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3519: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3496: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3473: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3454: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3422: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3399: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3369: 3360: 3359: 3358: 3350: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3327: 3318: 3317: 3316: 3308: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3285: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3266: 3246: 3245: 3244: 3236: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3217: 3204: 3203: 3202: 3194: 3181: 3180: 3179: 3171: 3162: 3161: 3160: 3152: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3122: 3113: 3112: 3111: 3103: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3080: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3061: 3048: 3047: 3046: 3038: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3019: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2989: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2964: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2945: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2915: 2906: 2905: 2904: 2896: 2883: 2882: 2881: 2873: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2854: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2831: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2812: 2804: 2803: 2773: 2772: 2758: 2724:Jewish scripture 2701: 2672: 2668: 2652: 2620: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2401: 2393: 2385: 2211:R-colored vowels 2144: 2121: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2042: 2031: 2024: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1994: 1983: 1976: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1800:closed syllables 1773:American English 1766: 1757: 1703:register complex 1606: 1602: 1590:Nasalised vowels 1538:retracted vowels 1480: 1476: 1445: 1440:Turkic languages 1437: 1428:Uralic languages 1317:spoken languages 1307: 1290: 1286: 1275: 1271: 1263: 1262:e, ø, ɘ, ɵ, ɤ, o 1255: 1245: 1235: 1219: 1209: 1199: 1177:'s usage, where 1169:, also known as 1161:, also known as 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1015: 1011: 967:(i.e., vocalic) 911: 910: 907: 906: 897: 896: 893: 892: 855: 851: 848:, and sometimes 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 823: 753: 749: 720: 696: 672: 671: 663: 662: 656: 655: 643: 642: 636: 635: 623: 622: 614: 613: 607: 606: 585: 584: 572: 571: 565: 564: 545: 544: 536: 535: 529: 528: 516: 515: 507: 506: 500: 499: 487: 486: 478: 477: 471: 470: 451: 450: 442: 441: 435: 434: 422: 421: 409: 408: 400: 399: 393: 392: 373: 372: 364: 363: 357: 356: 344: 343: 335: 334: 328: 327: 315: 314: 306: 305: 299: 298: 279: 278: 270: 269: 257: 256: 248: 247: 241: 240: 221: 220: 212: 211: 205: 204: 192: 191: 183: 182: 176: 175: 163: 162: 154: 153: 147: 146: 138: 137: 107: 106: 92: 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 60:this article by 51:inline citations 38: 37: 30: 21: 10063: 10062: 10058: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10053: 10052: 10028: 10027: 10026: 10021: 9983: 9948: 9925: 9870: 9863: 9804: 9769: 9717: 9669: 9653: 9635: 9599:Labial–alveolar 9580: 9557: 9538:Alveolo-palatal 9520: 9494: 9483:Palato-alveolar 9439: 9407: 9401:Co-articulation 9390: 9387: 9357: 9348: 9338: 9337:unrounded 9333: 9295: 9294: 9287: 9285: 9281: 9278: 9271: 9266: 9265: 9261: 9258: 9251: 9246: 9245: 9238: 9236: 9232: 9229: 9222: 9208: 9207: 9200: 9195: 9194: 9190: 9187: 9180: 9168: 9167: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9151: 9144: 9139: 9138: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9122: 9115: 9110: 9109: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9093: 9086: 9074: 9073: 9066: 9064: 9060: 9057: 9050: 9045: 9044: 9037: 9032: 9031: 9024: 9022: 9018: 9015: 9008: 8996: 8995: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8979: 8972: 8967: 8966: 8959: 8957: 8953: 8950: 8943: 8938: 8937: 8930: 8928: 8924: 8921: 8914: 8902: 8901: 8894: 8892: 8888: 8880: 8879: 8872: 8870: 8866: 8863: 8856: 8844: 8843: 8836: 8834: 8830: 8827: 8820: 8815: 8814: 8807: 8805: 8801: 8798: 8791: 8786: 8785: 8778: 8776: 8772: 8769: 8762: 8756: 8717: 8696: 8660: 8659: 8658: 8653: 8630: 8629: 8628: 8627: 8626:Labial–alveolar 8624: 8617: 8612: 8609: 8602: 8594: 8589: 8588: 8582: 8574: 8568: 8567: 8558: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8539: 8531: 8530: 8525: 8518: 8510: 8500: 8499: 8498: 8497: 8492: 8484: 8479: 8471: 8470: 8467: 8460: 8452: 8451: 8448: 8441: 8433: 8432: 8431:Labial–alveolar 8429: 8422: 8414: 8409: 8408: 8403: 8395: 8394: 8389: 8381: 8380: 8378:Labial–alveolar 8375: 8367: 8350: 8345: 8175: 8143: 8131:Voiced lateral 8111: 8086: 8075: 8066: 8055: 8046: 8035: 8013: 8004: 7993: 7984: 7973: 7951: 7942: 7931: 7922: 7911: 7899: 7897: 7515: 7504: 6010:Retroflex 5926: 5905: 5864:ASCII encodings 5852: 5806: 5759: 5748: 5741: 5736: 5698:Wayback Machine 5676:IPA vowel chart 5662: 5661: 5650: 5644: 5642: 5639:This audio file 5636: 5629: 5620: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5539: 5469: 5366: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5340: 5336: 5326: 5324: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5304:Wayback Machine 5295: 5291: 5278: 5274: 5265: 5261: 5255:Suprasegmentals 5253:Lehiste, Ilse, 5252: 5248: 5239: 5235: 5211:10.1.1.233.1206 5193: 5187: 5183: 5151: 5142: 5138: 5115: 5111: 5088: 5084: 5060:10.1.1.536.1989 5042: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5018: 4987: 4983: 4952: 4948: 4939: 4935: 4926: 4922: 4913: 4909: 4900: 4896: 4883: 4879: 4867: 4863: 4853: 4851: 4840: 4836: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4805: 4801: 4792: 4788: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4745: 4741: 4732: 4728: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4669: 4665: 4652: 4648: 4638: 4636: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4604: 4598:Peter Ladefoged 4595: 4591: 4586: 4563:Table of vowels 4558:Scale of vowels 4553:Mater lectionis 4529: 4481:in Polynesian: 4342: 4338: 4312: 4308: 4285: 4230:'breast/milk', 4187:"feed on". (In 4116:"cooked rice". 4011: 4010: 4002: 3820: 3814: 3804:in the plural, 3671:Standard Danish 3623:Sepik languages 3603: 3589: 3588:unrounded 3584: 3560: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3531: 3530: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3486: 3485: 3484: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3466: 3465: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3435: 3434: 3433: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3362: 3361: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3320: 3319: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3278: 3277: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3229: 3228: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3164: 3163: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3115: 3114: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3093: 3092: 3091: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3073: 3072: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3031: 3030: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2957: 2956: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2908: 2907: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2866: 2865: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2824: 2823: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2801: 2756: 2744: 2690:Arabic alphabet 2686:Hebrew alphabet 2670: 2666: 2650: 2618: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2508:in "thigh" and 2505: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2449: 2443: 2426: 2422: 2360: 2344:Main articles: 2342: 2237: 2225:Main articles: 2223: 2204:Peter Ladefoged 2169:resonant cavity 2153: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2122: 2103: 2097: 1986: 1970: 1949: 1945: 1943:Vowel reduction 1939: 1928: 1926:R-colored vowel 1922: 1886:strident vowels 1848: 1842: 1826: 1818:Main articles: 1816: 1764: 1755: 1721: 1713:Main articles: 1711: 1638: 1632: 1576: 1568:Main articles: 1566: 1519: 1416: 1410: 1329: 1310:Kensiu language 1281:Kensiu language 1147: 1042: 1007:r-colored vowel 1005:dialect has an 903: 899: 889: 885: 862: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 814:comes from the 761: 760: 759: 718: 717:unrounded 713: 683: 674: 673: 666: 664: 660: 657: 650: 645: 644: 640: 637: 630: 625: 624: 617: 615: 611: 608: 601: 587: 586: 579: 574: 573: 569: 566: 559: 547: 546: 539: 537: 533: 530: 523: 518: 517: 510: 508: 504: 501: 494: 489: 488: 481: 479: 475: 472: 465: 453: 452: 445: 443: 439: 436: 429: 424: 423: 416: 411: 410: 403: 401: 397: 394: 387: 375: 374: 367: 365: 361: 358: 351: 346: 345: 338: 336: 332: 329: 322: 317: 316: 309: 307: 303: 300: 293: 281: 280: 273: 271: 267: 259: 258: 251: 249: 245: 242: 235: 223: 222: 215: 213: 209: 206: 199: 194: 193: 186: 184: 180: 177: 170: 165: 164: 157: 155: 151: 148: 141: 135: 86: 75: 69: 66: 56:Please help to 55: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10061: 10051: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9993: 9991: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9981: 9976: 9975: 9974: 9969: 9958: 9956: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9946: 9941: 9935: 9933: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9923: 9918: 9916:Glottalization 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9891:Palatalization 9888: 9887: 9886: 9875: 9873: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9861: 9856: 9855: 9854: 9849: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9818: 9816: 9810: 9809: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9791: 9790: 9785: 9774: 9771: 9770: 9768: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9760: 9750: 9749: 9748: 9738: 9733: 9727: 9725: 9719: 9718: 9716: 9715: 9714: 9713: 9703: 9698: 9692: 9690: 9681: 9675: 9674: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9667: 9661: 9659: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9649:Velopharyngeal 9645: 9643: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9611:Labial–palatal 9608: 9607: 9606: 9601: 9594:Labial–coronal 9590: 9588: 9582: 9581: 9579: 9578: 9573: 9567: 9565: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9534: 9532: 9526: 9525: 9522: 9521: 9519: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9502: 9500: 9493: 9492: 9491: 9490: 9485: 9475: 9470: 9468:Denti-alveolar 9465: 9460: 9455: 9449: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9437: 9432: 9426: 9424: 9415: 9409: 9408: 9395: 9392: 9391: 9386: 9385: 9378: 9371: 9363: 9354: 9353: 9350: 9349: 9345: 9344: 9332: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9310: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9286: 9279: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9259: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9237: 9230: 9221: 9220: 9218: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9188: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9159: 9152: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9130: 9123: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9101: 9094: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9076: 9075: 9065: 9058: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9023: 9016: 9007: 9006: 9004: 8998: 8997: 8987: 8980: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8958: 8951: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8929: 8922: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8904: 8903: 8893: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8881: 8871: 8864: 8855: 8854: 8852: 8846: 8845: 8835: 8828: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8806: 8799: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8777: 8770: 8761: 8760: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8722: 8719: 8718: 8706: 8705: 8702: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8668: 8666: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8625: 8618: 8613: 8610: 8603: 8596: 8595: 8590: 8583: 8576: 8575: 8569: 8559: 8552: 8551: 8547: 8540: 8533: 8532: 8528:Labial–palatal 8526: 8519: 8512: 8511: 8502: 8501: 8493: 8486: 8485: 8480: 8473: 8472: 8468: 8461: 8454: 8453: 8449: 8442: 8435: 8434: 8430: 8423: 8416: 8415: 8410: 8404: 8397: 8396: 8390: 8383: 8382: 8376: 8369: 8368: 8363: 8362: 8361: 8351: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8322: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8306: 8299: 8292: 8285: 8278: 8276: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8258: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8242: 8235: 8228: 8221: 8219: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8201: 8198: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8179: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8163:Nasal lateral 8160: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8079: 8070: 8061: 8059: 8050: 8041: 8039: 8030: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8008: 7999: 7997: 7988: 7979: 7977: 7968: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7946: 7937: 7935: 7926: 7917: 7915: 7906: 7901: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7851: 7844: 7837: 7835: 7833: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7803: 7796: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7731: 7724: 7717: 7710: 7703: 7696: 7689: 7682: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7645: 7638: 7636: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7618: 7613: 7607: 7606: 7599: 7592: 7585: 7578: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7550: 7543: 7536: 7524: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7503: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7481: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7448: 7446: 7439: 7437: 7430: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7412: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7369: 7367: 7360: 7358: 7351: 7349: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7273: 7266: 7259: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7241: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7194: 7187: 7180: 7173: 7166: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7148: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7092: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7070: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7052: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7026: 7019: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7001: 6999: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6975: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6939: 6937: 6930: 6928: 6921: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6888: 6886: 6879: 6877: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6799: 6792: 6785: 6778: 6771: 6764: 6757: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6610: 6603: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6482: 6475: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6387: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6303: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6280: 6273: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6124: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6092: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6074: 6072: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5980:Bilabial 5977: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5814: 5812: 5811:Special topics 5808: 5807: 5805: 5804: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5771: 5769: 5761: 5760: 5750: 5749: 5735: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5688: 5683: 5673: 5651: 5637: 5630: 5618: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601:External links 5599: 5598: 5597: 5596:22:2, 269–302. 5586: 5532: 5517: 5505:10.2307/412786 5499:(3): 541–563. 5488: 5473: 5467: 5453:Maddieson, Ian 5445: 5428: 5411: 5397: 5383: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5334: 5307: 5289: 5272: 5259: 5246: 5233: 5204:(2): 159–186. 5181: 5162:(2): 161–173. 5136: 5125:(3): 247–264. 5109: 5082: 5030: 5016: 4997:(2): 183–199. 4981: 4962:(1–2): 47–55. 4946: 4933: 4920: 4907: 4894: 4877: 4861: 4834: 4832:50: 13–44 4821: 4812: 4799: 4786: 4773: 4766: 4752:Maddieson, Ian 4739: 4726: 4713: 4706: 4688: 4681: 4663: 4654:Dictionary.com 4646: 4624: 4622:, p. 281. 4611: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4578:Zero consonant 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4543:Inherent vowel 4540: 4535: 4528: 4525: 4284: 4281: 3937:Serbo-Croatian 3813: 3810: 3789:are examples. 3731:Jinhui dialect 3653:, with being 3602: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3540: 3533: 3532: 3521: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3498: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3475: 3468: 3467: 3456: 3449: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3424: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3401: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3371: 3364: 3363: 3352: 3345: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3329: 3322: 3321: 3310: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3287: 3280: 3279: 3268: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3238: 3231: 3230: 3219: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3196: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3173: 3166: 3165: 3154: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3124: 3117: 3116: 3105: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3082: 3075: 3074: 3063: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3040: 3033: 3032: 3021: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2991: 2984: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2966: 2959: 2958: 2947: 2940: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2917: 2910: 2909: 2898: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2875: 2868: 2867: 2856: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2833: 2826: 2825: 2814: 2807: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2769: 2768: 2755: 2752: 2743: 2740: 2736:oral tradition 2463:, the letters 2461:Latin alphabet 2453:writing system 2447:Writing system 2445:Main article: 2442: 2441:Written vowels 2439: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2296: 2289: 2222: 2219: 2146: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2123: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2096: 2093: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2010: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1991: 1990: 1981: 1974: 1965: 1941:Main article: 1938: 1937:Reduced vowels 1935: 1924:Main article: 1921: 1918: 1906:epiglottalized 1902:pharyngealized 1878:epiglottalized 1844:Main article: 1841: 1838: 1815: 1812: 1804:checked vowels 1710: 1707: 1634:Main article: 1631: 1628: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1518: 1515: 1501:(endolabial), 1426:vowels), most 1412:Main article: 1409: 1406: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1328: 1325: 1258: 1257: 1247: 1237: 1227: 1221: 1211: 1201: 1179:fronted vowels 1146: 1143: 1103:cardinal vowel 1101:developed the 1041: 1038: 989: 988: 981:Serbo-Croatian 949:oral languages 933: 868:and the other 861: 858: 754:⟩, see 730: 729: 728: 725: 724: 712: 711: 706: 701: 690: 684: 680: 679: 676: 675: 665: 658: 649: 648: 646: 638: 629: 628: 626: 616: 609: 600: 599: 597: 591: 590: 588: 578: 577: 575: 567: 558: 557: 555: 549: 548: 538: 531: 522: 521: 519: 509: 502: 493: 492: 490: 480: 473: 464: 463: 461: 455: 454: 444: 437: 428: 427: 425: 415: 414: 412: 402: 395: 386: 385: 383: 377: 376: 366: 359: 350: 349: 347: 337: 330: 321: 320: 318: 308: 301: 292: 291: 289: 283: 282: 272: 265: 264: 262: 260: 250: 243: 234: 233: 231: 225: 224: 214: 207: 198: 197: 195: 185: 178: 169: 168: 166: 156: 149: 140: 139: 132: 126: 125: 120: 115: 110: 103: 102: 88: 87: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10060: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9990: 9986: 9980: 9977: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9963: 9960: 9959: 9957: 9955: 9951: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9932: 9928: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9906:Uvularization 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9885: 9882: 9881: 9880: 9879:Labialization 9877: 9876: 9874: 9872: 9866: 9860: 9857: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9844: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9815: 9811: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9780: 9779: 9776: 9775: 9772: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9755: 9754: 9751: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9724: 9720: 9712: 9709: 9708: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9689: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9676: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9656: 9650: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9642: 9638: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9626:Coronal–velar 9624: 9622: 9621:Labial–uvular 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9596: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9583: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9560: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9535: 9533: 9531: 9527: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9497: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9480: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9446: 9442: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9423: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9393: 9384: 9379: 9377: 9372: 9370: 9365: 9364: 9361: 9343: 9342: 9341: rounded 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9315: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9302: 9291: 9275: 9268: 9255: 9248: 9242: 9226: 9219: 9217: 9213: 9210: 9204: 9197: 9184: 9177: 9175: 9171: 9164: 9148: 9141: 9135: 9119: 9112: 9106: 9090: 9083: 9081: 9077: 9070: 9054: 9047: 9041: 9034: 9028: 9012: 9005: 9003: 8999: 8992: 8976: 8969: 8963: 8947: 8940: 8934: 8918: 8911: 8909: 8905: 8898: 8884: 8882: 8876: 8860: 8853: 8851: 8847: 8840: 8824: 8817: 8811: 8795: 8788: 8782: 8766: 8754: 8752: 8748: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8720: 8716: 8711: 8707: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8663: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8633: 8622: 8616: 8607: 8600: 8593: 8586: 8580: 8572: 8565: 8563: 8556: 8544: 8537: 8529: 8523: 8516: 8509: 8505: 8496: 8495:Labial–uvular 8490: 8483: 8477: 8465: 8458: 8446: 8439: 8427: 8420: 8413: 8407: 8401: 8393: 8387: 8379: 8373: 8366: 8360: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8327: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8314: 8307: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8293: 8290: 8286: 8283: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8259: 8257: 8253: 8250: 8247: 8243: 8240: 8236: 8233: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8202: 8197: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8171: 8169: 8167: 8165: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8099: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8084: 8080: 8077: 8071: 8068: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8051: 8048: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8031: 8029: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8009: 8006: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7989: 7986: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7947: 7944: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7927: 7924: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7907: 7905: 7896: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7845: 7842: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7808: 7804: 7801: 7797: 7794: 7790: 7787: 7783: 7780: 7776: 7773: 7769: 7766: 7762: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7748: 7746: 7742: 7739: 7736: 7732: 7729: 7725: 7722: 7718: 7715: 7711: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7687: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7664: 7660: 7657: 7653: 7650: 7646: 7643: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7619: 7617: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7598: 7591: 7584: 7577: 7570: 7563: 7556: 7549: 7542: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7527: 7518: 7513: 7509: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7486: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7473: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7413: 7410: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7288: 7285: 7281: 7278: 7274: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7195: 7192: 7188: 7185: 7181: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7149: 7146: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7100: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7053: 7050: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7018: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6955: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6814: 6811: 6807: 6804: 6800: 6797: 6793: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6779: 6776: 6772: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6744: 6741: 6737: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6723: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6560: 6557: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6423: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6374: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5929: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5823:Case variants 5821: 5819: 5818:Cursive forms 5816: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5751: 5745: 5740: 5733: 5728: 5726: 5721: 5719: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5640: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5538: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5489: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5468:0-631-19815-6 5464: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5345: 5338: 5323:on 2009-03-20 5322: 5318: 5311: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5293: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5269: 5263: 5256: 5250: 5243: 5237: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4937: 4930: 4924: 4917: 4911: 4904: 4898: 4890: 4889: 4881: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4831: 4825: 4816: 4809: 4803: 4796: 4790: 4783: 4777: 4769: 4767:0-631-19815-6 4763: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4736: 4730: 4723: 4717: 4709: 4707:9781444183092 4703: 4699: 4692: 4684: 4682:9781444183092 4678: 4674: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4634: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4599: 4596:According to 4593: 4589: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4475:reduplication 4471: 4465: 4460: 4448: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4324: 4306: 4302: 4301:air, ore, err 4298: 4297:eye, awe, owe 4294: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4273: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4217: 4214: 4201: 4195: 4190: 4169: 4164: 4163: 4157: 4156:[sxs] 4151: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4121:lexical words 4117: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4022: 4014: 4008: 3999: 3998: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3958: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3859: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3828: 3827: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3764: 3756: 3755:Dhangu Yolngu 3752: 3748: 3742: 3732: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3677:), while the 3672: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3644: 3643:Ndu languages 3640: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3594: 3593: 3592: rounded 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3545: 3537: 3526: 3518: 3511: 3503: 3495: 3488: 3480: 3472: 3461: 3453: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3429: 3421: 3414: 3406: 3398: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3376: 3368: 3357: 3349: 3342: 3334: 3326: 3315: 3307: 3300: 3292: 3284: 3273: 3265: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3243: 3235: 3224: 3216: 3209: 3201: 3193: 3186: 3178: 3170: 3159: 3151: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3129: 3121: 3110: 3102: 3095: 3087: 3079: 3068: 3060: 3053: 3045: 3037: 3026: 3018: 3011: 3009: 3005: 2996: 2988: 2981: 2979: 2971: 2963: 2952: 2944: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2922: 2914: 2903: 2895: 2888: 2880: 2872: 2861: 2853: 2846: 2838: 2830: 2819: 2811: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2754:Audio samples 2751: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2641:" (sometimes 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2574: 2558: 2554: 2537: 2503: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2397: 2389: 2381: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2333: 2332:Mixe language 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2302:. One is the 2301: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2218: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2200: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2143: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2107: 2102: 2092: 2044: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2011: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1979: 1972: 1966: 1964: 1963: 1944: 1934: 1932: 1931:Rhotic vowels 1927: 1920:Rhotic vowels 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1825: 1824:Vowel harmony 1821: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1679:breathy voice 1676: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1661:Quebec French 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1561: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1539: 1536:, etc.), and 1533: 1532:raised vowels 1523: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1459:labialization 1455: 1451: 1449: 1441: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1415: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387:front-central 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1354: 1349: 1346: 1338: 1333: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1282: 1277: 1267: 1256:low): a ɶ ɑ ɒ 1251: 1248: 1241: 1238: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1215: 1212: 1205: 1202: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1142: 1138: 1136: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1119:vowel diagram 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1054: 1046: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 909: 895: 883: 879: 875: 874: 873: 871: 867: 857: 827: 822: 817: 813: 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 757: 745: 741: 739: 735: 723: 722: 721: rounded 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 695: 691: 689: 686: 685: 682: 681: 670: 654: 647: 634: 627: 621: 605: 598: 596: 592: 589: 583: 576: 563: 556: 554: 550: 543: 527: 520: 514: 498: 491: 485: 469: 462: 460: 456: 449: 433: 426: 420: 413: 407: 391: 384: 382: 378: 371: 355: 348: 342: 326: 319: 313: 297: 290: 288: 284: 277: 263: 261: 255: 239: 232: 230: 226: 219: 203: 196: 190: 174: 167: 161: 145: 133: 131: 127: 124: 119: 114: 109: 108: 105: 104: 101: 97: 94: 93: 84: 81: 73: 70:November 2017 63: 59: 53: 52: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 9931:Tongue shape 9921:Nasalization 9901:Velarization 9871:articulation 9735: 9641:Pathological 9616:Labial–velar 9499:Active place 9478:Postalveolar 9453:Linguolabial 9389:Articulation 9334: 8714: 8611:Labial–velar 8561: 8548:Labial–velar 8469:Labial–velar 8406:Labial–velar 8352: 7898:(top: velar; 7525: 7505: 5932: 5799: 5795: 5701: 5593: 5547: 5543: 5520: 5496: 5492: 5476: 5457: 5431: 5417: 5400: 5386: 5369: 5364:Bibliography 5350:. Retrieved 5337: 5325:. Retrieved 5321:the original 5310: 5292: 5275: 5267: 5262: 5254: 5249: 5241: 5236: 5201: 5197: 5184: 5159: 5155: 5139: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5050: 5046: 5033: 5025: 5019: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4941: 4936: 4928: 4923: 4915: 4910: 4902: 4897: 4887: 4880: 4872: 4864: 4852:. Retrieved 4847: 4837: 4829: 4824: 4815: 4807: 4802: 4794: 4789: 4781: 4776: 4756: 4742: 4734: 4729: 4721: 4716: 4697: 4691: 4672: 4666: 4658: 4649: 4637:. Retrieved 4627: 4615: 4592: 4511:'to weep'), 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4368: 4332: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4286: 4274: 4254:'to build', 4165:(pronounced 4160: 4132: 4123:, have been 4118: 4113: 4096:In Southern 4095: 4078: 3934: 3929: 3921: 3918:Onomatopoeic 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3845: 3843: 3835:rhotic vowel 3823: 3821: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3743: 3659: 3604: 3585: 2765: 2745: 2732:cantillation 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699:cn y rd ths? 2698: 2683: 2661:marks, like 2647: 2642: 2626: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2559:and initial 2538: 2450: 2434: 2430: 2414: 2404: 2395: 2387: 2379: 2376: 2361: 2304:phonological 2300:vowel length 2272: 2238: 2235:Vowel length 2215: 2209: 2201: 2195: 2191:front vowels 2184: 2180:close vowels 2173: 2154: 2126:Daniel Jones 2071:and rounded 2049: 1929: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1899: 1884: 1882: 1877: 1867: 1863:acoustically 1849: 1827: 1807: 1803: 1791: 1787: 1784:short vowels 1783: 1779: 1777: 1768: 1760: 1751: 1736: 1731: 1728:tense vowels 1727: 1722: 1702: 1698: 1691:Mon language 1675:creaky voice 1669: 1639: 1612:nasal vowels 1609: 1594:nasal vowels 1593: 1589: 1585: 1579:Nasalization 1577: 1574:Nasalization 1564:Nasalization 1559: 1528: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1467: 1462: 1456: 1452: 1424: 1417: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1391:back-central 1390: 1386: 1384: 1350: 1344: 1342: 1314: 1278: 1259: 1183: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1159:close vowels 1158: 1148: 1139: 1134: 1131: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1099:Daniel Jones 1094: 1089:, is one of 1084: 1040:Articulation 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1018:Kenneth Pike 998: 994:approximants 990: 984: 976: 972: 968: 918:frictionless 870:phonological 863: 825: 811: 809: 783:and also in 764: 762: 750:and ⟨ 732: 714: 99: 76: 67: 48: 18:Vowel height 9741:Approximant 9458:Interdental 9435:Labiodental 8573:approximant 8508:approximant 6832:Approximant 5901:IPA Braille 5879:Kirshenbaum 5682:sound files 5672:sound files 5317:"audio.doc" 4793:IPA (1999) 4487:'grooves', 4449:, āye/aaie 4329:maned sloth 4272:'to pull'. 4248:'to make', 4032:preposition 3898:will, have, 3894:lock 'n key 3703:/a,e,i,o,u/ 3681:dialect of 3631:/ɨ/,/ə/,/a/ 3607:/i/,/a/,/u/ 2722:for Hebrew 2659:diacritical 2631:monophthong 2364:monophthong 2346:Monophthong 2187:Back vowels 2176:Open vowels 2165:spectrogram 2159:, acoustic 1914:sphincteric 1808:free vowels 1780:long vowels 1671:Modal voice 1645:vocal cords 1570:Nasal vowel 1419:Roundedness 1414:Roundedness 1408:Roundedness 1299:dialect of 1276:⟩. 1175:John Esling 1167:open vowels 1163:high vowels 1115:roundedness 914:vocal tract 773:vocal tract 62:introducing 10032:Categories 9869:Secondary 9859:Percussive 9827:Ingressive 9800:Continuant 9324:full chart 8850:Near-close 8644:full chart 8566:(variable) 8336:full chart 7819:affricate 7495:full chart 7124:affricate 5924:Consonants 5896:IPA number 5758:IPA topics 5654:Audio help 5645:2005-07-18 5352:2 December 5327:2009-06-19 4608:References 4493:'breath', 4479:productive 4379:Polynesian 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