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region southward, launched an offensive similar to its earlier
January campaign, though this time the initial push came from Jbaa. According to Amal's account of the events, the village of Ain Qana was attacked first, shortly after mortar fire targeted the movement's positions throughout the Iqlim, followed by Kfar Fila. A subsequent counteroffensive by Amal failed to regain much ground. To the north, an Amal installation near Bouslaiya was ambushed from two directions, one being Jbaa and the other Mjaydal. The latter saw repeated clashes, after which Hezbollah militants reportedly withdrew from the village. Hundreds of families had already left the Iqlim when the mobilizations began days earlier, while others set up checkpoints near the Amal-held villages of Ain Qana, Arabsalim and Mjaydal to limit the infiltration of Hezbollah affiliates to the region. Hezbollah fighters, who were less numerous but better equipped than Amal's, had managed to occupy Ain Qana, Kfar Fila and Bouslaiya during their initial offensive, with conflicting reports over Kfar Melki. The following day, Amal commenced another counteroffensive, backed by artillery strikes on Jbaa, but failed to make any significant advances on Kfar Fila. Its fighters did, however, manage to penetrate Ain Qana. To the north, Amal fortified its positions in Mjaydal, fearing further incursions by Hezbollah. The fighting devolved into minor skirmishing by nightfall, and was widely condemned by Lebanese Shiite figures like Qabalan and other politicians, such as
1313:
backed by rocket and artillery bombardment, on Jbaa. As part of the negotiations, Hezbollah said it would hand over the people responsible for the previous year's assassination of Amal's three commanders to Syrian authorities, on condition that it be allowed a strip of land in Amal territory from which it could launch armed assaults on
Israeli and SLA targets, and that it be given a leading position in Amal's South Lebanon operations room. Those were some of the main points of contention during the meetings. A preliminary three-point agreement was reached in Damascus on January 25, which was announced by Syria and Iran, giving way to an official ceasefire arrangement. Until this moment, over 140 people had been killed in the January fighting. The ceasefire collapsed hours later, however, when both sides re-engaged in fighting over Jbaa that same day. The exchange of rocket and cannon fire intensified after 1:30 p.m., when Amal fired upon Jbaa and Ain Bouswar using 122mm and 130mm long-distance artillery weapons stationed in Sarba, Zefta and Marwania. Hezbollah retaliated by shelling Amal locations in Kfar Fila and Ain Qana. Fighting escalated in southern Beirut the following day around Amal's headquarters in Tahouitet al-Ghadir and in other parts of the suburbs. Amal blamed the Beirut escalation on Hezbollah. Both movements resumed the exchange of artillery fire in the Iqlim at 9:30 p.m., and reinforced their front lines there.
1360:
around 9 p.m. and later on spread to the areas surrounding the
Iranian Embassy, near the road to the airport. Clashes resumed on July 8 at 9:25 p.m., and the following escalation resulted in serious damage to property, especially in Haret Hreik and the Iranian Embassy's surroundings. The situation remained tense and both sides were on high alert, despite joint diplomatic efforts in the Syrian capital to enforce the Damascus Agreement. Sniper shots in Ghobeiry and Haret Hreik during the early dawn hours of July 9 led to a re-escalation of fighting, with both sides clashing at the entrances of Dahieh with machine guns and artillery, almost isolating the suburbs from the rest of West Beirut. The fighting, which led to 9 deaths, was happening while Berri was on an official visit to Tehran. Amal said that it had conducted an offensive at around 3:30 p.m. to reclaim its Ouzai possessions that were lost two days earlier, accusing its rival of having started the fighting when Hezbollah elements infiltrated its territory in the area. The situation gradually calmed following the deployment of joint security committees in Ghobeiry and Hayy Farhat, which called for a ceasefire that evening. A Syrian Army contingent consisting of 300 soldiers deployed along the path from Ouzai to the main coastal road at around 8:45 p.m., and other forces stationed themselves in different conflict zones to separate the warring sides.
1397:
at 5 p.m., and was enforced by the Syrian Army which started deploying in coordination with the joint
Security Committee. Both sides started mobilizing afterwards throughout West Beirut and the southern suburbs of Dahieh. Limited clashes took place an hour later around the Souks and in the Lija neighborhood, and gradually diminished towards nightfall. From that point, overnight, only intermittent gunshots were heard in the area. Another ceasefire was officially announced at 8 a.m. the following morning while Syrian troops were still deploying, but it was followed by occasional street battles that took place in the Bourj Abi Haydar and Wadi Abu Jamil regions, as well as in the Iranian Cultural Moustasharia's surroundings further south. By 2 p.m., the situation had been largely contained by the Syrian Army, which had set up over twenty checkpoints throughout the conflict zone and sent armed patrols to West Beirut and the southern Dahieh suburbs, with orders to shoot any armed individual on sight. Nine deaths were confirmed since the beginning of the violence in Beirut, and the origins of this escalation remained obscure.
1385:. The latter town was taken over by Hezbollah with relatively no violence, when its militants entered the homes of Amal members and disarmed them. Then the fighting in Machghara intensified at around 4 p.m., where Amal managed to retain only a small pocket near the town's northern entrance. Most of the Western Beqaa villages had come under Hezbollah's control by the end of the day. Amal was decisively defeated and lost its foothold in the region, and 15 people in total were killed, among them two Amal commanders in Sohmor. A joint Security Committee was formed, consisting of representatives from the warring factions, as well as Iranian Embassy and Syrian Army officials. The committee intervened to enforce a ceasefire agreement at 11:00 a.m. on December 5, and was handed over 29 Amal members held captive by Hezbollah. The situation gradually returned to normality, while militants and artillery installations were withdrawn from the conflict zone as part of the ceasefire's terms. The committee and the Red Cross coordinated the evacuation of the injured.
1156:, who had threatened to "eradicate any militia presence" in the areas under Syrian control, in response to the incident. They both agreed upon another ceasefire, which broke down two days later on May 15. A seventh ceasefire came into effect the following night, but it foundered like the ones before it, and clashes were renewed on May 17. Hezbollah now controlled up to 90% of the suburbs, and about 250 people had been killed since the fighting began. The Syrian government was already considering taking matters into its own hands and had deployed between 5,000 and 7,000 troops to West Beirut who, by May 18, were told by their superiors that it was only a question of time before they marched on Dahieh. Hezbollah warned that Western hostages held in the suburbs would be killed should Syrian troops enter the area, while Berri was lobbying for Syria's Assad to intervene. Iran, fearing an armed confrontation between Syria and Hezbollah, intensified its diplomatic efforts to delay the planned Syrian intervention.
1182:(LF), during the clashes. Hezbollah quickly denied the accusation but confirmed that some of its members were still in captivity. It accused Amal of employing torture and of trying to undermine the Islamic resistance. There were spillover confrontations between the two in the Beqaa Valley both during the Beirut fighting and two months later in July. The Beqaa clashes drew two local families in the region on a collision course, as each was backing one of the warring factions. On 13 August a Hizbollah leader, Sheikh Ali Krayyim, was assassinated at an Amal checkpoint in South Lebanon. Further disagreements over a number of issues during the mediation attempts were accompanied by occasional skirmishes, kidnappings and executions, which began to intensify in September that year. In early October, three Amal leaders were assassinated in a Hizbollah ambush in southern Beirut. The killing of the three, Daoud Daoud commander in the
1250:, and clashes ended the following morning on January 9, when it managed to retake the town following violent confrontations there between 7 and 10 a.m., during which hand grenades and melee weapons were used. The movement started conducting house-to-house raids in search of remaining Hezbollah elements in Kfar Fila after recapturing it. Its forces had done the same earlier in the villages of Kfar Heta and Kfar Melki, following Hezbollah's retreat from them and from the village of Mjaydal. A Lebanese security delegation visiting those villages noted in its report that it had found dozens of bodies along the streets there, and that the town of Kfar Fila was being shelled intermittently by Hezbollah artillery installations in Luwayza, Ain Bouswar and Jabal Safi. A group of women rallied in protest against the violence in Kfar Heta, and a
1304:, president of the Supreme Islamic Shiite Council (SISC). Hezbollah's Tufayli and Musawi said they had welcomed the proposal in theory but sought guarantees that they would be allowed to pursue resistance operations against Israel. Another general strike, organized by Amal, took place that day and involved different parts of Lebanon, including the south, the Dahieh suburb of Beirut and the Beqaa, condemning the events of "Black Saturday" and other "massacres" which it accused Hezbollah of having committed earlier that month. By January 16, the conflict had been limited to relatively minor exchanges over the front lines that were drawn during the previous Iqlim fighting. Both Amal and Hezbollah disengaged for a period of time, as part of an unofficial ceasefire, to allow members of the
1428:, Hezbollah carried out an assault on Jernaya on the night of December 25, capturing the hill. Clashes took place the next day on the Jarjouh-Ain Bouswar front line. Hezbollah, which reportedly deployed 500 more fighters to the Iqlim since the war began, appeared to be pushing towards Jarjouh and Arabsalim, which were still controlled by Amal. On the same day, Berri made a visit to the Iqlim in an attempt to boost his men's morale. He spent that night near the front lines, where he met with senior Amal commanders and urged them to abide by a ceasefire that was proposed in Damascus. Clashes around Kfar Fila and Ain Qana had toned down considerably by then, but there was still fighting in the Jarjouh front on December 27. Iranian deputy foreign minister,
806:
730:
1227:
suburbs to West Beirut. The fighting later spread to Iqlim al-Tuffah in South
Lebanon on January 2, 1989. It also spread to Beirut's downtown and the Khandaq al-Ghamiq district, two Syrian-controlled parts of West Beirut, on January 7. Clashes lasted for three hours there before Syrian troops intervened. The conflict was, by then, centered in Beirut. There were still occasional clashes in the Iqlim, however. On January 6, Amal accused its rival of shelling a house in Jbaa, while Hezbollah accused Amal of pounding its positions in Luwayza and Jabal Safi. Hezbollah blamed the violence on Amal and said that it had repelled a two-way assault by the latter on Nabi Safi.
1348:
quickly escalated the following morning at around 7:45 a.m., after six hours of relative calm. Both sides engaged in burning and looting of property along Lija Street and the Salim Salam Bridge. Syrian troops intervened in neighborhoods where the clashes hadn't spread yet, to prevent spill over fighting there. A joint security team, comprising Amal, Hezbollah and Syrian forces, started patrolling the conflict zone at 8:30 p.m. to enforce the
Damascus ceasefire. Representatives from both sides later met with Syria's Ali Hammoud at his office in the Beau Rivage Hotel in Beirut, and announced their commitment to the ceasefire.
1113:, overrunning Hezbollah positions in the neighborhood within the first 36 hours of fighting. The following day, however, a large combined Hezbollah-IRGC force, the latter assembling from the Beqaa Valley, penetrated the suburbs without being detected by Syrian troops. They rapidly advanced on Amal positions in a carefully planned offensive. An intervention by the Iranian Embassy established a 16-hour ceasefire that night, before which Hezbollah had occupied key positions in the area. Fighting was renewed the following afternoon, and persisted on a daily basis for the next few days, with intermittent ceasefire attempts. Syrian colonel
918:
901:, who would later become Hezbollah's first secretary-general, among several others. During this conference, Khomeini encouraged his guests to form a resistance movement against Israel in South Lebanon. Meanwhile, the IRGC delegation, stationed in the Beqaa Valley, helped form the nucleus of Hezbollah's leadership after a recruitment campaign that managed to gather several Lebanese clerics in its ranks. At the same time, the military wing of this movement grew rapidly as a result of extensive Iranian funding and training. Among the constituent groups of Hezbollah were the Muslim Student Union and the
1259:. The movement had mobilized 300 militiamen in Tyre to reinforce its counteroffensive in the Iqlim. It said it had surrounded Hezbollah elements in a section of Jbaa that it claimed to have reoccupied there, following clashes that began at 9:30 a.m. on the outskirts of the town from the side overlooking Ain Qana. Amal then gathered more than 1,000 fighters to reinforce its positions, while Hezbollah brought 500 from the Beqaa. Armed militiamen were present on the entrances of villages and towns throughout the
142:
1191:
Syrian authorities. The situation escalated in mid-October, despite attempts by
Hezbollah to blame a third party. Clashes erupted in the Chyah district and in the Beqaa. The Beirut conflict intensified the following month, leaving 30 fatalities, following a car bombing which almost killed four leading Hezbollah officials on November 21, including Subhi al-Tufayli. The confrontations, for the first time since 1987, spread to Syrian-controlled parts of West Beirut and to the
1267:
use of heavy artillery weapons. Hezbollah announced that it had repelled an Amal offensive on Ain
Bouswar, and that the town was being shelled, along with Jbaa, from Amal positions in the villages of Sarba and Al-Zahrani. Ten Amal members who were killed during earlier clashes were buried in Kfar Heta that day, and the funeral procession was accompanied by a pro-Amal demonstration. On January 11, Amal launched a series of raids throughout the
168:
1309:
Cross left the area. Amal blamed the escalation on
Hezbollah, and said that it had repelled an assault by the latter when it took advantage of Israeli artillery strikes on Amal's positions in Jarjouh, an event which Hezbollah flatly denied. On January 19, Amal struck Hezbollah positions in Jabal Safi from Sarba, and clashes took place on the Kfar Fila-Jbaa and Jarjouh-Ain Bouswar front lines, as well as in Beirut's Dahieh.
215:
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peacekeeping force rather than a primarily Syrian one. There was also uncertainty over the issue of
Hezbollah's re-establishment in South Lebanon. Fighting resumed on May 24, and Amal had lost its remaining possessions in Ghobeiry, retaining solely the district of Chyah in south Beirut. The following day, however, Assad and leading Hezbollah representatives reached an agreement in the Syrian port city of
22:
1263:, and masked men were detaining Hezbollah affiliates at roadblocks in the conflict zone and in Tyre. 20,000 refugees had moved from Iqlim al-Tuffah to either Sidon or further south, and at least 51 people were killed during these two days. Among those killed were a senior Amal official, former head of Nabi Berri’s bodyguard, along with ten people in his entourage, including relatives and bodyguards.
190:
1122:
wounded. Representatives from Syria, Iran, Amal and Hezbollah convened at the Iranian Embassy in Beirut and formed the Quadripartite Committee that day, aiming to put an end to the conflict. They formulated a ceasefire, and a joint security force involving Syrian troops, the IRGC and fighters from both Amal and Hezbollah started patrolling the suburbs on May 12 as part of the agreement's terms.
830:(PLO) in Shiite lands in the south and its use of methods like torture, increased tension between the two parties. At first, the Shiites, particularly the ones living in the south, were generally supportive of the PLO, to which Amal was originally allied. But relations between the PLO and Amal were further strained by the latter's decision to support the Syrian intervention of 1976 against the
885:(IRGC) delegation in the form of religious scholars and military officials. The Syrian government's concern by the possibility of Israeli influence among the Shiites of the south in the wake of the 1982 IDF invasion motivated its decision to allow the IRGC delegation to operate freely in the country, despite Syrian wariness of the prospect of Iran's clerical entrenchment in Lebanon.
1128:"We greatly value our alliance with Iran, but our regional allies must respect our position … our role is above all other considerations. In their operations, our allies should pay attention to our interests and to those of our friends. The movements of some have become a threat to the Syrian role. We shall not allow the creation of complications in the Lebanese arena."
1084:, which arrived in Lebanon earlier that month following the outbreak of violence, announced during a press conference on April 22 the creation of a five-member commission to solve the crisis that consisted of himself and representatives from Amal and Hezbollah. The commission, however, failed to convince the two sides to reach an agreement in regards to the presence of the
1335:
other main points were the recognition of Amal's responsibility for the security of South Lebanon, while allowing Hezbollah to resume political and social activities there, and the handing over of Dahieh, which was dominated by Hezbollah, to the Syrian-sponsored security plan for Beirut. Both sides also agreed to protect internationals working in Lebanon. As a result the
1077:, through which Amal attempted to pressure its rival, with Berri associating his movement's military successes to broad public support. Amal declared victory over "extremism and political kidnapping" by mid-April, announcing an end to Hezbollah's military presence in the south, and expelled a number of its rival's clerics to the Beqaa.
958:, became the target of multiple Iranian-backed assassination attempts perpetrated by Hezbollah and other pro-Khomeini elements in Lebanon. Assad's threat to the IRGC was materialized when he expelled 300 of its recruits from Baalbek following a complaint by Berri to the Syrian government over the attempts on his life. The hijacking of
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suburbs, occupying the district of Awzai. As they reached the main road connecting the capital to Beirut International Airport, they clashed with a Syrian military contingent that was manning a checkpoint there, resulting in the deaths of five Hezbollah fighters and a Syrian soldier. Iranian deputy foreign minister
978:'s PLO in Lebanon. Hezbollah considered this sort of inter-Muslim fighting a distraction from the resistance to Israel, and Iran was keen to lift Amal's siege on the Palestinian camps, publicly denouncing its actions as beneficial to the Israelis, against whom it sought to create a Shiite-Palestinian coalition.
1700:
No significant territorial changes had occurred on the front lines since the January 9 counteroffensive by Amal until the signing of a ceasefire agreement on January 25. The village of Jbaa, along with Ain Bouswar, are strategically located at higher altitudes than the Amal-held villages of Kfar Fila
1596:
Ideological differences between Khomeini's doctrine and that of Amal's Nabih Berri made it harder for Iran's new clerical regime to use Amal as a platform from which it could export the Islamic Revolution to Lebanon. Sadr was committed to a Shiite identity that is consistent with Lebanese nationalism
1521:
at a Beirut mosque to protest the early clashes of the civil war. This earned him the admiration of both Shiites and non-Shiites. And although he supported the Palestinians by the early stages of the conflict, during which the Amal militia was primarily dedicated to protecting the Shiite community of
1449:
On July 16, 1990, Hezbollah fighters overran the Amal-held village of Jarjouh, as well as Kfar Melki, the nearest village in Iqlim al-Tuffah to the port city of Sidon. After several failed attempts by Amal to recover Jarjouh the following week, the movement went instead on the offensive in Kfar Melki
1396:
region. Syrian troops began deploying two hours later amid efforts to establish a ceasefire. The attempts failed after a short period of relative calm, and the fighting resumed at the edges of the Msaytbeh district, around Sanayeh Park, Haoud al-Wilaya Park and El Murr Tower. A ceasefire came through
1400:
On December 20, Amal and Hezbollah started mobilizing in Iqlim al-Tuffah, amid increasing tension in the region. 2,000 Amal militiamen and 1,500 Palestinian fighters deployed to the Iqlim. A senior Hezbollah official said that it was only a matter of time before war broke out between the two rivals,
1372:
on the night of December 3, 1989, at around 12 a.m., until a clear break from fighting took place from 7 to 9 a.m. the following morning, after which the violence re-escalated. Under the cover of repeated artillery shelling, both Amal and Hezbollah fighters raided each other's command centers in the
986:
of the Lebanese Army, fought Hezbollah in Beirut. They clashed once again in September, and this time the violence reportedly ended with a ceasefire, following an Iranian diplomatic intervention. Another confrontation took place in 1987, when over 2,500 Hezbollah supporters attempted a march on Tyre
981:
On its part, Amal was not only concerned because Palestinian fighters in Lebanon were increasing in number, but also because their camps were geographically located between its strongholds in West Beirut and Hezbollah-controlled Shiite districts in the city, where the latter was gaining influence at
1737:
Both sides have disputed the origins of the Jarjouh escalation, amid mutual accusations. Hezbollah blamed it on a "surprise attack" by Amal on its positions in Ain Bouswar. In a statement the following morning, Berri accused Hezbollah of having "exploited" the ceasefire arrangements to launch their
1415:
War eventually broke out on December 23 at around 4 a.m., despite mediation talks underway in the Syrian capital, which were later attended by Nabih Berri. The fighting began when Hezbollah, aiming to connect its encircled pocket in Jabal Safi to the Mediterranean coast westward and to the Nabatieh
1321:
On January 30, 1989, representatives from Amal and Hezbollah signed the Damascus Agreement, a day after Syrian and Iranian officials gathered in Damascus and composed a draft of the document, before summoning the leaders of the warring factions to the Syrian capital. The agreement was supervised by
1312:
Clashes were renewed on the night of January 22 while talks were underway in Damascus to end the conflict, following two days of relative calm in Dahieh and in the Iqlim. The situation escalated the following evening until the morning of January 24. Hezbollah said it had repelled an Amal offensive,
1226:
Clashes re-erupted on December 31, 1988, at 3:30 p.m., until the intervention of a joint security committee two hours later, in the southern Chyah district of Beirut, as well as in the areas of Rawdat al-Shahidain, Abdel Karim al-Khalil and parts of Ghobeiry. Hundreds of families have fled the
941:
in Beirut which struck separate buildings housing MNF troops, killing 241 American soldiers and 58 French paratroopers. The movement also engaged in a series of kidnappings of foreigners and assassinations of politicians throughout the civil war. Given the criticism Syria has received for its links
753:
the basis for an independent state of their own. But due to the Christians' limited geographic distribution, the mandate was including Muslims' lands as well, which only contributed to the complication of the political situation. The situation gradually became better over the years, however, as the
1347:
At 10 p.m. on the night of July 1, 1989, Amal and Hezbollah clashed once again in West Beirut, in the Khandaq al-Ghamiq and Zuqaq al-Blat districts. The fighting, the origins of which remained unclear, proceeded intermittently and gradually spread to other districts of Beirut, such as Msaytbeh. It
1308:
in and out of the war zone. They organized funeral processions for their dead in Tyre and Dahieh respectively, which were accompanied by solidarity demonstrations. Both sides engaged in a war of accusations over the following days, accompanied by renewed clashes on January 17 shortly after the Red
1266:
The fighting escalated in Jbaa on January 10 at around 11:30 a.m., as well as on the outskirts of Ain Bouswar. Amal deployed a relief force of about 500 fighters in the region encompassing Luwayza, Nabi Safi and Ain Bouswar, cutting off Hezbollah supply routes to the area. The battles saw the
1164:
which allowed for a Syrian military deployment in the suburbs. Fighters from both sides were to withdraw from the streets and retreat to specific positions throughout the suburbs, and both factions were allowed to keep their offices. The death toll had so far reached 300. Syrian troops entered the
937:(MNF) in the country, as illustrated later by the "Open Letter", a constitutional document which it released in February 1985. The organization is widely credited with a series of attacks sponsored by Iran in the early 1980s, not long after which the MNF ceased to exist. Such incidents include the
853:
in 1978 against the PLO in South Lebanon, disproportionate damage was inflicted upon the Shiite community, as it was caught in the crossfire. Sadr himself criticized the PLO for provoking the conflict, and supporters of Amal shifted to blaming the Palestinians for their community's plight. Violent
1334:
in South Lebanon before the expulsion of Hezbollah, the withdrawal of all militiamen from Jbaa and Ain Bouswar, the establishment of a common operations room to coordinate the "resistance" against Israel, and the allowance of the UNIFIL to operate freely in the country without being harassed. Two
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and Hassan Sbaiti, was a significant loss for Amal’s forces in the south of Lebanon. Amal responded by expelling Hezbollah affiliates and their families from its territory. It identified three individuals whom it accused of being involved in the assassinations, and demanded they be handed over to
1405:
fighters also mobilized in Ain Bouswar and Jbaa, a Hezbollah-controlled town where Iranian physicians had arrived a month earlier and were assigned to field hospitals there. Berri received that day a delegation representing residents of the Iqlim, and reassured them that Amal would not allow the
1121:
to Hezbollah, and were left in control of only Chyah and parts of Ghobeiry. Hezbollah, on the other hand, had occupied about 80% of the suburbs, including the districts of Hayy Ma'adi, Haret Hreik, Bir al-Abed and Hayy Muawwad. By this day, up to 150 people had been killed and hundreds more were
1531:
In July 1975, a PLO officer, while instructing Shiite militants on the use of explosives in a training camp established by Amal, accidentally detonated a device which killed up to thirty Amal members. Because of the secretive nature of the Amal-PLO training program, Sadr was forced to admit the
1359:
newspapers at a joint Amal-Hezbollah checkpoint in the Ouzai district of West Beirut resulted in street clashes which had spread by 2:30 p.m. to the Jnah and Bir Hassan districts. The fighting diminished an hour later following a Syrian Army deployment to the area, but flared once again at
1147:
The ceasefire, however, collapsed 48 hours later. Opposition by Syria and Amal to the renewal of Hezbollah's pre-April presence in South Lebanon played a role in its failure to materialize. On May 13, Hezbollah began an offensive that pushed Amal fighters southward to the outer perimeter of the
1159:
Another ceasefire agreement was reached by the Quadripartite Committee on May 21, and the fighting diminished. There was disagreement by Syrian and Amal representatives during the following negotiations in regards to an Iranian proposal, backed by Hezbollah, to establish a joint Syrian-Iranian
1036:
following the Higgins incident. Hezbollah, while backing his captors' demands, denied any responsibility for the kidnapping. When Amal's operation spread to villages in the region which Hezbollah controlled, carrying out a series of arrests and home to home inspections, the latter responded by
1011:
in which 23 Hezbollah militiamen were executed by the Syrians. Hezbollah fighters were placed on high alert following the massacre, while the movement's top leadership condemned it and demanded an apology. Following intense pressure from Iran the Syrians agreed to stop further activity against
1381:. By 2:30 p.m., Sohmor fell to Hezbollah following street battles there, where Amal's leading security official in the Western Beqaa was injured by an RPG strike on the movement's command center in the town. The Lebanese Army had set up checkpoints earlier at the entrances of Sohmor and
1710:
Hezbollah rejected the SISC's authority over the country's Shiite community. Amal, on the other hand, sought to establish the council as a superior authority and supported its mediation attempts. Qabalan later reiterated Amal's position, and called on both sides to respect the SISC and its
1412:" between the two movements, and a similar march was called for by Amal in Tyre. In Damascus, on December 22, Shamseddine met with Syrian and Iranian officials to discuss the situation in the Iqlim. At this point, about 1,500 Hezbollah fighters were reportedly stationed in the region.
1213:
Amal, later fearing a southward expansion by Hezbollah in the direction of Nabatieh, made a number of political moves, aiming to secure its other fronts in order to concentrate efforts on Hezbollah. Such moves included the signing of a peace agreement on December 22 with Arafat's
1424:, which hosted a "national Islamic summit" in its Sidon headquarters denouncing the violence. Meanwhile, in Damascus, the Amal delegation headed by Berri insisted on the evacuation of villages recently occupied by Hezbollah as a precondition to a proposed ceasefire. According to
1279:
stationed in Zefta, Arabsalim, Marwania and Houmine al-Fawqa, about 600 Amal fighters participated in the offensive, and made no significant territorial gains. Hezbollah, which was still controlling the entrance to Jbaa overlooking Kfar Fila, said it had repelled the offensive.
1701:
and Ain Qana at the bottom of the Jabal Safi hills. With the capturing of Jbaa, Hezbollah gained the upper hand in the coming battles, and the steep and exposed terrain leading to the hills made it even more challenging for Amal fighters to reach the Hezbollah villages.
1169:, while the second one involved 3,500 Syrian troops. On June 1, both Hezbollah and Amal agreed to exchange 200 and 58 detainees respectively. The fighting caused extensive damage to property in the suburbs, in addition to the displacement of up to 400,000 inhabitants.
987:
in the south. They retreated when Amal mobilized its men to block the move. The standoff was accompanied by a large demonstration in the city in which thousands of Shiites rallied in support of Amal. On 22 February 1987, spurred by the kidnapping of
1088:(UNIFIL) in the country and disengagement from Israel, both of which Hezbollah opposed. Days after Jannati's conference, fighting re-erupted, but this time in the Beqaa Valley on April 26, and a Hezbollah fortification in the southern village of
825:
acronym for "Lebanese Resistance Brigades") as the military wing of the Movement of the Dispossessed. Amal grew rapidly in size, though with an increasingly weaker central command. This, in addition to the growing military presence of the
1406:
situation to escalate militarily. The mobilizations were met by general strikes in Tyre and Nabatieh the following day, where shops, schools and state institutions were closed. Street demonstrators in Nabatieh called for "ending the
1254:
took place throughout South Lebanon, which was ordered by Amal's regional command in solidarity with the victims. Following the earlier battle in Kfar Fila, Amal forces later marched on the town of Jbaa from Ain Qana, and on
796:
system. Sadr's promotion of the idea of social solidarity among Shiites which, coupled with the narrative of "resistance" to Israel, were particularly appealing to his community and contributed to the growth of his movement.
789:
and even Palestinian movements. The Movement of the Dispossessed became increasingly popular among the middle class Shiites and Lebanese returnees from West Africa, as well as some progressive elements within the influential
1651:(LF), three of Lebanon's most powerful militias at the time. Hezbollah's opposition was due to the inclusion of the LF, whose members it perceived as "Israeli agents", though its rejection of the accord was merely political.
1100:
In early May, 1988, two Amal members were killed at a Hezbollah-manned roadblock in southwest Beirut. The ensuing clashes saw defections from Amal, and led to Hezbollah's occupation of Amal positions in the neighborhoods of
686:. The fighting broke out in April 1988 and proceeded intermittently in three phases over the following years until the signing of an agreement brokered by their respective foreign backers, Syria and Iran, in November 1990.
1541:
In 1978, many fighters, who never went through Amal's official recruitment process, self-organized into local militias, claiming the defense of certain pieces of land in the name of Amal. The movement's leadership did not
1450:
on July 28. Backed by Palestinian guerilla fighters from the Hamas movement, Amal recaptured Kfar Melki. 16 people were killed during the offensive, among them a Palestinian, raising the death toll since mid-July to 166.
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offensive, and demanded that his rivals fully withdraw to Jbaa and Ain Bouswar or be "treated like any occupier" in South Lebanon. Hezbollah responded to Berri's statement by describing it as "political cover" for Amal.
1177:
The exchange of propagandist accusations never ceased. On May 29, 1988, Amal publicized claims, citing its interrogation of Hezbollah captives, that its rival collaborated with Christian war factions, namely the
1117:, backed by Berri, proposed the deployment of Syrian troops in south Beirut to enforce a ceasefire. On May 11, Amal fighters were cornered in the western edge of the suburbs, having lost their headquarters in
1275:, amid continuing skirmishes in the Iqlim. The following day, Amal launched an unsuccessful offensive on Jbaa, which failed to break through Hezbollah's defenses. Backed by rockets and artillery strikes from
769:'s leading imam, sought to further his community's interests by promoting and strengthening a certain 'Shiite identity' that is consistent with the broader Lebanese identity. Before Sadr's founding of the
1574:. Khoei, who became one of Sadr's critics, later appointed Fadlallah as his representative in Lebanon. Amal's deal with the Phalangists furthered tension in the relationship between Sadr and Fadlallah.
982:
Amal's expense. Violent skirmishes between Amal and Hezbollah were rare, but limited clashes did, however, break out twice in 1986 during the War of the Camps. In February, Amal, backed by the Shiite
1210:
in the South. After three days of fighting, in which fifty were killed, the Amal fighters succeeded in taking the village. At the time it had been Hizbollah’s last stronghold in Southern Lebanon.
1061:. The fighting had gone uninterrupted, despite mediation attempts by a local imam in Nabatieh. Amal had retaken positions it had lost earlier in the fighting, in addition to the three villages of
942:
to Hezbollah, the latter's tactics were badly received by both the Syrian government and Amal, who had been working toward achieving favorable perception by world media and the United States.
1024:, who was heading a United Nations observers' mission, was captured by Hezbollah men on a coastal road in South Lebanon. Earlier this month, they also kidnapped, but eventually released, two
862:
operation, which eventually succeeded in routing the PLO out of Lebanon, was welcomed by a portion of the southern Shiite community, given that it aimed to destroy their Palestinian foes.
1402:
774:
1728:, south of the city, by a number of Palestinian officials who escorted them to the Sidon region, and from there to Iqlim al-Tuffah, where they were assigned to combat positions.
777:
before it, the Shiites, who long felt disenfranchised in the political spectrum, tended to join ranks with a variety of available sociopolitical movements, among which were the
705:, on the other hand, which began as an umbrella organization consisting of more conservative elements of Lebanon's Shiite community, was born in 1982 in reaction to Israel's
1165:
neighborhood on May 27 at 11 a.m., before which fighters had disappeared from the streets. The first phase of the deployment involved 800 Syrian soldiers and 100 Lebanese
2971:
2520:
881:, to indoctrinate the community at the expense of Amal's internal schisms. Hezbollah originated from a Syrian–Iranian deal that allowed Tehran to deploy a 1,500-member
1691:
Hezbollah, on its part, increased contacts with Palestinian factions rivaling Arafat's, and considered the notion of maintaining joint "resistance bases" in the south.
1601:
and Berri. Iran and Hezbollah, on the other hand, promoted a pan-Islamic revolutionary ideology that is transnational and not confined to specific countries' borders.
1218:
movement, the PLO's leading faction, which was based in the Sidon region. Berri also worked to improve Amal's relations with clans in the Beqaa for the same purpose.
1057:. In a counterattack, however, Amal retook Nabatieh. It proceeded to attack Hezbollah militants in Tyre and its surroundings, and took the conflict further south to
296:
1551:
Clashes, however, did occasionally occur between Shiite elements and the PLO upon the eruption of civil war in 1975, and intensified as the conflict progressed.
5598:
341:
1532:
existence of the militia. This came out as a surprise to many Lebanese observers, and as an embarrassment to Sadr who had recently ended his hunger strike.
1293:
761:
As the economic situation began to improve in the 1950s, the Shiites, many of whom had relocated to urban areas, started seeking political representation.
4322:
547:
1673:
Higgins was later tortured and murdered by his captors. His death was confirmed in July 1990, when the perpetrators released a video showing his body.
1388:
On December 7, fighting broke out once again around 11:30 a.m., this time in West Beirut. Amal and Hezbollah militants clashed repeatedly in the
966:, initially embarrassed Berri and Syria, and further added to the tension between the Syrian and Iranian camps. Hezbollah opposed the Syrian-brokered
1033:
4407:
4680:
4645:
4216:
4013:
3957:
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4390:
4356:
5468:
5448:
4710:
1632:
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1256:
365:
1231:
289:
1246:
and its surroundings in the Iqlim, capturing the town, along with Kfar Fila, Kfar Melki and Kfar Heta. Amal counterattacked that night in
873:
operation, led to a struggle for influence among the Shiites, and left Amal's leadership divided along moderate and extremist lines. The
5648:
5633:
1330:. Among its terms, other than the ceasefire, were the cessation of media hostilities between the two, the return to the pre-April 1988
644:
4424:
1441:
reported that 2,500 people had been killed so far throughout the entire Amal-Hezbollah war, in addition to five thousand injuries.
63:
1085:
282:
4763:
1597:
and advocated for stronger Lebanese state and military presence in the south, a position later reiterated by Sadr's successors,
4747:
1661:
866:
834:-PLO coalition. Sadr also drew criticism from within the Shiite community when, later in 1976, he struck a deal with Maronite
770:
694:
4285:
3070:
1522:
Beirut, Sadr and his movement favored a more neutral and non-confrontational approach when it came to their Christian rivals.
1037:
killing a Lebanese Army officer associated with Amal, and by attacking an Amal checkpoint on the outskirts of the village of
854:
clashes between Amal and the various Palestinian factions operating in the country became more frequent between 1978 and the
817:, but when an explosion took place at a training camp in the Beqaa Valley, he acknowledged, in July 1975, the existence of "
1721:
1032:. Nabih Berri considered Hezbollah's actions a territorial breach, and ordered an extensive search and rescue operation in
629:
486:
463:
4373:
1487:
Sometimes called the "Brothers-Enemies War" (Harb al-Ikhwa al-A'daa) or the "War of the Two Brothers" (Harb al-Shaqiqayn).
698:
5568:
5548:
5528:
5508:
5488:
5428:
5408:
5388:
5368:
5348:
5328:
5308:
5288:
5248:
5188:
5168:
5148:
5108:
5091:[Damascus meetings continue and Hezbollah agrees to hand over the assassins of Amal's leaders to the Syrians].
5088:
5068:
5048:
5028:
5008:
4988:
4968:
4948:
4928:
4908:
4888:
4868:
4848:
587:
5268:
5228:
5208:
5128:
4828:
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5638:
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4608:
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4074:
4053:
4032:
3997:
3976:
3941:
1771:
1239:
882:
827:
577:
562:
508:
226:
4556:
4245:
1283:
The conflict had been centered around Jbaa during the next two days, with some clashes occurring in Ain Bouswar and
1682:
The LF, which opposes Syrian presence in Lebanon, had sent weapons to Hezbollah from its power base in East Beirut.
1271:, where the movement reportedly found a weapons depot belonging to Hezbollah in the village of Maaroub, and in the
805:
4225:
496:
594:
1421:
983:
934:
491:
458:
951:
938:
902:
818:
513:
153:
59:
5031:[Failure to communicate by the security committee to stop the fighting between Amal and Hezbollah].
963:
619:
406:
1092:
was raided by Israeli commandos on May 2. This pushed Hezbollah to seek further assistance from the IRGC.
946:, Syria's president, warned that he would expel the IRGC from Lebanon following Hezbollah's kidnapping of
1640:
1500:, however, felt challenged by Sadr's ideology, which was shifting the Shiites away from their influence.
996:
967:
847:
729:
639:
418:
1583:
One of the Syrian government's longstanding concerns when it came to its Lebanon policy was its fear of
1020:
On February 17, 1988, while on his way back from a meeting with a local Amal official, American colonel
5613:
5608:
5603:
1301:
843:
831:
502:
1622:. The Beqaa region is where many Shiite militant clerics and activists had taken up residence in 1982.
925:
Hezbollah originally devoted itself to overthrowing the Lebanese government and establishing a Faqihi
4729:
The Politics of Militant Group Survival in the Middle East: Resources, Relationships, and Resistance
4547:
4139:
5628:
5623:
5618:
3058:
1276:
917:
778:
557:
523:
346:
329:
201:
5451:[After Western Beqaa and West Beirut, fall of the Damascus Agreement in Iqlim al-Tuffah].
877:
of 1979 had an equally significant impact on the Shiites of Lebanon, which later managed, through
1389:
1134:
1587:
that would compromise its interests in Lebanon and would further isolate it on a regional scale.
1508:
in the south, as well as the Khalil family of Tyre, were two of Sadr's prominent opponents then.
1109:. Amal commenced a large offensive on May 6 against its rival in the southern Beirut suburbs of
5643:
4851:[Third day in the war for domination between the Movement and the Party in the Iqlim].
1464:
1429:
1369:
839:
599:
582:
518:
371:
3711:
3709:
1761:
1053:
and the surrounding villages. It seized Amal positions and offices in the town, as well as in
4534:
4126:
3864:
3862:
1571:
1149:
1074:
1007:
deployed 7,000 commandos into West Beirut. On February 24, 1987, an incident occurred at the
909:
of Iraq, both of which Fadlallah helped create, as well as Hussein al-Musawi's Islamic Amal.
859:
842:
the al-Nabaa district of Beirut, allowing the relocation of 100,000 Shiites, among whom were
634:
5371:[Morning battles and the Syrians intervene to separate between Amal and Hezbollah].
4600:
Religion, National Identity, and Confessional Politics in Lebanon: The Challenge of Islamism
897:, met with a number of prominent Lebanese Shiite figures in Tehran, including Fadlallah and
4969:"قبلان بعد لقائه القائم بالاعمال الايراني : "أمل " وافقت على مبادرتي وننتظر ردّ الحزب"
3844:
3766:
3724:
3706:
3505:
3503:
3404:
3402:
3281:
3202:
3200:
3198:
1296:
proposed a plan for disengagement on January 13. His terms, which included a return to the
1260:
1234:, a hilly region located between the territories controlled by Amal and the Israeli-backed
1187:
1049:
During the early stages of an Amal offensive on April 5, 1988, Hezbollah managed to occupy
533:
413:
335:
36:
3859:
3468:
3453:
3332:
962:
from Athens to Rome in 1985 by Hezbollah, which was forced to land in the Amal-controlled
8:
4511:
3739:
3691:
1631:
The Tripartite Accord was an attempt by Syria to end the civil war, and to emphasize its
1598:
1272:
1138:
1070:
750:
528:
476:
179:
3676:
3661:
3548:
3533:
3500:
3417:
3399:
3384:
3347:
3296:
3266:
3251:
3195:
35:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
4674:
4639:
4210:
4007:
3951:
3237:
3165:
3109:
2975:
2524:
1459:
1327:
1235:
1021:
1008:
906:
874:
814:
683:
614:
567:
352:
306:
5131:[3-point agreement reached in 3 hours as a result of 3 days of negotiations].
974:, which was launched by Amal, with Syrian support, in order to curb the resurgence of
765:, an Iranian-Lebanese cleric who arrived in Lebanon in 1959 to occupy the position of
4871:[Amal buries 10 of its members, including its local commander in Kfar Heta].
4733:
4695:
4660:
4625:
4604:
4583:
4562:
4496:
4475:
4454:
4196:
4175:
4154:
4091:
4070:
4049:
4028:
3993:
3972:
3937:
3628:
3066:
1767:
1432:, formally announced the ceasefire that evening during a press conference in Beirut.
1118:
1073:, previously considered Hezbollah strongholds. The armed clashes were accompanied by
894:
886:
423:
385:
4951:[Qablan suggests forming a neutral committee and that militiamen withdraw].
3613:
3576:
1392:
of Khandaq al-Ghamiq, Basta al-Tahta, Basta al-Fawqa, Wadi Abu Jamil and in the old
5171:[Political balance between Amal and Hezbollah is a serious consideration].
5151:[Escalation in Dahieh and clashes in the Iqlim a day after the ceasefire].
4106:
1584:
1469:
1323:
971:
926:
898:
855:
714:
710:
706:
552:
481:
453:
443:
98:
4911:[Amal launches an offensive on Jbaa and the Party announces its failure].
4727:
4689:
4654:
4619:
4598:
4577:
4490:
4469:
4448:
4305:
4190:
4169:
4148:
4085:
4064:
4043:
4024:
Hezbollah: The Story of the Party of God: From Revolution to Institutionalization
4022:
3987:
3966:
3931:
1648:
1179:
791:
738:
663:
400:
378:
359:
4991:[Amal and Hezbollah bury their dead amid demonstrations and campaigns].
4971:[Qablan: Amal agrees to my proposal and we await the Party's response].
754:
Shiites were officially recognized as a sect and granted the right to celebrate
689:
The Amal Movement was formed in 1974 as the armed wing of popular Shiite cleric
3241:
2979:
2528:
1636:
1615:
1251:
1195:
district. Syrian troops ended the fighting by disarming units from both sides.
959:
947:
943:
742:
448:
438:
428:
102:
889:, one of Amal's leading members, split from the movement in June 1982 to form
5592:
1518:
1382:
1268:
1183:
1081:
975:
766:
746:
671:
146:
5191:[8-point agreement to end the struggle between Amal and Hezbollah].
755:
5531:[Calls to calm the situation and Berri in the south that evening].
5089:"لقاءات دمشق تواصلت و "حزب الله" وافق على تسليم قتلى قادة امل الى السوريين"
4891:[A day of relative calm disrupted by raids and search operations].
4579:
Syria and Lebanon: International Relations and Diplomacy in the Middle East
1644:
1407:
1393:
1242:
there. It then launched a surprise offensive westward on Amal positions in
1199:
1114:
992:
890:
835:
786:
762:
690:
433:
324:
106:
5231:[Clashes between Amal and Hezbollah with 2 killed and 9 wounded].
1763:
The Lessons Of Modern War: Volume I: The Arab-israeli Conflicts, 1973-1989
846:, from the neighborhood to Jabal Amel and the Beqaa. When Israel launched
813:
Sadr initially advocated for non-violence during the early stages of the
4931:[Berri: The strike is to condemn the "Black Saturday" massacre].
4789:
4150:
Syria and Iran: Diplomatic Alliance and Power Politics in the Middle East
1501:
1166:
1153:
1004:
988:
955:
809:
Armed Hezbollah fighters patrol a neighborhood in southern Beirut, 1980s.
713:" against the PLO ended, Hezbollah and its rival Amal began clashing in
5571:[Besharati announces ceasefire in Iqlim al-Tuffah on evening].
5111:[Clashes in Iqlim al-Tuffah and alarming situation in Dahieh].
4831:[Night escalation in West Beirut and skirmishes in the Iqlim].
4066:
Warriors of God: Inside Hezbollah's Thirty-Year Struggle Against Israel
1417:
1192:
679:
4849:"حرب اثبات الوجود بين الحركة والحزب في الاقليم استمرت في يومها الثالث"
670:; Harb al-Ikhwa) was a period of violent armed clashes between rivals
1725:
1566:
1378:
1336:
1305:
1247:
1207:
1203:
1058:
1000:
878:
782:
702:
675:
624:
274:
194:
4889:"يوم من الهدوء النسبي تخللّته مداهمات وعمليات تمشيط في اقليم التفاح"
3185:
3183:
3754:
3570:
3245:
3220:
3218:
2983:
2532:
1437:
1106:
1050:
58:
This article is about the conflict in Lebanon. For other uses, see
3490:
3488:
3486:
3155:
3153:
3151:
1339:
resumed activities in Lebanon which it had suspended in December.
5449:"بعد البقاع الغربي وبيروت الغربية سقط اتفاق دمشق في اقليم التفاح"
5071:[Negotiations underway in Damascus to end the fighting].
4691:
Hizb'Allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis
3180:
3063:
Beware of Small States. Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East.
1619:
1161:
1089:
1062:
1054:
5211:[Ceasefire and Syrian deployment to the conflict zone].
4266:"Iran, Fearing Loss of Syria Tie, Widens Aid to Lebanon Shiites"
3215:
2556:
Middle East International No 296, 20 March 1987; Jim Muir pp.6-7
1300:
that existed prior the Iqlim war, were welcomed by Berri and by
21:
5149:"انتكاسة في الضاحية واشتباكات في الاقليم بعد يوم على وقف النار"
5029:"فشل الاتصالات واللجنة الامنية في وقف القتال بين امل وحزب الله"
3523:
3521:
3483:
3148:
3083:
3081:
3079:
2955:
2953:
2523:
No 295, 4(6th according to page footer) March 1987; Publishers
2502:
2450:
1635:
with Lebanon. The agreement included Berri of the Shiite Amal,
1611:
1374:
1284:
1110:
1066:
1038:
991:, attributed to Hezbollah, and the defeat of the Syrian allied
865:
Musa al-Sadr's unsolved disappearance in 1978 during a trip to
822:
718:
3907:
3236:
Middle East International No 342, 20 January 1989, Publishers
3136:
3124:
4621:
Middle East Contemporary Survey, 1986, Volume 10; Volume 1986
4408:"Rival Shiite Moslem militiamen fought for a hilltop village"
3989:
Middle East Contemporary Survey, 1990, Volume 14; Volume 1990
3968:
Middle East Contemporary Survey, 1989, Volume 13; Volume 1989
1561:
1289:
1215:
1102:
1029:
1025:
173:
4792:["Resistance".. the Civil War and Iqlim al-Tuffah].
4323:"Rival Shiite militiamen battled for the fourth day Tuesday"
3518:
3076:
3040:
2950:
5129:"اتفاق من 3 بنود نتيجة 3 ايام من المفاوضات خرق بعد 3 ساعات"
4340:"Inter-Shiite fighting continues despite Iranian mediation"
4045:
Armed Political Organizations: From Conflict to Integration
2878:
2854:
2842:
2772:
2732:
2708:
2669:
2538:
1724:
landed in the port city of Tyre. They were then met in the
1363:
1243:
1230:
On January 8, 1989, Hezbollah concentrated its presence in
930:
220:
4391:"Lebanon fighting prevents Red Cross from removing bodies"
4357:"Amal shows hideout where Col. Higgins allegedly was held"
2907:
2905:
2820:
2818:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2686:
2684:
2078:
2076:
1863:
5547:
5527:
5507:
5487:
5467:
5447:
5407:
5387:
4989:"أمل و حزب الله شيّعا عدداً من القتلى وسط تظاهرات وحملات"
4450:
Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God
3883:
3850:
3835:
3828:
3791:
3772:
3730:
3715:
3287:
2333:
2331:
2051:
2049:
1664:" in 1985, and sought to re-establish the PLO in Lebanon.
697:. Amal supported the intervening Syrian army against the
5567:
5431:[Ending the strife between Amal and Hezbollah].
5427:
5331:[Calm returns to Sohmor, Yohmor and Machghara].
5107:
5087:
4947:
4927:
4711:"Hezbollah calls for dialogue with rival Moslem militia"
3868:
3813:
3745:
3474:
3459:
3375:
3368:
3338:
3317:
1931:
1812:
1810:
5369:"معارك صباحية والسوريون تدخلوا للفصل بين امل وحزب الله"
5367:
5347:
5327:
5307:
5187:
5167:
5147:
5127:
5067:
5047:
5027:
5007:
4987:
4967:
4907:
4887:
4867:
4847:
3697:
3682:
3667:
3649:
3554:
3539:
3509:
3445:
3438:
3423:
3408:
3390:
3353:
3324:
3302:
3272:
3257:
3206:
3030:
3028:
2989:
2902:
2890:
2866:
2830:
2815:
2796:
2784:
2744:
2720:
2681:
2657:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2474:
2462:
2438:
2170:
2168:
2073:
1172:
5311:[Violent clashes between Amal and the Party].
5291:[Violent clashes between Amal and Hezbollah].
4827:
4807:
4337:
4263:
4243:
4223:
4105:
Gambill, Gary C.; Abdelnour, Ziad K. (February 2002).
3890:
3809:
3798:
3760:
3656:
3171:
3115:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2633:
2364:
2362:
2328:
2192:
2046:
1971:
1959:
1919:
1891:
1660:
Arafat took advantage of the IDF's withdrawal to the "
921:
Map of Hezbollah and Syrian control of Beirut in 1987.
4708:
4512:"The Role of Hezbollah in Lebanese Domestic Politics"
4354:
3015:
3013:
3007:
Middle East International No 335, 7 October 1988; p.6
2696:
2061:
1851:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1560:
Sadr and Fadlallah were both students of the Iranian
933:
and resisting the presence of Israeli troops and the
5391:[Military mobilization in Iqlim al-Tuffah].
5287:
5247:
5229:"اشتباكات بين امل وحزب الله وسقوط قتيلين وتسعة جرحى"
5227:
4405:
3634:
3604:
3597:
3569:
Middle East International No 344, 17 February 1989;
3189:
3025:
2609:
2592:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2535:
pp.3-4; No 298, 17 April 1987; Godfrey Jansen pp.3-4
2426:
2402:
2288:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2165:
2135:
5267:
5207:
3619:
3582:
2917:
2645:
2621:
2414:
2359:
2316:
1044:
733:
The distribution of the Shia population in Lebanon.
4762:
4388:
4371:
4306:"53 die as battle between Shiite Moslems rages on"
4303:
3895:
3494:
3159:
3010:
1822:
1792:
970:later that year, and supported the PLO during the
800:
682:militia movements, during the final stages of the
5511:[Amal suggests Palestinian involvement].
5351:[From the Western Beqaa to West Beirut].
5189:"اتفاق من 8 بنود لإنهاء الصراع بين امل وحزب الله"
4869:"أمل شيّعت 10 من عناصرها بينهم مسؤولها في كفرحتى"
4829:"انتكاسة مسائية في "الغربية" ومناوشات في الاقليم"
4746:
4320:
4283:
3913:
3142:
3130:
2559:
2374:
2180:
1351:On July 7, disagreement over the distribution of
893:. Two months later, Iran's revolutionary leader,
5590:
5051:[Syrian forces increase their efforts].
4949:"اقتراح لقبلان بتشكيل لجنة محايدة وسحب المسلحين"
4652:
4617:
4104:
4087:The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967-1976
2508:
2496:
2456:
2306:
2160:
2152:
2150:
2098:
2018:
1780:
1444:
69:Fighting between the Amal Movement and Hezbollah
1760:Wagner, Abraham; Cordesman, Anthony H. (2020).
1759:
5569:"بشاراتي اعلن وقف النار في اقليم التفاح مساءً"
5271:[Tension between Amal and Hezbollah].
4554:
5599:Military operations of the Lebanese Civil War
2147:
1095:
290:
5169:"التوازن السياسي بين امل وحزب الله طرح خطير"
4929:"بري : الاصراب ضد مجزرة "السبت الأسود""
4679:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4644:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4215:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4188:
4012:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3985:
3964:
3956:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3929:
3787:
3527:
3224:
3103:
3087:
3046:
2959:
2778:
2392:
2353:
1287:shots targeting Kfar Fila from Jbaa. Shiite
122:Later reconciliation between the two parties
5109:"اشتباكات في اقليم التفاح و حذر في الضاحية"
4909:"أمل شنّت هجمات على جباع والحزب أعلن فشلها"
4189:Harris, William; Haris, William W. (2014).
1755:
1753:
1316:
1028:workers in an area controlled by Amal near
5529:"اتصالات لتهدئة الوضع وبري في الجنوب مساء"
4653:Rabinovich, Itamar; Olmert, Yosef (1989).
4618:Rabinovich, Itamar; Olmert, Yosef (1988).
3933:Middle East Contemporary Survey, Volume 12
1080:A high-level Iranian delegation headed by
297:
283:
5011:[Escalation in Iqlim al-Tuffah].
4764:"Cease-fire has little impact in Lebanon"
4338:Khaled, Abdel Mawla (December 25, 1989).
4083:
3986:Ayalon, Ami; Harris, William. W. (1992).
3930:Ayalon, Ami; Harris, William. W. (1990).
1988:
1986:
1937:
1885:
1720:A week earlier, 450 Palestinian fighters
5209:"وقف النار وانتشار سوري في اماكن القتال"
4790:""مقاومة".. الحرب الأهلية وإقليم التفاح"
4748:"Rival Shiite militias battle in Beirut"
4687:
4575:
4355:Khaled, Abdel Mawla (January 18, 1990).
4308:. The Indianapolis Star (UPI). p. 3
4146:
4107:"Hezbollah: Between Tehran and Damascus"
4062:
2944:
2911:
2896:
2884:
2872:
2860:
2848:
2836:
2824:
2809:
2790:
2766:
2750:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2690:
2675:
2663:
2544:
2480:
2468:
2444:
2337:
2082:
2012:
1977:
1925:
1750:
1364:Beqaa battles spark new war in the south
916:
804:
728:
707:invasion and occupation of South Lebanon
64:War of the Two Brothers (disambiguation)
4725:
4422:
2702:
2615:
2603:
2242:
2226:
2198:
2129:
2055:
2008:
1996:
1965:
1949:
1913:
1897:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1816:
5591:
4509:
4488:
4446:
4286:"Militia in Lebanon drives back enemy"
4264:Hijazi, Ihsan A. (December 25, 1989).
4244:Hijazi, Ihsan A. (December 24, 1989).
4224:Hijazi, Ihsan A. (December 23, 1989).
4167:
4113:(2). Middle East Intelligence Bulletin
2432:
2310:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2174:
2141:
2067:
1983:
1585:a potential Israeli-Lebanese agreement
1342:
1221:
773:(Harakat al-Mahrumin) in 1974 and the
304:
33:about the second part of the conflict.
4787:
4656:Middle East Contemporary Survey, 1987
4596:
4510:Norton, Augustus R. (December 2007).
4389:Khaled, Abdel Mawla (July 29, 1990).
4372:Khaled, Abdel Mawla (July 28, 1990).
4041:
4020:
3901:
3034:
2995:
2932:
2762:
2651:
2639:
2627:
2420:
2408:
2368:
2322:
2294:
2230:
2156:
2113:
2094:
1992:
1953:
1833:
1801:
278:
5349:"من البقاع الغربي الى بيروت الغربية"
4425:"Retour sur les traces d'un conflit"
4246:"2 Shiite militas battle in Lebanon"
1173:Intermittent violence and propaganda
630:Civil Administration of the Mountain
487:1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats
267:500+ Hezbollah fighters wounded/dead
15:
5329:"عودة الهدوء الى سحمر ويحمر ومشغرة"
5289:"اشتباكات عنيفة بين امل و حزب الله"
4467:
4374:"Rival Shiite forces resume battle"
3099:
3019:
2974:No 335, 7 October 1988, Publishers
2586:
2574:
2492:
2396:
2380:
2349:
2214:
2210:
2186:
2125:
2109:
2040:
2036:
2024:
1909:
1786:
1152:met that day with Syrian brigadier
699:Palestinian Liberation Organization
667:
13:
4709:Saoud, Dalal (December 29, 1989).
4432:Institut Français du Proche-Orient
4284:Hijazi, Ihsan A. (July 29, 1990).
4226:"Lebanon militias are splintering"
14:
5660:
5634:Battles of the Lebanese Civil War
4788:Rehan, Fady (November 15, 2007).
4780:
4471:Nabih Berri and Lebanese Politics
4406:Ladki, Nadim (January 12, 1989).
4069:. Random House Publishing Group.
912:
828:Palestine Liberation Organization
563:January 1986 Lebanese Forces coup
5509:"أمل اشارت إلى اشتراك فلسطينيين"
5309:"اشتباكات عنيفة بين أمل و الحزب"
4521:(4). The International Spectator
3877:
3822:
3803:
3781:
3643:
3591:
3563:
3432:
3362:
3311:
3230:
3093:
3052:
3001:
2965:
1731:
1714:
1704:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1186:area, Mahmud Faqin commander in
1124:
1045:Fighting in Nabatieh and Ghazieh
264:2000+ Amal fighters wounded/dead
213:
188:
166:
140:
20:
5389:"حشودات عسكرية في اقليم التفاح"
5269:"اجواء توتر بين أمل و حزب الله"
5069:"مفاوضات في دمشق لإنهاء القتال"
4811:[Escalation in Chyah].
4453:. Georgetown University Press.
4304:Kadi, Samar (January 9, 1989).
2756:
2550:
2514:
2486:
2386:
2343:
2300:
2236:
2220:
2204:
2119:
2103:
2088:
2030:
2002:
1943:
1903:
1875:
1667:
1654:
1625:
1604:
1590:
1577:
1554:
1545:
1535:
1525:
1511:
1368:Violent clashes started in the
1326:, and his Iranian counterpart,
995:in a week of fighting with the
801:Civil War and rise of Hezbollah
497:Assassination of Bachir Gemayel
5575:. December 28, 1989. p. 7
5555:. December 27, 1989. p. 8
5535:. December 27, 1989. p. 7
5515:. December 25, 1989. p. 5
5495:. December 25, 1989. p. 1
5475:. December 24, 1989. p. 6
5455:. December 24, 1989. p. 5
5429:"وأد الفتنة بين امل وحزب الله"
5415:. December 21, 1989. p. 3
5395:. December 21, 1989. p. 5
5049:"القوات السورية كثفت تدابيرها"
4495:. Princeton University Press.
4192:Lebanon: A History, 600 - 2011
1490:
1481:
1422:Popular Nasserist Organization
950:, the acting president of the
935:Multinational Force in Lebanon
775:Supreme Islamic Shiite Council
568:Assassination of Rashid Karami
492:Multinational Force in Lebanon
1:
5649:Iran–Syria military relations
5375:. December 9, 1989. p. 5
5355:. December 8, 1989. p. 5
5335:. December 6, 1989. p. 5
5315:. December 5, 1989. p. 1
5195:. January 31, 1989. p. 5
5175:. January 28, 1989. p. 4
5155:. January 27, 1989. p. 6
5135:. January 26, 1989. p. 6
5115:. January 25, 1989. p. 6
5095:. January 25, 1989. p. 1
5075:. January 24, 1989. p. 4
5055:. January 22, 1989. p. 6
5035:. January 20, 1989. p. 6
4995:. January 17, 1989. p. 6
4975:. January 15, 1989. p. 5
4955:. January 14, 1989. p. 5
4935:. January 14, 1989. p. 3
4915:. January 13, 1989. p. 5
4895:. January 12, 1989. p. 5
4875:. January 11, 1989. p. 5
4855:. January 10, 1989. p. 5
4558:Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92
4321:Kaj, Riad (January 3, 1989).
4174:. Syracuse University Press.
1744:
1517:He went on a much publicized
952:American University of Beirut
724:
154:Lebanese Resistance Regiments
60:Brothers War (disambiguation)
5411:[Berri's activity].
4835:. January 7, 1989. p. 5
4815:. January 1, 1989. p. 4
4489:Norton, Augustus R. (2014).
4168:Hamzeh, Ahmad Nizar (2004).
4090:. Harvard University Press.
2509:Rabinovich & Olmert 1989
2497:Rabinovich & Olmert 1988
2457:Rabinovich & Olmert 1988
2307:Gambill & Abdelnour 2002
2161:Gambill & Abdelnour 2002
2099:Gambill & Abdelnour 2002
1086:United Nations Interim Force
964:Beirut International Airport
771:Movement of the Dispossessed
695:Movement of the Dispossessed
595:Assassination of René Moawad
7:
5471:[Iqlim al-Tuffah].
4195:. Oxford University Press.
4147:Goodarzi, Jubin M. (2009).
4063:Blanford, Nicholas (2011).
1641:Progressive Socialist Party
1453:
745:in 1920, aiming to provide
640:South Lebanon security belt
419:1978 South Lebanon conflict
202:Lebanese Islamic Resistance
10:
5665:
5551:[Amal-Hezbollah].
5295:. July 10, 1989. p. 5
5255:. July 8, 1989. p. 14
5251:[Amal-Hezbollah].
4659:. The Moshe Dayan Center.
4624:. The Moshe Dayan Center.
4555:O'Ballance, Edgar (1998).
4492:Hezbollah: A Short History
3992:. The Moshe Dayan Center.
3936:. The Moshe Dayan Center.
3922:
3891:Hijazi (December 25, 1989)
3810:Hijazi (December 25, 1989)
3799:Hijazi (December 24, 1989)
3761:Hijazi (December 23, 1989)
3657:Khaled (December 25, 1989)
1322:Syria's foreign minister,
1302:Mohammad Mehdi Shamseddine
1096:Battle for southern Beirut
1041:in the Jabal Amel region.
844:Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah
832:Lebanese National Movement
548:U.S. embassy annex bombing
503:Sabra and Shatila massacre
89:April 1988 – November 1990
57:
5491:[On the ground].
5275:. July 9, 1989. p. 6
5235:. July 8, 1989. p. 5
5215:. July 3, 1989. p. 5
5009:"انتكاسة في اقليم التفاح"
4809:"انتكاسة امنية في الشياح"
4688:Ranstorp, Magnus (1996).
4597:Rabil, Robert G. (2011).
4084:El-Khazen, Farid (2000).
4042:Berti, Benedetta (2013).
2972:Middle East International
2521:Middle East International
1015:
739:French mandate in Lebanon
709:. As the Amal-initiated "
620:People's Republic of Tyre
608:Cantons and puppet states
407:St George's Church attack
316:
260:Between 500 and 750 dead
258:
253:
234:
132:
81:
74:
5639:Wars involving Hezbollah
4447:Levitt, Matthew (2015).
4171:In The Path Of Hizbullah
3971:. HarperCollins Canada.
3788:Ayalon & Harris 1991
3528:Ayalon & Harris 1991
3225:Ayalon & Harris 1991
3190:Ladki (January 12, 1989)
3104:Ayalon & Harris 1991
3088:Ayalon & Harris 1991
3047:Ayalon & Harris 1990
2960:Ayalon & Harris 1990
2779:Ayalon & Harris 1990
2393:Harris & Harris 2014
2354:Harris & Harris 2014
1475:
1317:First Damascus Agreement
779:Lebanese Communist Party
558:1985 Beirut car bombings
366:1976 Syrian intervention
4766:. UPI. January 26, 1989
4576:Osoegawa, Taku (2013).
541:Fourth phase: 1984–1990
393:Second phase: 1977–1982
4750:. UPI. January 7, 1989
4542:Cite journal requires
4423:Lamloum, Olfa (2010).
4134:Cite journal requires
3495:UPI (January 26, 1989)
3160:Kadi (January 9, 1989)
1465:Mountain War (Lebanon)
1430:Ali Mohammad Besharati
922:
810:
741:was carved out of the
734:
583:Dahr al-Wahsh massacre
470:Third phase: 1982–1984
372:Siege of Tel al-Zaatar
319:First phase: 1975–1977
31:is missing information
4726:Szekely, Ora (2016).
4021:Azani, Eitan (2011).
3914:Hijazi 1990 (July 29)
3143:UPI (January 7, 1989)
3131:Kaj (January 3, 1989)
1572:Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei
1150:Hossein Sheikholeslam
1075:psychological warfare
939:1983 suicide bombings
920:
808:
732:
721:'s southern suburbs.
635:State of Free Lebanon
464:Iraqi Embassy bombing
254:Casualties and losses
3965:Ayalon, Ami (1991).
3887:(December 27, 1989a)
3854:(December 27, 1989b)
3839:(December 25, 1989a)
3832:(December 25, 1989b)
3795:(December 24, 1989a)
3776:(December 24, 1989a)
3734:(December 21, 1989b)
3719:(December 21, 1989a)
3291:(December 24, 1989b)
2245:, pp. 149–150;
1884:, pp. 120–121;
1633:special relationship
1496:The majority of the
883:Revolutionary Guards
534:1984 Sohmor massacre
509:U.S. embassy bombing
459:1981 Israeli bombing
336:Battle of the Hotels
248:(only a few engaged)
242:(only a few engaged)
5435:. December 22, 1989
3872:(December 28, 1989)
3817:(December 28, 1989)
3749:(December 22, 1989)
3478:(January 25, 1989a)
3463:(January 25, 1989b)
3379:(January 14, 1989a)
3372:(January 14, 1989b)
3342:(January 14, 1989b)
3321:(January 14, 1989b)
1722:coming from Tunisia
1599:Hussein el-Husseini
1445:"Hundred-day siege"
1401:and confirmed that
1343:West Beirut clashes
1222:Iqlim al-Tuffah war
1139:Abdul Halim Khaddam
751:Maronite Christians
529:February 6 Intifada
477:1982 Beirut bombing
347:Black Saturday
330:Black Thursday
5015:. January 18, 1989
4468:Nir, Omri (2011).
4290:The New York Times
4270:The New York Times
4250:The New York Times
4230:The New York Times
3701:(December 9, 1989)
3686:(December 8, 1989)
3671:(December 6, 1989)
3653:(December 5, 1989)
3558:(January 31, 1989)
3543:(January 27, 1989)
3513:(January 26, 1989)
3449:(January 22, 1989)
3442:(January 24, 1989)
3427:(January 18, 1989)
3412:(January 20, 1989)
3394:(January 17, 1989)
3357:(January 28, 1989)
3328:(January 15, 1989)
3306:(January 13, 1989)
3276:(January 12, 1989)
3261:(January 11, 1989)
3227:, p. 526-527.
3210:(January 10, 1989)
2887:, p. 274-275.
2863:, p. 273-274.
2851:, p. 270-271.
2769:, pp. 266–267
2741:, p. 265-266.
2717:, p. 264-265.
2678:, p. 263-264.
2547:, p. 201-202.
2132:, pp. 148–149
2128:, pp. 11–12;
1872:, p. 117-118.
1460:Lebanese Civil War
1328:Ali Akbar Velayati
1294:Abdul Amir Qabalan
1236:South Lebanon Army
1022:William R. Higgins
1009:Fathallah barracks
923:
907:Islamic Dawa Party
895:Ayatollah Khomeini
875:Iranian Revolution
815:Lebanese Civil War
811:
735:
684:Lebanese Civil War
615:East Beirut canton
588:War of Elimination
353:Karantina massacre
308:Lebanese Civil War
5614:Conflicts in 1990
5609:Conflicts in 1989
5604:Conflicts in 1988
3242:Dennis Walters MP
3175:(January 7, 1989)
3119:(January 1, 1989)
3071:978-0-571-23741-8
3065:Faber and Faber.
2980:Dennis Walters MP
2529:Dennis Walters MP
1647:of the Christian
1273:Bint Jbeil region
1238:(SLA), forming a
1145:
1144:
1119:Bourj el-Barajneh
968:Tripartite Accord
954:. Amal's leader,
887:Hussein al-Musawi
678:, Lebanon's main
655:
654:
578:War of Liberation
524:Battle of Tripoli
519:Mountain War
514:Barracks bombings
424:Battle of Kaukaba
414:Hundred Days' War
386:Aishiyeh massacre
273:
272:
249:
243:
128:
127:
54:
53:
5656:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5549:"امل – حزب الله"
5544:
5542:
5540:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5249:"امل – حزب الله"
5244:
5242:
5240:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4743:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4705:
4684:
4678:
4670:
4649:
4643:
4635:
4614:
4593:
4572:
4551:
4545:
4540:
4538:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4516:
4506:
4485:
4464:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4429:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4220:
4214:
4206:
4185:
4164:
4143:
4137:
4132:
4130:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4101:
4080:
4059:
4038:
4017:
4011:
4003:
3982:
3961:
3955:
3947:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3881:
3875:
3866:
3857:
3848:
3842:
3826:
3820:
3807:
3801:
3785:
3779:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3743:
3737:
3728:
3722:
3713:
3704:
3695:
3689:
3680:
3674:
3665:
3659:
3647:
3641:
3632:
3626:
3617:
3611:
3595:
3589:
3580:
3574:
3567:
3561:
3552:
3546:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3516:
3507:
3498:
3492:
3481:
3472:
3466:
3457:
3451:
3436:
3430:
3421:
3415:
3406:
3397:
3388:
3382:
3366:
3360:
3351:
3345:
3336:
3330:
3315:
3309:
3300:
3294:
3285:
3279:
3270:
3264:
3255:
3249:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3213:
3204:
3193:
3187:
3178:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3113:
3107:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3074:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3023:
3017:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2998:, p. 79-80.
2993:
2987:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2915:
2909:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2813:
2807:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2642:, p. 77-78.
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2590:
2589:, p. 73-74.
2584:
2578:
2572:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2357:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2240:
2234:
2224:
2218:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2123:
2117:
2107:
2101:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2044:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2006:
2000:
1990:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1820:
1814:
1805:
1799:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1757:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1718:
1712:
1711:decision-making.
1708:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1629:
1623:
1608:
1602:
1594:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1515:
1509:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1470:War of the Camps
1324:Farouk al-Sharaa
1198:In May 1988 the
1125:
972:War of the Camps
929:in the image of
927:Islamic Republic
899:Subhi al-Tufayli
869:, following the
856:Israeli invasion
711:War of the Camps
669:
553:War of the Camps
505:
482:1982 Lebanon War
454:Battle of Zahleh
444:At Tiri incident
403:
388:
381:
374:
362:
355:
342:ASALA insurgency
338:
311:
309:
299:
292:
285:
276:
275:
247:
241:
219:
217:
216:
193:
192:
191:
172:
170:
169:
145:
144:
143:
99:Southern Lebanon
83:
82:
72:
71:
49:
46:
40:
24:
16:
5664:
5663:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5629:1990 in Lebanon
5624:1989 in Lebanon
5619:1988 in Lebanon
5589:
5588:
5587:
5578:
5576:
5558:
5556:
5538:
5536:
5518:
5516:
5498:
5496:
5478:
5476:
5458:
5456:
5438:
5436:
5418:
5416:
5398:
5396:
5378:
5376:
5358:
5356:
5338:
5336:
5318:
5316:
5298:
5296:
5278:
5276:
5258:
5256:
5238:
5236:
5218:
5216:
5198:
5196:
5178:
5176:
5158:
5156:
5138:
5136:
5118:
5116:
5098:
5096:
5078:
5076:
5058:
5056:
5038:
5036:
5018:
5016:
4998:
4996:
4978:
4976:
4958:
4956:
4938:
4936:
4918:
4916:
4898:
4896:
4878:
4876:
4858:
4856:
4838:
4836:
4818:
4816:
4798:
4796:
4783:
4778:
4769:
4767:
4753:
4751:
4740:
4716:
4714:
4702:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4611:
4590:
4569:
4543:
4541:
4532:
4531:
4524:
4522:
4514:
4503:
4482:
4461:
4437:
4435:
4427:
4413:
4411:
4396:
4394:
4379:
4377:
4362:
4360:
4345:
4343:
4328:
4326:
4311:
4309:
4294:
4292:
4274:
4272:
4254:
4252:
4234:
4232:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4182:
4161:
4135:
4133:
4124:
4123:
4116:
4114:
4098:
4077:
4056:
4035:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3979:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3925:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3882:
3878:
3867:
3860:
3849:
3845:
3827:
3823:
3808:
3804:
3790:, p. 528;
3786:
3782:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3744:
3740:
3729:
3725:
3714:
3707:
3696:
3692:
3681:
3677:
3666:
3662:
3648:
3644:
3638:(July 10, 1989)
3633:
3629:
3618:
3614:
3608:(July 8, 1989b)
3601:(July 8, 1989a)
3596:
3592:
3581:
3577:
3568:
3564:
3553:
3549:
3538:
3534:
3526:
3519:
3508:
3501:
3493:
3484:
3473:
3469:
3458:
3454:
3437:
3433:
3422:
3418:
3407:
3400:
3389:
3385:
3367:
3363:
3352:
3348:
3337:
3333:
3316:
3312:
3301:
3297:
3286:
3282:
3271:
3267:
3256:
3252:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3216:
3205:
3196:
3188:
3181:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3149:
3141:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3114:
3110:
3098:
3094:
3086:
3077:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3026:
3018:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2918:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2816:
2808:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2395:, p. 249;
2391:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2360:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2241:
2237:
2229:, p. 149;
2225:
2221:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2166:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2124:
2120:
2108:
2104:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2047:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:, p. 126;
2007:
2003:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1952:, p. 113;
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1823:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1758:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1732:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1655:
1649:Lebanese Forces
1630:
1626:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1512:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1456:
1447:
1366:
1345:
1319:
1261:Nabatieh region
1224:
1180:Lebanese Forces
1175:
1141:, in May 1988.
1098:
1047:
1034:Iqlim al-Tuffah
1018:
915:
903:Lebanese branch
803:
743:region of Syria
727:
660:War of Brothers
656:
651:
610:
605:
602:
600:Battle of Sidon
573:War of Brothers
543:
536:
501:
472:
401:Chouf massacres
399:
395:
384:
379:Chekka massacre
377:
370:
360:Damour massacre
358:
351:
334:
321:
312:
307:
305:
303:
214:
212:
197:
189:
187:
167:
165:
149:
141:
139:
109:
76:
75:War of Brothers
70:
67:
50:
44:
41:
34:
25:
12:
11:
5:
5662:
5652:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5586:
5585:
5565:
5545:
5525:
5505:
5485:
5469:"اقليم التفاح"
5465:
5445:
5425:
5405:
5385:
5365:
5345:
5325:
5305:
5285:
5265:
5245:
5225:
5205:
5185:
5165:
5145:
5125:
5105:
5085:
5065:
5045:
5025:
5005:
4985:
4965:
4945:
4925:
4905:
4885:
4865:
4845:
4825:
4805:
4784:
4782:
4781:Arabic sources
4779:
4777:
4776:
4760:
4744:
4738:
4723:
4706:
4700:
4685:
4665:
4650:
4630:
4615:
4609:
4594:
4588:
4582:. I.B.Tauris.
4573:
4567:
4552:
4544:|journal=
4507:
4501:
4486:
4480:
4465:
4459:
4444:
4420:
4403:
4386:
4369:
4352:
4335:
4318:
4301:
4281:
4261:
4241:
4221:
4201:
4186:
4180:
4165:
4159:
4153:. I.B.Tauris.
4144:
4136:|journal=
4102:
4096:
4081:
4075:
4060:
4054:
4039:
4033:
4018:
3998:
3983:
3977:
3962:
3942:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3906:
3894:
3876:
3858:
3843:
3821:
3802:
3780:
3765:
3753:
3738:
3723:
3705:
3690:
3675:
3660:
3642:
3627:
3623:(July 9, 1989)
3612:
3590:
3586:(July 3, 1989)
3575:
3562:
3547:
3532:
3530:, p. 527.
3517:
3499:
3482:
3467:
3452:
3431:
3416:
3398:
3383:
3361:
3346:
3331:
3310:
3295:
3280:
3265:
3250:
3229:
3214:
3194:
3179:
3164:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3108:
3102:, p. 75;
3092:
3090:, p. 526.
3075:
3051:
3049:, p. 635.
3039:
3024:
3009:
3000:
2988:
2964:
2962:, p. 633.
2949:
2937:
2916:
2914:, p. 276.
2901:
2899:, p. 275.
2889:
2877:
2875:, p. 274.
2865:
2853:
2841:
2839:, p. 268.
2829:
2827:, p. 270.
2814:
2812:, p. 269.
2795:
2793:, p. 267.
2783:
2781:, p. 629.
2771:
2765:, p. 79;
2755:
2753:, p. 266.
2743:
2731:
2729:, p. 265.
2719:
2707:
2695:
2693:, p. 264.
2680:
2668:
2666:, p. 101.
2656:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2591:
2579:
2558:
2549:
2537:
2513:
2511:, p. 530.
2501:
2495:, p. 72;
2485:
2483:, p. 192.
2473:
2471:, p. 151.
2461:
2459:, p. 487.
2449:
2447:, p. 147.
2437:
2425:
2413:
2411:, p. 145.
2401:
2385:
2373:
2358:
2352:, p. 71;
2342:
2327:
2315:
2299:
2297:, p. 141.
2287:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2235:
2219:
2213:, p. 16;
2203:
2201:, p. 115.
2191:
2179:
2164:
2159:, p. 43;
2146:
2134:
2118:
2102:
2097:, p. 32;
2087:
2085:, p. 145.
2072:
2070:, p. 476.
2060:
2058:, p. 132.
2045:
2029:
2017:
2001:
1995:, p. 31;
1982:
1970:
1968:, p. 127.
1958:
1942:
1940:, p. 306.
1938:El-Khazen 2000
1930:
1918:
1902:
1900:, p. 113.
1890:
1886:El-Khazen 2000
1874:
1862:
1860:, p. 118.
1850:
1848:, p. 119.
1838:
1821:
1819:, p. 112.
1806:
1791:
1779:
1772:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1726:Rashidieh Camp
1713:
1703:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1653:
1637:Walid Jumblatt
1624:
1603:
1589:
1576:
1553:
1544:
1534:
1524:
1510:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1365:
1362:
1344:
1341:
1318:
1315:
1252:general strike
1223:
1220:
1174:
1171:
1143:
1142:
1135:Vice President
1130:
1129:
1097:
1094:
1046:
1043:
1017:
1014:
1003:militias, the
960:TWA Flight 847
948:David S. Dodge
944:Hafez al-Assad
914:
913:Lead-up to war
911:
802:
799:
726:
723:
653:
652:
650:
649:
648:
647:
645:Administration
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
604:
603:
597:
592:
591:
590:
585:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
538:
537:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
467:
466:
461:
456:
451:
449:Safra massacre
446:
441:
439:Battle of Qnat
436:
431:
429:Ehden massacre
426:
421:
416:
411:
410:
409:
390:
389:
382:
375:
368:
363:
356:
349:
344:
339:
332:
327:
317:
314:
313:
302:
301:
294:
287:
279:
271:
270:
269:
268:
265:
256:
255:
251:
250:
244:
240:15,000–30,000
237:
236:
232:
231:
230:
229:
205:
204:
184:
183:
182:
157:
156:
135:
134:
130:
129:
126:
125:
124:
123:
115:
111:
110:
97:
95:
91:
90:
87:
79:
78:
68:
52:
51:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5661:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5644:Amal Movement
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5014:
5010:
5006:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4785:
4765:
4761:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4739:9783319401416
4735:
4731:
4730:
4724:
4712:
4707:
4703:
4701:9780230377509
4697:
4693:
4692:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4668:
4666:9780813309255
4662:
4658:
4657:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4633:
4631:9780813307640
4627:
4623:
4622:
4616:
4612:
4610:9780230339255
4606:
4602:
4601:
4595:
4591:
4589:9780857722911
4585:
4581:
4580:
4574:
4570:
4568:9780230374683
4564:
4560:
4559:
4553:
4549:
4536:
4520:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4502:9781400851447
4498:
4494:
4493:
4487:
4483:
4481:9780230117631
4477:
4473:
4472:
4466:
4462:
4460:9781626162013
4456:
4452:
4451:
4445:
4433:
4426:
4421:
4409:
4404:
4392:
4387:
4375:
4370:
4358:
4353:
4341:
4336:
4324:
4319:
4307:
4302:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4204:
4202:9780190217839
4198:
4194:
4193:
4187:
4183:
4181:9780815630531
4177:
4173:
4172:
4166:
4162:
4160:9780857717245
4156:
4152:
4151:
4145:
4141:
4128:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4097:9780674081055
4093:
4089:
4088:
4082:
4078:
4076:9780679605164
4072:
4068:
4067:
4061:
4057:
4055:9781421409740
4051:
4048:. JHU Press.
4047:
4046:
4040:
4036:
4034:9780230116290
4030:
4026:
4025:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4001:
3999:9780813314495
3995:
3991:
3990:
3984:
3980:
3978:9780813312460
3974:
3970:
3969:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3945:
3943:9780813310442
3939:
3935:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3915:
3910:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3889:, p. 7;
3888:
3886:
3880:
3873:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3840:
3838:
3834:, p. 5;
3833:
3831:
3825:
3818:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3797:, p. 5;
3796:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3777:
3775:
3769:
3762:
3757:
3750:
3748:
3742:
3735:
3733:
3727:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3702:
3700:
3694:
3687:
3685:
3679:
3672:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3646:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3624:
3622:
3616:
3609:
3607:
3603:, p. 5;
3602:
3600:
3594:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3572:
3566:
3559:
3557:
3551:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3529:
3524:
3522:
3514:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3435:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3413:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3395:
3393:
3387:
3380:
3378:
3374:, p. 5;
3373:
3371:
3365:
3358:
3356:
3350:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3323:, p. 5;
3322:
3320:
3314:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3262:
3260:
3254:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3191:
3186:
3184:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3144:
3139:
3132:
3127:
3120:
3118:
3112:
3106:, p. 526
3105:
3101:
3096:
3089:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3048:
3043:
3037:, p. 80.
3036:
3031:
3029:
3022:, p. 75.
3021:
3016:
3014:
3004:
2997:
2992:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2947:, p. 90.
2946:
2945:Blanford 2011
2941:
2935:, p. 79.
2934:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2913:
2912:Goodarzi 2009
2908:
2906:
2898:
2897:Goodarzi 2009
2893:
2886:
2885:Goodarzi 2009
2881:
2874:
2873:Goodarzi 2009
2869:
2862:
2861:Goodarzi 2009
2857:
2850:
2849:Goodarzi 2009
2845:
2838:
2837:Goodarzi 2009
2833:
2826:
2825:Goodarzi 2009
2821:
2819:
2811:
2810:Goodarzi 2009
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2792:
2791:Goodarzi 2009
2787:
2780:
2775:
2768:
2767:Goodarzi 2009
2764:
2759:
2752:
2751:Goodarzi 2009
2747:
2740:
2739:Goodarzi 2009
2735:
2728:
2727:Goodarzi 2009
2723:
2716:
2715:Goodarzi 2009
2711:
2705:, p. 10.
2704:
2699:
2692:
2691:Goodarzi 2009
2687:
2685:
2677:
2676:Goodarzi 2009
2672:
2665:
2664:Ranstorp 1996
2660:
2654:, p. 78.
2653:
2648:
2641:
2636:
2630:, p. 77.
2629:
2624:
2617:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2588:
2583:
2577:, p. 74.
2576:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2553:
2546:
2545:Goodarzi 2009
2541:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2510:
2505:
2499:, p. 485
2498:
2494:
2489:
2482:
2481:Goodarzi 2009
2477:
2470:
2469:Goodarzi 2009
2465:
2458:
2453:
2446:
2445:Goodarzi 2009
2441:
2435:, p. 72.
2434:
2429:
2423:, p. 55.
2422:
2417:
2410:
2405:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2383:, p. 83.
2382:
2377:
2371:, p. 57.
2370:
2365:
2363:
2356:, p. 249
2355:
2351:
2346:
2340:, p. 46.
2339:
2338:Osoegawa 2013
2334:
2332:
2325:, p. 70.
2324:
2319:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2285:, p. 25.
2284:
2279:
2273:, p. 24.
2272:
2267:
2261:, p. 25.
2260:
2255:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2217:, p. 155
2216:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2189:, p. 41.
2188:
2183:
2177:, p. 23.
2176:
2171:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2144:, p. 26.
2143:
2138:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2115:
2112:, p. 6;
2111:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2083:Goodarzi 2009
2079:
2077:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2042:
2039:, p. 5;
2038:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2013:Osoegawa 2013
2010:
2005:
1999:, p. 113
1998:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1980:, p. 44.
1979:
1978:Osoegawa 2013
1974:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1928:, p. 22.
1927:
1926:Blanford 2011
1922:
1916:, p. 125
1915:
1912:, p. 5;
1911:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1888:, p. 306
1887:
1883:
1878:
1871:
1866:
1859:
1854:
1847:
1842:
1836:, p. 31.
1835:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1804:, p. 30.
1803:
1798:
1796:
1789:, p. 72.
1788:
1783:
1775:
1773:9781000302943
1769:
1766:. Routledge.
1765:
1764:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1707:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1663:
1662:security zone
1657:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:of the Druze
1638:
1634:
1628:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1548:
1538:
1528:
1520:
1519:hunger strike
1514:
1507:
1504:, a powerful
1503:
1499:
1493:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1390:central areas
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1370:Western Beqaa
1361:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:Ahmad Jannati
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
984:Sixth Brigade
979:
977:
976:Yasser Arafat
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
919:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
861:
858:of 1982. The
857:
852:
851:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
820:
816:
807:
798:
795:
794:
788:
784:
781:, as well as
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
752:
748:
747:Mount Lebanon
744:
740:
731:
722:
720:
716:
715:South Lebanon
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
665:
661:
646:
643:
642:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
611:
609:
601:
598:
596:
593:
589:
586:
584:
581:
580:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
544:
542:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
504:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
473:
471:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
408:
405:
404:
402:
398:
397:
396:
394:
387:
383:
380:
376:
373:
369:
367:
364:
361:
357:
354:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
337:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
320:
315:
310:
300:
295:
293:
288:
286:
281:
280:
277:
266:
263:
262:
261:
257:
252:
245:
239:
238:
233:
228:
225:
224:
223:
222:
210:
209:
203:
200:
199:
198:
196:
185:
181:
178:
177:
176:
175:
163:
161:
155:
152:
151:
150:
148:
147:Amal Movement
137:
136:
131:
121:
120:
119:
118:Inconclusive
116:
113:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
92:
88:
85:
84:
80:
73:
65:
61:
56:
48:
38:
32:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
5577:. Retrieved
5572:
5557:. Retrieved
5552:
5537:. Retrieved
5532:
5517:. Retrieved
5512:
5497:. Retrieved
5492:
5477:. Retrieved
5472:
5459:February 24,
5457:. Retrieved
5452:
5437:. Retrieved
5432:
5419:February 24,
5417:. Retrieved
5412:
5397:. Retrieved
5392:
5377:. Retrieved
5372:
5357:. Retrieved
5352:
5337:. Retrieved
5332:
5319:September 8,
5317:. Retrieved
5312:
5299:September 6,
5297:. Retrieved
5292:
5279:September 5,
5277:. Retrieved
5272:
5259:September 5,
5257:. Retrieved
5252:
5239:September 5,
5237:. Retrieved
5232:
5217:. Retrieved
5212:
5197:. Retrieved
5192:
5177:. Retrieved
5172:
5157:. Retrieved
5152:
5137:. Retrieved
5132:
5117:. Retrieved
5112:
5097:. Retrieved
5092:
5077:. Retrieved
5072:
5057:. Retrieved
5052:
5037:. Retrieved
5032:
5017:. Retrieved
5012:
4997:. Retrieved
4992:
4977:. Retrieved
4972:
4957:. Retrieved
4952:
4937:. Retrieved
4932:
4917:. Retrieved
4912:
4897:. Retrieved
4892:
4877:. Retrieved
4872:
4857:. Retrieved
4852:
4837:. Retrieved
4832:
4817:. Retrieved
4812:
4797:. Retrieved
4794:Al-Mustaqbal
4793:
4768:. Retrieved
4752:. Retrieved
4732:. Springer.
4728:
4715:. Retrieved
4694:. Springer.
4690:
4655:
4620:
4603:. Springer.
4599:
4578:
4561:. Springer.
4557:
4535:cite journal
4525:December 10,
4523:. Retrieved
4518:
4491:
4474:. Springer.
4470:
4449:
4438:December 10,
4436:. Retrieved
4431:
4412:. Retrieved
4395:. Retrieved
4378:. Retrieved
4361:. Retrieved
4344:. Retrieved
4327:. Retrieved
4310:. Retrieved
4293:. Retrieved
4289:
4273:. Retrieved
4269:
4253:. Retrieved
4249:
4233:. Retrieved
4229:
4191:
4170:
4149:
4127:cite journal
4117:December 10,
4115:. Retrieved
4110:
4086:
4065:
4044:
4027:. Springer.
4023:
3988:
3967:
3932:
3909:
3897:
3884:
3879:
3874:, p. 7.
3869:
3856:, p. 8.
3851:
3846:
3836:
3829:
3824:
3814:
3805:
3792:
3783:
3778:, p. 5.
3773:
3768:
3756:
3746:
3741:
3736:, p. 3.
3731:
3726:
3721:, p. 5.
3716:
3703:, p. 5.
3698:
3693:
3683:
3678:
3668:
3663:
3650:
3645:
3635:
3630:
3620:
3615:
3610:, p. 14
3605:
3598:
3593:
3583:
3578:
3565:
3555:
3550:
3540:
3535:
3510:
3480:, p. 1.
3475:
3470:
3465:, p. 6.
3460:
3455:
3446:
3439:
3434:
3424:
3419:
3409:
3391:
3386:
3376:
3369:
3364:
3354:
3349:
3344:, p. 5.
3339:
3334:
3325:
3318:
3313:
3303:
3298:
3293:, p. 6.
3288:
3283:
3273:
3268:
3258:
3253:
3232:
3207:
3172:
3167:
3138:
3126:
3116:
3111:
3095:
3062:
3059:Hirst, David
3054:
3042:
3003:
2991:
2967:
2940:
2892:
2880:
2868:
2856:
2844:
2832:
2786:
2774:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2703:Lamloum 2010
2698:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2623:
2618:, p. 2.
2616:Lamloum 2010
2611:
2606:, p. 5.
2604:Lamloum 2010
2582:
2552:
2540:
2516:
2504:
2488:
2476:
2464:
2452:
2440:
2428:
2416:
2404:
2399:, p. 71
2388:
2376:
2345:
2318:
2313:, p. 71
2302:
2290:
2278:
2266:
2254:
2249:, p. 24
2243:Szekely 2016
2238:
2233:, p. 32
2227:Szekely 2016
2222:
2206:
2199:Szekely 2016
2194:
2182:
2137:
2130:Szekely 2016
2121:
2116:, p. 32
2105:
2090:
2063:
2056:Szekely 2016
2032:
2027:, p. 8.
2020:
2015:, p. 44
2009:Szekely 2016
2004:
1997:Szekely 2016
1973:
1966:Szekely 2016
1961:
1956:, p. 27
1950:Szekely 2016
1945:
1933:
1921:
1914:Szekely 2016
1905:
1898:Szekely 2016
1893:
1882:Szekely 2016
1877:
1870:Szekely 2016
1865:
1858:Szekely 2016
1853:
1846:Szekely 2016
1841:
1817:Szekely 2016
1782:
1762:
1733:
1716:
1706:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1656:
1645:Elie Hobeika
1627:
1606:
1592:
1579:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1537:
1527:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1492:
1483:
1448:
1436:
1435:On June 14,
1434:
1425:
1414:
1408:
1399:
1387:
1367:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1331:
1320:
1311:
1297:
1288:
1282:
1265:
1229:
1225:
1212:
1200:Amal militia
1197:
1176:
1158:
1146:
1115:Ghazi Kanaan
1099:
1079:
1048:
1019:
993:Amal Militia
980:
924:
891:Islamic Amal
870:
864:
849:
812:
792:
763:Musa al-Sadr
760:
736:
691:Musa al-Sadr
688:
659:
657:
607:
606:
572:
540:
539:
469:
468:
434:Qaa massacre
392:
391:
325:Bus massacre
318:
259:
211:
208:Supported by
207:
206:
186:
164:
160:Supported by
159:
158:
138:
133:Belligerents
117:
107:Beqaa Valley
55:
42:
30:
5439:November 3,
5399:October 30,
5379:October 27,
5359:October 20,
5339:October 11,
5219:January 30,
5199:January 29,
5179:January 29,
5159:January 29,
5139:January 28,
5119:January 28,
5099:January 28,
5079:January 28,
5059:January 28,
5039:January 24,
5019:January 24,
4999:January 24,
4979:January 24,
4959:January 24,
4939:January 28,
4919:January 22,
4899:January 22,
4879:January 22,
4859:January 22,
4839:January 23,
4819:January 23,
4770:January 22,
4754:January 22,
4717:January 22,
4434:(in French)
4414:January 22,
4397:January 22,
4380:January 22,
4363:January 22,
4346:January 22,
4329:January 22,
4312:January 23,
3841:, p. 1
3819:, p. 7
3381:, p. 3
3238:Lord Mayhew
2976:Lord Mayhew
2525:Lord Mayhew
2433:Norton 2014
2311:Norton 2014
2283:Levitt 2015
2271:Hamzeh 2004
2259:Hamzeh 2004
2247:Hamzeh 2004
2175:Hamzeh 2004
2142:Hamzeh 2004
2068:Norton 2007
2043:, p. 8
1502:Kamel Asaad
1269:Tyre region
1257:Ain Bouswar
1154:Ali Hammoud
1012:Hizbollah.
1005:Syrian Army
989:Terry Waite
956:Nabih Berri
180:Syrian Army
5593:Categories
5489:"ميدانياً"
5409:"نشاط بري"
4295:August 29,
3902:Rehan 2007
3035:Azani 2011
2996:Azani 2011
2933:Azani 2011
2763:Azani 2011
2652:Azani 2011
2640:Azani 2011
2628:Azani 2011
2421:Rabil 2011
2409:Azani 2011
2369:Rabil 2011
2323:Azani 2011
2295:Azani 2011
2231:Berti 2013
2157:Rabil 2011
2114:Berti 2013
2095:Berti 2013
1993:Berti 2013
1954:Rabil 2011
1834:Berti 2013
1802:Berti 2013
1745:References
1610:Namely in
1542:interfere.
1418:Osama Saad
1332:status quo
1298:status quo
1232:Jabal Safi
1206:forces in
1193:Ras Beirut
848:Operation
836:Phalangist
725:Background
668:حرب الإخوة
77:حرب الإخوة
4675:cite book
4640:cite book
4211:cite book
4008:cite book
3952:cite book
1616:Nabisheet
1379:Machghara
1373:towns of
1337:Red Cross
1306:Red Cross
1277:launchers
1248:Kfar Fila
1208:Siddikine
1204:Hizbollah
1202:attacked
1167:gendarmes
1133:— Syrian
1059:Siddikine
1001:Communist
879:Hezbollah
840:besieging
787:Ba'athist
783:Nasserist
703:Hezbollah
676:Hezbollah
625:Fatahland
195:Hezbollah
45:July 2020
37:talk page
5579:April 2,
5573:Ad-Diyar
5559:April 9,
5553:Ad-Diyar
5539:April 2,
5533:Ad-Diyar
5519:March 8,
5513:Ad-Diyar
5499:March 8,
5493:Ad-Diyar
5479:March 9,
5473:Ad-Diyar
5453:Ad-Diyar
5433:Ad-Diyar
5413:Ad-Diyar
5393:Ad-Diyar
5373:Ad-Diyar
5353:Ad-Diyar
5333:Ad-Diyar
5313:Ad-Diyar
5293:Ad-Diyar
5273:Ad-Diyar
5253:Ad-Diyar
5233:Ad-Diyar
5213:Ad-Diyar
5193:Ad-Diyar
5173:Ad-Diyar
5153:Ad-Diyar
5133:Ad-Diyar
5113:Ad-Diyar
5093:Ad-Diyar
5073:Ad-Diyar
5053:Ad-Diyar
5033:Ad-Diyar
5013:Ad-Diyar
4993:Ad-Diyar
4973:Ad-Diyar
4953:Ad-Diyar
4933:Ad-Diyar
4913:Ad-Diyar
4893:Ad-Diyar
4873:Ad-Diyar
4853:Ad-Diyar
4833:Ad-Diyar
4813:Ad-Diyar
4799:March 8,
4275:April 2,
4255:March 8,
4235:March 8,
3885:Ad-Diyar
3870:Ad-Diyar
3852:Ad-Diyar
3837:Ad-Diyar
3830:Ad-Diyar
3815:Ad-Diyar
3793:Ad-Diyar
3774:Ad-Diyar
3747:Ad-Diyar
3732:Ad-Diyar
3717:Ad-Diyar
3699:Ad-Diyar
3684:Ad-Diyar
3669:Ad-Diyar
3651:Ad-Diyar
3636:Ad-Diyar
3621:Ad-Diyar
3606:Ad-Diyar
3599:Ad-Diyar
3584:Ad-Diyar
3571:Jim Muir
3556:Ad-Diyar
3541:Ad-Diyar
3511:Ad-Diyar
3476:Ad-Diyar
3461:Ad-Diyar
3447:Ad-Diyar
3440:Ad-Diyar
3425:Ad-Diyar
3410:Ad-Diyar
3392:Ad-Diyar
3377:Ad-Diyar
3370:Ad-Diyar
3355:Ad-Diyar
3340:Ad-Diyar
3326:Ad-Diyar
3319:Ad-Diyar
3304:Ad-Diyar
3289:Ad-Diyar
3274:Ad-Diyar
3259:Ad-Diyar
3246:Jim Muir
3208:Ad-Diyar
3173:Ad-Diyar
3117:Ad-Diyar
3100:Nir 2011
3020:Nir 2011
2984:Jim Muir
2587:Nir 2011
2575:Nir 2011
2533:Jim Muir
2493:Nir 2011
2397:Nir 2011
2381:Nir 2011
2350:Nir 2011
2215:Nir 2011
2211:Nir 2011
2187:Nir 2011
2126:Nir 2011
2110:Nir 2011
2041:Nir 2011
2037:Nir 2011
2025:Nir 2011
1910:Nir 2011
1787:Nir 2011
1454:See also
1438:Al-Hayat
1426:Ad-Diyar
1188:Nabatiya
1107:Ghobeiry
1051:Nabatieh
235:Strength
94:Location
3923:Sources
3061:(2010)
1620:Baalbek
1564:-based
1420:of the
1403:PFLP-GC
1357:Al Ahed
1162:Latakia
1090:Maydoum
1063:Jebchit
1055:Ghazieh
905:of the
838:forces
717:and in
701:(PLO).
246:25,000
4736:
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1612:Brital
1567:marja'
1498:zu'ama
1383:Yohmor
1375:Sohmor
1285:sniper
1240:pocket
1111:Dahieh
1071:Zawtar
1067:Doueir
1039:Harouf
1016:Events
871:Litani
850:Litani
823:Arabic
756:Ashura
719:Beirut
680:Shiite
664:Arabic
218:
171:
114:Result
103:Beirut
4713:. UPI
4515:(PDF)
4428:(PDF)
4410:. UPI
4393:. UPI
4376:. UPI
4359:. UPI
4342:. UPI
4325:. UPI
3073:p.235
1562:Najaf
1506:za'im
1476:Notes
1409:fitna
1394:Souks
1290:mufti
1216:Fatah
1103:Chyah
1030:Sidon
1026:UNRWA
997:Druze
867:Libya
793:za'im
174:Syria
5581:2018
5561:2018
5541:2018
5521:2018
5501:2018
5481:2018
5461:2018
5441:2017
5421:2018
5401:2017
5381:2017
5361:2017
5341:2017
5321:2017
5301:2017
5281:2017
5261:2017
5241:2017
5221:2017
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5161:2017
5141:2017
5121:2017
5101:2017
5081:2017
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5041:2017
5021:2017
5001:2017
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4961:2017
4941:2017
4921:2017
4901:2017
4881:2017
4861:2017
4841:2017
4821:2017
4801:2018
4772:2017
4756:2017
4734:ISBN
4719:2017
4696:ISBN
4681:link
4661:ISBN
4646:link
4626:ISBN
4605:ISBN
4584:ISBN
4563:ISBN
4548:help
4527:2016
4497:ISBN
4476:ISBN
4455:ISBN
4440:2016
4416:2017
4399:2017
4382:2017
4365:2017
4348:2017
4331:2017
4314:2017
4297:2017
4277:2018
4257:2018
4237:2018
4217:link
4197:ISBN
4176:ISBN
4155:ISBN
4140:help
4119:2016
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1768:ISBN
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1618:and
1377:and
1355:and
1353:Amal
1244:Jbaa
1184:Tyre
1105:and
1069:and
999:and
931:Iran
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767:Tyre
737:The
674:and
672:Amal
658:The
227:IRGC
221:Iran
105:and
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