686:
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120:
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838:, meaning that they eat dead animals. Outside of the oceans, vultures are the only known obligate scavengers. They rarely attack healthy animals, but may kill the wounded or sick. When a carcass has too thick a hide for its beak to open, it waits for a larger scavenger to eat first. Vast numbers have been seen upon battlefields. They gorge themselves when prey is abundant, until their
949: kg of wild animal meat is traded" and vultures take up a large percentage of this bushmeat due to the demand in the fetish market. The substantial drop in vulture populations in the continent of Africa is also said to be the result of both intentional and unintentional poisoning, with one study finding it to be the cause of 61% of the vulture deaths recorded.
394:; Sibley and Monroe (1990) even considered them a subfamily of the storks. This was criticized, and an early DNA sequence study was based on erroneous data and subsequently retracted. There was then an attempt to raise the New World vultures to the rank of an independent order, Cathartiformes, not closely associated with either the birds of prey or the storks and herons.
1097:
877:
In various regions of Africa, the dynamic interplay of vultures and predators such as lions, cheetahs, hyenas, and jackals significantly influences the continent's food web. These avian scavengers actively engage in competition with these predatory animals for sustenance, meticulously tracking their
881:
Traditionally, vultures are known to bide their time, patiently observing from a distance or high in the sky as predators bring down their prey and commence feeding. Once these formidable predators have satiated their hunger and moved away from their kills, the vultures swoop in, making the most of
1050:
Ancient
Egyptians believed that all vultures were female and were spontaneously born from eggs without the intervention of a male, and therefore linked the birds to purity and motherhood, but also the eternal cycle of death and rebirth for their ability to transform the "death" they feed on – i.e.
918:
in livestock carcasses. The government of India has taken very late cognizance of this fact and has banned the drug for animals. It may take decades for vultures to come back to their earlier population level, if ever. Without them to pick corpses clean, rabid dogs have multiplied, feeding on the
938:
The vulture population is threatened across Africa and
Eurasia. There are many human activities that threaten vultures such as poisoning and collisions with wind turbines. In central Africa there have been efforts to conserve the remaining vultures and bring their population numbers back up. The
888:
Interaction between vultures and predators is not strictly sequential or one-sided. Vultures, being opportunistic creatures, will often engage in risky behavior if a prime opportunity arises. Sometimes, when the predator numbers are low or distracted, these large birds might move in earlier,
1817:
Oaks, J. L.; Gilbert, Martin; Virani, M. Z.; Watson, R. T.; Meteyer, C. U.; Rideout, B. A.; Shivaprasad, H. L.; Ahmed, S.; Chaudhry, M. J. I.; Arshad, M.; Mahmood, S.; Ali, A. & Khan, A. A. (2004). "Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in
Pakistan".
873:
when threatened or approached. Contrary to some accounts, they do not "projectile vomit" on their attacker in defense, but to lighten their stomach load to ease take-off. The vomited meal residue may distract a predator, allowing the bird to escape.
889:
attempting to snatch morsels from the kill before the predators have fully vacated the scene. This daring strategy, while high-risk, underscores the fierce competition and survival instincts prevalent in the harsh realities of the
African wild.
955:
The conservation status of vultures is of particular concern to humans. For example, the decline of vulture populations can lead to increased disease transmission and resource damage, through increased populations of disease
303:
Vultures have been observed to hunch their bodies and tuck in their heads in the cold, and open their wings and stretch their necks in the heat. They also urinate on themselves as a means of cooling their bodies.
599:
307:
A group of vultures in flight is called a 'kettle', while the term 'committee' refers to a group of vultures resting on the ground or in trees. A group of vultures that are feeding is termed a 'wake'.
685:
1793:
1114:
662:
842:
bulge, and sit, sleepy or half torpid, to digest their food. These birds do not carry food to their young in their talons but disgorge it from their crops. The mountain-dwelling
1248:
Ward, J.; McCafferty, D.J.; Houston, D.C. & Ruxton, G.D. (2008). "Why do vultures have bald heads? The role of postural adjustment and bare skin areas in thermoregulation".
952:
A recent study in 2016, reported that "of the 22 vulture species, nine are critically endangered, three are endangered, four are near threatened, and six are least concern".
647:
892:
New World vultures also urinate straight down their legs; the uric acid kills bacteria accumulated from walking through carcasses, and also acts as evaporative cooling.
1871:
Prakash, V.; Bishwakarma, M. C.; Chaudhary, A.; Cuthbert, R.; Dave, R.; Kulkarni, M.; Kumar, S.; Paudel, K.; Ranade, S.; Shringarpure, R. & Green, R. E. (2012).
1084:
1937:
964:
animal populations that scavenge carcasses opportunistically. Vultures control these pests and disease vectors indirectly through competition for carcasses.
2150:
O'Bryan, C. J.; Holden, M. H. & Watson, J. E. M. (2019). "The mesoscavenger release hypothesis and implications for ecosystem and human well-being".
995:
that were poisoned by poachers, possibly to avoid detection by the birds, which help rangers to track poaching activity by circling above dead animals.
1700:
611:
2201:
885:
New research has revealed that these birds can, in addition to sight, respond to auditory cues indicative of potential foraging opportunities.
2258:
1752:
605:
Some members of both the Old and New World vultures have an unfeathered neck and head, shown as radiating heat in this thermographic image.
2233:
1751:
Prakash, V.; Pain, D.J.; Cunningham, A.A.; Donald, P.F.; Prakash, N.; Verma, A.; Gargi, R.; Sivakumar, S. & Rahmani, A.R. (2003).
750:
along with birds of prey including hawks, eagles, and Old World vultures . Several species have a good sense of smell, unusual for
2058:
Ogada, D.; Shaw, P.; Beyers, R. L.; Buij, R.; Murn, C.; Thiollay, J. M.; Beale, C. M.; Holdo, R. M. & Pomeroy, D. (2016).
1331:
846:
is the only vertebrate to specialize in eating bones; it carries bones to the nest for the young, and hunts some live prey.
697:
914:, have declined dramatically since the early 1990s. It has been found that this decline was caused by residues of the drug
869:
bacteria that would be lethal to other scavengers and remove these bacteria from the environment. New World vultures often
1536:
1189:
2374:
2355:
2421:
1768:
1207:
1945:
1164:
2513:
2301:
2111:"The avian scavenger crisis: Looming extinctions, trophic cascades, and loss of critical ecosystem functions"
785:
2382:
1096:
719:
345:. Soon anatomists split Old and New World vultures, with New World vultures being placed in a new suborder,
3029:
2503:
776:
374:
In the late 20th century, some ornithologists argued that New World vultures are more closely related to
368:
3024:
1658:
635:
253:
323:
share many resemblances, they are not very closely related. Rather, they share resemblance because of
296:. This bare skin is thought to keep the head clean when feeding, and also plays an important role in
119:
991:, were found in northern Botswana. It is suspected that they died after eating the corpses of three
2027:"Trade of threatened vultures and other raptors for fetish and bushmeat in West and Central Africa"
1679:
1615:
931:
are coming to an end, permanently reducing the supply of corpses. The same problem is also seen in
754:, and are able to smell dead animals from great heights, up to a mile away. The seven species are:
20:
1966:
Santangeli, A.; Girardello, M.; Buechley, E.; Botha, A.; Minin, E. D. & Moilanen, A. (2019).
139:
2777:
623:
478:
127:
3014:
2807:
2262:
1324:
They Do What? A Cultural
Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from around the World
905:
496:
1319:
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2908:
2767:
2747:
2159:
2122:
2071:
1979:
1890:
1829:
1777:
1726:
1701:"Food fight: Jackal takes on vultures over a carcass | Predator vs Prey | Earth Touch News"
1578:
1494:
1257:
1032:
1028:
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972:
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559:
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324:
8:
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2287:
2183:
2002:
1967:
1913:
1872:
1853:
1300:
1230:
541:
403:
356:
134:
1938:"Vultures and their People in India: Equity and Entanglement in a Time of Extinctions"
1789:
939:
decline is largely due to the trade in vulture meat, "it is estimated that more than 1
3009:
2757:
2672:
2663:
2649:
2588:
2579:
2470:
2187:
2175:
2007:
1918:
1877:
Vultures in India and Nepal Has Slowed since
Veterinary Use of Diclofenac was Banned"
1845:
1596:
1518:
1510:
1327:
1283:
Arad, Z. & Bernstein, M. H. (1988). "Temperature
Regulation in Turkey Vultures".
1071:
1055:
798:
731:
714:
505:
451:
409:
351:
320:
316:
289:
277:
261:
2060:"Another Continental Vulture Crisis: Africa's Vultures Collapsing toward Extinction"
1857:
2867:
2858:
2722:
2713:
2407:
2167:
2130:
2089:
2079:
2038:
1997:
1987:
1908:
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1820:
1785:
1637:
1586:
1502:
1292:
1269:
1265:
1222:
1036:
935:
where the government has taken some late steps to conserve the remaining vultures.
586:
577:
297:
2787:
2697:
2688:
2386:
2364:
2359:
2135:
2110:
1965:
1903:
1750:
1247:
1190:"Dropping dead: causes and consequences of vulture population declines worldwide"
1024:
961:
858:
843:
747:
568:
460:
2234:"More than 500 endangered vultures die after eating poisoned elephant carcasses"
1616:"Re: How come that vultures can resist dangerous toxins when feeding on carcass"
2842:
2833:
2797:
2493:
2391:
1540:
1506:
976:
839:
767:
532:
487:
382:, morphological, and behavioral data. Thus some authorities placed them in the
360:
293:
2043:
2026:
1591:
1566:
1090:
The Aztec vulture vessel at the new Pre-Columbian
Mesoamerican Pottery Gallery
849:
Vultures are of great value as scavengers, especially in hot regions. Vulture
3003:
2613:
2604:
2538:
2529:
2346:
1730:
1514:
1040:
1020:
807:
758:
751:
383:
331:
285:
281:
69:
2352:
1659:"Birds That Are Scavengers and Their Importance To The Ecosystem | STP News"
1482:
804:
in
California, formerly widespread in the mountains of western North America
2817:
2563:
2554:
2179:
2011:
1922:
1849:
1600:
1522:
1145:
984:
850:
819:
792:
523:
425:
241:
208:
2025:
Buij, R.; Nikolaus, G.; Ogada, D.; Whytock, R. & Ingram, D.J. (2015).
1063:
1016:
988:
862:
746:. Recent DNA evidence suggests that they should be included within order
743:
677:
433:
371:. The suborder was later recognised as a family, rather than a suborder.
342:
330:
Early naturalists placed all vultures under one single biological group.
226:
44:
2202:"Over 500 Rare Vultures Die After Eating Poisoned Elephants In Botswana"
1841:
2979:
2641:
2084:
2059:
1992:
1304:
1234:
924:
915:
673:
219:
214:
184:
89:
54:
2171:
2094:
1031:
art, with their blue-tipped beaks and loose skin, better resemble the
292:. A particular characteristic of many vultures is a bald, unfeathered
2484:
1106:
1059:
857:=1.0), allowing them to safely digest putrid carcasses infected with
835:
379:
245:
151:
94:
1296:
1226:
2448:
1881:
1870:
870:
739:
724:
171:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
2645:
1121:
1102:
1058:, vultures were appreciated as extraordinary beings and had high
1044:
1008:
920:
866:
437:
334:
had assigned both Old World vultures and New World vultures in a
249:
99:
74:
37:
1023:
identified the species that was used in divine iconography as a
2640:
2442:
1135:
1075:
1012:
928:
735:
421:
413:
269:
265:
257:
161:
288:
and consist of seven identified species, all belonging to the
2379:
2369:
1483:"Obligate vertebrate scavengers must be large soaring fliers"
1067:
932:
911:
814:
429:
391:
387:
375:
338:
2259:"Poachers' Poison Kills 530 Endangered Vultures in Botswana"
19:
This article is about the type of bird. For other uses, see
2738:
2454:
2399:
2211:
1366:
Notes on the
Taxonomy of Vultures The Condor Vol. 79, No. 4
441:
417:
273:
194:
444:. Old World vultures find carcasses exclusively by sight.
2237:
2024:
1680:"Vultures respond to auditory cues - AfricanBioServices"
1011:, a mythological goddess and patron of both the city of
2149:
1968:"Priority areas for conservation of Old World vultures"
1816:
854:
617:
Griffon vultures scavenging a red deer carcass in Spain
1078:, some depicting them negatively, others positively.
2468:
1326:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 289.
2250:
2108:
2057:
1564:
1481:Ruxton, Graeme D.; Houston, David C. (2004-06-07).
2109:Buechley, E. R. & Şekercioğlu, Ç. H. (2016).
1565:Buechley, E. R. & Sekercioglu, C. H. (2016).
1027:. Arielle P. Kozloff argues that the vultures in
3001:
2284:The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt
2194:
2380:Vulture Conservation in Western Coast of India
1753:"Catastrophic collapse of Indian white-backed
1317:
367:, meaning "purifier") by French ornithologist
2415:
1480:
1282:
1124:, Sanam Abu Dom, Napatan Period, 25th Dynasty
910:Vultures in south Asia, mainly in India and
2302:"The Ancient Egyptian Goddess of Pregnancy"
2225:
1560:
1558:
2422:
2408:
1935:
1727:"Why is it a bad idea to scare a vulture?"
1205:
1043:- a symbol of protection from the goddess
825:from southern Mexico to northern Argentina
773:throughout the Americas to southern Canada
118:
2281:
2134:
2093:
2083:
2042:
2001:
1991:
1912:
1902:
1590:
738:found in warm and temperate areas of the
2231:
1555:
1311:
718:
723:American black vultures congregated at
691:Flock of white-rumped vultures in India
3002:
1724:
998:
895:
2968:
2639:
2467:
2403:
2256:
1613:
987:, altogether 537 vultures, besides 2
1184:
1182:
967:On 20 June 2019, the corpses of 468
782:in South America and north to Mexico
764:in South America and north to the US
264:include 16 living species native to
1208:"Notes on the taxonomy of vultures"
13:
2969:
2331:The Vulture: The Sky and the Earth
2328:
1718:
641:Vulture preparing to land in Kenya
14:
3041:
2340:
1179:
923:, and age-old practices like the
2375:Declining Vulture Count in India
1614:Caryl, Jim (September 7, 2000).
1539:. WebVulture.com. Archived from
1113:
1095:
1083:
696:
684:
661:
646:
634:
622:
610:
598:
447:The 16 species in 9 genera are:
138:
42:
2349:on the Internet Bird Collection
2322:
2308:
2294:
2275:
2143:
2102:
2051:
2018:
1959:
1929:
1864:
1810:
1799:from the original on 2022-03-12
1744:
1693:
1672:
1651:
1630:
1607:
1529:
1474:
1461:
1448:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1120:Granite vulture from Temple of
1070:from civilizations such as the
1051:carrion and waste – into life.
1725:Conger, Cristen (2008-10-13).
1487:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1358:
1349:
1340:
1276:
1270:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2008.01.002
1241:
1199:
1157:
256:species of vulture (including
16:Common name for a type of bird
1:
2514:Greater yellow-headed vulture
1790:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00164-7
1151:
786:Greater yellow-headed vulture
703:Head of a vulture chick, Iran
2504:Lesser yellow-headed vulture
2429:
2365:Vulture observatory in Spain
2136:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.04.001
1942:Australian Humanities Review
1904:10.1371/journal.pone.0049118
1062:status. They appear in many
853:is exceptionally corrosive (
777:Lesser yellow-headed vulture
708:
397:
7:
1873:"The Population Decline of
1129:
1019:was depicted as a vulture.
310:
10:
3046:
1507:10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.02.005
1250:Journal of Thermal Biology
899:
829:
712:
653:African hooded vulture in
401:
18:
2975:
2964:
2931:
2906:
2881:
2856:
2831:
2736:
2711:
2686:
2661:
2657:
2635:
2602:
2577:
2552:
2527:
2482:
2478:
2463:
2437:
2044:10.1017/S0030605315000514
1592:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.052
1368:. 1977. pp. 413–416.
795:of tropical South America
205:
200:
135:Scientific classification
133:
126:
117:
30:
2353:Ventana Wildlife Society
2282:Wilkinson, R.H. (2003).
1705:Earth Touch News Network
1640:. Turkey Vulture Society
1165:"Fossilworks:Aegypiinae"
21:Vulture (disambiguation)
2947:Trigonoceps occipitalis
2593:Gymnogyps californianus
2316:"Life Egyptian Vulture"
2232:Hurworth, Ella (2019).
2115:Biological Conservation
1936:van Dooren, T. (2011).
1769:Biological Conservation
1414:Fain & Houde (2004)
1322:. In Galván, J. (ed.).
1318:Hamilton, S.L. (2014).
802:Gymnogyps californianus
629:Griffon vulture soaring
564:Trigonoceps occipitalis
2808:Slender-billed vulture
1638:"Turkey Vulture Facts"
906:African vulture crisis
727:
497:Slender-billed vulture
428:, which also includes
369:Frédéric de Lafresnaye
2985:Indian vulture crisis
2872:Neophron percnopterus
2727:Gypohierax angolensis
2518:Cathartes melambrotus
2508:Cathartes burrovianus
2329:Benson, Elizabeth P.
1141:Stele of the Vultures
981:lappet-faced vultures
973:white-headed vultures
969:white-backed vultures
902:Indian vulture crisis
789:Cathartes melambrotus
780:Cathartes burrovianus
742:belong to the family
722:
670:white-backed vultures
591:Gypohierax angolensis
582:Neophron percnopterus
424:belong to the family
357:Rules of Nomenclature
341:, even including the
2943:White-headed vulture
2918:Lappet-faced vulture
2847:Necrosyrtes monachus
2768:White-backed vulture
2748:White-rumped vulture
2392:Website for journal
2370:A Vulture Restaurant
2064:Conservation Letters
1972:Conservation Biology
1944:(50). Archived from
1761:vulture populations"
1537:"Fast Vulture Facts"
1066:myths, legends, and
1033:lappet-faced vulture
1005:Ancient Egyptian art
878:hunting activities.
655:Kruger National Park
560:White-headed vulture
551:Lappet-faced vulture
537:Necrosyrtes monachus
515:White-backed vulture
470:White-rumped vulture
384:Ciconiiformes family
325:convergent evolution
3030:Polyphyletic groups
2922:Torgos tracheliotos
2290:. pp. 213–214.
2288:Thames & Hudson
2207:Agence France-Press
2164:2019EcolL..22.1340O
2127:2016BCons.198..220B
2076:2016ConL....9...89O
1984:2019ConBi..33.1056S
1895:2012PLoSO...749118P
1842:10.1038/nature02317
1834:2004Natur.427..630O
1782:2003BCons.109..381P
1583:2016CBio...26.R560B
1499:2004JThBi.228..431R
1262:2008JTBio..33..168W
1206:Amadon, D. (1977).
1056:Pre-Columbian times
999:In myth and culture
896:Conservation status
555:Torgos tracheliotos
2893:Red-headed vulture
2650:Old World vultures
2471:New World vultures
2385:2017-06-01 at the
2358:2016-10-19 at the
2257:Solly, M. (2019).
2085:10.1111/conl.12182
1993:10.1111/cobi.13282
732:New World vultures
728:
542:Red-headed vulture
410:Old World vultures
404:Old World vultures
321:Old World vultures
317:New World vultures
290:Cathartidae family
280:are restricted to
278:New World vultures
262:Old World vultures
3025:Bird common names
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2812:Gyps tenuirostris
2778:Rüppell's vulture
2762:Gyps himalayensis
2758:Himalayan vulture
2702:Gypaetus barbatus
2677:Aegypius monachus
2673:Cinereous vulture
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2589:California condor
2568:Sarcoramphus papa
2172:10.1111/ele.13288
1828:(6975): 630–633.
1577:(13): R560–R561.
1333:978-1-61069-342-4
1037:Great Royal Wives
823:Sarcoramphus papa
799:California condor
715:New World vulture
573:Gypaetus barbatus
510:Gyps himalayensis
506:Himalayan vulture
501:Gyps tenuirostris
479:Rüppell's vulture
456:Aegypius monachus
452:Cinereous vulture
234:
233:
128:Rüppell's vulture
112:
3037:
2966:
2965:
2897:Sarcogyps calvus
2868:Egyptian vulture
2752:Gyps bengalensis
2723:Palm-nut vulture
2659:
2658:
2637:
2636:
2543:Coragyps atratus
2480:
2479:
2465:
2464:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2158:(9): 1340–1348.
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2087:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2005:
1995:
1978:(5): 1056–1065.
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1765:
1757:and long-billed
1755:Gyps bengalensis
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1618:. MadSci Network
1611:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1543:on July 18, 2011
1533:
1527:
1526:
1478:
1472:
1465:
1459:
1452:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1405:Griffiths (1994)
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1212:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1161:
1117:
1099:
1087:
945:
944:
762:Coragyps atratus
700:
688:
665:
650:
638:
626:
614:
602:
587:Palm-nut vulture
578:Egyptian vulture
546:Sarcogyps calvus
528:Gyps coprotheres
474:Gyps bengalensis
378:on the basis of
349:, later renamed
298:thermoregulation
143:
142:
122:
111:
41:
34:Temporal range:
33:
28:
27:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2989:
2971:
2952:
2927:
2902:
2877:
2852:
2827:
2822:Gyps coprothere
2788:Griffon vulture
2782:Gyps rueppellii
2732:
2707:
2698:Bearded vulture
2682:
2653:
2623:
2598:
2573:
2548:
2523:
2474:
2459:
2433:
2428:
2387:Wayback Machine
2360:Wayback Machine
2343:
2338:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2280:
2276:
2267:
2265:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2240:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2215:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2152:Ecology Letters
2148:
2144:
2107:
2103:
2056:
2052:
2023:
2019:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1949:
1934:
1930:
1869:
1865:
1815:
1811:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1763:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1612:
1608:
1571:Current Biology
1563:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1479:
1475:
1466:
1462:
1453:
1449:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:Phillips (2000)
1345:
1341:
1334:
1316:
1312:
1297:10.2307/1368848
1281:
1277:
1246:
1242:
1227:10.2307/1367720
1210:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1109:
1105:with staff and
1100:
1091:
1088:
1025:griffon vulture
1001:
977:hooded vultures
942:
940:
908:
898:
882:the leftovers.
859:botulinum toxin
844:bearded vulture
832:
748:Accipitriformes
717:
711:
704:
701:
692:
689:
680:
666:
657:
651:
642:
639:
630:
627:
618:
615:
606:
603:
571:(Lammergeier),
569:Bearded vulture
461:Griffon vulture
406:
400:
313:
252:. There are 23
137:
113:
110:
109:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
36:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3043:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:Related topics
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2939:
2937:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2914:
2912:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2889:
2887:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2864:
2862:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2843:Hooded vulture
2839:
2837:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2815:
2805:
2798:Indian vulture
2795:
2785:
2775:
2772:Gyps africanus
2765:
2755:
2744:
2742:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2719:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2694:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2669:
2667:
2655:
2654:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2618:Vultur gryphus
2610:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2560:
2558:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2535:
2533:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2501:
2498:Cathartes aura
2494:Turkey vulture
2490:
2488:
2476:
2475:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2350:
2347:Vulture videos
2342:
2341:External links
2339:
2337:
2336:
2321:
2307:
2293:
2274:
2249:
2224:
2193:
2142:
2101:
2050:
2037:(4): 606–616.
2017:
1958:
1928:
1889:(11): e49118.
1863:
1809:
1776:(3): 381–390.
1743:
1717:
1692:
1671:
1650:
1629:
1606:
1554:
1528:
1493:(3): 431–436.
1473:
1460:
1447:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1378:de Boer (1975)
1371:
1357:
1355:Brookes (2006)
1348:
1339:
1332:
1310:
1291:(4): 913–919.
1275:
1256:(3): 168–173.
1240:
1221:(4): 413–416.
1198:
1178:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1082:
1041:vulture crowns
1000:
997:
897:
894:
865:bacteria, and
831:
828:
827:
826:
817:
811:Vultur gryphus
805:
796:
783:
774:
771:Cathartes aura
768:Turkey vulture
765:
713:Main article:
710:
707:
706:
705:
702:
695:
693:
690:
683:
681:
667:
660:
658:
652:
645:
643:
640:
633:
631:
628:
621:
619:
616:
609:
607:
604:
597:
594:
593:
584:
575:
566:
557:
548:
539:
533:Hooded vulture
530:
521:
519:Gyps africanus
512:
503:
494:
488:Indian vulture
485:
483:Gyps rueppelli
476:
467:
458:
402:Main article:
399:
396:
312:
309:
232:
231:
230:
229:
224:
223:
222:
217:
203:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
131:
130:
124:
123:
115:
114:
105:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3042:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Birds of prey
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2967:
2963:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2619:
2615:
2614:Andean condor
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2540:
2539:Black vulture
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2469:Cathartidae (
2466:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2311:
2303:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1948:on 2016-10-11
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1813:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1747:
1732:
1731:HowStuffWorks
1728:
1721:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1681:
1675:
1660:
1654:
1639:
1633:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1464:
1457:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1367:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:"Sky Burials"
1314:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1167:. Fossilworks
1166:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:Alan Gardiner
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
996:
994:
990:
986:
985:cape vultures
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
953:
950:
948:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
913:
907:
903:
893:
890:
886:
883:
879:
875:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
834:Vultures are
824:
821:
818:
816:
812:
809:
808:Andean condor
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
759:Black vulture
757:
756:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
726:
721:
716:
699:
694:
687:
682:
679:
675:
671:
664:
659:
656:
649:
644:
637:
632:
625:
620:
613:
608:
601:
596:
595:
592:
588:
585:
583:
579:
576:
574:
570:
567:
565:
561:
558:
556:
552:
549:
547:
543:
540:
538:
534:
531:
529:
525:
522:
520:
516:
513:
511:
507:
504:
502:
498:
495:
493:
489:
486:
484:
480:
477:
475:
471:
468:
466:
462:
459:
457:
453:
450:
449:
448:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
405:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:
348:
344:
340:
337:
333:
332:Carl Linnaeus
328:
326:
322:
318:
308:
305:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:South America
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
228:
225:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
210:
207:
206:
204:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
141:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
116:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
39:
29:
26:
22:
2946:
2932:
2921:
2907:
2896:
2882:
2871:
2857:
2846:
2832:
2821:
2818:Cape vulture
2811:
2802:Gyps indicus
2801:
2791:
2781:
2771:
2761:
2751:
2737:
2726:
2712:
2701:
2687:
2676:
2662:
2617:
2603:
2592:
2578:
2567:
2564:King vulture
2555:Sarcoramphus
2553:
2542:
2528:
2517:
2507:
2497:
2483:
2430:
2394:Vulture News
2393:
2330:
2324:
2310:
2296:
2283:
2277:
2266:. Retrieved
2252:
2241:. Retrieved
2227:
2216:. Retrieved
2214:. 2019-06-21
2205:
2196:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2070:(2): 89–97.
2067:
2063:
2053:
2034:
2030:
2020:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:the original
1941:
1931:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1866:
1825:
1819:
1812:
1801:. Retrieved
1773:
1767:
1759:Gyps indicus
1758:
1754:
1746:
1736:February 15,
1734:. Retrieved
1720:
1709:. Retrieved
1704:
1695:
1684:. Retrieved
1682:. 2020-05-20
1674:
1663:. Retrieved
1661:. 2023-06-06
1653:
1642:. Retrieved
1632:
1622:February 15,
1620:. Retrieved
1609:
1574:
1570:
1547:February 15,
1545:. Retrieved
1541:the original
1531:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1468:
1463:
1455:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1432:Brown (2009)
1428:
1423:Avise (1994)
1419:
1410:
1401:
1396:König (1982)
1392:
1387:Ligon (1967)
1383:
1374:
1365:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1323:
1313:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1218:
1214:
1201:
1169:. Retrieved
1159:
1146:Vulture fund
1064:Mesoamerican
1060:iconographic
1053:
1049:
1002:
989:tawny eagles
966:
954:
951:
946:
937:
909:
891:
887:
884:
880:
876:
851:stomach acid
848:
833:
822:
820:King vulture
810:
801:
793:Amazon Basin
788:
779:
770:
761:
729:
590:
581:
572:
563:
554:
545:
536:
527:
524:Cape vulture
518:
509:
500:
492:Gyps indicus
491:
482:
473:
464:
455:
446:
426:Accipitridae
407:
373:
364:
350:
346:
335:
329:
314:
306:
302:
242:bird of prey
237:
235:
209:Accipitridae
178:
25:
2934:Trigonoceps
2834:Necrosyrtes
2792:Gyps fulvus
2263:Smithsonian
2121:: 220–228.
1171:17 December
1029:New Kingdom
1017:Upper Egypt
925:sky burials
863:hog cholera
744:Cathartidae
678:Maasai Mara
676:carcass in
465:Gyps fulvus
355:as per the
352:Cathartidae
343:harpy eagle
227:Cathartidae
3020:Scavengers
3004:Categories
2980:Diclofenac
2714:Gypohierax
2642:Aegypiinae
2268:2019-06-28
2243:2019-06-28
2218:2019-06-28
2095:10023/8817
1952:2016-09-24
1803:2024-07-28
1711:2023-06-07
1686:2023-06-07
1665:2023-06-07
1644:2012-12-01
1567:"Vultures"
1285:The Condor
1215:The Condor
1152:References
916:diclofenac
900:See also:
836:scavengers
674:wildebeest
668:A wake of
365:carthartes
220:Aegypiinae
215:Gypaetinae
185:Ornithurae
2884:Sarcogyps
2580:Gymnogyps
2485:Cathartes
2441:Kingdom:
2188:167209009
1515:0022-5193
1441:Cracraft
1107:shen ring
993:elephants
709:New World
672:eating a
412:found in
398:Old World
380:karyotype
347:Cathartae
315:Although
246:scavenges
201:Families
158:Kingdom:
152:Eukaryota
3010:Vultures
2859:Neophron
2689:Gypaetus
2664:Aegypius
2530:Coragyps
2449:Chordata
2447:Phylum:
2443:Animalia
2431:Vultures
2383:Archived
2356:Archived
2180:31131976
2012:30645009
1923:23145090
1882:PLOS One
1858:16146840
1850:14745453
1794:Archived
1601:27404248
1523:15135041
1467:Ericson
1130:See also
740:Americas
725:roadkill
438:buzzards
311:Taxonomy
172:Chordata
168:Phylum:
162:Animalia
148:Domain:
40:– Recent
2646:Gypinae
2453:Class:
2318:. 2018.
2160:Bibcode
2123:Bibcode
2072:Bibcode
2003:6849836
1980:Bibcode
1914:3492300
1891:Bibcode
1830:Bibcode
1778:Bibcode
1579:Bibcode
1495:Bibcode
1305:1368848
1258:Bibcode
1235:1367720
1195:. 2001.
1122:Taharqa
1103:Nekhbet
1045:Nekhbet
1035:. Many
1009:Nekhbet
983:and 10
929:Parsees
927:of the
921:carrion
867:anthrax
830:Feeding
813:in the
791:in the
752:raptors
736:condors
258:condors
250:carrion
238:vulture
191:Class:
106:↓
38:Miocene
31:Vulture
2909:Torgos
2605:Vultur
2186:
2178:
2010:
2000:
1921:
1911:
1856:
1848:
1821:Nature
1707:. 2015
1599:
1521:
1513:
1471:(2006)
1469:et al.
1458:(2007)
1456:et al.
1445:(2004)
1443:et al.
1330:
1303:
1233:
1136:Jatayu
1076:Aztecs
1068:fables
1013:Nekheb
958:vector
440:, and
430:eagles
422:Europe
420:, and
414:Africa
392:herons
388:storks
376:storks
359:(from
336:Vultur
272:, and
270:Africa
266:Europe
254:extant
2184:S2CID
1854:S2CID
1797:(PDF)
1764:(PDF)
1454:Gibb
1301:JSTOR
1231:JSTOR
1211:(PDF)
1193:(PDF)
1039:wore
979:, 14
975:, 28
971:, 17
933:Nepal
912:Nepal
871:vomit
840:crops
815:Andes
442:hawks
434:kites
386:with
361:Greek
339:genus
282:North
244:that
240:is a
211:p.p.
179:Clade
2739:Gyps
2644:and
2455:Aves
2212:NDTV
2176:PMID
2031:Oryx
2008:PMID
1919:PMID
1875:Gyps
1846:PMID
1738:2013
1624:2013
1597:PMID
1549:2013
1519:PMID
1511:ISSN
1328:ISBN
1173:2021
1074:and
1072:Maya
1015:and
962:pest
960:and
904:and
734:and
730:The
418:Asia
408:The
390:and
319:and
294:head
284:and
274:Asia
195:Aves
45:PreꞒ
2238:CNN
2168:doi
2131:doi
2119:198
2090:hdl
2080:doi
2039:doi
1998:PMC
1988:doi
1909:PMC
1899:doi
1838:doi
1826:427
1786:doi
1774:109
1587:doi
1503:doi
1491:228
1293:doi
1266:doi
1223:doi
1054:In
1003:In
260:).
248:on
3006::
2286:.
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2006:.
1996:.
1986:.
1976:33
1974:.
1970:.
1940:.
1917:.
1907:.
1897:.
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1213:.
1181:^
1047:.
1007:,
943:10
861:,
855:pH
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276:;
268:,
236:A
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1990::
1982::
1955:.
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1175:.
947:^
941:×
100:N
90:K
85:J
80:T
75:P
70:C
65:D
60:S
55:O
50:Ꞓ
23:.
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