373:
525:, Fla., when the pilot tried to land too closely behind a larger AC-130U Spooky gunship and was caught in the gunship's wake turbulence. Air Force rules require at least a two-minute separation between slow-moving heavy planes like the AC-130U and small, light planes, but the PC-12 trailed the gunship by only about 40 seconds. As the PC-12 hit the wake turbulence, it suddenly rolled to the left and began to turn upside down. The instructor pilot stopped the roll, but before he could get the plane upright, the left wing struck the ground, sending the plane skidding 669 ft (204 m) across a field before stopping on a paved overrun.
643:
685:
sound like tearing a piece of paper. Often, it is first noticed some seconds after the direct noise of the passing aircraft has diminished. The sound then gets louder. Nevertheless, being highly directional, wake turbulence sound is easily perceived as originating a considerable distance behind the aircraft, its apparent source moving across the sky just as the aircraft did. It can persist for 30 seconds or more, continually changing timbre, sometimes with swishing and cracking notes, until it finally dies away.
206:
20:
782:, air traffic controllers stand just off the threshold of a runway while an aircraft lands in order to experience wake turbulence firsthand. However, the film dramatically exaggerates the effect of turbulence on persons standing on the ground, showing the protagonists being blown about by the passing aircraft. In reality, the turbulence behind and below a landing aircraft is too gentle to knock over a person standing on the ground. (In contrast,
165:
320:
224:
699:
918:
78:. In the case of wake turbulence created by the wings of a heavy aircraft, the rotating vortex-pair lingers for a significant amount of time after the passage of the aircraft, sometimes more than a minute. One of these rotating vortices can seriously upset or even invert a smaller aircraft that encounters it, either in the air or on the ground.
684:
Wake turbulence can occasionally, under the right conditions, be heard by ground observers. On a still day, the wake turbulence from heavy jets on landing approach can be heard as a dull roar or whistle. This is the strong core of the vortex. If the aircraft produces a weaker vortex, the breakup will
602:
passenger flight QF94, en route from Los
Angeles to Melbourne, suffered a sudden freefall over the ocean after lift-off as a result of an intense wake vortex. The event lasted for about ten seconds, according to the passengers. The turbulence was caused by the wake of the previous Qantas flight QF12,
192:
During takeoff and landing, an aircraft's wake sinks toward the ground and moves laterally away from the runway when the wind is calm. A three-to-five-knot (3–6 mph; 6–9 km/h) crosswind will tend to keep the upwind side of the wake in the runway area and may cause the downwind side to drift
1026:
Holzäpfel, Frank; Stephan, Anton; Rotshteyn, Grigory; Körner, Stephan; Wildmann, Norman; Oswald, Lothar; Gerz, Thomas; Borek, Günther; Floh, Alexander; Kern, Christian; Kerschbaum, Markus; Nossal, Roman; Schwarzenbacher, Johannes; Strobel, Martin; Strauss, Lukas; Weiß, Clemens; Kauczok, Sebastian;
293:
and be prepared for a stronger wake encounter. The onset of wake can be subtle and even surprisingly gentle. There have been serious accidents (see the next section) where pilots have attempted to salvage a landing after encountering moderate wake only to encounter severe wake turbulence that they
284:
Uncommanded aircraft movements (such as wing rocking) may be caused by wake. This is why maintaining situational awareness is critical. Ordinary turbulence is not unusual, particularly in the approach phase. A pilot who suspects wake turbulence is affecting his or her aircraft should get away from
86:
The vortex circulation is outward, upward, and around the wingtips when viewed from either ahead or behind the aircraft. Tests with large aircraft have shown that vortices remain spaced less than a wingspan apart, drifting with the wind, at altitudes greater than a wingspan from the ground. Tests
660:
97:
When the vortices of larger aircraft sink close to the ground — within 100–200 ft (30–61 m) — they tend to move laterally over the ground at a speed of 2–3 kn (3.7–5.6 km/h; 2.3–3.5 mph). A crosswind decreases the lateral movement of the upwind vortex and increases the
480:
in Sweden during an air combat maneuvering exercise. After passing through the wake vortex of the other aircraft, the Gripen abruptly changed course. Before the Gripen impacted the ground, the pilot ejected from the aircraft and landed safely by parachute in the
457:
for landing when it became caught in its wake turbulence, rolled into a deep descent, and crashed. As a result of this and other incidents involving aircraft following behind a Boeing 757, the FAA now employs the separation rules of heavy aircraft for the Boeing
584:, India, killing all five personnel aboard. The aircraft was conducting low level penetration training by flying at around 300 ft (90 m) when it ran into wake turbulence from another C-130J aircraft that was leading the formation, causing it to crash.
65:
maximizes the formation of strong vortices. In the vicinity of an airport, there can be multiple aircraft, all operating at low speed and low altitude; this provides an extra risk of wake turbulence with a reduced height from which to recover from any upset.
559:. The airplane was flying behind a 767-300 and above a heavy helicopter. According to the Mexican government, the pilots were not told about the type of plane that was approaching before them, nor did they reduce to minimum approach speed.
659:
469:. This accident was believed to involve wake turbulence, though the primary cause was a defective rudder control component which caused the aircraft to react abnormally to the pilots' control inputs prompted by the wake encounter.
109:
also produce wake turbulence. Helicopter wakes may be significantly stronger than those of a fixed-wing aircraft of the same weight. The strongest wake will occur when the helicopter is operating at slower speeds (20 to 50
773:). As a result, he is put into an unrecoverable spin and is forced to eject, killing his RIO Nick "Goose" Bradshaw. In a subsequent incident, he is caught in an enemy fighter's jetwash, but manages to recover safely.
661:
1250:
1127:"Катастрофа Як-40 Узбекского УГА в а/п Ташкент-Южный (борт СССР-87618), 16 января 1987 года. // AirDisaster.ru – авиационные происшествия, инциденты и авиакатастрофы в СССР и России – факты, история, статистика"
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have also shown that the vortices sink at a rate of several hundred feet per minute, slowing their descent and diminishing in strength with time and distance behind the generating aircraft.
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In 2020, researchers looked into installing "plate lines" near the runway threshold to induce secondary vortices and shorten the vortex duration. In the trial installation at
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595:
over the
Arabian Sea. Several passengers were injured, one seriously. Due to the G-forces experienced, the plane was damaged beyond repair and was consequently written off.
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612:
Wake turbulence can be measured using several techniques. Currently, ICAO recognizes two methods of measurement, sound tomography, and a high-resolution technique, the
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401:
being designed to have enhanced wake turbulence to increase lift, the F-104 moved too close, therefore getting caught in the vortex and colliding with the wing (see
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184:
with regard to these criteria. The aircraft making a visual approach is advised of the relevant recommended spacing and are expected to maintain their separation.
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122:
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rolled three times in midair and dropped 10,000 ft (3,000 m) after encountering wake turbulence when it passed 1,000 ft (300 m) under an
628:
1531:
1191:
114:). Light helicopters with two-blade rotor systems produce a wake as strong as heavier helicopters with more than two blades. The strong rotor wake of the
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were unable to overcome. Pilots should not depend on any aerodynamic warning, but if the onset of wake is occurring, immediate evasive action is vital.
1558:""Mayday, mayday, Mav's in trouble, he's in a flat spin!"- A comparison between the ejection scene from Top Gun and a real bailout from an F-14 Tomcat"
1003:
1157:"In-Flight Separation of Vertical Stabilizer American Airlines Flight 587 Airbus Industrie A300-605R, N14053 Belle Harbor, New York November 12, 2001"
209:
Glider pilots usually fly outside the wake turbulence generated by their tow planes, either above the wake (high tow) or below the wake (low tow).
94:
of the generating aircraft. Therefore, aircraft operating at altitudes greater than 600 m (2,000 ft) are considered to be at less risk.
90:
At altitude, vortices sink at a rate of 90–150 m (300–490 ft) per minute and stabilize about 150–270 m (490–890 ft) below the
667:
A subtle rustling and cracking sound caused by the wake vortices after airplane flyover. It starts at 0'50 and lasts to the end of the recording.
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1339:
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There are a number of separation criteria for take-off, landing, and en-route phases of flight based upon wake turbulence categories.
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140:. However, such changes are not significant enough to change the distances or times at which it is safe to follow other aircraft.
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577:
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62:
631:) to measure the distortion of light that passes through the turbulent area and indicate the strength of that turbulence.
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caused by passing through the jetwash of another aircraft, piloted by fellow aviator Tom "Ice Man" Kazansky (played by
1134:
742:
556:
438:. The Yakovlev Yak-40 then banked sharply to the right, struck the ground, and caught fire. All nine people on board
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1012:
911:
860:
504:. The accident was attributed to the first officer's misuse of the rudder in response to wake turbulence from a
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709:
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905:
854:
540:
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419:. This crash prompted the FAA to create new rules for minimum following separation from "heavy" aircraft.
408:
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197:. Since the wingtip vortices exist at the outer edge of an airplane's wake, this can be dangerous.
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as it passes through the air. It includes several components, the most significant of which are
177:
161:(MTOW) of the aircraft. These are used for separation of aircraft during take-off and landing.
158:
548:
804:
1370:"IAF's C130 J "Super Hercules" transport aircraft crashes, all five personnel on board dead"
985:
1042:
489:
75:
1214:"Investigation: AO-2008-077 - Wake turbulence event, Sydney Airport, NSW, 3 November 2008"
8:
1642:
1027:
Schiefer, Christian; Czekala, Harald; Maschwitz, Gerrit; Smalikho, Igor (November 2021).
716:
552:
439:
181:
35:
1491:"Flight from Los Angeles sent into nosedive for 10 seconds after hitting vortex: report"
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397:. Though the true cause of the collision is unknown, it is believed that due to the
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43:
1340:"IAF Super Hercules Crash: five crew member Air Force Personnel killed in Gwalior"
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Wake turbulence is especially hazardous in the region behind an aircraft in the
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133:
1184:"Crash Blamed on Pilots Following Too Closely, Air Force Times, Oct. 17, 2008"
57:
phases of flight. During take-off and landing, an aircraft operates at a high
1621:
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crashed after rolling 90 degrees in wake turbulence induced by the preceding
518:
473:
445:
15 December 1993 – A chartered aircraft with five people on board, including
1033:
567:
515:
511:, resulting in the overstressing and separation of the vertical stabilizer.
91:
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in
Tashkent. The flight took off just one minute fifteen seconds after an
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529:
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27:
study on wingtip vortices qualitatively illustrates the wake turbulence.
1029:"Mitigating Wake Turbulence Risk During Final Approach via Plate Lines"
770:
762:
676:
544:
508:
493:
454:
344: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
205:
106:
19:
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can be extremely dangerous to people standing behind the aircraft.)
727:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
477:
319:
223:
1311:"Air Force's new C-130J aircraft crashes near Gwalior, five killed"
766:
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46:
and jet-wash, the rapidly moving gases expelled from a jet engine.
39:
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on approach to a parallel runway during high crosswind conditions.
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921:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
757:
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54:
50:
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U.S. FAA, The
Aeronautical Information Manual on Wake Turbulence
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936:"AFSOC Crash Report Faults Understanding Of Osprey Rotor Wake"
200:
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16:
Turbulence that follows behind aircraft traveling through air
453:
in Orange County, California. The aircraft was following a
24:
619:, a solution now commercially available. Techniques using
1521:"Repository Notice - Bureau of Transportation Statistics"
1085:"Mitigating wake turbulence to increase airport capacity"
1154:
555:
Avenue when turning for final approach to runway 05R at
603:
which had departed only two minutes before flight QF94.
1460:"In The Wake of An A380: Dealing With Wake Turbulence"
1106:"Aircraft Accident Report Delta Air Lines 30 May 1972"
309:
172:
interact with the sea as they descend to ground level.
449:
president Rich Snyder, crashed several miles before
157:mandates wake turbulence categories based upon the
415:while performing "touch and go" landings behind a
1428:"'Wake turbulence' led to C-130 J aircraft crash"
1399:"'Wake turbulence' led to C-130 J aircraft crash"
761:, Lieutenant Pete "Maverick" Mitchell, played by
570:. Three were killed and one was severely injured.
1619:
187:
1482:
964:. AC No: 90-23G. February 10, 2014. p. 24
1275:"Scientific Research regarding this accident"
1155:Aircraft Accident Report (October 26, 2004).
143:
81:
653:Airplane flyover followed by wake turbulence
528:3 November 2008 – The wake turbulence of an
306:, they reported a 22%-37% vortex reduction.
252:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
201:Staying at or above the leader's glide path
1488:
1457:
907:Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
856:Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
1595:U.S. FAA, Pilot Controller Glossary, see
743:Learn how and when to remove this message
360:Learn how and when to remove this message
272:Learn how and when to remove this message
371:
204:
163:
18:
413:Greater Southwest International Airport
168:Wake vortices from a landing Airbus at
1620:
1585:Captain Meryl Getline explains "Heavy"
1224:from the original on 14 September 2016
1082:
980:
978:
532:caused temporary loss of control to a
476:from Airwing F 7 Såtenäs crashed into
1555:
688:
502:John F. Kennedy International Airport
1291:from the original on 22 January 2018
1164:National Transportation Safety Board
1113:National Transportation Safety Board
692:
623:can use the effect of turbulence on
547:carrying Mexican Interior Secretary
342:adding citations to reliable sources
313:
250:adding citations to reliable sources
217:
1603:Wake Turbulence, An Invisible Enemy
975:
885:from the original on 1 October 2017
310:Incidents involving wake turbulence
128:
13:
1613:NASA Dryden – Wake Vortex Research
1350:from the original on 31 March 2014
950:
904:"Chapter 14: Airport Operations".
853:"Chapter 14: Airport Operations".
641:
14:
1659:
1578:
1501:from the original on 14 June 2018
1470:from the original on July 7, 2017
598:14 June 2018 – At 11:29 pm,
557:Mexico City International Airport
136:may slightly lessen the power of
98:movement of the downwind vortex.
1194:from the original on 14 May 2022
942:. 30 August 2012. Archived from
916:
875:"Jumpseat: Assaulted by an A380"
697:
675:Problems playing this file? See
657:
318:
222:
213:
1549:
1513:
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1440:from the original on 2014-04-24
1420:
1409:from the original on 2018-06-15
1391:
1380:from the original on 2014-04-01
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1321:from the original on 2011-06-05
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1256:from the original on 2015-12-07
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1206:
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1137:from the original on 2013-01-22
1119:
1098:
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1013:Federal Aviation Administration
912:Federal Aviation Administration
861:Federal Aviation Administration
329:needs additional citations for
1608:Photographs of Wake turbulence
1083:Rienth, Thorsten (June 2020).
1019:
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897:
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180:will sequence aircraft making
101:
1:
863:. 2023-07-17. pp. 27–28.
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634:
500:, shortly after takeoff from
170:Oakland International Airport
74:Wake turbulence is a type of
69:
541:2008 Mexico City plane crash
486:American Airlines Flight 587
304:Vienna International Airport
188:Parallel or crossing runways
7:
1556:Leone, Dario (2018-11-27).
1489:Ben Graham (14 June 2018).
1458:John Croft (Jun 22, 2017).
1011:(FAA-H-8083-13A ed.).
910:(FAA-H-8083-25C ed.).
859:(FAA-H-8083-25C ed.).
793:
723:the claims made and adding
587:7 January 2017 – A private
121:can extend further and has
10:
1664:
1244:"Accident Report (German)"
958:"Aircraft Wake Turbulence"
147:
144:Wake turbulence categories
82:In fixed-wing level flight
914:. 2023-07-17. p. 28.
589:Bombardier Challenger 604
580:-30 KC-3803 crashed near
539:4 November 2008 – In the
1346:. news.biharprabha.com.
1015:. 2022-03-29. p. 8.
986:"Aerodynamics of Flight"
467:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
434:, thus encountering its
150:Wake turbulence category
34:is a disturbance in the
516:United States Air Force
178:Air Traffic Controllers
116:Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey
1562:The Aviation Geek Club
1005:Glider Flying Handbook
1002:"Chapter 12: Towing".
646:
472:20 September 1999 – A
385:
210:
173:
159:maximum takeoff weight
123:contributed to a crash
28:
1628:Aircraft aerodynamics
1464:Aviation Week Network
946:on 23 September 2012.
805:Eddy (fluid dynamics)
645:
562:9 September 2012 – A
375:
208:
182:instrument approaches
167:
38:that forms behind an
22:
1648:Aircraft wing design
881:. 26 February 2013.
338:improve this article
285:the wake, execute a
246:improve this section
76:clear-air turbulence
23:This picture from a
1638:Air traffic control
1047:2021AIAAJ..59.4626H
573:28 March 2014 – An
553:Paseo de la Reforma
549:Juan Camilo Mouriño
521:trainer crashed at
484:12 November 2001 –
461:8 September 1994 –
440:Aeroflot Flight 505
426:crashed just after
1433:The Indian Express
1403:The Indian Express
1374:The Economic Times
708:possibly contains
689:In popular culture
647:
629:optical turbulence
451:John Wayne Airport
386:
211:
174:
29:
1188:airforcetimes.com
1055:10.2514/1.J060025
1041:(11): 4626–4641.
786:from an aircraft
755:In the 1986 film
753:
752:
745:
710:original research
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488:crashed into the
393:collided with an
389:8 June 1966 – an
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1597:Aircraft Classes
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1530:. Archived from
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800:Batchelor vortex
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741:
737:
734:
728:
725:inline citations
701:
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693:
664:
663:
644:
625:refractive index
575:Indian Air Force
514:8 July 2008 – A
492:neighborhood of
463:USAir Flight 427
422:16 Jan 1987 – A
382:midair collision
365:
358:
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138:wingtip vortices
129:Hazard avoidance
44:wingtip vortices
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530:Airbus A380-800
447:In-N-Out Burger
424:Yakovlev Yak-40
411:crashed at the
384:on 8 June 1966.
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134:Wingtip devices
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63:flight attitude
59:angle of attack
32:Wake turbulence
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11:
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1633:Aviation risks
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1579:External links
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1405:. 2014-04-23.
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816:Wingtip device
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608:Measurement
593:Airbus A380
478:Lake Vänern
436:wake vortex
298:Plate lines
107:Helicopters
102:Helicopters
1643:Turbulence
1622:Categories
1567:2023-08-10
1444:2015-07-14
1413:2019-12-24
1384:2015-07-14
1325:2015-07-14
1260:2015-11-05
1169:2023-03-05
1141:2017-01-09
968:2023-03-05
840:faraim.org
822:References
812:(of boats)
788:taking off
771:Val Kilmer
763:Tom Cruise
717:improve it
677:media help
635:Audibility
545:Learjet 45
509:Boeing 747
455:Boeing 757
70:Definition
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350:June 2016
291:go-around
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119:tiltrotor
1541:22 April
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1090:5 August
1068:5 August
889:22 April
883:Archived
794:See also
534:Saab 340
498:New York
428:take-off
40:aircraft
1505:14 June
1474:July 5,
1282:dglr.de
1043:Bibcode
758:Top Gun
715:Please
614:Doppler
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378:62-0207
254:removed
239:sources
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621:optics
600:Qantas
578:C-130J
494:Queens
409:A DC-9
376:XB-70
195:runway
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