Wang Xizhi - Knowledge

912: 1366: 996: 656: 59: 1587: 1757: 1258: 1862: 1460: 4740: 525: 1154: 788:, Xi Jian sent an emissary to Wang Dao's household to find a suitable husband for his daughter. While the other young men flaunted themselves in fine clothing, an indifferent Wang Xizhi arrived late and sprawled across a bed, with his robes open and belly exposed due to the heat. The emissary was impressed by his spontaneity and reported back to Xi Jian, who agreed to the match. Xi Xuan was also skilled at calligraphy. She and Wang had eight recorded children: seven sons – Xuanzhi, Ningzhi, Huanzhi, Suzhi, 759: 975:; "Preface to the Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion"), the most famous calligraphic work attributed to Wang (though its authenticity has been debated), is a preface to the collection of poems that were written that day. The Orchid Pavilion Gathering has been described as "one of the most famous events in Chinese literary history". It has been depicted in numerous works of art and literature, and features as a prominent theme in paintings from the 4695: 4797: 4752: 4780: 1194:

the surface to transfer the characters to the paper. This process was more efficient than tracing by hand, but it was also less accurate. These reproductions, along with the creation of an imperial office to teach calligraphy to young scholars in the capital, firmly established Wang and his style as the defining standard for Chinese calligraphy. According to the art historian

4728: 1145:, reassembled and expanded the collection and tasked an expert calligrapher with cataloguing and authenticating the pieces. In total, 52 wrappers containing 520 scrolls of works by the Two Wangs were documented at the time. Over the next century, emperors continued to acquire new works of calligraphy, reacquire stolen ones, and hire expert authenticators. After 1337:, is the presence of "brushstrokes that are carefully formed and create a sense of disciplined energy flowing down the page", even for text that appears to have been rapidly written. He regularly experimented with varying the speed and direction of the brush, resulting in distinctive visual characteristics in different instances of recurring strokes. In the 1129:, a Jin dynasty warlord who collected two wrappers (each containing approximately ten scrolls) of works by Wang Xizhi and his son, Wang Xianzhi. Another early collector, Duke Hui, was tricked by dealers who soaked forgeries in dirty water to make them appear older and then sold them as originals. The emperors of the 1765:

the collection, they surpassed "their aesthetic value and function as a symbol of power". Thus, emperors continually sought to expand their collection of Wang's calligraphy in order to strengthen their own perceived legitimacy. Around the time of the Tang dynasty, he was designated the "Sage of Calligraphy" (

1853:) in Shaoxing is named after an anecdote in which Wang took pity on a struggling vendor and inscribed her fans with his calligraphy to increase their value. The fans were easily sold and the old woman reapproached Wang with even more fans, but he declined to sign them and slipped out through a side door. 1924:

Though the Orchid Pavilion Gathering in 353 did not involve geese, artists have often combined the two themes in their paintings of Wang. According to the art historian Kazuko Kameda-Madar, the gathering itself is "one of the most important painting themes in the cultural history of East Asia". Over

1764:

Wang's works were already popular during his lifetime, and in the centuries after Wang's death, collectors continued to seek out his calligraphy. The value of an imperial collection was often judged by the number of works written by the Two Wangs. As Wang Xizhi's works were the most valuable part of

1193:

and other works by Wang, using semitransparent tracing paper that was placed over the original versions. They also produced copies using the ink rubbing technique, which involved carving a tracing copy into a stone block, placing a thin sheet of paper over the engraving, and pounding an inkpad onto

1010:

In 355, Wang announced that he would resign from governmental service. This decision was precipitated when Wang Shu, a political rival, was appointed regional inspector of Yangzhou and gained oversight of Kuaiji and Wang Xizhi's administration. The two men had personally feuded for many years. Wang

957:

in which they composed poetry while cups containing rice wine floated down the stream towards them. Those who were able to compose two poems before the cups reached them would have to drink only one cup of wine, whereas those who were unsuccessful had to drink more. The scholars composed a total of

506:

established Wang and his style as the defining standard for Chinese calligraphy by requiring that the imperial court scholars study his techniques and employing calligraphers to make handwritten tracing copies and ink rubbings of his works. There are no known surviving original works by Wang – only

1026:

movement of Taoism, and Wang's letters indicate that he was a follower of this movement as well. On one occasion when his granddaughter was ill, he composed a written confession of his own perceived moral failings, believing that these were linked to her illness and that he needed to petition the

1798:

periods. In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Heian court standardized Wang's semi-cursive and cursive scripts and these were copied by Japanese calligraphers, resulting in a distinctive Japanese style of that time period. Extant tracing copies of Wang's work, which are rare, continue to be highly

1814:

Several locations associated with Wang's life have become visitor attractions in China. The site of his childhood residence in Linyi is open to tourists and features an "ink pond" where he reportedly washed his brush while writing. In Shaoxing, the site of the Orchid Pavilion contains a stone

1356:

The study of Wang's style is challenged by the lack of surviving original works. In debating the differences between Wang's calligraphy and archaeological texts produced by other writers around the same time period, some scholars have questioned the relative influence of Wang versus the Tang

1901:

emblem of his artistic personality in popular and elite imagination alike", and his depictions in art typically show him in the presence of geese. A 14th-century rubbing of a painting from the Song dynasty is the earliest known depiction of Wang with geese. A well-known painting,

1227:, including a small number of tracing copies. Numerous rubbings exist – including many copies of the Dingwu stone – but these have likely become less accurate over the centuries as inaccuracies are propagated over time when new engravings are made from older rubbings. 1011:

Shu subsequently opened an investigation into Kuaiji's finances, alleging that Wang Xizhi had mishandled the collection of taxes in the region. Resolving to leave his position rather than continue working under his new superior, Wang Xizhi retired, citing ill health.

1318:, an art theorist and calligrapher of the Ming dynasty who studied the stylistic effects of the brush tip in Wang's works. Although he produced famous works in multiple script styles, he remains best known for his innovations in semi-cursive script, the style of the 1176:

Emperor Taizong of Tang, a great admirer of Wang, amassed a collection of over 2,000 of his works (including originals and copies) and required that the imperial court scholars study his calligraphic techniques. The emperor was particularly fascinated with the

1223:, Wang's works were mainly promoted by private collectors who accumulated compilation albums of his rubbings. In the present day, there are no known surviving original works by Wang Xizhi. The earliest extant reproductions of his work were produced during the 1501:; "Letter of Distress and Indignation"): a letter from Wang expressing despair that he is unable to mourn at his ancestors' tombs in the conquered north. Records indicate that a tracing copy was preserved in the Japanese imperial household and donated to the 436:, who later became a renowned calligrapher in his own right. Between 324 and 354, Wang Xizhi served in various government positions. He received his highest title, "General of the Right Army", in 347, and was appointed administrator of Kuaiji (present-day 1716:, which somberly reflect on the transience of life, were inconsistent with the celebratory nature of the Orchid Pavilion Gathering. He suggested that it was actually written by Zhiyong, a Buddhist monk who was a descendant of Wang. In the wake of the 746:

styles of Chinese calligraphy, and gave lessons on selection of calligrapy supplies, proper posture, and basic stroke techniques. Wang Xizhi also learned calligraphy from his uncle, Wang Yi, a painter and calligrapher who was married to the sister of

1099:

which may have exacerbated his symptoms. He has been traditionally believed to be buried in a tomb in Jinting, which has become a major tourist attraction in Shengzhou. Some modern scholarship has suggested that he may have been actually buried in

1669:

based on arguments that that it did not include characters written in clerical script, that its semi-cursive script may not have been developed until after Wang's lifetime, and that it was inconsistent with another recorded version, the

613:, in an attempt to evoke feelings of nostalgia, were often "willing to sacrifice historical accuracy for the sake of a good story". Matthew V. Wells suggests that Emperor Taizong's unusual degree of involvement in the compilation of the 893:). Despite his military titles, Wang disliked war, never engaged in warfare himself, and often tried to prevent armed conflicts. He unsuccessfully attempted to convince Yin Hao, who was in a fierce rivalry with the ambitious general 1710:. Guo published an article in 1965 rejecting Wang's authorship based on the recent discovery of tombs from the Jin dynasty whose inscriptions were written in clerical script. Guo also presented the argument that portions of the 1149:

reportedly set fire to his collection of 240,000 scrolls as an enemy army was approaching the capital, only about 4,000 scrolls were able to be salvaged from the ashes; it is unknown how many of these were produced by Wang.

1343:, for instance, characters that are repeated have different visual forms, creating a sense of spontaneity that reflects the scene during which it was written. In contrast to the relatively wide characters typically seen in 1571:

identified the second half of the letter containing the remaining 17 characters, the meaning of the letter is still unclear. Wang appears to reference a ritual or ceremony involving the addressee and nine others. The

1357:

calligraphers who copied his pieces. Ledderose observes that the works attributed to Wang vary widely in style, precision, and balance, making a "correct assessment of his personal contribution quite difficult".

1618:; "Seventeen Posts"): a collection of 29 letters from Wang that were reportedly later engraved during the Tang dynasty. The name of the collection is derived from the first two characters in the opening letter. 1743:. Guo's claim that clerical script would have been used exclusively during Wang's lifetime was weakened in 1988 upon the discovery of an Eastern Jin tomb with an inscription written in regular script. 751:. After his parents died, Wang Xizhi lived in the household of his uncle Wang Dao, a prominent politician and the patriarch of the Wang family. Wang Dao helped suppress attempted coups by his brother, 1897:

continued to associate him with geese, creating the narrative that his calligraphic brush technique was inspired by the way that the geese moved their necks. Wang's fondness for geese "has come to be

755:, in 322 and 324. Wang Xizhi's reaction to these conflicts between his uncles, which ultimately resulted in Wang Dun's death in 324, left him with a distaste for political and military affairs. 796:– and one daughter, Mengjiang. Wang Xianzhi, their youngest son, became a renowned calligrapher in his own right, and he and Wang Xizhi were later praised as the "Two Wangs" or "Two Kings" ( 1063:. Details about the circumstances of his death are unknown, but he had frequently mentioned his poor health in his letters to others. The maladies that were detailed in the letters include 4698: 730:, also known as "Lady Wei", who was Wang Kuang's cousin. Wang Kuang was also involved in his son's lessons, working with Wei to teach him the techniques of the calligrapher 934:. Originating as a spring purification ritual, the festival became popular among scholars who gathered each year to discuss philosophical topics, compose poetry, and drink 502:

and his letters to others, he mainly produced copies of existing texts. His works were enthusiastically collected by both emperors and private collectors. In particular,

3835:

Kameda-Madar, Kazuko (2021). "An iconology of the Orchid Pavilion Gathering: Image, text, and communities in Tokugawa-era Japan". In Leupp, Gary P.; Tao, De-min (eds.).

1737:, and establish his own authority in cultural debates. These debates over Wang's calligraphy subsided after 1966 as critics shifted their focus to other works such as 1027:

celestial masters to heal her. He regularly collected medicinal herbs that were believed to grant longevity, and together with his brother-in-law Xi Yin, he practiced

607:

Modern scholars have questioned the reliability and accuracy of these early sources. Xiaofei Tian, a scholar of Chinese literature, writes that the compilers of the

1786:, according to Ledderose, is "the most celebrated piece of calligraphy of all time", admired for both its calligraphy and its text. He is an influential figure in 1553:; "Letter on Presenting Oranges"): a letter from Wang to a friend to accompany a gift of 300 oranges. It is Wang's shortest known letter, comprising 12 characters. 635:

that were unflattering or otherwise did not depict Wang Dao as a model statesman. Because many other historical accounts of the Jin dynasty have not survived, the

4399:

Rothschild, N. Harry (2017). "Flouting, Flashing, and Favoritism: An Insouciant Buddhist Monk Bares His Midriff before the Confucian Court; Or Smile, You've been

867:), so that he could focus on his cultural interests in a remote area, away from dynastic politics. He was instead appointed administrator of Kuaiji (present-day 428:), Wang fled to southern China in his childhood after the collapse of the Western Jin dynasty. He studied calligraphy under the tutelage of relatives, including 837:) in 336. After declining several offers from Wang Dao to serve in the Department of Personnel, he became the regional inspector of Jiangzhou (near present-day 619:

may have been motivated by a desire to create a pro-imperial work and revise the presentation of historical events for his own purposes. In his analysis of the

1733:

was political, not academic, and that Guo was deliberately trying to subvert "the single most important Chinese work of art of past millennia", usher in the

1137:

obtained ten scrolls of Wang Xizhi's calligraphy from private collectors, but collected many forgeries as well. A violent palace revolt during the reign of

1931:, such as saucers in the shape of lotus leaves to carry the goblets of rice wine down the stream and the presence of a young boy stealing a sip of wine. 1487:; "Preface to the Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion"): Wang's most celebrated work of calligraphy, composed in 353 at the Orchid Pavilion Gathering. 1974:

323 is commonly cited as the year that Wang Xizhi became engaged to Xi Xuan, though other years in the range of 319 to 329 have been suggested as well.

4847: 507:

rubbings and a small number of tracing copies. Wang's artistic talent continues to be held in high esteem, and he remains an influential figure in

1925:

time, Chinese and Japanese artists have added other recurring elements to their depictions of the Orchid Pavilion Gathering not mentioned in the

726:

In his youth, Wang had difficulties with his speech, but he became a skilled orator later in life. He studied calligraphy under the tutelage of

3592:

Chen, Xie (2022). "Politics and Calligraphy at the Courts of the Early and Middle Tang Dynasty: The Tang Imperial Collection of Calligraphy".

3513:

Carpenter, John T. (2008). "Chinese Calligraphic Models in Heian Japan: Copying Practices and Stylistic Transmissions". In Cox, Rupert (ed.).

1790:

as well. After his calligraphy was established as the defining model in China during the Tang dynasty, it was transmitted to Japan during the

719:, the Wang family fled to southern China and helped establish the Eastern Jin in 317. Together with other aristocratic immigrants such as the 3756: 3594: 1947:

The exact years of Wang Xizhi's birth and death are disputed. He is frequently described as having lived from 303 to 361, as recorded in the

1965:. Based on other historical sources and calculations, other scholars have proposed alternative ranges, such as 321–379, 305–363, or 307–365. 1539:; "Sudden Clearing after a Lively Snowfall"): a letter from Wang addressed to a "Marquis of Zhang" in which he remarks on the clear weather. 578:, which was originally compiled during the 5th century. These anecdotes describe his interactions with contemporaries such as the statesman 1707: 4852: 1780:

As a result of Emperor Taizong's patronage, Wang is generally considered to be the most significant Chinese calligrapher in history. The

544:

Much of what is known about Wang Xizhi's life is derived from letters that he wrote during his lifetime and historical texts such as the

941:

Wang's gathering included six of his sons (Xuanzhi, Ningzhi, Huanzhi, Suzhi, Huizhi, and Xianzhi), as well as Xie An, Sun Chuo, and the

4832: 3548: 1720:, few scholars were willing to publicly challenge Guo's claims, and those who did were attacked by Guo and his political allies in the 4368:

Richter, Antje; Chace, Charles (2017). "The Trouble with Wang Xizhi: Illness and Healing in a Fourth-Century Chinese Correspondence".

2003:, the description "contrasts the realized kinetic force of the dragon in action with the still-latent energy of the crouching tiger". 1525:, a tracing copy of this letter was among a Japanese imperial collection of Wang's calligraphy that was later donated to the Shōsōin. 4454: 4246: 3806: 462:, a preface to the collection of poems that were written that day. He retired from governmental service in 355, devoted himself to 4329: 829:, who later praised him as "pure and noble, a man with discriminating judgment". Wang was named governor of Linchuan (present-day 3727:(2022). "Special Delivery: Letters from Wang Xizhi and Xie An, Copies, and Colophons". In Wong, Raphael; Fangting, Jiang (eds.). 4638:

Yang, Miaoping (2022). "《世说新语》中王羲之的真实生卒年考论——兼议王羲之研究中的若干问题" [Textual Research on Wang Xizhi's True Birth and Death Years in

4298:

Park, J. P. (2011). "The Art of Being Artistic: Painting Manuals of Late Ming China (1550–1644) and the Negotiation of Taste".

3673: 911: 4676: 4628: 4557: 4488: 4442: 4419: 4288: 4234: 4178: 4130: 4107: 4081: 4033: 3987: 3957: 3871: 3848: 3794: 3740: 3714: 3657: 3631: 3582: 3556: 3526: 1443:; "Eulogy to a Portrait of Dongfang Shuo"): a transcription of a text authored by the poet Xiaohou Chen about a portrait of 4837: 3804:

Holzman, Donald (1997). "On the Authenticity of the 'Preface' to the Collection of Poetry Written at the Orchid Pavilion".

1645:

The complicated textual history of Wang's calligraphy has led to debates over the authenticity of his works, primarily the

995: 4567:

Wei, Lia; Long, Michael (2021). "Entexted Heritage: Calligraphy and the (Re)Making of a Tradition in Contemporary China".

4768: 4862: 2012:

English translation of the letter: "I present three hundred oranges. Frost has not yet fallen. I cannot get any more."

1682:; "Preface to the Riverbank Gathering"). They instead hypothesized that it was written by a later calligrapher of the 399:. He is often regarded as the greatest calligrapher in Chinese history. His most famous work, composed in 353, is the 3916:

Kieser, Annette (2011). "'Laid to Rest There Among the Mountains He Loved So Well'? In Search of Wang Xizhi's Tomb".

4707: 1365: 1205:

continued to promote reproductions of Wang's calligraphy. Around this time, the "Dingwu stone", an engraving of the

4857: 4275:

McNair, Amy (2018). "Public Values in Calligraphy and Orthography in the Tang Dynasty". In Kroll, Paul W. (ed.).

3706: 1579: 1799:

valued. In 2010, a scroll with four lines of Wang's calligraphy, copied during the Tang dynasty, was sold at an

810:

Wang Xizhi was appointed to various government positions between 324 and 354. He started as an assistant in the

4872: 4842: 4480: 4025: 3782: 3574: 897:, to abandon his plans to lead an army into northern China; Yin Hao's expeditions ultimately ended in failure. 261: 4411: 3459:

Baldrian-Hussein, Farzeen (2004). "The Book of the Yellow Court: A Lost Song Commentary of the 12th Century".

1727:

He Jianjun, a scholar of Chinese history, wrote that Guo's motivation for challenging the authenticity of the

1567:; "Ritual to Pray for Good Harvest"): a 15-character fragment of a letter from Wang. Though the art historian 1739: 1184: 330: 1133:(420–479) were enthusiastic art collectors whose imperial collection included many pieces by the Two Wangs. 4064:

Lauer, Uta (2020). "Venerable Copies: The Afterlife of a Fragment of a Letter by Wang Xizhi (303–361)". In

1717: 1023: 3461: 4867: 4827: 4822: 3697:(1999). "A Letter from Wang Hsi-chih and the Culture of Chinese Calligraphy". In Harrist Jr., Robert E.; 1703: 793: 433: 4617:

Berkshire Encyclopedia of China: Modern and Historic Views of the World's Newest and Oldest Global Power

1636:, a calligrapher of the Song dynasty, who treasured it and described it as "the foremost in existence". 4718: 4711: 4620: 4099: 4043:Łakomska, Bogna (2014). "The Great Era of Art Collecting in China: Emperor Taizong and His Followers". 3786: 3492: 1918: 1295: 493: 4590:

Wells, Matthew V. (2015). "From Spirited Youth to Loyal Official: Life Writing and Didacticism in the

596:, contains his official biography in its 80th volume. The work was commissioned in the 7th century by 906: 887:; "General of the Right Army"). Because of this title, he later received the nickname "Wang Youjun" ( 593: 445: 392: 1821:

and receives over one million visitors annually, and his tomb is popular with visitors as well. The

1519:; "Letter to Kong"): a letter from Wang asking about the well-being of one of his friends. Like the 1455:. Wang's original copy, written in 356, was reportedly buried in the tomb of his relative, Wang Xiu. 4786: 4549: 1076: 647:

continue to be referenced as rich sources of information about the era, despite their limitations.

1756: 655: 629:, the uncle of Wang Xizhi, Wells observes that its authors selectively omitted anecdotes from the 1721: 1659:

began to question the authenticity of the preface. Several centuries later, some scholars of the

772:

Around the year 323, Wang became engaged to Xi Xuan, the eldest daughter of the military general

597: 503: 58: 4477:

Reading Philosophy, Writing Poetry: Intertextual Modes of Making Meaning in Early Medieval China

922:

On 22 April 353, Wang hosted 41 of his friends, relatives, and pupils at the Orchid Pavilion on

4218: 3617:

Entombed Epigraphy and Commemorative Culture in Early Medieval China: A Brief History of Early

1134: 1030: 822: 508: 4452:

Swartz, Wendy (2012). "Revisiting the Scene of the Party: A Study of the Lanting Collection".

3777:

Holcombe, Charles (2019). "The Sixteen Kingdoms". In Dien, Albert E.; Knapp, Keith N. (eds.).

3750:

He, Jianjun (2023). "Reading Politics in Calligraphy: The Debate over the Authenticity of the

1324:. His works vary in length from a few lines to several hundred characters and, apart from the 4434: 4140:

Li, Fung Mei Sarah (2008). "Culture as a Major Determinant in Tourism Development of China".

3887: 1402: 1271: 1198:, Emperor Taizong was the "one man who did most for the propagation of the Wang tradition". 1146: 927: 481: 1405:. Copied by Wang in 348, it is generally regarded as the best example of his regular script. 4117:

Lee, Lily Xiao Hong (2007). "Wei Shuo". In Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Stefanowska, A. D. (eds.).

1808: 1787: 1142: 1042: 950: 453: 4511: 875:), and moved there with his family in 347. That same year, he received his highest title, 8: 1734: 1586: 1285: 1249: 748: 743: 716: 708: 601: 489: 396: 151: 125: 432:, and became engaged to Xi Xuan around the year 323. They had eight children, including 4756: 4569: 4387: 4356: 4321: 4309: 4263: 4169:. Handbook of Oriental Studies: Section 4, China. Vol. 14. Leiden/Boston/Cologne: 4008: 3967: 3937: 3904: 3823: 3478: 1887:, Wang once received ten live geese in exchange for transcribing two chapters from the 1257: 297: 289: 4119:

Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E. – 618 C.E

715:. With the collapse of the Western Jin dynasty following the capture and execution of 316: 4672: 4624: 4553: 4484: 4467: 4438: 4415: 4284: 4230: 4174: 4126: 4103: 4077: 4029: 3983: 3953: 3929: 3867: 3844: 3790: 3736: 3724: 3710: 3694: 3653: 3627: 3578: 3552: 3522: 2000: 1334: 674: 417: 245: 237: 4607: 4582: 4732: 4655: 4651: 4603: 4578: 4532: 4528: 4507: 4463: 4379: 4348: 4280: 4255: 4226: 4205: 4170: 4149: 4091: 4052: 3979: 3949: 3925: 3896: 3863: 3815: 3765: 3732: 3729:

The Making of Masterpieces: Chinese Painting and Calligraphy from the Palace Museum

3682: 3623: 3603: 3501: 3470: 1984: 1195: 1183:

and went to great lengths to obtain the original, which he ordered to be buried in

1130: 1096: 1084: 931: 720: 600:, who personally wrote a postscript to Wang's biography declaring him the greatest 361: 202: 171: 4065: 3769: 3607: 1419:; "Yellow Court Classic"): a transcription of a Taoist text describing methods of 4668: 4070:

Fakes and Forgeries of Written Artefacts from Ancient Mesopotamia to Modern China

1578:

is the only tracing copy of Wang's calligraphy held in a Western collection (the

1344: 1215:

and widely considered to be most faithful to the original, was discovered in the

838: 735: 712: 26: 4244:

McNair, Amy (1994). "The Engraved Model-Letters Compendia of the Song Dynasty".

4217:

Lu, Hui-Wen (2017). "A Forgery and the Pursuit of the Authentic Wang Xizhi". In

3860:

Imagery of the Orchid Pavilion Gathering: Visualizing Tokugawa Cultural Networks

3686: 859:

He then requested an appointment as the administrator of Xuancheng (present-day

3999: 1800: 1275: 811: 739: 485: 223: 31: 4383: 4153: 1243:

Dragons leaping at the Gate of Heaven, tigers crouching at the Phoenix Tower.

4816: 4370: 4352: 4339: 4300: 4024:. Studies in Manuscript Cultures. Vol. 20. Berkeley/Los Angeles/Oxford: 1822: 1568: 1444: 1304:) forms. His calligraphy also contains traces of patterns found in the early 954: 692: 547: 531: 369: 4056: 4744: 4337:

Richter, Antje (2011). "Beyond Calligraphy: Reading Wang Xizhi's Letters".

4122: 3703:

The Embodied Image: Chinese Calligraphy from the John B. Elliott Collection

3474: 1962: 1889: 1795: 1660: 1591: 1502: 1315: 1224: 1220: 1202: 1160: 1080: 1039:). During his lifetime, he transcribed several Taoist texts, including the 980: 976: 964: 930:, which was celebrated annually on the third day of the third month of the 923: 537: 449: 402: 306: 209: 139: 22: 3900: 3505: 1861: 1112:), the capital of the Eastern Jin, alongside other members of his family. 572:). Wang makes 47 appearances within the 1,130 historical anecdotes of the 4479:. Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series. Vol. 111. Cambridge: 4188:

Liu, Shi-Yee (2019). "Qian Xuan's Loyalist Revision of Iconic Imagery in

3573:. Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series. Vol. 124. Cambridge: 1791: 1683: 1459: 1452: 1394: 1305: 1095:, and various medicinal substances, including the psychoactive and toxic 1092: 1088: 789: 561: 4391: 4360: 4313: 3908: 3643:

Protecting the Dharma through Calligraphy in Tang China: A Study of the

3482: 1893:, a foundational Taoist text. After his lifetime, art theorists such as 1187:

upon his death. He employed calligraphers to make tracing copies of the

845:) and received the title of "General Who Brings Repose to the Distance" 4162: 4073: 4012: 1420: 1212: 1003: 984: 524: 4803: 4267: 4022:

Brushes with Power: Modern Politics and the Chinese Art of Calligraphy

3827: 3648:. Monumenta Serica Monograph Series. Vol. 72. Abingdon/New York: 184: 181: 178: 4524: 3840: 3649: 3518: 3515:

The Culture of Copying in Japan: Critical and Historical Perspectives

1907: 1870: 1699: 1652: 1126: 1015: 935: 860: 474: 444:). In 353, he hosted 41 of his friends, relatives, and pupils at the 254: 109: 3940:(2014a). "Wang Xizhi 王羲之 (303–361, alt. 321–379, 305–363, 307–365), 3671:

Was Lost: Calligraphy, the Cultural Legacy, and Tang Women Rulers".

1632:; "National Territory"): a letter from Wang that was later owned by 1022:

practices. The Wang clan of Langya were well-known adherents of the

949:. The participants of the Orchid Pavilion Gathering took part in a " 4325: 4259: 4209: 3819: 3698: 3047: 1804: 1138: 1101: 1072: 1068: 942: 894: 872: 868: 830: 826: 752: 731: 727: 682: 626: 583: 441: 437: 429: 425: 275: 113: 88: 4694: 1777:), a title that is still used to describe him in the present day. 825:. Around the year 334, he became the military aide to the general 1950: 1353:), Wang's characters were more vertically elongated and compact. 1333:

A hallmark of Wang's calligraphy, according to the art historian

1330:

and his letters to others, are largely copies of existing texts.

1109: 1105: 1064: 946: 853: 834: 773: 313: 3976:

Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide

3946:

Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide

3622:. Studies in the History of Chinese Texts. Vol. 6. Leiden: 2550: 4072:. Studies in Manuscript Cultures. Vol. 20. Berlin/Boston: 3088: 3086: 2895: 2562: 2427: 2415: 1894: 1656: 1448: 1398: 1141:

caused the imperial collection to be scattered. His successor,

1036: 1019: 758: 579: 463: 4751: 4431:

Mi Fu: Style and the Art of Calligraphy in Northern Song China

3997:

Kohara, Hironobu (1995). "Notes on Reading Mi Fu's 'Huashi'".

3419: 2333: 1393:; "Essay on Yue Yi"): a transcription of an essay authored by 4762: 4546:

The Way of the Sage of Calligraphy: A Biography of Wang Xizhi

3974:

Yuanyuan 渊源". In Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping (eds.).

3284: 3115: 3113: 2924: 2922: 2858: 2856: 2792: 2790: 2777: 2775: 2697: 2685: 2610: 2471: 2469: 2439: 2362: 2360: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 1686:

or Tang dynasties, but this was a minority view at the time.

1633: 1216: 864: 856:

to accept the appointment of "General Who Defends the Army".

842: 678: 660: 421: 335: 321: 84: 3383: 3272: 3098: 3083: 2528: 2526: 2498: 2496: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 1153: 3944:

Yishao 逸少". In Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping (eds.).

3371: 3359: 2946: 2709: 2191: 413:; "Preface to the Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion"). 4406:

ed!". In Rothschild, N. Harry; Wallace, Leslie V. (eds.).

4322:"Rare Chinese calligraphy scroll fetches $ 46m at auction" 3407: 3110: 3071: 2982: 2970: 2919: 2883: 2853: 2819: 2817: 2787: 2772: 2673: 2598: 2586: 2466: 2357: 2309: 2230: 2172: 3037: 3035: 3033: 2523: 2493: 2456: 2454: 2396: 1014:

After his retirement, Wang moved to Jinting (present-day

294: 280: 266: 4642:: Also on Several Issues in Wang Xizhi's Research]. 4096:

Mi Fu and the Classical Tradition of Chinese Calligraphy

3862:. Japanese Visual Culture. Vol. 22. Leiden/Boston: 2513: 2511: 2384: 1423:. There are two versions of this text; the shorter one ( 3881:

Kern, Martin (2015). "Made by the Empire: Wang Xizhi's

3250: 3248: 3233: 3173: 3137: 3125: 3006: 2994: 2958: 2907: 2841: 2814: 2745: 2733: 2721: 2651: 2649: 2273: 2249: 2076: 2064: 1983:

This eight-character phrase was later inscribed by the

723:, they dominated the regional politics of this period. 3568:

Anecdote, Network, Gossip, Performance: Essays on the

3320: 3209: 3059: 3030: 2762: 2760: 2622: 2451: 2218: 2148: 2124: 1087:. He sought out many treatments and therapies such as 4716: 3349: 3347: 3308: 3296: 3197: 3185: 3149: 2829: 2802: 2634: 2574: 2508: 2481: 2208: 2206: 2100: 2040: 2030: 2028: 1988: 1948: 1926: 1832: 1816: 1781: 1772: 1728: 1711: 1690: 1671: 1664: 1646: 1621: 1607: 1595: 1573: 1556: 1542: 1528: 1520: 1508: 1490: 1476: 1464: 1432: 1424: 1408: 1382: 1370: 1348: 1338: 1325: 1319: 1309: 1299: 1289: 1279: 1262: 1206: 1188: 1178: 1158: 1040: 1028: 962: 876: 852:. In 346, he was reluctantly persuaded by his friend 783: 777: 763: 685:). During his childhood, his personal name was A'tu ( 642: 636: 630: 620: 614: 608: 587: 573: 559: 545: 529: 497: 457: 400: 242: 228: 214: 137: 3332: 3245: 3018: 2873: 2871: 2646: 2136: 2088: 2052: 1125:

The first known collector of Wang's calligraphy was

4223:

Visual and Material Cultures in Middle Period China

3161: 2757: 2661: 2372: 2297: 2285: 4225:. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 137. Leiden/Boston: 3395: 3344: 3260: 2538: 2345: 2321: 2261: 2203: 2160: 2025: 821:he served as a companion and mentor to the future 711:, and his father, Wang Kuang, was the governor of 707:). He was a member of an aristocratic family, the 3221: 2934: 2868: 2112: 4814: 4519:Wang, Pin (2023). Shei, Chris; Wang, Bo (eds.). 3490:Bai, Qianshen (2002). "O Gishi ronko (review)". 3458: 3442:Augustin, Birgitta (2017). "Wang Xizhi's Letter 3053: 3542:A Gentle Breeze: A Study of Wang Xizhi and His 391:) was a Chinese politician and writer from the 1270:Wang is known for his proficiency in multiple 480:Wang is known for his proficiency in multiple 3757:Monumenta Serica: Journal of Oriental Studies 3595:Monumenta Serica: Journal of Oriental Studies 3448:The National Palace Museum Research Quarterly 1994: 1956: 1826: 1766: 1677: 1627: 1613: 1562: 1548: 1534: 1514: 1496: 1482: 1438: 1414: 1388: 1237: 1048: 990: 970: 888: 882: 797: 702: 696: 686: 567: 553: 408: 176: 4498:Tang, Lin (2021). "Wang Xizhi and Sichuan". 4367: 3857: 3834: 3640: 3425: 3413: 3389: 3377: 3365: 2976: 2862: 2796: 2703: 2691: 2679: 2616: 2592: 2556: 2502: 2475: 2445: 2409: 2315: 2243: 2197: 1708:China Federation of Literary and Art Circles 900: 3723: 3693: 3119: 2928: 2901: 2889: 2781: 2532: 1838: 4408:Behaving Badly in Early and Medieval China 4398: 3966: 3936: 3549:Chung Hwa Book Company (Hong Kong) Limited 2604: 2568: 2433: 2421: 2366: 2339: 2185: 1663:rejected the claim that Wang produced the 1640: 452:. There, the participants took part in a " 57: 4667:. Translated by Kong, Xurong. Singapore: 4161:Little, Stephen (2000). "Daoist Art". In 4090: 3512: 3290: 3278: 3143: 3092: 3077: 3012: 3000: 2988: 2964: 2952: 2913: 2847: 2823: 2751: 2739: 2727: 650: 4455:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4320: 4247:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4042: 3807:Journal of the American Oriental Society 3776: 3754:on the Eve of the Cultural Revolution". 3733:The Commercial Press (Hong Kong) Limited 3446:and Its Reception in the Yuan Dynasty". 3441: 3302: 3104: 3041: 2255: 1860: 1755: 1751: 1585: 1458: 1364: 1256: 1252:describing the calligraphy of Wang Xizhi 1157:Main text of a Tang dynasty copy of the 1152: 994: 910: 757: 701:), and adopted the studio name Danzhai ( 654: 523: 4566: 4428: 4336: 3803: 2628: 2580: 2460: 2390: 2224: 1760:Monument to Wang's calligraphy in Linyi 1360: 4815: 4665:Chinese Aesthetics in a Global Context 4474: 4451: 4274: 4243: 4160: 3996: 3915: 3674:Frontiers of Literary Studies in China 3314: 3179: 3155: 3065: 2715: 2655: 2640: 2517: 2487: 2094: 1689:During the 1960s, the question of the 1230: 659:Site of Wang's childhood residence in 296: 244: 16:Chinese calligrapher (c. 303 – c. 361) 4619:. Vol. 5. Great Barrington, MA: 4589: 4512:10.19873/j.cnki.2096-0212.2021.06.006 4332:from the original on 20 January 2024. 4063: 4019: 3666: 3614: 3338: 3167: 3024: 2291: 2166: 2154: 2142: 2118: 2082: 1651:. During the Song dynasty, the poets 1314:) style, according to an analysis by 519: 4769: 4637: 4539: 4518: 4497: 4297: 3880: 3707:The Art Museum, Princeton University 3591: 3565: 3535: 3254: 3239: 3131: 2940: 2766: 2667: 2544: 2378: 2303: 2267: 2212: 2130: 2070: 2058: 2046: 2034: 1856: 776:. In a well-known anecdote from the 4848:Jin dynasty (266–420) calligraphers 4662: 4187: 4116: 3489: 3401: 3353: 2327: 2279: 2106: 1018:, Zhejiang) and devoted himself to 805: 734:. Wei Shuo was a specialist in the 592:, which details the history of the 13: 4614: 4216: 4139: 3749: 3326: 3266: 3227: 3215: 3203: 3191: 2877: 2835: 2808: 2351: 1999:). According to the art historian 1883:According to an anecdote from the 1505:treasure house in the 8th century. 14: 4884: 4833:4th-century Chinese calligraphers 4687: 4615:Wu, Fatima (2009). "Wang Xizhi". 4221:; Huang, Shih-shan Susan (eds.). 4795: 4778: 4750: 4738: 4726: 4693: 4468:10.7817/jameroriesoci.132.2.0275 3978:. Vol. 3–4. Leiden/Boston: 3930:10.1179/194678411X13134896693790 3667:Doran, Rebecca (2017). "How the 1472:Written in semi-cursive script: 1401:, a military general during the 4608:10.1179/1529910415Z.00000000018 4583:10.4000/chinaperspectives.12255 4429:Sturman, Peter Charles (1997). 4277:Critical Readings on Tang China 3970:(2014b). "Yin Hao 殷浩 (d. 362), 3547:] (in Chinese). Hong Kong: 2006: 1977: 1968: 1941: 1580:Princeton University Art Museum 336: 322: 295: 281: 267: 4853:Jin dynasty (266–420) generals 4656:10.13663/j.cnki.lj.2022.02.017 4533:10.4324/9780367565152-RECHS4-1 4481:Harvard University Asia Center 4279:. Vol. 3. Leiden/Boston: 4026:University of California Press 3948:. Vol. 2. Leiden/Boston: 3783:The Cambridge History of China 3575:Harvard University Asia Center 1115: 243: 229: 215: 177: 1: 4068:; Friedrich, Michael (eds.). 3858:Kameda-Madar, Kazuko (2022). 3770:10.1080/02549948.2023.2263294 3641:De Laurentis, Pietro (2021). 3608:10.1080/02549948.2022.2061163 3434: 1987:as an introduction to Wang's 1911: 1874: 1740:Hai Rui Dismissed from Office 1166: 1120: 1057: 846: 815: 667: 528:Partial transcription of the 467: 381: 100: 76: 4500:Contemporary Social Sciences 4020:Kraus, Richard Curt (1991). 2019: 1718:Socialist Education Movement 1698:authenticity was revived by 1429:) was copied by Wang in 356. 1261:Song dynasty rubbing of the 1024:Way of the Celestial Masters 7: 4838:4th-century Chinese writers 4708:Works related to Wang Xizhi 4699:English translation of the 4412:University of Hawaiʻi Press 4198:Metropolitan Museum Journal 4190:Tao Yuanming Returning Home 3687:10.3868/s010-006-017-0023-2 1989: 1949: 1927: 1833: 1817: 1782: 1773: 1729: 1712: 1704:Chinese Academy of Sciences 1691: 1672: 1665: 1647: 1622: 1608: 1603:Written in cursive script: 1596: 1574: 1557: 1543: 1529: 1521: 1509: 1491: 1477: 1465: 1433: 1425: 1409: 1383: 1378:Written in regular script: 1371: 1349: 1339: 1326: 1320: 1310: 1300: 1290: 1280: 1263: 1207: 1189: 1179: 1159: 1053:; "Yellow Court Classic"). 1041: 1029: 1000:Xizhi's Affection for Geese 963: 877: 784: 778: 764: 643: 637: 631: 621: 615: 609: 588: 574: 560: 546: 530: 498: 458: 401: 138: 67:, 19th – early 20th century 10: 4889: 4712:Metropolitan Museum of Art 4621:Berkshire Publishing Group 4100:Princeton University Press 3787:Cambridge University Press 3785:. Vol. 2. Cambridge: 3779:The Six Dynasties, 220–589 3615:Davis, Timothy M. (2016). 3493:China Review International 1919:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1165:, copied by Feng Chengsu, 991:Retirement and later years 904: 691:). He was later given the 20: 4863:Politicians from Shaoxing 4669:Springer Nature Singapore 4384:10.1163/15685322-10313P02 4194:Wang Xizhi Watching Geese 4154:10.1080/13683500802475786 4142:Current Issues in Tourism 1995: 1957: 1904:Wang Xizhi Watching Geese 1867:Wang Xizhi Watching Geese 1827: 1767: 1746: 1678: 1628: 1614: 1563: 1549: 1535: 1515: 1497: 1483: 1463:Tang dynasty copy of the 1439: 1415: 1389: 1369:Tang dynasty copy of the 1238: 1049: 971: 918:by Yamamoto Jakurin, 1790 916:Winding Stream at Lanting 907:Orchid Pavilion Gathering 901:Orchid Pavilion Gathering 889: 883: 798: 703: 697: 687: 568: 554: 446:Orchid Pavilion Gathering 409: 395:known for his mastery of 377: 365: 351: 347: 329: 312: 305: 288: 274: 260: 253: 236: 222: 208: 201: 196: 192: 170: 165: 161: 157: 147: 131: 121: 96: 72: 56: 48: 47: 40: 4594:Biography of Wang Dao". 4550:Writers Publishing House 4521:Calligraphy and Painting 4353:10.1163/156853210X544880 3378:Richter & Chace 2017 2704:Richter & Chace 2017 2692:Richter & Chace 2017 2680:Richter & Chace 2017 2617:Richter & Chace 2017 2593:Richter & Chace 2017 2316:Richter & Chace 2017 1934: 473:in Jinting (present-day 456:" and Wang composed the 4219:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley 4057:10.11588/ao.2014.0.8758 1803:auction in Beijing for 1722:Chinese Communist Party 1641:Debates on authenticity 1077:gastrointestinal issues 768:by Shangguan Zhou, 1743 762:Wang Xizhi depicted in 598:Emperor Taizong of Tang 514: 504:Emperor Taizong of Tang 65:Portraits of Famous Men 4858:Politicians from Linyi 4623:. pp. 2409–2410. 4540:Wang, Zhaojun (2014). 4475:Swartz, Wendy (2018). 4283:. pp. 1540–1556. 3982:. pp. 1903–1905. 3952:. pp. 1257–1262. 3725:Harrist Jr., Robert E. 3695:Harrist Jr., Robert E. 3566:Chen, Jack W. (2021). 3475:10.3406/asie.2004.1207 3462:Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 1880: 1761: 1702:, the chairman of the 1600: 1469: 1426:Huangting waijing jing 1375: 1267: 1255: 1173: 1007: 919: 823:Emperor Jianwen of Jin 769: 663: 651:Early years and family 541: 509:East Asian calligraphy 496:forms. Apart from the 4873:Writers from Shaoxing 4843:Artists from Shaoxing 4663:Zhu, Zhirong (2022). 4435:Yale University Press 3901:10.1353/aaa.2016.0003 3888:Archives of Asian Art 3839:. Abingdon/New York: 3536:Chen, Anfeng (2019). 3517:. Abingdon/New York: 3506:10.1353/cri.2003.0067 3054:Baldrian-Hussein 2004 2718:, pp. 74, 79–80. 2571:, pp. 1258–1259. 2436:, pp. 1904–1905. 2424:, pp. 1257–1258. 2001:Robert E. Harrist Jr. 1917:and is housed in the 1864: 1759: 1752:Posthumous reputation 1589: 1462: 1403:Warring States period 1368: 1335:Robert E. Harrist Jr. 1272:Chinese script styles 1260: 1234: 1219:province. During the 1156: 1147:Emperor Yuan of Liang 998: 928:Double Third Festival 914: 905:Further information: 761: 658: 594:Jin dynasty (266–420) 527: 482:Chinese script styles 393:Jin dynasty (266–420) 4596:Early Medieval China 4433:. New Haven/London: 4414:. pp. 154–168. 4328:. 22 November 2010. 4229:. pp. 193–225. 4173:. pp. 709–746. 4125:. pp. 344–347. 3918:Early Medieval China 3885:and Its Paradoxes". 3843:. pp. 730–746. 3789:. pp. 119–144. 3709:. pp. 241–259. 3645:Ji Wang shengjiao xu 3521:. pp. 156–195. 3218:, pp. 523, 528. 2904:, pp. 243, 248. 2559:, pp. 2, 9, 19. 2342:, pp. 157, 165. 2282:, pp. 344, 346. 2073:, pp. 117, 134. 1788:Japanese calligraphy 1434:Dongfang Shuo huazan 1361:Representative works 1201:The emperors of the 951:winding stream party 765:Wanxiaotang huazhuan 666:Wang Xizhi was born 466:practices, and died 454:winding stream party 3968:Knechtges, David R. 3938:Knechtges, David R. 3329:, pp. 74, 497. 3242:, pp. 103–105. 3206:, pp. 521–524. 3194:, pp. 520–521. 3134:, pp. 118–119. 3107:, p. 134, 141. 3095:, pp. 162–163. 3056:, pp. 191–192. 2838:, pp. 212–213. 2811:, pp. 211–212. 2391:Wei & Long 2021 2133:, pp. 220–221. 2109:, pp. 518–519. 2085:, pp. 256–257. 1807: 308 million ( 1735:Cultural Revolution 1530:Kuaixue shiqing tie 1372:Kuaixue shiqing tie 1274:, particularly the 1250:Emperor Wu of Liang 1231:Technique and style 958:41 poems that day. 749:Emperor Yuan of Jin 744:semi-cursive script 709:Wang clan of Langya 484:, particularly the 397:Chinese calligraphy 152:Wang clan of Langya 126:Chinese calligraphy 4868:Writers from Linyi 4828:4th-century deaths 4823:4th-century births 4570:China Perspectives 4076:. pp. 77–87. 3837:The Tokugawa World 3735:. pp. 59–79. 3538:惠風和暢：王羲之及其《蘭亭集序》研究 3293:, p. 161–162. 3281:, pp. 12, 19. 2955:, pp. 13, 19. 2049:, pp. 3, 7–8. 1881: 1848:fan-writing bridge 1762: 1601: 1470: 1376: 1268: 1174: 1008: 920: 770: 664: 542: 520:Historical sources 4678:978-981-16-7746-5 4630:978-0-9770159-4-8 4559:978-7-5063-7129-2 4490:978-0-674-98382-3 4444:978-0-300-06569-5 4421:978-0-8248-6781-2 4290:978-90-04-28167-7 4236:978-90-04-34898-1 4180:978-90-04-11208-7 4132:978-0-7656-1750-7 4109:978-0-691-03937-4 4098:. Princeton, NJ: 4092:Ledderose, Lothar 4083:978-3-11-071422-7 4045:Art of the Orient 4035:978-0-520-07285-5 3989:978-90-04-26788-6 3959:978-90-04-19240-9 3873:978-90-04-52392-0 3850:978-1-138-93685-0 3796:978-1-107-02077-1 3742:978-962-07-0614-1 3716:978-0-943012-28-5 3705:. Princeton, NJ: 3659:978-1-03-213693-6 3633:978-90-04-30641-7 3584:978-0-674-25117-5 3558:978-988-8573-82-0 3528:978-0-415-30752-9 3428:, pp. 21–22. 3426:Kameda-Madar 2022 3414:Kameda-Madar 2022 3390:Kameda-Madar 2021 3366:Kameda-Madar 2022 3182:, pp. 11–12. 3080:, pp. 13–14. 2991:, pp. 15–17. 2977:De Laurentis 2021 2863:Kameda-Madar 2022 2797:Kameda-Madar 2022 2706:, pp. 81–89. 2694:, pp. 43–56. 2619:, pp. 77–79. 2557:Kameda-Madar 2022 2503:De Laurentis 2021 2476:Kameda-Madar 2022 2448:, pp. 1, 14. 2446:Kameda-Madar 2022 2410:De Laurentis 2021 2393:, pp. 43–44. 2244:Kameda-Madar 2022 2198:Kameda-Madar 2022 2157:, pp. 11–13. 2061:, pp. 83–85. 1857:Depictions in art 1815:engraving of the 1510:Kong shizhong tie 1035:(abstinence from 983:in China and the 675:Langya Commandery 540:, 7th–8th century 418:Langya Commandery 355: 354: 343: 342: 262:Yale Romanization 203:Standard Mandarin 4880: 4808: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4791: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4771: 4755: 4754: 4743: 4742: 4741: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4722: 4697: 4682: 4659: 4634: 4611: 4586: 4563: 4548:]. Beijing: 4542:书圣之道 : 王羲之传 4536: 4515: 4494: 4471: 4448: 4425: 4405: 4395: 4364: 4347:(4–5): 370–407. 4333: 4317: 4294: 4271: 4240: 4213: 4184: 4157: 4136: 4113: 4087: 4060: 4039: 4016: 3993: 3963: 3933: 3912: 3895:(1–2): 117–137. 3877: 3854: 3831: 3800: 3773: 3746: 3720: 3690: 3663: 3637: 3611: 3588: 3562: 3532: 3509: 3486: 3455: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3120:Harrist Jr. 1999 3117: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2929:Harrist Jr. 1999 2926: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2902:Harrist Jr. 1999 2899: 2893: 2890:Harrist Jr. 1999 2887: 2881: 2875: 2866: 2860: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2785: 2782:Harrist Jr. 1999 2779: 2770: 2764: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2533:Harrist Jr. 2022 2530: 2521: 2515: 2506: 2500: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2464: 2458: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2013: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1985:Qianlong Emperor 1981: 1975: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1945: 1930: 1916: 1913: 1879: 1876: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1820: 1785: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1732: 1715: 1697: 1694: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1668: 1650: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1599: 1577: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1468: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1428: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1374: 1352: 1342: 1329: 1323: 1313: 1303: 1293: 1283: 1266: 1253: 1241: 1240: 1210: 1196:Lothar Ledderose 1192: 1182: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1131:Liu Song dynasty 1097:Cold-Food Powder 1085:chest discomfort 1062: 1059: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1034: 974: 973: 968: 932:Chinese calendar 892: 891: 886: 885: 880: 851: 848: 820: 817: 806:Political career 801: 800: 787: 781: 767: 721:Xie clan of Chen 706: 705: 700: 699: 690: 689: 672: 669: 646: 640: 634: 624: 618: 612: 591: 577: 571: 570: 565: 557: 556: 551: 535: 501: 472: 469: 461: 420:(in present-day 412: 411: 406: 390: 386: 383: 379: 367: 339: 338: 325: 324: 301: 300: 299: 284: 283: 270: 269: 249: 248: 247: 232: 231: 218: 217: 194: 193: 188: 187: 143: 134: 105: 102: 81: 78: 61: 51: 38: 37: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4801: 4796: 4794: 4784: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4770:sister projects 4767:at Knowledge's 4761: 4749: 4739: 4737: 4727: 4725: 4717: 4690: 4685: 4679: 4644:Library Journal 4640:Shi Shuo Xin Yu 4631: 4560: 4491: 4445: 4422: 4403: 4291: 4237: 4181: 4167:Daoism Handbook 4133: 4110: 4084: 4036: 3990: 3960: 3874: 3851: 3797: 3752:Lanting Preface 3743: 3717: 3660: 3634: 3585: 3559: 3529: 3444:Kuaixue shiqing 3437: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3230:, pp. 535. 3226: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3068:, p. 1546. 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2869: 2861: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2788: 2780: 2773: 2765: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2607:, p. 1259. 2605:Knechtges 2014a 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2569:Knechtges 2014a 2567: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2524: 2516: 2509: 2501: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2467: 2459: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2434:Knechtges 2014b 2432: 2428: 2422:Knechtges 2014a 2420: 2416: 2408: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2369:, p. 1258. 2367:Knechtges 2014a 2365: 2358: 2354:, p. 2409. 2350: 2346: 2340:Rothschild 2017 2338: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2188:, p. 1257. 2186:Knechtges 2014a 2184: 2173: 2165: 2161: 2153: 2149: 2145:, pp. 8–9. 2141: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2057: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2007: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1914: 1877: 1859: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1754: 1749: 1695: 1643: 1363: 1345:clerical script 1254: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1233: 1169: 1123: 1118: 1060: 993: 953:", a customary 909: 903: 878:youjun jiangjun 849: 839:Huangmei County 818: 808: 670: 653: 522: 517: 470: 388: 384: 132: 117: 107: 103: 92: 82: 79: 68: 52: 49: 43: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4886: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4810: 4809: 4792: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4747: 4735: 4715: 4714: 4705: 4689: 4688:External links 4686: 4684: 4683: 4677: 4660: 4650:(2): 142–146. 4646:(in Chinese). 4635: 4629: 4612: 4587: 4564: 4558: 4537: 4516: 4495: 4489: 4472: 4462:(2): 275–300. 4449: 4443: 4426: 4420: 4396: 4378:(1–3): 33–93. 4365: 4334: 4318: 4295: 4289: 4272: 4260:10.2307/605830 4254:(2): 209–225. 4241: 4235: 4214: 4210:10.1086/707571 4185: 4179: 4158: 4148:(6): 492–513. 4137: 4131: 4121:. Armonk, NY: 4114: 4108: 4088: 4082: 4066:Michel, Cécile 4061: 4040: 4034: 4017: 4000:Ars Orientalis 3994: 3988: 3964: 3958: 3934: 3913: 3878: 3872: 3855: 3849: 3832: 3820:10.2307/605492 3814:(2): 306–311. 3801: 3795: 3774: 3764:(2): 517–539. 3747: 3741: 3721: 3715: 3691: 3681:(3): 427–461. 3664: 3658: 3638: 3632: 3612: 3589: 3583: 3563: 3557: 3533: 3527: 3510: 3500:(2): 516–521. 3487: 3456: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3430: 3418: 3406: 3394: 3392:, p. 737. 3382: 3370: 3358: 3343: 3331: 3319: 3307: 3295: 3291:Carpenter 2008 3283: 3279:Ledderose 1979 3271: 3269:, p. 496. 3259: 3257:, p. 103. 3244: 3232: 3220: 3208: 3196: 3184: 3172: 3160: 3158:, p. 220. 3148: 3144:Ledderose 1979 3136: 3124: 3122:, p. 245. 3109: 3097: 3093:Carpenter 2008 3082: 3078:Ledderose 1979 3070: 3058: 3046: 3029: 3027:, p. 432. 3017: 3013:Ledderose 1979 3005: 3001:Ledderose 1979 2993: 2989:Ledderose 1979 2981: 2969: 2965:Ledderose 1979 2957: 2953:Ledderose 1979 2945: 2933: 2931:, p. 246. 2918: 2914:Ledderose 1979 2906: 2894: 2892:, p. 253. 2882: 2880:, p. 213. 2867: 2852: 2848:Ledderose 1979 2840: 2828: 2824:Ledderose 1979 2813: 2801: 2786: 2784:, p. 249. 2771: 2769:, p. 118. 2756: 2752:Ledderose 1979 2744: 2740:Ledderose 1979 2732: 2728:Ledderose 1979 2720: 2708: 2696: 2684: 2672: 2670:, p. 323. 2660: 2645: 2643:, p. 719. 2633: 2631:, p. 308. 2621: 2609: 2597: 2585: 2573: 2561: 2549: 2537: 2522: 2520:, p. 158. 2507: 2492: 2490:, p. 277. 2480: 2465: 2463:, p. 306. 2450: 2438: 2426: 2414: 2395: 2383: 2381:, p. 188. 2371: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2330:, p. 239. 2320: 2308: 2306:, p. 144. 2296: 2284: 2272: 2260: 2258:, p. 126. 2248: 2229: 2227:, p. 371. 2217: 2202: 2200:, p. 257. 2190: 2171: 2159: 2147: 2135: 2123: 2111: 2099: 2097:, p. 210. 2087: 2075: 2063: 2051: 2039: 2037:, p. 117. 2023: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2005: 1976: 1967: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1910:, was painted 1858: 1855: 1801:China Guardian 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1619: 1584: 1583: 1554: 1540: 1526: 1506: 1488: 1457: 1456: 1430: 1410:Huangting jing 1406: 1362: 1359: 1264:Huangting jing 1246: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1135:Emperor Xiaowu 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1043:Huangting jing 992: 989: 981:Ming dynasties 902: 899: 812:Palace Library 807: 804: 792:, Caozhi, and 652: 649: 521: 518: 516: 513: 353: 352: 349: 348: 345: 344: 341: 340: 333: 327: 326: 319: 310: 309: 303: 302: 292: 286: 285: 278: 272: 271: 264: 258: 257: 255:Yue: Cantonese 251: 250: 240: 234: 233: 226: 220: 219: 212: 206: 205: 199: 198: 197:Transcriptions 190: 189: 174: 168: 167: 163: 162: 159: 158: 155: 154: 149: 145: 144: 135: 129: 128: 123: 122:Known for 119: 118: 108: 98: 94: 93: 83: 74: 70: 69: 62: 54: 53: 45: 44: 41: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4885: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4807:from Wikidata 4806: 4805: 4793: 4789: 4788: 4776: 4775: 4772: 4766: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4704:at Wikisource 4703: 4702: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4680: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4456: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4302: 4301:Artibus Asiae 4296: 4292: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3734: 3731:. Hong Kong: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3602:(1): 99–130. 3601: 3597: 3596: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3570:Shishuo xinyu 3569: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3457: 3454:(1): 133–179. 3453: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3439: 3427: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3404:, p. 38. 3403: 3398: 3391: 3386: 3380:, p. 76. 3379: 3374: 3368:, p. 22. 3367: 3362: 3356:, p. 36. 3355: 3350: 3348: 3341:, p. 30. 3340: 3335: 3328: 3323: 3317:, p. 93. 3316: 3311: 3304: 3303:BBC News 2010 3299: 3292: 3287: 3280: 3275: 3268: 3263: 3256: 3251: 3249: 3241: 3236: 3229: 3224: 3217: 3212: 3205: 3200: 3193: 3188: 3181: 3176: 3170:, p. 83. 3169: 3164: 3157: 3152: 3146:, p. 14. 3145: 3140: 3133: 3128: 3121: 3116: 3114: 3106: 3105:Augustin 2017 3101: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3079: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3055: 3050: 3044:, p. 44. 3043: 3042:Łakomska 2014 3038: 3036: 3034: 3026: 3021: 3015:, p. 13. 3014: 3009: 3003:, p. 18. 3002: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2979:, p. 64. 2978: 2973: 2967:, p. 19. 2966: 2961: 2954: 2949: 2942: 2937: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2916:, p. 12. 2915: 2910: 2903: 2898: 2891: 2886: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2865:, p. 19. 2864: 2859: 2857: 2850:, p. 25. 2849: 2844: 2837: 2832: 2826:, p. 27. 2825: 2820: 2818: 2810: 2805: 2799:, p. 17. 2798: 2793: 2791: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2754:, p. 42. 2753: 2748: 2742:, p. 41. 2741: 2736: 2730:, p. 40. 2729: 2724: 2717: 2712: 2705: 2700: 2693: 2688: 2682:, p. 42. 2681: 2676: 2669: 2664: 2658:, p. 74. 2657: 2652: 2650: 2642: 2637: 2630: 2625: 2618: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2595:, p. 43. 2594: 2589: 2583:, p. 95. 2582: 2577: 2570: 2565: 2558: 2553: 2547:, p. 34. 2546: 2541: 2535:, p. 59. 2534: 2529: 2527: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2489: 2484: 2478:, p. 14. 2477: 2472: 2470: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2447: 2442: 2435: 2430: 2423: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2392: 2387: 2380: 2375: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2353: 2348: 2341: 2336: 2329: 2324: 2318:, p. 86. 2317: 2312: 2305: 2300: 2294:, p. 15. 2293: 2288: 2281: 2276: 2270:, p. 80. 2269: 2264: 2257: 2256:Holcombe 2019 2252: 2246:, p. 16. 2245: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2226: 2221: 2215:, p. 79. 2214: 2209: 2207: 2199: 2194: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2168: 2163: 2156: 2151: 2144: 2139: 2132: 2127: 2120: 2115: 2108: 2103: 2096: 2091: 2084: 2079: 2072: 2067: 2060: 2055: 2048: 2043: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2024: 2009: 2002: 1991: 1986: 1980: 1971: 1964: 1953: 1952: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1929: 1922: 1920: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1854: 1835: 1824: 1823:Tishan Bridge 1819: 1812: 1811:46 million). 1810: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1758: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1687: 1685: 1674: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1635: 1624: 1620: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1581: 1576: 1570: 1569:Zhang Yanyuan 1559: 1555: 1545: 1541: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1493: 1489: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1467: 1461: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1445:Dongfang Shuo 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1328: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1265: 1259: 1251: 1244: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1191: 1186: 1185:his mausoleum 1181: 1163: 1162: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1104:(present-day 1103: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1054: 1045: 1044: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1005: 1001: 997: 988: 986: 982: 978: 967: 966: 959: 956: 955:drinking game 952: 948: 944: 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 917: 913: 908: 898: 896: 879: 874: 870: 866: 862: 857: 855: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 813: 803: 795: 791: 786: 780: 779:Shishuo xinyu 775: 766: 760: 756: 754: 750: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 724: 722: 718: 714: 710: 694: 693:courtesy name 684: 680: 677:(present-day 676: 662: 657: 648: 645: 644:Shishuo xinyu 639: 633: 632:Shishuo xinyu 628: 625:biography of 623: 617: 611: 610:Shishuo Xinyu 605: 603: 599: 595: 590: 585: 582:and the poet 581: 576: 575:Shishuo xinyu 564: 563: 550: 549: 548:Shishuo xinyu 539: 534: 533: 532:Shishuo xinyu 526: 512: 510: 505: 500: 495: 491: 487: 483: 478: 477:, Zhejiang). 476: 465: 460: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 414: 405: 404: 398: 394: 375: 371: 370:courtesy name 363: 359: 350: 346: 334: 332: 328: 320: 318: 315: 311: 308: 304: 298: 293: 291: 287: 279: 277: 273: 265: 263: 259: 256: 252: 246: 241: 239: 235: 230:Wang Hsi-chih 227: 225: 221: 213: 211: 207: 204: 200: 195: 191: 186: 183: 180: 175: 173: 169: 164: 160: 156: 153: 150: 146: 142: 141: 136: 130: 127: 124: 120: 116:, Eastern Jin 115: 111: 99: 95: 91:, Eastern Jin 90: 86: 75: 71: 66: 60: 55: 46: 39: 34: 33: 28: 24: 19: 4802: 4790:from Commons 4785: 4764: 4701:Lantingji xu 4700: 4664: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4616: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4574: 4568: 4545: 4541: 4520: 4503: 4499: 4476: 4459: 4453: 4430: 4410:. Honolulu: 4407: 4400: 4375: 4369: 4344: 4338: 4305: 4299: 4276: 4251: 4245: 4222: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4166: 4145: 4141: 4123:M. E. Sharpe 4118: 4095: 4069: 4048: 4044: 4021: 4004: 3998: 3975: 3971: 3945: 3941: 3921: 3917: 3892: 3886: 3882: 3859: 3836: 3811: 3805: 3778: 3761: 3755: 3751: 3728: 3702: 3699:Fong, Wen C. 3678: 3672: 3668: 3646: 3642: 3620: 3616: 3599: 3593: 3571: 3567: 3545: 3544:Lantingji Xu 3541: 3537: 3514: 3497: 3491: 3466: 3460: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3421: 3416:, p. 2. 3409: 3397: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3334: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3235: 3223: 3211: 3199: 3187: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3139: 3127: 3100: 3073: 3061: 3049: 3020: 3008: 2996: 2984: 2972: 2960: 2948: 2943:, p. 4. 2936: 2909: 2897: 2885: 2843: 2831: 2804: 2747: 2735: 2723: 2711: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2663: 2636: 2629:Holzman 1997 2624: 2612: 2600: 2588: 2581:Sturman 1997 2576: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2505:, p. 6. 2483: 2461:Holzman 1997 2441: 2429: 2417: 2412:, p. 4. 2386: 2374: 2347: 2335: 2323: 2311: 2299: 2287: 2275: 2263: 2251: 2225:Richter 2011 2220: 2193: 2169:, p. 4. 2162: 2150: 2138: 2126: 2121:, p. 3. 2114: 2102: 2090: 2078: 2066: 2054: 2042: 2008: 1990:Xingrang tie 1979: 1970: 1963:Tao Hongjing 1943: 1928:Lantingji xu 1923: 1903: 1898: 1890:Tao Te Ching 1888: 1884: 1882: 1866: 1865:Detail from 1818:Lantingji xu 1813: 1783:Lantingji xu 1779: 1763: 1738: 1730:Lantingji xu 1726: 1713:Lantingji xu 1692:Lantingji xu 1688: 1666:Lantingji xu 1661:Qing dynasty 1648:Lantingji xu 1644: 1602: 1594:copy of the 1592:Yuan dynasty 1590:Detail from 1575:Xingrang tie 1558:Xingrang tie 1522:Sangluan tie 1492:Sangluan tie 1478:Lantingji xu 1471: 1466:Xingrang tie 1377: 1355: 1340:Lantingji xu 1332: 1327:Lantingji xu 1321:Lantingji xu 1316:Dong Qichang 1286:semi-cursive 1269: 1236: 1225:Tang dynasty 1221:Ming dynasty 1208:Lantingji xu 1203:Song dynasty 1200: 1190:Lantingji xu 1180:Lantingji xu 1175: 1161:Lantingji xu 1143:Emperor Ming 1124: 1081:chronic pain 1055: 1013: 1009: 999: 965:Lantingji xu 960: 940: 924:Mount Kuaiji 921: 915: 858: 809: 771: 725: 717:Emperor Huai 673:in Linyi in 665: 606: 604:in history. 602:calligrapher 543: 538:Tang dynasty 499:Lantingji xu 490:semi-cursive 479: 459:Lantingji xu 450:Mount Kuaiji 434:Wang Xianzhi 415: 403:Lantingji xu 373: 357: 356: 307:Southern Min 210:Hanyu Pinyin 166:Chinese name 140:Lantingji xu 133:Notable work 64: 63:Depicted in 30: 23:Chinese name 18: 4757:Visual arts 4308:(1): 5–54. 4163:Kohn, Livia 3883:Xingrangtie 3469:: 187–226. 3315:Kieser 2011 3180:Kohara 1995 3156:McNair 1994 3066:McNair 2018 2716:Kieser 2011 2656:Kieser 2011 2641:Little 2000 2518:Swartz 2018 2488:Swartz 2012 2095:McNair 1994 1915: 1295 1878: 1295 1834:Tishan qiao 1623:Wanglue tie 1453:Han dynasty 1395:Xiahou Xuan 1306:seal script 1116:Calligraphy 1093:moxibustion 1089:acupuncture 282:Wong Hei-zi 268:Wòhng Hēijī 27:family name 4817:Categories 4765:Wang Xizhi 4371:T'oung Pao 4340:T'oung Pao 4074:De Gruyter 3669:Yue Yi lun 3435:References 3339:Kraus 1991 3168:Lauer 2020 3025:Doran 2017 2292:Wells 2015 2167:Wells 2015 2155:Wells 2015 2143:Wells 2015 2119:Wells 2015 2083:Davis 2016 1544:Fengju tie 1447:, a court 1421:meditation 1384:Yue Yi lun 1239:龍跳天門，虎臥鳳閣。 1213:Ouyang Xun 1170: 627 1121:Provenance 1061: 361 1056:Wang died 1004:Ren Bonian 987:in Japan. 985:Edo period 850: 342 819: 327 671: 303 558:) and the 471: 361 389: 361 387: – c. 385: 303 358:Wang Xizhi 337:Ông Hi-tsi 323:Ông Hi-chi 224:Wade–Giles 216:Wáng Xīzhī 104: 361 80: 303 42:Wang Xizhi 4733:Biography 4577:: 41–51. 4525:Routledge 4506:: 78–96. 4204:: 26–46. 4051:: 41–52. 4007:: 11–18. 3924:: 74–94. 3841:Routledge 3650:Routledge 3619:Muzhiming 3519:Routledge 3255:Chen 2022 3240:Chen 2022 3132:Kern 2015 2941:Wang 2023 2767:Kern 2015 2668:Wang 2014 2545:Park 2011 2379:Chen 2019 2304:Yang 2022 2268:Tang 2021 2213:Tang 2021 2131:Chen 2021 2071:Kern 2015 2059:Chen 2021 2047:Chen 2021 2035:Kern 2015 2020:Citations 1908:Qian Xuan 1871:Qian Xuan 1774:shu sheng 1700:Guo Moruo 1653:Jiang Kui 1609:Shiqi tie 1597:Shiqi tie 1127:Huan Xuan 1016:Shengzhou 936:rice wine 861:Xuancheng 536:from the 475:Shengzhou 106:(aged 58) 4602:: 3–20. 4392:26566054 4361:41354707 4330:Archived 4326:BBC News 4314:41415381 4094:(1979). 3909:24812211 3701:(eds.). 3483:44160396 3402:Liu 2019 3354:Liu 2019 2328:Zhu 2022 2280:Lee 2007 2107:Bai 2002 1706:and the 1673:Linhe xu 1311:zhuanshu 1247:— 1211:made by 1139:Liu Ziye 1102:Jiankang 1073:insomnia 1069:weakness 943:Buddhist 926:for the 895:Huan Wen 873:Zhejiang 869:Shaoxing 831:Linchuan 827:Yu Liang 782:and the 753:Wang Dun 736:clerical 732:Cai Yong 728:Wei Shuo 695:Yishao ( 683:Shandong 641:and the 627:Wang Dao 584:Sun Chuo 442:Zhejiang 438:Shaoxing 430:Wei Shuo 426:Shandong 416:Born in 276:Jyutping 21:In this 4719:Portals 4710:at the 4592:Jin shu 4165:(ed.). 4013:4629482 3327:Li 2008 3267:Li 2008 3228:He 2023 3216:He 2023 3204:He 2023 3192:He 2023 2878:Lu 2017 2836:Lu 2017 2809:Lu 2017 2352:Wu 2009 1951:Zhengao 1885:Jin shu 1842: 1503:Shōsōin 1451:of the 1296:cursive 1294:), and 1291:xingshu 1276:regular 1110:Jiangsu 1106:Nanjing 1065:fatigue 1037:cereals 947:Zhi Dun 854:Yin Hao 835:Jiangxi 794:Xianzhi 785:Jin shu 774:Xi Jian 740:regular 713:Huainan 638:Jin shu 622:Jin shu 616:Jin shu 589:Jin shu 562:Jin shu 494:cursive 486:regular 362:Chinese 314:Hokkien 172:Chinese 110:Jinting 4675: 4627: 4556: 4487: 4441: 4418: 4390: 4359: 4312: 4287: 4268:605830 4266: 4233: 4177: 4129: 4106: 4080: 4032: 4011: 3986: 3956: 3907: 3870: 3847: 3828:605492 3826: 3793: 3739: 3713: 3656: 3630: 3581: 3555: 3525: 3481: 1895:Guo Xi 1747:Legacy 1696:'s 1657:Lu You 1449:jester 1399:Yue Yi 1397:about 1301:caoshu 1281:kaishu 1083:, and 1020:Taoist 1006:, 1890 814:, and 790:Huizhi 742:, and 586:. The 580:Xie An 492:, and 464:Taoist 374:Yishao 364:: 331:Tâi-lô 148:Family 114:Kuaiji 89:Langya 25:, the 4787:Media 4745:China 4544:[ 4404:' 4401:Tanfu 4388:JSTOR 4357:JSTOR 4310:JSTOR 4281:Brill 4264:JSTOR 4227:Brill 4171:Brill 4009:JSTOR 3980:Brill 3950:Brill 3905:JSTOR 3864:Brill 3824:JSTOR 3624:Brill 3540:[ 3479:JSTOR 1961:) by 1935:Notes 1796:Heian 1634:Mi Fu 1536:快雪時晴帖 1440:东方朔画贊 1350:lishu 1217:Hebei 945:monk 865:Anhui 843:Hubei 679:Linyi 661:Linyi 422:Linyi 85:Linyi 4804:Data 4673:ISBN 4625:ISBN 4554:ISBN 4485:ISBN 4439:ISBN 4416:ISBN 4285:ISBN 4231:ISBN 4192:and 4175:ISBN 4127:ISBN 4104:ISBN 4078:ISBN 4030:ISBN 3984:ISBN 3954:ISBN 3868:ISBN 3845:ISBN 3791:ISBN 3737:ISBN 3711:ISBN 3654:ISBN 3628:ISBN 3579:ISBN 3553:ISBN 3523:ISBN 1839:lit. 1809:US$ 1794:and 1792:Nara 1655:and 1516:孔侍中帖 1484:蘭亭集序 1172:–650 1067:and 1031:bigu 979:and 977:Song 972:蘭亭集序 961:The 884:右軍將軍 555:世說新語 515:Life 410:蘭亭集序 97:Died 73:Born 32:Wang 4652:doi 4604:doi 4579:doi 4529:doi 4508:doi 4464:doi 4460:132 4380:doi 4376:103 4349:doi 4256:doi 4252:114 4206:doi 4196:". 4150:doi 4053:doi 3926:doi 3897:doi 3816:doi 3812:117 3766:doi 3683:doi 3604:doi 3502:doi 3471:doi 1996:行穰帖 1906:by 1899:the 1869:by 1828:题扇桥 1805:CN¥ 1684:Sui 1679:臨河序 1629:王略帖 1615:十七贴 1564:行穰帖 1550:奉橘帖 1498:喪亂帖 1416:黄庭经 1390:樂毅論 1284:), 1050:黄庭经 1002:by 890:王右軍 802:). 448:on 380:); 366:王羲之 317:POJ 290:IPA 238:IPA 50:王羲之 29:is 4819:: 4671:. 4648:41 4600:21 4598:. 4573:. 4552:. 4527:. 4523:. 4502:. 4483:. 4458:. 4437:. 4386:. 4374:. 4355:. 4345:96 4343:. 4324:. 4306:71 4304:. 4262:. 4250:. 4202:54 4200:. 4146:11 4144:. 4102:. 4047:. 4028:. 4005:25 4003:. 3972:zi 3942:zi 3922:17 3920:. 3903:. 3893:65 3891:. 3866:. 3822:. 3810:. 3781:. 3762:71 3760:. 3679:11 3677:. 3652:. 3626:. 3600:70 3598:. 3577:. 3551:. 3496:. 3477:. 3467:14 3465:. 3452:35 3450:. 3346:^ 3247:^ 3112:^ 3085:^ 3032:^ 2921:^ 2870:^ 2855:^ 2816:^ 2789:^ 2774:^ 2759:^ 2648:^ 2525:^ 2510:^ 2495:^ 2468:^ 2453:^ 2398:^ 2359:^ 2232:^ 2205:^ 2174:^ 2027:^ 1958:真誥 1921:. 1912:c. 1875:c. 1873:, 1837:; 1831:; 1771:; 1768:書聖 1724:. 1582:). 1167:c. 1108:, 1091:, 1079:, 1075:, 1071:, 1058:c. 938:. 871:, 863:, 847:c. 841:, 833:, 816:c. 799:二王 738:, 704:澹齋 698:逸少 688:阿菟 681:, 668:c. 569:晉書 511:. 488:, 468:c. 440:, 424:, 382:c. 378:逸少 372:: 368:; 112:, 101:c. 87:, 77:c. 4773:: 4721:: 4681:. 4658:. 4654:: 4633:. 4610:. 4606:: 4585:. 4581:: 4575:3 4562:. 4535:. 4531:: 4514:. 4510:: 4504:6 4493:. 4470:. 4466:: 4447:. 4424:. 4394:. 4382:: 4363:. 4351:: 4316:. 4293:. 4270:. 4258:: 4239:. 4212:. 4208:: 4183:. 4156:. 4152:: 4135:. 4112:. 4086:. 4059:. 4055:: 4049:3 4038:. 4015:. 3992:. 3962:. 3932:. 3928:: 3911:. 3899:: 3876:. 3853:. 3830:. 3818:: 3799:. 3772:. 3768:: 3745:. 3719:. 3689:. 3685:: 3662:. 3636:. 3610:. 3606:: 3587:. 3561:. 3531:. 3508:. 3504:: 3498:9 3485:. 3473:: 3305:. 1993:( 1955:( 1851:' 1845:' 1825:( 1676:( 1626:( 1612:( 1561:( 1547:( 1533:( 1513:( 1495:( 1481:( 1437:( 1413:( 1387:( 1347:( 1308:( 1298:( 1288:( 1278:( 1047:( 969:( 881:( 566:( 552:( 407:( 376:( 360:( 185:之 182:羲 179:王 35:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index